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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_and_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Information and access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_and_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rectification_and_erasure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rectification_and_erasure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Rectification and erasure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rectification_and_erasure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_to_object_and_automated_decisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_object_and_automated_decisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Right to object and automated decisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_object_and_automated_decisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_to_compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Right to compensation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controller_and_processor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controller_and_processor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Controller and processor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controller_and_processor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pseudonymisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudonymisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Pseudonymisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudonymisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records_of_processing_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records_of_processing_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Records of processing activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records_of_processing_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_of_personal_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_of_personal_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Security of personal data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_of_personal_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_protection_officer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_protection_officer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Data protection officer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_protection_officer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDPR_Certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDPR_Certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 GDPR Certification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDPR_Certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remedies,_liability_and_penalties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remedies,_liability_and_penalties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Remedies, liability and penalties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remedies,_liability_and_penalties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Exemptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicability_outside_of_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicability_outside_of_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Applicability outside of the European Union </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applicability_outside_of_the_European_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applicability outside of the European Union subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applicability_outside_of_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EU_Representative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_Representative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 EU Representative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_Representative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Third countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 United Kingdom implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Misconceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enforcement_and_inconsistency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement_and_inconsistency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Enforcement and inconsistency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement_and_inconsistency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_foreign_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_foreign_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Influence on foreign laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_foreign_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Website_views_and_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Website_views_and_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Website views and revenue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Website_views_and_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU_Digital_Single_Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU_Digital_Single_Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 EU Digital Single Market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU_Digital_Single_Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">General Data Protection Regulation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemene_Databeskermingsregulasie_(GDPR)" title="Algemene Databeskermingsregulasie (GDPR) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Algemene Databeskermingsregulasie (GDPR)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="النظام الأوروبي العام لحماية البيانات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النظام الأوروبي العام لحماية البيانات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reglamentu_Xeneral_de_Protecci%C3%B3n_de_Datos" title="Reglamentu Xeneral de Protección de Datos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reglamentu Xeneral de Protección de Datos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99lumatlar%C4%B1n_m%C3%BChafiz%C9%99si_haqq%C4%B1nda_%C3%9Cmumi_Reqlament" title="Məlumatların mühafizəsi haqqında Ümumi Reqlament – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məlumatların mühafizəsi haqqında Ümumi Reqlament" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Общ регламент относно защитата на данните – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Общ регламент относно защитата на данните" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reglament_General_de_Protecci%C3%B3_de_Dades" title="Reglament General de Protecció de Dades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reglament General de Protecció de Dades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obecn%C3%A9_na%C5%99%C3%ADzen%C3%AD_o_ochran%C4%9B_osobn%C3%ADch_%C3%BAdaj%C5%AF" title="Obecné nařízení o ochraně osobních údajů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obecné nařízení o ochraně osobních údajů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Databeskyttelsesforordningen" title="Databeskyttelsesforordningen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Databeskyttelsesforordningen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datenschutz-Grundverordnung" title="Datenschutz-Grundverordnung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Datenschutz-Grundverordnung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isikuandmete_kaitse_%C3%BCldm%C3%A4%C3%A4rus" title="Isikuandmete kaitse üldmäärus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isikuandmete kaitse üldmäärus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Γενικός Κανονισμός για την Προστασία των Δεδομένων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γενικός Κανονισμός για την Προστασία των Δεδομένων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reglamento_General_de_Protecci%C3%B3n_de_Datos" title="Reglamento General de Protección de Datos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reglamento General de Protección de Datos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cenerala_Datum-Protekta_Regularo" title="Ĝenerala Datum-Protekta Regularo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝenerala Datum-Protekta Regularo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datuak_Babesteko_Erregelamendu_Orokorra" title="Datuak Babesteko Erregelamendu Orokorra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Datuak Babesteko Erregelamendu Orokorra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="مقررات عمومی حفاظت از داده اتحادیه اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقررات عمومی حفاظت از داده اتحادیه اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8glement_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral_sur_la_protection_des_donn%C3%A9es" title="Règlement général sur la protection des données – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Règlement général sur la protection des données" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Rialach%C3%A1n_Ginear%C3%A1lta_maidir_le_Cosaint_Sonra%C3%AD" title="An Rialachán Ginearálta maidir le Cosaint Sonraí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Rialachán Ginearálta maidir le Cosaint Sonraí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulamento_xeral_de_protecci%C3%B3n_de_datos" title="Regulamento xeral de protección de datos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Regulamento xeral de protección de datos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EB%B3%B4%ED%98%B8_%EA%B7%9C%EC%B9%99" title="일반 데이터 보호 규칙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일반 데이터 보호 규칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Ընդհանուր տվյալների պաշտպանության կանոնակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընդհանուր տվյալների պաշտպանության կանոնակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="सामान्य डाटा संरक्षण अधिनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामान्य डाटा संरक्षण अधिनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C4%87a_uredba_o_za%C5%A1titi_podataka" title="Opća uredba o zaštiti podataka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opća uredba o zaštiti podataka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulasi_Umum_Perlindungan_Data" title="Regulasi Umum Perlindungan Data – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Regulasi Umum Perlindungan Data" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almenna_pers%C3%B3nuverndarregluger%C3%B0in" title="Almenna persónuverndarreglugerðin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Almenna persónuverndarreglugerðin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolamento_generale_sulla_protezione_dei_dati" title="Regolamento generale sulla protezione dei dati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regolamento generale sulla protezione dei dati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDPR" title="GDPR – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="GDPR" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edictum_generale_de_protectione_datorum" title="Edictum generale de protectione datorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edictum generale de protectione datorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visp%C4%81r%C4%ABg%C4%81_datu_aizsardz%C4%ABbas_regula" title="Vispārīgā datu aizsardzības regula – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vispārīgā datu aizsardzības regula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolament_jeneral_in_su_la_protezion_dei_daits" title="Regolament jeneral in su la protezion dei daits – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Regolament jeneral in su la protezion dei daits" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ltal%C3%A1nos_adatv%C3%A9delmi_rendelet" title="Általános adatvédelmi rendelet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Általános adatvédelmi rendelet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemene_verordening_gegevensbescherming" title="Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algemene verordening gegevensbescherming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87" title="EU一般データ保護規則 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="EU一般データ保護規則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personvernforordningen" title="Personvernforordningen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Personvernforordningen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og%C3%B3lne_rozporz%C4%85dzenie_o_ochronie_danych" title="Ogólne rozporządzenie o ochronie danych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ogólne rozporządzenie o ochronie danych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulamento_Geral_sobre_a_Prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Dados" title="Regulamento Geral sobre a Proteção de Dados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Regulamento Geral sobre a Proteção de