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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Noël Coypel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Noël Coypel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Νοέλ Κουαπέλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νοέλ Κουαπέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Noël Coypel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noël Coypel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Noël Coypel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noël Coypel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Noël Coypel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Noël Coypel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Noël Coypel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Noël Coypel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%84" title="نويل كويبل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نويل كويبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AF%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB" title="ノエル・コワペル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノエル・コワペル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Noël Coypel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Noël Coypel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Noël Coypel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noël Coypel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Куапель, Ноэль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Куапель, Ноэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Noël Coypel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Noël Coypel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Noël Coypel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Noël Coypel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q975135#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French painter (1628–1707)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/No%C3%ABl_Coypel" title="Special:EditPage/Noël Coypel">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22No%C3%ABl+Coypel%22">"Noël Coypel"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22No%C3%ABl+Coypel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22No%C3%ABl+Coypel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22No%C3%ABl+Coypel%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22No%C3%ABl+Coypel%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22No%C3%ABl+Coypel%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Noël Coypel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coypel_by_Florent_de_La_Mare-Richart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_by_Florent_de_La_Mare-Richart.jpg/220px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_by_Florent_de_La_Mare-Richart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_by_Florent_de_La_Mare-Richart.jpg/330px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_by_Florent_de_La_Mare-Richart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_by_Florent_de_La_Mare-Richart.jpg/440px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_by_Florent_de_La_Mare-Richart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1481" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Coypel from 1677 by Academy member Florent de La Mare-Richart</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1628-12-25</span>)</span>25 December 1628<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 December 1707<span style="display:none">(1707-12-24)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coypel" title="Antoine Coypel">Antoine Coypel</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl-Nicolas_Coypel" title="Noël-Nicolas Coypel">Noël-Nicolas Coypel</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Director of The <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome" title="French Academy in Rome">French Academy in Rome</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1673–1675</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Errard" title="Charles Errard">Charles Errard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Errard</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Director of the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_Peinture_et_de_Sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie de Peinture et de Sculpture">Académie de Peinture et de Sculpture</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1695–1699</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mignard" title="Pierre Mignard">Pierre Mignard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Fosse" title="Charles de La Fosse">Charles de La Fosse</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Noël Coypel</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[nɔɛl<span class="wrap"> </span>kwapɛl]</a></span>; 25 December 1628 – 24 December 1707) was a French <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painter</a>, and was also called <b>Coypel le Poussin</b>, because he was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Poussin" class="mw-redirect" title="Poussin">Poussin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coypel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His father, Guyon Coypel, was an unsuccessful artist, originally from <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>. He began his studies in <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> with an artist named Pierre Poncet, who had been a student of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vouet" title="Simon Vouet">Simon Vouet</a>. At the age of fourteen, he went to Paris. There, he found work in the studios of <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Quillerier" title="Noël Quillerier">Noël Quillerier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His progress was rapid. In 1646, aged only eighteen, he was employed in preparing the decorations for the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Orfeo_(Rossi)" title="Orfeo (Rossi)">Orfeo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossi" title="Luigi Rossi">Luigi Rossi</a>. </p><p>This attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Errard" title="Charles Errard">Charles Errard</a>, who was responsible for the artwork at the <a href="/wiki/Oratoire_du_Louvre" title="Oratoire du Louvre">Oratoire</a> and the King's Bedroom at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais du Louvre">Louvre</a>, who engaged him to do some paintings. He would work exclusively on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> for almost twenty years, creating several paintings for the King's apartments and, following the King's marriage, the ceilings of the Queen's apartment. He also painted at the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuileries">Tuileries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>. </p><p>In 1659, he married Madeleine Hérault (1641–1682), an art student. That