Dados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulamentul_General_privind_Protec%C8%9Bia_Datelor" title="Regulamentul General privind Protecția Datelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regulamentul General privind Protecția Datelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Общий регламент по защите данных – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общий регламент по защите данных" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rregullorja_e_P%C3%ABrgjithshme_p%C3%ABr_Mbrojtjen_e_t%C3%AB_Dh%C3%ABnave" title="Rregullorja e Përgjithshme për Mbrojtjen e të Dhënave – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rregullorja e Përgjithshme për Mbrojtjen e të Dhënave" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="General Data Protection Regulation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1eobecn%C3%A9_nariadenie_o_ochrane_%C3%BAdajov" title="Všeobecné nariadenie o ochrane údajov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Všeobecné nariadenie o ochrane údajov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splo%C5%A1na_uredba_o_varstvu_podatkov" title="Splošna uredba o varstvu podatkov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Splošna uredba o varstvu podatkov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C5%A1ta_uredba_o_za%C5%A1titi_podataka" title="Opšta uredba o zaštiti podataka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Opšta uredba o zaštiti podataka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yleinen_tietosuoja-asetus" title="Yleinen tietosuoja-asetus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yleinen tietosuoja-asetus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataskyddsf%C3%B6rordningen" title="Dataskyddsförordningen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dataskyddsförordningen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B" title="ระเบียบการคุ้มครองข้อมูลทั่วไป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระเบียบการคุ้มครองข้อมูลทั่วไป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genel_Veri_Koruma_T%C3%BCz%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC" title="Genel Veri Koruma Tüzüğü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genel Veri Koruma Tüzüğü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Загальний регламент про захист даних – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Загальний регламент про захист даних" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%84_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جنرل ڈیٹا پروٹیکشن ریگولیشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنرل ڈیٹا پروٹیکشن ریگولیشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">EU regulation on the processing of personal data</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GDPR" redirects here. For the economics term, see <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product_of_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross domestic product of region">Gross domestic product of region</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Regulation (EU) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679-20160504">2016/679</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #ddd; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">European Union regulation</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #ddd; font-weight: bold;">Text with <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> relevance</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/140px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/210px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/280px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Regulation on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (Data Protection Directive)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Made by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Journal</a> reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj">L119, 4 May 2016, p. 1–88</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccf;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date made</th><td class="infobox-data">14 April 2016</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation date</th><td class="infobox-data">25 May 2018</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccf;">Preparative texts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commission</a> proposal</th><td class="infobox-data">COM/2012/010 final – 2012/0010 (COD)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccf;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Replaces</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Directive" title="Data Protection Directive">Data Protection Directive</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #ccffcc; font-weight: bold;">Current legislation</td></tr></tbody></table> The General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679),<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a> abbreviated GDPR, is a <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">European Union regulation</a> on <a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">information privacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA). The GDPR is an important component of EU <a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">privacy law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights law">human rights law</a>, in particular Article 8(1) of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a>. It also governs the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Personal_data" title="Personal data">personal data</a> outside the EU and EEA. The GDPR's goals are to enhance individuals' control and rights over their personal information and to simplify the regulations for <a href="/wiki/International_business" title="International business">international business</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It supersedes the <a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Directive" title="Data Protection Directive">Data Protection Directive</a> 95/46/EC and, among other things, simplifies the terminology. The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> adopted the GDPR on 14 April 2016, to become effective on 25 May 2018. As an <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">EU regulation</a> (instead of a <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">directive</a>), GDPR is directly applicable with force of law on its own without the need of <a href="/wiki/Transposition_(law)" title="Transposition (law)">transposition</a>. However, it also provides flexibility for individual member states to modify (derogate from) some of its provisions. As an example of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_effect" title="Brussels effect">Brussels effect</a>, the regulation became a model for many other laws around the world, including in Brazil, Japan, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">leaving the European Union</a> the United Kingdom enacted its "UK GDPR", identical to the GDPR.<a href="#cite_note-UKGD_1-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act" title="California Consumer Privacy Act">California Consumer Privacy Act</a> (CCPA), adopted on 28 June 2018, has many similarities with the GDPR.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents">edit</a>]</div> The GDPR 2016 has eleven chapters, concerning general provisions, principles, rights of the data subject, duties of data controllers or processors, transfers of personal data to third countries, supervisory authorities, cooperation among member states, remedies, liability or penalties for breach of rights, provisions related to specific processing situations, and miscellaneous final provisions. Recital 4 proclaims that ‘processing of personal data should be designed to serve mankind’. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_provisions">General provisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General provisions">edit</a>]</div> The regulation applies if the data controller (an organisation that collects information about living people, whether they are in the EU or not), or processor (an organisation that processes data on behalf of a data controller like cloud service providers), or the data subject (person) is based in the EU. Under certain circumstances,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> the regulation also applies to organisations based outside the EU if they collect or process personal data of individuals located inside the EU. The regulation does not apply to the processing of data by a person for a "purely personal or household activity and thus with no connection to a professional or commercial activity." (Recital 18). According to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, "Personal data is information that relates to an identified or identifiable individual. If you cannot directly identify an individual from that information, then you need to consider whether the individual is still identifiable. You should take into account the information you are processing together with all the means reasonably likely to be used by either you or any other person to identify that individual."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The precise definitions of terms such as "personal data", "processing", "data subject", "controller", and "processor" are stated in Article 4.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 4  The regulation does not purport to apply to the processing of personal data for national security activities or law enforcement of the EU; however, industry groups concerned about facing a potential conflict of laws have questioned whether Article 48 could be invoked to seek to prevent a data controller subject to a third country's laws from complying with a legal order from that country's law enforcement, judicial, or national security authorities to disclose to such authorities the personal data of an EU person, regardless of whether the data resides in or out of the EU. Article 48 states that any judgement of a court or <a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">tribunal</a> and any decision of an administrative authority of a third country requiring a controller or processor to transfer or disclose personal data may not be recognised or enforceable in any manner unless based on an international agreement, like a <a href="/wiki/Mutual_legal_assistance_treaty" title="Mutual legal assistance treaty">mutual legal assistance treaty</a> in force between the requesting third (non-EU) country and the EU or a member state. The data protection reform package also includes a separate Data Protection Directive for the police and criminal justice sector that provides rules on personal data exchanges at <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">State level</a>, Union level, and international levels.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> A single set of rules applies to all EU member states. Each member state establishes an independent supervisory authority (SA) to hear and investigate complaints, sanction administrative offences, etc.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Arts. 46–55  SAs in each member state co-operate with other SAs, providing mutual assistance and organising joint operations. If a business has multiple establishments in the EU, it must have a single SA as its "lead authority", based on the location of its "main establishment" where the main processing activities take place. The lead authority thus acts as a "<a href="/wiki/One-stop_shop" title="One-stop shop">one-stop shop</a>" to supervise all the processing activities of that business throughout the EU.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-52012AE1303-10">[10]</a> A <a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a> (EDPB) co-ordinates the SAs. EDPB thus replaces the Article 29 Data Protection Working Party. There are exceptions for data processed in an employment context or in national security that still might be subject to individual country regulations.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Arts. 2(2)(a) & 88  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles_and_lawful_purposes">Principles and lawful purposes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principles and lawful purposes">edit</a>]</div> Article 5 sets out six principles relating to the lawfulness of processing personal data. The first of these specifies that data must be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner. Article 6 develops this principle by specifying that personal data may not be processed unless there is at least one legal basis for doing so. The other principles refer to "purpose limitation", "<a href="/wiki/Data_minimisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data minimisation">data minimisation</a>", "accuracy", "storage limitation", and "integrity and confidentiality". Article 6 states that the lawful purposes are: <ul><li>(a) If the data subject has given consent to the processing of his or her personal data;</li> <li>(b) To fulfill contractual obligations with a data subject, or for tasks at the request of a data subject who is in the process of entering into a contract;</li> <li>(c) To comply with a data controller's legal obligations;</li> <li>(d) To protect the vital interests of a data subject or another individual;</li> <li>(e) To perform a task in the public interest or in official authority;</li> <li>(f) For the legitimate interests of a data controller or a third party, unless these interests are overridden by interests of the data subject or her or his rights according to the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a> (especially in the case of children).</li></ul> If informed consent<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 4(11)  is used as the lawful basis for processing, consent must have been explicit for data collected and each purpose data is used for.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 7  Consent must be a specific, freely given, plainly worded, and unambiguous affirmation given by the data subject; an online form which has consent options structured as an opt-out selected by default is a violation of the GDPR, as the consent is not unambiguously affirmed by the user. In addition, multiple types of processing may not be "bundled" together into a single affirmation prompt, as this is not specific to each use of data, and the individual permissions are not freely given. (Recital 32). Data subjects must be allowed to withdraw this consent at any time, and the process of doing so must not be harder than it was to opt in.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 7(3)  A data controller may not refuse service to users who decline consent to processing that is not strictly necessary in order to use the service.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 8  Consent for children, defined in the regulation as being less than 16 years old (although with the option for member states to individually make it as low as 13 years old, must be given by the child's parent or custodian, and verifiable.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-privacy_association-12">[12]</a> If consent to processing was already provided under the Data Protection Directive, a data controller does not have to re-obtain consent if the processing is documented and obtained in compliance with the GDPR's requirements (Recital 171).<a href="#cite_note-guardian-unneeded-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_of_the_data_subject">Rights of the data subject</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rights of the data subject">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transparency_and_modalities">Transparency and modalities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transparency and modalities">edit</a>]</div> Article 12 requires the data controller to provide information to the "data subject in a concise, transparent, intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language, in particular for any information addressed specifically to a child." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Information_and_access">Information and access</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Information and access">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Right_of_access_to_personal_data" title="Right of access to personal data">right of access</a> (Article 15) is a data subject right.<a href="#cite_note-eujournalpublication-15">[15]</a> It gives people the right to access their personal data and information about how this personal data is being processed. A data controller must provide, upon request, an overview of the categories of data that are being processed<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 15(1)(b)  as well as a copy of the actual data;<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 15(3)  furthermore, the data controller has to inform the data subject on details about the processing, such as the purposes of the processing,<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 15(1)(a)  with whom the data is shared,<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 15(1)(c)  and how it acquired the data.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 15(1)(g)  A data subject must be able to transfer personal data from one electronic processing system to and into another, without being prevented from doing so by the data controller. Data that has been sufficiently anonymised is excluded, but data that has been only de-identified but remains possible to link to the individual in question, such as by providing the relevant identifier, is not.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In practice, however, providing such identifiers can be challenging, such as in the case of Apple's <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, where voice and transcript data is stored with a personal identifier that the manufacturer restricts access to,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> or in online behavioural targeting, which relies heavily on <a href="/wiki/Device_fingerprint" title="Device fingerprint">device fingerprints</a> that can be challenging to capture, send, and verify.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Both data being 'provided' by the data subject and data being 'observed', such as about behaviour, are included. In addition, the data must be provided by the controller in a structured and commonly used standard electronic format. The right to <a href="/wiki/Data_portability" title="Data portability">data portability</a> is provided by Article 20. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rectification_and_erasure">Rectification and erasure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rectification and erasure">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">right to be forgotten</a> was replaced by a more limited right of erasure in the version of the GDPR that was adopted by the European Parliament in March 2014.<a href="#cite_note-1_Essex_Court-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Article 17 provides that the data subject has the right to request erasure of personal data related to them on any one of a number of grounds, including noncompliance with Article 6(1) (lawfulness) that includes a case (f) if the legitimate interests of the controller are overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject, which require protection of personal data (see also <a href="/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos, Mario Costeja González</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_to_object_and_automated_decisions">Right to object and automated decisions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Right to object and automated decisions">edit</a>]</div> Article 21 of the GDPR allows an individual to object to processing personal information for marketing or non-service related purposes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-22">[22]</a> This means the data controller must allow an individual the right to stop or prevent controller from processing their personal data. There are some instances where this objection does not apply. For example, if: <ol><li>Legal or official authority is being carried out</li> <li>"Legitimate interest", where the organisation needs to process data in order to provide the data subject with a service they signed up for</li> <li>A task being carried out for public interest.</li></ol> GDPR is also clear that the data controller must inform individuals of their right to object from the first communication the controller has with them. This should be clear and separate from any other information the controller is providing and give them their options for how best to object to the processing of their data. There are instances the controller can refuse a request, in the circumstances that the objection request is "manifestly unfounded" or "excessive", so each case of objection must be looked at individually.<a href="#cite_note-:4-22">[22]</a> Other countries such as Canada <a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> are also, following the GDPR, considering legislation to regulate automated decision making under privacy laws, even though there are policy questions as to whether this is the best way to regulate AI.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_to_compensation">Right to compensation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Right to compensation">edit</a>]</div> Article 82 of the GDPR stipulates that any person who has suffered material or non-material damage as a result of an infringement of this Regulation shall have the right to receive compensation from the controller or processor for the damage suffered. In the judgment Österreichische Post (C-300/21) the Court of Justice of the European Union gave an interpretation of the right to compensation.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Article 82(1) GDPR requires for the award of damages (i) an infringement of the GDPR, (ii) (actual) damage suffered and (iii) a causal link between the infringement and the damage suffered. It is not necessary that the damage suffered reaches a certain degree of seriousness. There is no European defined concept of damage. Compensation is determined nationally in accordance with national law. The principles of equivalence and effectiveness must be taken into account.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> See also the Opinion of the Advocate General in the case Krankenversicherung Nordrhein (C-667/21).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controller_and_processor">Controller and processor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controller and processor">edit</a>]</div> Data controllers must clearly disclose any <a href="/wiki/Data_collection" title="Data collection">data collection</a>, declare the lawful basis and purpose for data processing, and state how long data is being retained and if it is being shared with any third parties or outside of the EEA. Firms have the obligation to protect data of employees and consumers to the degree where only the necessary data is extracted with minimum interference with data privacy from employees, consumers, or third parties. Firms should have internal controls and regulations for various departments such as audit, internal controls, and operations. Data subjects have the right to request a <a href="/wiki/Data_portability" title="Data portability">portable</a> copy of the data collected by a controller in a common format, as well as the right to have their <a href="/wiki/Data_erasure" title="Data erasure">data erased</a> under certain circumstances. Public authorities, and businesses whose core activities consist of regular or systematic processing of personal data, are required to employ a data protection officer (DPO), who is responsible for managing compliance with the GDPR. Data controllers must report <a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">data breaches</a> to national supervisory authorities within 72 hours if they have an adverse effect on user privacy. In some cases, violators of the GDPR may be fined up to €20 million or up to 4% of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year in case of an enterprise, whichever is greater. To be able to demonstrate compliance with the GDPR, the data controller must implement measures that meet the principles of data protection by design and by default. Article 25 requires data protection measures to be designed into the development of business processes for products and services. Such measures include <a href="/wiki/Pseudonymization" title="Pseudonymization">pseudonymising</a> personal data, by the controller, as soon as possible (Recital 78). It is the responsibility and the liability of the data controller to implement effective measures and be able to demonstrate the compliance of processing activities even if the processing is carried out by a data processor on behalf of the controller (Recital 74). When data is collected, data subjects must be clearly <a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">informed</a> about the extent of data collection, the legal basis for the processing of personal data, how long data is retained, if data is being transferred to a third-party and/or outside the EU, and any <a href="/wiki/Automated_decision-making" title="Automated decision-making">automated decision-making</a> that is made on a solely <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmic</a> basis. Data subjects must be informed of their privacy rights under the GDPR, including their right to revoke consent to data processing at any time, their right to <a href="#Right_of_access">view their personal data and access an overview of how it is being processed</a>, their right to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Data_portability" title="Data portability">portable copy of the stored data</a>, their right to <a href="#Data_erasure">erasure of their data under certain circumstances</a>, their right to contest any automated decision-making that was made on a solely <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmic</a> basis, and their right to file complaints with a <a href="/wiki/National_data_protection_authority" title="National data protection authority">Data Protection Authority</a>. As such, the data subject must also be provided with contact details for the data controller and their designated data protection officer, where applicable.