same year, he presented himself at the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Peinture_et_de_Sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture">Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture</a> but, due to the amount of work he was doing for the King, his official reception was postponed until early in 1663. Later that year, he displayed his <a href="/wiki/Morceau_de_r%C3%A9ception" class="mw-redirect" title="Morceau de réception">reception piece</a>, <i>The Reprobation of Cain After the Death of Abel</i>. He was named an assistant professor the following year, and became a full Professor a few months later. </p><p>He was appointed Director of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome" title="French Academy in Rome">French Academy in Rome</a> in 1672, succeeding his former mentor, Errard, who had served for the first six years of the Academy's existence. His son, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coypel" title="Antoine Coypel">Antoine</a>, and his brother-in-law, the landscape painter <a href="/wiki/Charles-Antoine_H%C3%A9rault" title="Charles-Antoine Hérault">Charles-Antoine Hérault</a>, accompanied him. He held that office until 1675. During his administration, the Academy was finally established at the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Capranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Capranica">Palazzo Capranica</a>. While there, he continued to produce paintings for the Royal Family and developed an enthusiasm for mythological themes.<sup id="cite_ref-T_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1673, he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_Saint-Luc" title="Académie de Saint-Luc">Académie de Saint-Luc</a>. </p><p>Upon returning to Paris, he resumed his work for the King. In 1685, three years after his wife's death, he married Anne-Françoise Perrin (1665–1728), another young art student. They had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy. A notable exception was their son, <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl-Nicolas_Coypel" title="Noël-Nicolas Coypel">Noël-Nicolas Coypel</a>, who also became a well-known painter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Michel_Le_Tellier_de_Louvois" class="mw-redirect" title="François Michel Le Tellier de Louvois">Marquis de Louvois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Colbert_de_Villacerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Colbert de Villacerf">Marquis de Villacerf</a> engaged him to create some designs for the <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_Manufactory" title="Gobelins Manufactory">Gobelins Manufactory</a>. In 1689, he was elected Deputy Rector for the Académie Royale. He was promoted to Rector in 1690, and to the Directorship in 1695, replacing the late <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mignard" title="Pierre Mignard">Pierre Mignard</a>. In 1702, he reassumed the position of Rector. Three years later, at the age of seventy-seven, he undertook a project to paint frescoes above the high altar at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Invalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel des Invalides">Église des Invalides</a>. This difficult work resulted in a long, serious illness that led to his death on Christmas Eve in 1707. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_paintings">Selected paintings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coypel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Selected paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_The_Apotheosis_of_Hercules.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Apotheosis of Hercules (1700)"><img alt="The Apotheosis of Hercules (1700)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_The_Apotheosis_of_Hercules.jpg/231px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_The_Apotheosis_of_Hercules.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_The_Apotheosis_of_Hercules.jpg/347px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_The_Apotheosis_of_Hercules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_The_Apotheosis_of_Hercules.jpg/462px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_The_Apotheosis_of_Hercules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Apotheosis of Hercules</i> (1700)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hercule_et_D%C3%A9janire,_No%C3%ABl_Coypel._Mus%C3%A9e_de_Versailles..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hercules and Deianira"><img alt="Hercules and Deianira" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hercule_et_D%C3%A9janire%2C_No%C3%ABl_Coypel._Mus%C3%A9e_de_Versailles..jpg/404px-Hercule_et_D%C3%A9janire%2C_No%C3%ABl_Coypel._Mus%C3%A9e_de_Versailles..jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hercule_et_D%C3%A9janire%2C_No%C3%ABl_Coypel._Mus%C3%A9e_de_Versailles..jpg/606px-Hercule_et_D%C3%A9janire%2C_No%C3%ABl_Coypel._Mus%C3%A9e_de_Versailles..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Hercule_et_D%C3%A9janire%2C_No%C3%ABl_Coypel._Mus%C3%A9e_de_Versailles..jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Hercules and Deianira</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coypel,_Story_of_Hercules_-_Juno_and_Hercules,_1699.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juno and Hercules (1688)"><img alt="Juno and Hercules (1688)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/No%C3%ABl_Coypel%2C_Story_of_Hercules_-_Juno_and_Hercules%2C_1699.jpg/209px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel%2C_Story_of_Hercules_-_Juno_and_Hercules%2C_1699.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/No%C3%ABl_Coypel%2C_Story_of_Hercules_-_Juno_and_Hercules%2C_1699.jpg/314px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel%2C_Story_of_Hercules_-_Juno_and_Hercules%2C_1699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/No%C3%ABl_Coypel%2C_Story_of_Hercules_-_Juno_and_Hercules%2C_1699.jpg/418px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel%2C_Story_of_Hercules_-_Juno_and_Hercules%2C_1699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="1957" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Juno and Hercules</i> (1688)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Sacrifice_to_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sacrifice to Jupiter"><img alt="Sacrifice to Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Sacrifice_to_Jupiter.jpg/223px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Sacrifice_to_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Sacrifice_to_Jupiter.jpg/335px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Sacrifice_to_Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Sacrifice_to_Jupiter.jpg/446px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Sacrifice_to_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Sacrifice to Jupiter</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Equity,_1667-1668.