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Data protection impact assessments (Article 35) have to be conducted when specific risks occur to the rights and freedoms of data subjects. Risk assessment and mitigation is required and prior approval of the data protection authorities is required for high risks. Article 25 requires data protection to be designed into the development of business processes for products and services. Privacy settings must therefore be set at a high level by default, and technical and procedural measures shall be taken by the controller to make sure that the processing, throughout the whole processing lifecycle, complies with the regulation. Controllers shall also implement mechanisms to ensure that personal data is not processed unless necessary for each specific purpose. This is known as data minimisation. A report<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_Network_and_Information_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Agency for Network and Information Security">European Union Agency for Network and Information Security</a> elaborates on what needs to be done to achieve privacy and data protection by default. It specifies that encryption and decryption operations must be carried out locally, not by remote service, because both keys and data must remain in the power of the data owner if any privacy is to be achieved. The report specifies that outsourced data storage on remote clouds is practical and relatively safe if only the data owner, not the cloud service, holds the decryption keys. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pseudonymisation">Pseudonymisation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pseudonymisation">edit</a>]</div> According to the GDPR, <a href="/wiki/Pseudonymization" title="Pseudonymization">pseudonymisation</a> is a required process for stored data that transforms personal data in such a way that the resulting data cannot be attributed to a specific data subject without the use of additional information (as an alternative to the other option of complete <a href="/wiki/Data_anonymisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data anonymisation">data anonymisation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> An example is <a href="/wiki/Encryption_software" title="Encryption software">encryption</a>, which renders the original data unintelligible in a process that cannot be reversed without access to the correct <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">decryption key</a>. The GDPR requires for the additional information (such as the decryption key) to be kept separately from the pseudonymised data. Another example of pseudonymisation is <a href="/wiki/Tokenization_(data_security)" title="Tokenization (data security)">tokenisation</a>, which is a non-mathematical approach to protecting <a href="/wiki/Data_at_rest" title="Data at rest">data at rest</a> that replaces sensitive data with non-sensitive substitutes, referred to as tokens. While the tokens have no extrinsic or exploitable meaning or value, they allow for specific data to be fully or partially visible for processing and analytics while sensitive information is kept hidden. <a href="/wiki/Tokenization_(data_security)" title="Tokenization (data security)">Tokenisation</a> does not alter the type or length of data, which means it can be processed by legacy systems such as databases that may be sensitive to data length and type. This also requires much fewer computational resources to process and less storage space in databases than traditionally encrypted data. Pseudonymisation is a <a href="/wiki/Privacy-enhancing_technologies" title="Privacy-enhancing technologies">privacy-enhancing technology</a> and is recommended to reduce the risks to the concerned data subjects and also to help controllers and processors to meet their data protection obligations (Recital 28).<a href="#cite_note-looking-to-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Records_of_processing_activities">Records of processing activities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Records of processing activities">edit</a>]</div> According to Article 30 records of processing activities have to be maintained by each organisation matching one of following criteria: <ul><li>employing more than 250 people;</li> <li>the processing it carries out is likely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects;</li> <li>the processing is not occasional;</li> <li>processing includes special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) or personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10.</li></ul> Such requirements may be modified by each EU country. The records shall be in electronic form and the controller or the processor and, where applicable, the controller's or the processor's representative, shall make the record available to the supervisory authority on request. Records of controller shall contain all of the following information: <ul><li>the name and contact details of the controller and, where applicable, the joint controller,<a href="#cite_note-32">[a]</a> the controller's representative and the data protection officer;</li> <li>the purposes of the processing;</li> <li>a description of the categories of data subjects and of the categories of personal data;</li> <li>the categories of recipients to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed including recipients in third countries or international organisations;</li> <li>where applicable, transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, including the identification of that third country or international organisation and, in the case of transfers referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), the documentation of suitable safeguards;</li> <li>where possible, the envisaged time limits for erasure of the different categories of data;</li> <li>where possible, a general description of the technical and organisational security measures referred to in Article 32(1).</li></ul> Records of processor shall contain all of the following information: <ul><li>the name and contact details of the processor or processors and of each controller on behalf of which the processor is acting, and, where applicable, of the controller's or the processor's representative, and the data protection officer;</li> <li>the categories of processing carried out on behalf of each controller;</li> <li>where applicable, transfers of personal data to a third country or an international organisation, including the identification of that third country or international organisation and, in the case of transfers referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 49(1), the</li> <li>documentation of suitable safeguards;</li> <li>where possible, a general description of the technical and organisational security measures referred to in Article 32(1).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Security_of_personal_data">Security of personal data</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Security of personal data">edit</a>]</div> Controllers and processors of personal data must put in place appropriate technical and organizational measures to implement the data protection principles.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Business processes that handle personal data must be designed and built with consideration of the principles and provide safeguards to protect data (for example, using <a href="/wiki/Pseudonymization" title="Pseudonymization">pseudonymization</a> or full <a href="/wiki/Data_anonymization" title="Data anonymization">anonymization</a> where appropriate).<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Data controllers must design information systems with privacy in mind. For instance, using the highest-possible privacy settings by default, so that the datasets are not publicly available by default and cannot be used to identify a subject. No personal data may be processed unless this processing is done under one of the six lawful bases specified by the regulation (<a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a>, contract, public task, vital interest, legitimate interest or legal requirement). When the processing is based on consent the data subject has the right to revoke it at any time.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Article 33 states the data controller is under a legal obligation to notify the supervisory authority without undue delay unless the breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of the individuals. There is a maximum of 72 hours after becoming aware of the data breach to make the report. Individuals have to be notified if a high risk of an adverse impact is determined.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 34  In addition, the data processor will have to notify the controller without undue delay after becoming aware of a personal data breach.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 33  However, the notice to data subjects is not required if the data controller has implemented appropriate technical and organisational protection measures that render the personal data unintelligible to any person who is not authorised to access it, such as encryption.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 34  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_protection_officer">Data protection officer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Data protection officer">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_Data_Protection_Officer" title="European Commission Data Protection Officer">European Commission Data Protection Officer</a></div> Article 37 requires appointment of a data protection officer. If processing is carried out by a public authority (except for courts or independent judicial authorities when acting in their judicial capacity), or if processing operations involve regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale, or if processing on a large scale of special categories of data and personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences (Articles 9 and Article 10) a data protection officer (DPO)—a person with expert knowledge of data protection law and practices—must be designated to assist the controller or processor in monitoring their internal compliance with the Regulation. A designated DPO can be a current member of staff of a controller or processor, or the role can be outsourced to an external person or agency through a service contract. In any case, the processing body must make sure that there is no conflict of interest in other roles or interests that a DPO may hold. The contact details for the DPO must be published by the processing organisation (for example, in a privacy notice) and registered with the supervisory authority. The DPO is similar to a compliance officer and is also expected to be proficient at managing IT processes, <a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">data security</a> (including dealing with <a href="/wiki/Attack_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack (computing)">cyberattacks</a>) and other critical <a href="/wiki/Business_continuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Business continuity">business continuity</a> issues associated with the holding and processing of personal and sensitive data. The skill set required stretches beyond understanding legal compliance with data protection laws and regulations. The DPO must maintain a living data inventory of all data collected and stored on behalf of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> More details on the function and the role of data protection officer were given on 13 December 2016 (revised 5 April 2017) in a guideline document.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Organisations based outside the EU must also appoint an EU-based person as a representative and point of contact for their GDPR obligations.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 27  This is a distinct role from a DPO, although there is overlap in responsibilities that suggest that this role can also be held by the designated DPO.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDPR_Certification">GDPR Certification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: GDPR Certification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Seal" title="European Data Protection Seal">European Data Protection Seal</a></div> Article 42 and 43 of the GDPR set the legal basis for formal GDPR certifications. They set the basis for two categories of certifications:<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <ul><li>National certification schemes, whose application is limited to a single <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a> country;</li> <li>European Data Protection Seals, which are recognized by all EU and EEA jurisdictions.</li></ul> According to Art. 42 GDPR, the purpose of this certification is to demonstrate “compliance with the GDPR of processing operations by controllers and processors”.<a href="#cite_note-:0-40">[39]</a> There are over 70 references to certification in the GDPR, encompassing various obligations such as:<a href="#cite_note-:0-40">[39]</a> <ul><li>Adequacy of the technical and organizational measures;</li> <li>Data sharing with data processors;</li> <li>Data protection by design and by default;</li> <li>International data transfers.</li></ul> The GDPR certification also contributes to reduce the legal and financial risks of applicants, as well as of data controllers using certified data processing services.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The adoption of the European Data Protection Seals is under the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a> (EDPB) and is recognized across all EU and EEA <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In October 2022, the Europrivacy certification criteria were officially recognized by the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) to serve as European Data Protection Seal.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Europrivacy" title="Europrivacy">Europrivacy</a> was developed by the European research programme and is managed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Certification_and_Privacy" title="European Centre for Certification and Privacy">European Centre for Certification and Privacy</a> (ECCP) in Luxembourg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remedies,_liability_and_penalties">Remedies, liability and penalties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Remedies, liability and penalties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/GDPR_fines_and_notices" title="GDPR fines and notices">GDPR fines and notices</a></div> Besides the definitions as a criminal offence according to national law following Article 83 GDPR the following sanctions can be imposed: <ul><li>a warning in writing in cases of first and non-intentional noncompliance</li> <li>regular periodic data protection audits</li> <li>a fine up to €10 million or up to 2% of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year in case of an enterprise, whichever is greater, if there has been an infringement of the following provisions (Article 83, Paragraph 4): <ul><li>the obligations of the controller and the processor pursuant to Articles 8, 11, 25 to 39, and 42 and 43</li> <li>the obligations of the certification body pursuant to Articles 42 and 43</li> <li>the obligations of the monitoring body pursuant to Article 41(4)</li></ul></li> <li>a fine up to €20 million or up to 4% of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year in case of an enterprise, whichever is greater, if there has been an infringement of the following provisions (Article 83, Paragraph 5 & 6): <ul><li>the basic principles for processing, including conditions for consent, pursuant to Articles 5, 6, 7, and 9</li> <li>the data subjects' rights pursuant to Articles 12 to 22</li> <li>the transfers of personal data to a recipient in a third country or an international organisation pursuant to Articles 44 to 49</li> <li>any obligations pursuant to member state law adopted under Chapter IX</li> <li>noncompliance with an order or a temporary or definitive limitation on processing or the suspension of data flows by the supervisory authority pursuant to Article 58(2) or failure to provide access in violation of Article 58(1)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemptions">Exemptions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Exemptions">edit</a>]</div> These are some cases which are not addressed in the GDPR specifically, thus are treated as exemptions.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <ul><li>Personal or household activities</li> <li>Law enforcement</li> <li>National security<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 30 </li></ul> Conversely, an entity or more precisely an "enterprise" has to be engaged in "economic activity" to be covered by the GDPR.<a href="#cite_note-45">[b]</a> Economic activity is defined broadly under <a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">European Union competition law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wehlander-2016-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applicability_outside_of_the_European_Union">Applicability outside of the European Union</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Applicability outside of the European Union">edit</a>]</div> The GDPR also applies to data controllers and processors outside of the European Economic Area (EEA) if they are engaged in the "offering of goods or services" (regardless of whether a payment is required) to data subjects within the EEA, or are monitoring the behaviour of data subjects within the EEA (Article 3(2)). The regulation applies regardless of where the processing takes place.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> This has been interpreted as intentionally giving GDPR <a href="/wiki/Extraterritorial_jurisdiction" title="Extraterritorial jurisdiction">extraterritorial jurisdiction</a> for non-EU establishments if they are doing business with people located in the EU. It is questionable whether the EU or its member states will in practice be able to enforce GDPR against organisations which have no establishment in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_Representative">EU Representative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: EU Representative">edit</a>]</div> Under Article 27, non-EU establishments subject to GDPR are obliged to have a designee within the European Union, an "EU Representative", to serve as a point of contact for their obligations under the regulation. The EU Representative is the Controller's or Processor's contact person vis-à-vis European privacy supervisors and data subjects, in all matters relating to processing, to ensure compliance with this GDPR. A natural (individual) or legal (corporation) person can play the role of an EU Representative.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 27(4)  The non-EU establishment must issue a duly signed document (letter of accreditation) designating a given individual or company as its EU Representative. The said designation can only be given in writing.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 27(1)  An establishment's failure to designate an EU Representative is considered ignorance of the regulation and relevant obligations, which itself is a violation of the GDPR subject to fines of up to €10 million or up to 2% of the annual worldwide turnover of the preceding financial year in case of an enterprise, whichever is greater. The intentional or negligent (willful blindness) character of the infringement (failure to designate an EU Representative) may rather constitute aggravating factors.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Arts. 83(1) & 83(2) & 83(4a)  An establishment does not need to name an EU Representative if they only engage in occasional processing that does not include, on a large scale, processing of special categories of data as referred to in Article 9(1) of GDPR or processing of personal data relating to criminal convictions and offences referred to in Article 10, and such processing is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, taking into account the nature, context, scope and purposes of the processing. Non-EU public authorities and bodies are equally exempted.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 27(2)  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_countries">Third countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Third countries">edit</a>]</div> Chapter V of the GDPR forbids the transfer of the personal data of EU data subjects to countries outside of the EEA — known as third countries — unless appropriate safeguards are imposed, or the third country's data protection regulations are formally considered adequate by the European Commission (Article 45).<a href="#cite_note-:5-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-50">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Binding_corporate_rules" title="Binding corporate rules">Binding corporate rules</a>, standard contractual clauses for data protection issued by a Data Processing Agreement (DPA), or a scheme of binding and enforceable commitments by the data controller or processor situated in a third country, are among examples.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_implementation">United Kingdom implementation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom implementation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm/220px--EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="210" data-mwtitle="EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm/EU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEU-UK_GDPR_divergence.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Explanation of the possible results from UK's divergence from the European GDPR<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> The applicability of GDPR in the United Kingdom is affected by <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>. Although the United Kingdom formally withdrew from the European Union on 31 January 2020, it remained subject to EU law, including GDPR, until the end of the transition period on 31 December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:5-49">[47]</a> The United Kingdom granted <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_2018" title="Data Protection Act 2018">Data Protection Act 2018</a> on 23 May 2018, which augmented the GDPR, including aspects of the regulation that are to be determined by national law, and criminal offences for knowingly or recklessly obtaining, redistributing, or retaining personal data without the consent of the data controller.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal)_Act_2018" title="European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018">European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018</a>, existing and relevant EU law was transposed into local law upon completion of the transition, and the GDPR was amended by <a href="/wiki/Statutory_instrument_(UK)" title="Statutory instrument (UK)">statutory instrument</a> to remove certain provisions no longer needed due to the UK's non-membership in the EU. Thereafter, the regulation will be referred to as "UK GDPR".<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-49">[47]</a> The UK will not restrict the transfer of personal data to countries within the EEA under UK GDPR. However, the UK will become a third country under the EU GDPR, meaning that personal data may not be transferred to the country unless appropriate safeguards are imposed, or the European Commission performs an adequacy decision on the suitability of British data protection legislation (Chapter V). As part of the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">withdrawal agreement</a>, the European Commission committed to perform an adequacy assessment.<a href="#cite_note-:5-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-50">[48]</a> In April 2019, the UK <a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a> (ICO) issued a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Code" title="Children's Code">children's code of practice</a> for social networking services when used by minors, enforceable under GDPR, which also includes restrictions on "<a href="/wiki/Like_button" title="Like button">like</a>" and "streak" mechanisms in order to discourage <a href="/wiki/Social_media_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media addiction">social media addiction</a> and on the use of this data for processing interests.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In March 2021, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport">Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Oliver Dowden</a> stated that the UK was exploring divergence from the EU GDPR in order to "[focus] more on the outcomes that we want to have and less on the burdens of the rules imposed on individual businesses".<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Misconceptions">edit</a>]</div> Some common misconceptions about GDPR include: <ul><li>All processing of personal data requires consent of the data subject <ul><li>In fact, data can be processed without consent if one of the other five lawful bases for processing applies, and obtaining consent may often be inappropriate.<a href="#cite_note-ico-myth-59">[57]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Individuals have an absolute right to have their data deleted (right to be forgotten) <ul><li>Whilst there is an absolute right to opt-out of direct marketing, data controllers can continue to process personal data where they have a lawful basis to do so, as long as the data remain necessary for the purpose for which it was originally collected.<a href="#cite_note-wslaw-myth-60">[58]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Removing individuals' names from records takes them out of scope of GDPR <ul><li>"Pseudonymous" data where an individual is identified by a number can still be personal data if the data controller is capable of tying that data back to an individual in another way.<a href="#cite_note-ff-myth-61">[59]</a></li></ul></li> <li>GDPR applies to anyone processing personal data of EU citizens anywhere in the world <ul><li>In fact, it applies to non-EU established organizations only where they are processing data of data subjects located in the EU (irrespective of their citizenship) and then only when supplying goods or services to them, or monitoring their behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> As per a study conducted by Deloitte in 2018, 92% of companies believe they are able to comply with GDPR in their business practices in the long run.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Companies operating outside of the EU have invested heavily to align their business practices with GDPR. The area of GDPR consent has a number of implications for businesses who record calls as a matter of practice. A typical disclaimer is not considered sufficient to gain assumed consent to record calls. Additionally, when recording has commenced, should the caller withdraw their consent, then the agent receiving the call must be able to stop a previously started recording and ensure the recording does not get stored.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> IT professionals expect that compliance with the GDPR will require additional investment overall: over 80 percent of those surveyed expected GDPR-related spending to be at least US$100,000.<a href="#cite_note-Babel,_7/11/2017_High_Cost_of_GDPR-65">[63]</a> The concerns were echoed in a report commissioned by the law firm <a href="/wiki/Baker_%26_McKenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker & McKenzie">Baker & McKenzie</a> that found that "around 70 percent of respondents believe that organizations will need to invest additional budget/effort to comply with the consent, data mapping and cross-border data transfer requirements under the GDPR."<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The total cost for EU companies is estimated at €200 billion while for US companies the estimate is for $41.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> It has been argued that smaller businesses and <a href="/wiki/Startup_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Startup companies">startup companies</a> might not have the financial resources to adequately comply with the GDPR, unlike the larger international technology firms (such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>) that the regulation is ostensibly meant to target first and foremost.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> A lack of knowledge and understanding of the regulations has also been a concern in the lead-up to its adoption.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> A counter-argument to this has been that companies were made aware of these changes two years prior to them coming into effect and should have had enough time to prepare.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The regulations, including whether an enterprise must have a data protection officer, have been criticized for potential administrative burden and unclear compliance requirements.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Although data minimisation is a requirement, with <a href="/wiki/Pseudonymization" title="Pseudonymization">pseudonymisation</a> being one of the possible means, the regulation provides no guidance on how or what constitutes an effective data de-identification scheme, with a grey area on what would be considered as inadequate pseudonymisation subject to Section 5 enforcement actions.<a href="#cite_note-looking-to-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> There is also concern regarding the implementation of the GDPR in <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a> systems, as the transparent and fixed record of blockchain transactions contradicts the very nature of the GDPR.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Many media outlets have commented on the introduction of a "<a href="/wiki/Right_to_explanation" title="Right to explanation">right to explanation</a>" of algorithmic decisions,<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> but legal scholars have since argued that the existence of such a right is highly unclear without judicial tests and is limited at best.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-79">[77]</a> The GDPR has garnered support from businesses who regard it as an opportunity to improve their data management.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> has also called it a "very positive step for the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>",<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> and has called for GDPR-style laws to be adopted in the US.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Consumer rights groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_European_Consumer_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="The European Consumer Organisation">The European Consumer Organisation</a> are among the most vocal proponents of the legislation.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Other supporters have attributed its passage to the whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Free software advocate <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> has praised some aspects of the GDPR but called for additional safeguards to prevent technology companies from "manufacturing consent".<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> Academic experts who participated in the formulation of the GDPR wrote that the law "is the most consequential regulatory development in information policy in a generation. The GDPR brings personal data into a complex and protective regulatory regime."<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Despite having had at least two years to prepare and do so, many companies and websites changed their privacy policies and features worldwide directly prior to GDPR's implementation, and customarily provided email and other notifications discussing these changes. This was criticised for resulting in a fatiguing number of communications, while experts noted that some reminder emails incorrectly asserted that new consent for data processing had to be obtained for when the GDPR took effect (any previously obtained consent to processing is valid as long as it met the regulation's requirements). <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> scams also emerged using falsified versions of GDPR-related emails, and it was also argued that some GDPR notice emails may have actually been sent in violation of anti-spam laws.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-unneeded-13">[13]</a> In March 2019, a provider of compliance software found that many websites operated by EU member state governments contained embedded tracking from ad technology providers.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The deluge of GDPR-related notices also inspired <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">memes</a>, including those surrounding privacy policy notices being delivered by atypical means (such as a <a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a> board or <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_opening_crawl" title="Star Wars opening crawl">Star Wars opening crawl</a>), suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a>'s "naughty or nice" list was a violation, and a recording of excerpts from the regulation by a former <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> <a href="/wiki/Shipping_Forecast" title="Shipping Forecast">Shipping Forecast</a> announcer. A blog, GDPR Hall of Shame, was also created to showcase unusual delivery of GDPR notices, and attempts at compliance that contained egregious violations of the regulation's requirements. Its author remarked that the regulation "has a lot of nitty gritty, in-the-weeds details, but not a lot of information about how to comply", but also acknowledged that businesses had two years to comply, making some of its responses unjustified.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Research indicates that approximately 25% of software vulnerabilities have GDPR implications.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Since Article 33 emphasizes breaches, not bugs, security experts advise companies to invest in processes and capabilities to identify vulnerabilities before they can be exploited, including <a href="/wiki/Application_security#Coordinated_vulnerability_disclosure" title="Application security">coordinated vulnerability disclosure processes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> An investigation of Android apps' privacy policies, data access capabilities, and data access behaviour has shown that numerous apps display a somewhat privacy-friendlier behaviour since the GDPR was implemented, although they still retain most of their data access privileges in their code.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> An investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Consumer_Council" title="Norwegian Consumer Council">Norwegian Consumer Council</a> into the post-GDPR data subject dashboards on social media platforms (such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Dashboard" title="Google Dashboard">Google dashboard</a>) has concluded that large social media firms deploy deceptive tactics in order to discourage their customers from sharpening their privacy settings.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> On the effective date, some websites began to block visitors from EU countries entirely (including <a href="/wiki/Instapaper" title="Instapaper">Instapaper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Unroll.me,<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Publishing" title="Tribune Publishing">Tribune Publishing</a>-owned newspapers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>) or redirect them to stripped-down versions of their services (in the case of <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>) with limited functionality and/or no advertising so that they will not be liable.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> Some companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Klout" title="Klout">Klout</a>, and several online video games, ceased operations entirely to coincide with its implementation, citing the GDPR as a burden on their continued operations, especially due to the business model of the former.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> The volume of online <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioural advertising">behavioural advertising</a> placements in Europe fell 25–40% on 25 May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> In 2020, two years after the GDPR began its implementation, the European Commission assessed that users across the EU had increased their knowledge about their rights, stating that "69% of the population above the age of 16 in the EU have heard about the GDPR and 71% of people heard about their national data protection authority."<a href="#cite_note-:9-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> The commission also found that privacy has become a competitive quality for companies which consumers are taking into account in their decisionmaking processes.<a href="#cite_note-:9-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement_and_inconsistency">Enforcement and inconsistency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Enforcement and inconsistency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GDPR_fines_and_notices" title="GDPR fines and notices">GDPR fines and notices</a></div> Facebook and subsidiaries <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Google_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Google LLC">Google LLC</a> (targeting <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>), were immediately sued by <a href="/wiki/Max_Schrems" title="Max Schrems">Max Schrems</a>'s non-profit <a href="/wiki/NOYB_%E2%80%93_European_Center_for_Digital_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="NOYB – European Center for Digital Rights">NOYB</a> just hours after midnight on 25 May 2018, for their use of "forced consent". Schrems asserts that both companies violated Article 7(4) by not presenting opt-ins for <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> consent on an individualized basis, and requiring users to consent to all data processing activities (including those not strictly necessary) or would be forbidden from using the services.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> On 21 January 2019, Google was fined €50 million by the French DPA for showing insufficient control, consent, and transparency over use of personal data for behavioural advertising.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In November 2018, following a journalistic investigation into <a href="/wiki/Liviu_Dragnea" title="Liviu Dragnea">Liviu Dragnea</a>, the Romanian DPA (ANSPDCP) used a GDPR request to demand information on the <a href="/wiki/RISE_Project" title="RISE Project">RISE Project</a>'s sources.<a href="#cite_note-techdirt-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> In July 2019, the British <a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a> issued an intention to fine <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> a record £183 million (1.5% of turnover) for poor security arrangements that enabled a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Web_skimming" title="Web skimming">web skimming</a> attack affecting around 380,000 transactions.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> British Airways was ultimately fined a reduced amount of £20m, with the ICO noting that they had "considered both representations from BA and the economic impact of COVID-19 on their business before setting a final penalty".<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In December 2019, Politico reported that Ireland and Luxembourg – two smaller EU countries that have had a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax havens</a> and (especially in the case of Ireland) as a base for European subsidiaries of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Big_tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Big tech">big tech</a> companies – were facing significant backlogs in their investigations of major foreign companies under GDPR, with Ireland citing the complexity of the regulation as a factor. Critics interviewed by Politico also argued that enforcement was also being hampered by varying interpretations between member states, the prioritisation of guidance over enforcement by some authorities, and a lack of cooperation between member states.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> In November 2021, Irish Council for Civil Liberties lodged a formal complaint of the Commission that it is in breach of its obligation under EU Law to carefully monitor how Ireland applies the GDPR.<a href="#cite_note-:10-131">[129]</a> Until January 2023, the Commission published a new commitment based on the complaint of ICCL.<a href="#cite_note-:10-131">[129]</a> While companies are now subject to legal obligations, there are still various inconsistencies in the practical and technical implementation of GDPR.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> As an example, according to the GDPR's right to access, the companies are obliged to provide data subjects with the data they gather about them. However, in a study on loyalty cards in Germany, companies did not provide the data subjects with the exact information of the purchased articles.<a href="#cite_note-:7-133">[131]</a> One might argue that such companies do not collect the information of the purchased articles, which does not conform with their business models. Therefore, data subjects tend to see that as a GDPR violation. As a result, studies have suggested for a better control through authorities.<a href="#cite_note-:7-133">[131]</a> According to the GDPR, end-users' <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> should be valid, freely given, specific, informed and active.<a href="#cite_note-:8-134">[132]</a> However, the lack of enforceability regarding obtaining lawful consents has been a challenge. As an example, a 2020 study, showed that the <a href="/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech">Big Tech</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (GAFAM), use <a href="/wiki/Dark_pattern" title="Dark pattern">dark patterns</a> in their consent obtaining mechanisms, which raises doubts regarding the lawfulness of the acquired consent.<a href="#cite_note-:8-134">[132]</a> In March 2021, EU member states led by France were reported to be attempting to modify the impact of the privacy regulation in Europe by exempting national security agencies.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> After around 160 million Euros in GDPR fines were imposed in 2020, the figure was already over one billion Euros in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> On 12 February 2025,The European Commission has abandoned proposed regulations on technology patents, AI liability, and privacy for messaging apps due to strong lobbying and a lack of consensus among EU lawmakers, with major tech firms opposing the changes.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_foreign_laws">Influence on foreign laws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Influence on foreign laws">edit</a>]</div> Mass adoption of these new privacy standards by multinational companies has been cited as an example of the "<a href="/wiki/Brussels_effect" title="Brussels effect">Brussels effect</a>", a phenomenon wherein European laws and regulations are used as a baseline due to their gravitas.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act" title="California Consumer Privacy Act">California Consumer Privacy Act</a> on 28 June 2018, taking effect on 1 January 2020; it grants rights to transparency and control over the collection of personal information by companies in a similar means to GDPR. Critics have argued that such laws need to be implemented at the federal level to be effective, as a collection of state-level laws would have varying standards that would complicate compliance.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Two other U.S. states have since enacted similar legislation: <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> passed the Consumer Data Privacy Act on 2 March 2021,<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> enacted the Colorado Privacy Act on 8 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Turkey" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">candidate for European Union membership</a>, has adopted the Law on The Protection of Personal Data on 24 March 2016 in compliance with the <a href="/wiki/EU_acquis" class="mw-redirect" title="EU acquis">EU acquis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> China's 2021 <a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China">Personal Information Protection Law</a> is the country's first comprehensive law on personal data rights and is modeled after the GDPR.<a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-145">[143]</a>: 131  Switzerland will also adopt a new data protection law that largely follows EU's GDPR.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> With the addition of overseas regions of the European Union joining non-governmental organsational (NGO) bodies in the Caribbean region such as the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a>, the GDPR rules have become necessary to consider in the lack of any current legislation found in the region concerning privacy rights and maintaining compliance of the laws of those outer regions.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Website_views_and_revenue">Website views and revenue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Website views and revenue">edit</a>]</div> A 2024 study found that GDPR reduced both EU user website page views and website revenue by 12%.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>25 January 2012: The proposal for the GDPR was released.<a href="#cite_note-52012AE1303-10">[10]</a></li> <li>21 October 2013: The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Civil_Liberties,_Justice_and_Home_Affairs" title="European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs">European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs</a> (LIBE) had its orientation vote.</li> <li>15 December 2015: Negotiations between the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commission</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formal_Trilogue_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal Trilogue meeting">Formal Trilogue meeting</a>) resulted in a joint proposal.</li> <li>17 December 2015: The European Parliament's LIBE Committee voted for the negotiations between the three parties.</li> <li>8 April 2016: Adoption by the Council of the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The only member state voting against was Austria, which argued that the level of data protection in some respects falls short compared to the 1995 directive.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a></li> <li>14 April 2016: Adoption by the European Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a></li> <li>24 May 2016: The regulation entered into force, 20 days after its <a href="/wiki/Government_gazette" title="Government gazette">publication</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Official Journal of the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eujournalpublication-15">[15]</a></li> <li>6 May 2018: Data Protection Directive for the police and justice sectors into national legislation applicable from this day.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></li> <li>25 May 2018: Its provisions became directly applicable in all member states, two years after the regulations enter into force.<a href="#cite_note-eujournalpublication-15">[15]</a></li> <li>20 July 2018: the GDPR became valid in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA countries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>),<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a> and the three countries agreed to follow the regulation.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EU_Digital_Single_Market">EU Digital Single Market</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: EU Digital Single Market">edit</a>]</div> The EU <a href="/wiki/Digital_Single_Market" title="Digital Single Market">Digital Single Market</a> strategy relates to "<a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">digital economy</a>" activities related to businesses and people in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> As part of the strategy, the GDPR and the <a href="/wiki/NIS_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="NIS Directive">NIS Directive</a> all apply from 25 May 2018. The proposed <a href="/wiki/EPrivacy_Regulation_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="EPrivacy Regulation (European Union)">ePrivacy Regulation</a> was also planned to be applicable from 25 May 2018, but will be delayed for several months.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/EIDAS" title="EIDAS">eIDAS</a> Regulation is also part of the strategy. In an initial assessment, the European Council has stated that the GDPR should be considered "a prerequisite for the development of future digital policy initiatives".<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul>Similar privacy laws in other countries: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Personal_Data_Protection_Law" title="General Personal Data Protection Law">General Personal Data Protection Law</a> (LGPD) (Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act" title="California Consumer Privacy Act">California Consumer Privacy Act</a> (CCPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act" title="Children's Online Privacy Protection Act">Children's Online Privacy Protection Act</a> (COPPA) (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China">Personal Information Protection Law</a> (PIPL) (China)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria_Data_Protection_Act,_2023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigeria Data Protection Act, 2023 (page does not exist)">Nigeria Data Protection Act, 2023</a> (NDP Act) (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act_2012" title="Personal Data Protection Act 2012">Personal Data Protection Act 2012</a> (PDPA) (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Personal_Information_Act,_2013" title="Protection of Personal Information Act, 2013">Protection of Personal Information Act</a> (PoPIA) (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act,_No._9_of_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Data Protection Act, No. 9 of 2022">Personal Data Protection Act, No. 9 of 2022</a> (PDPA) (Sri Lanka)</li></ul> Related EU regulation: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Security_and_Resilience_Bill" title="Cyber Security and Resilience Bill">Cyber Security and Resilience Bill</a> - UK proposed legislation 2024.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Act_(European_Union)" title="Data Act (European Union)">Data Act</a>, proposed EU law from 2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Governance_Act" title="Data Governance Act">Data Governance Act</a>, proposed EU law from 2020</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Markets_Act" title="Digital Markets Act">Digital Markets Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Services_Act" title="Digital Services Act">Digital Services Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Privacy_Shield" title="EU–US Privacy Shield">EU–US Privacy Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a> (EDPB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Data_Space" title="European Health Data Space">European Health Data Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_and_Electronic_Communications_Directive_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive 2002">Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive 2002</a> (ePrivacy Directive, ePD)</li></ul> Related concepts: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cybercrime" title="Convention on Cybercrime">Convention on Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_portability" title="Data portability">Data portability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Not_Track_legislation" title="Do Not Track legislation">Do Not Track legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPrivacy_Regulation" title="EPrivacy Regulation">ePrivacy Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Impact_Assessment" title="Privacy Impact Assessment">Privacy Impact Assessment</a></li></ul> Compliance tactics by certain companies: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_or_pay" title="Consent or pay">Consent or pay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Joint control arises "where two or more controllers jointly determine the purposes and means of processing" data. They are required to agree their respective responsibilities in a "transparent" manner and to communicate "the essence of the arrangement" to data subjects.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 26  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Refer GDPR article 4(18): 'enterprise' means a natural or legal person engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal form, including partnerships or associations regularly engaged in an economic activity.<a href="#cite_note-32016R0679-1">[1]</a>: Art. 30  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Data_Protection_Regulation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32016R0679-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-32016R0679_1-23">x</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679-20160504">Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-9565-2015-INIT/en/pdf">"Presidency of the Council: 'Compromise text. 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Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:General_Data_Protection_Regulation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02016R0679-20160504">General Data Protection Regulation consolidated text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679">General Data Protection Regulation initial legal act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/law-topic/data-protection_en">Data protection</a>, European Commission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/HIS/?uri=CELEX:52012AE1303">Procedure 2012/0011/COD</a> Procedure for the proposed revised legal framework (General Data Protection Regulation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-coe-edps-2018-handbook-data-protection_en.pdf">Handbook on European data protection law</a>, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europrivacy.com/en">Europrivacy Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eccpcentre.com/">ECCP - European Centre for Certification and Privacy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdprcertification.com/">GDPR Certification</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Privacy" title="Template:Privacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Privacy" title="Template talk:Privacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Privacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Privacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Privacy271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_access_to_personal_data" title="Right of access to personal data">Right of access to personal data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expectation_of_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation of privacy">Expectation of privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_be_forgotten" title="Right to be forgotten">Right to be forgotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_privacy" title="Post-mortem privacy">Post-mortem privacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_law" title="Privacy law">Privacy laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_Australian_law" title="Privacy in Australian law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Personal_Data_Protection_Law" title="General Personal Data Protection Law">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_privacy_law" title="Canadian privacy law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Personal Information Protection Law of the People's Republic of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_law_in_Denmark" title="Privacy law in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_English_law" title="Privacy in English law">England</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesdatenschutzgesetz" title="Bundesdatenschutzgesetz">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Act,_2012" title="Data Protection Act, 2012">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy_in_New_Zealand" title="Right to privacy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_protection_(privacy)_laws_in_Russia" title="Data protection (privacy) laws in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act_2012_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Personal Data Protection Act (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Data_Protection_and_Information_Commissioner" title="Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy laws of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Consumer_Privacy_Act" title="California Consumer Privacy Act">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Privacy_Rights_Act" title="California Privacy Rights Act">amended in 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_data_protection_authority" title="National data protection authority">Data protection authorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Australian_Information_Commissioner" title="Office of the Australian Information Commissioner">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Danish Data Protection Agency">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_nationale_de_l%27informatique_et_des_libert%C3%A9s" title="Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Commissioner_for_Data_Protection_and_Freedom_of_Information" title="Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Board_of_India" title="Data Protection Board of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Authority_Institute" title="Personal Data Protection Authority Institute">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Commissioner" title="Data Protection Commissioner">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="Office of the Data Protection Supervisor">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Dutch Data Protection Authority">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Norwegian Data Protection Authority">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Privacy_Commission" title="National Privacy Commission">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Data_Protection_Commissioner" title="Polish Data Protection Commissioner">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Information_Protection_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="Personal Information Protection Commission (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Data_Protection_Agency" title="Spanish Data Protection Agency">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Data_Protection_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Data Protection Authority">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Data_Protection_and_Information_Commissioner" title="Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Personal_Data_Protection_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Personal Data Protection Committee">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Data_Protection_Authority" title="Turkish Data Protection Authority">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_privacy" title="Consumer privacy">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_privacy" title="Digital privacy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_education" title="Privacy in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_privacy" title="Medical privacy">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_privacy" title="Workplace privacy">Workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">Information privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_privacy_law" title="Information privacy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Facebook" title="Privacy concerns with Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_regarding_Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy concerns regarding Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Twitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Privacy concerns with Twitter">Twitter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_privacy" title="Email privacy">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_data" title="Personal data">Personal data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identifier" title="Personal identifier">Personal identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-enhancing_technologies" title="Privacy-enhancing technologies">Privacy-enhancing technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-invasive_software" title="Privacy-invasive software">Privacy-invasive software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_software" title="Privacy software">Privacy software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant_privacy" title="Virtual assistant privacy">Virtual assistant privacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Professionals_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility">Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Privacy_Lab" title="Data Privacy Lab">Data Privacy Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Digital_Rights" title="European Digital Rights">European Digital Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Privacy_Forum" title="Future of Privacy Forum">Future of Privacy Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Network_Initiative" title="Global Network Initiative">Global Network Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Privacy_Professionals" title="International Association of Privacy Professionals">International Association of Privacy Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOYB" title="NOYB">NOYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellphone_surveillance" title="Cellphone surveillance">Cellphone surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">Data security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Identity theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panopticon" title="Panopticon">Panopticon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">Search warrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">Wiretapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_rights" title="Personality rights">Personality rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Privacy" title="Category:Privacy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata927" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata927" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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