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equity (c. 1667)"><img alt="Equity (c. 1667)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Equity%2C_1667-1668.jpg/139px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Equity%2C_1667-1668.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Equity%2C_1667-1668.jpg/209px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Equity%2C_1667-1668.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Equity%2C_1667-1668.jpg/279px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Equity%2C_1667-1668.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="1175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Equity</i> (c. 1667)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Apollo_Crowned_by_Victory,_1667-1668.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo Crowned by Victory (c. 1667)"><img alt="Apollo Crowned by Victory (c. 1667)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Apollo_Crowned_by_Victory%2C_1667-1668.jpg/128px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Apollo_Crowned_by_Victory%2C_1667-1668.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Apollo_Crowned_by_Victory%2C_1667-1668.jpg/193px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Apollo_Crowned_by_Victory%2C_1667-1668.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Apollo_Crowned_by_Victory%2C_1667-1668.jpg/257px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Apollo_Crowned_by_Victory%2C_1667-1668.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Apollo Crowned by Victory</i> (c. 1667)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Story_of_Apollo-Apollo_and_Mercury,_1688.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo and Mercury (1688)"><img alt="Apollo and Mercury (1688)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Story_of_Apollo-Apollo_and_Mercury%2C_1688.jpg/184px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Story_of_Apollo-Apollo_and_Mercury%2C_1688.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Story_of_Apollo-Apollo_and_Mercury%2C_1688.jpg/277px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Story_of_Apollo-Apollo_and_Mercury%2C_1688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Story_of_Apollo-Apollo_and_Mercury%2C_1688.jpg/368px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Story_of_Apollo-Apollo_and_Mercury%2C_1688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Apollo and Mercury</i> (1688)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 344px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 342px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nero_Ordering_the_Murder_of_his_Mother_by_N._Coypel_(Grenoble).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nero Ordering the Murder of his Mother"><img alt="Nero Ordering the Murder of his Mother" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nero_Ordering_the_Murder_of_his_Mother_by_N._Coypel_%28Grenoble%29.jpg/513px-Nero_Ordering_the_Murder_of_his_Mother_by_N._Coypel_%28Grenoble%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="342" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nero_Ordering_the_Murder_of_his_Mother_by_N._Coypel_%28Grenoble%29.jpg/770px-Nero_Ordering_the_Murder_of_his_Mother_by_N._Coypel_%28Grenoble%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nero_Ordering_the_Murder_of_his_Mother_by_N._Coypel_%28Grenoble%29.jpg/1025px-Nero_Ordering_the_Murder_of_his_Mother_by_N._Coypel_%28Grenoble%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Nero Ordering the Murder of his Mother</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Christ_on_the_Cross.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ on the Cross"><img alt="Christ on the Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Christ_on_the_Cross.jpg/145px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Christ_on_the_Cross.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Christ_on_the_Cross.jpg/217px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Christ_on_the_Cross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Christ_on_the_Cross.jpg/289px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Christ_on_the_Cross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Christ on the Cross</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Resurrection_of_Christ_(large_version).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resurrection of Christ (c. 1700)"><img alt="Resurrection of Christ (c. 1700)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Resurrection_of_Christ_%28large_version%29.jpg/175px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Resurrection_of_Christ_%28large_version%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Resurrection_of_Christ_%28large_version%29.jpg/263px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Resurrection_of_Christ_%28large_version%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Resurrection_of_Christ_%28large_version%29.jpg/350px-No%C3%ABl_Coypel_-_Resurrection_of_Christ_%28large_version%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Resurrection of Christ</i><br /> (c. 1700)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 291.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 289.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salle_des_gardes_de_la_reine-SOLON_SOUTENANT_LA_JUSTICE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solon Supporting Justice (c.1672)"><img alt="Solon Supporting Justice (c.1672)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Salle_des_gardes_de_la_reine-SOLON_SOUTENANT_LA_JUSTICE.jpg/434px-Salle_des_gardes_de_la_reine-SOLON_SOUTENANT_LA_JUSTICE.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Salle_des_gardes_de_la_reine-SOLON_SOUTENANT_LA_JUSTICE.jpg/651px-Salle_des_gardes_de_la_reine-SOLON_SOUTENANT_LA_JUSTICE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Salle_des_gardes_de_la_reine-SOLON_SOUTENANT_LA_JUSTICE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Solon Supporting Justice</i> (c.1672)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coypel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Coypel" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Coypel">Coypel s.v. Noel Coypel</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coypel+s.v.+Noel+Coypel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=355&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coypel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agorha.inha.fr/inhaprod/ark:/54721/0026882">Biographical data</a> @ AGORHA: Bases de données de l'Institut national d'histoire de l'art (INHA)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Thuillier, "Noël Coypel", from the <i>Commemorations Collection</i> (2007) @ FranceArchives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://francearchives.fr/fr/commemo/recueil-2007/39725">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gw.geneanet.org/tinagaquer?lang=en&n=perrin&oc=0&p=anne+francoise">Anne-Françoise Perrin</a> @ Geneanet</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coypel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumer1961" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blumer, Marie-Louise (1961). "Coypel (Noël)". In Roman d'Amat, Jean-Charles; et al. (eds.). <i>Dictionnaire de biographie française</i> (in French). Vol. 9. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. cols. 1149–1150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coypel+%28No%C3%ABl%29&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+biographie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=cols.+1149-1150&rft.pub=Letouzey+et+An%C3%A9&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Blumer&rft.aufirst=Marie-Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coypel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornu1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cornu_(historien)" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Cornu (historien)">Cornu, Paul</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allgemeineslexik08thie/page/29/mode/1up">"Coypel, Noël"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Thieme" title="Ulrich Thieme">Thieme, Ulrich</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Thieme-Becker" title="Thieme-Becker">Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler</a></i>. Vol. 8. Leipzig: E. A. Seemann. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1039527588">1039527588</a> – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coypel%2C+No%C3%ABl&rft.btitle=Allgemeines+Lexikon+der+bildenden+K%C3%BCnstler&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=E.+A.+Seemann&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1039527588&rft.aulast=Cornu&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallgemeineslexik08thie%2Fpage%2F29%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coypel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErbslöh1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erbslöh, Roswitha (1983). "Coypel, Noël". In Kasten, Eberhard; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeines_K%C3%BCnstlerlexikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon">Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon</a></i> (in German). Vol. 22. München, Leipzig: Saur. pp. 101–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-22762-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-22762-0"><bdi>3-598-22762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coypel%2C+No%C3%ABl&rft.btitle=Allgemeines+K%C3%BCnstlerlexikon&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen%2C+Leipzig&rft.pages=101-103&rft.pub=Saur&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-598-22762-0&rft.aulast=Erbsl%C3%B6h&rft.aufirst=Roswitha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coypel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlingsöhr-Le_Roy1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Klingsöhr-Le Roy, Cathrin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofart08turn/page/88/mode/2up">"Noël Coypel"</a>. In Turner, Jane (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">The Dictionary of Art</a></i>. Vol. 8. New York: Grove's Dictionaries. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884446-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-884446-00-0"><bdi>1-884446-00-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1033653438">1033653438</a> – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=No%C3%ABl+Coypel&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Grove%27s+Dictionaries&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1033653438&rft.isbn=1-884446-00-0&rft.aulast=Klings%C3%B6hr-Le+Roy&rft.aufirst=Cathrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofart08turn%2Fpage%2F88%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANo%C3%ABl+Coypel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=No%C3%ABl_Coypel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" title="Template talk:Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Académie_Royale_de_Peinture_et_de_Sculpture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_de_peinture_et_de_sculpture" title="Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture">Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding <i>anciens</i> (elders)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles le Brun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Errard" title="Charles Errard">Charles Errard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Bourdon" title="Sébastien Bourdon">Sébastien Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_La_Hyre" title="Laurent de La Hyre">Laurent de La Hyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Sarazin" title="Jacques Sarazin">Jacques Sarazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Corneille_the_Elder" title="Michel Corneille the Elder">Michel Corneille the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Perrier_(painter)" title="François Perrier (painter)">François Perrier</a></li> <li>Henry Beaubrun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Le_Sueur" title="Eustache Le Sueur">Eustache Le Sueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_van_Egmont" title="Justus van Egmont">Justus van Egmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Opstal" title="Gerard van Opstal">Gérard van Opstal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Guillain" title="Simon Guillain">Simon Guillain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding <i>académistes</i> (academicians)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Louis Du Guernier the Elder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_Mol" title="Pieter van Mol">Pieter Van Mol</a></li> <li>Louis Ferdinand Elle the Younger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boullogne" title="Louis Boullogne">Louis Boullogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Mauperch%C3%A9" title="Henri Mauperché">Henri Mauperché</a></li> <li>Hans van der Burcht</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Testelin" title="Louis Testelin">Louis Testelin</a></li> <li>Gérard Gossuin</li> <li>Thomas Pinagier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bernard_(artist)" title="Samuel Bernard (artist)">Samuel Bernard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Directeurs</i> of the Académie</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Ratabon" title="Antoine de Ratabon">Antoine de Ratabon</a> (1655–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Errard" title="Charles Errard">Charles Errard</a> (1675–1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a> (1683–1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mignard" title="Pierre Mignard">Pierre Mignard</a> (1690–1695)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Noël Coypel</a> (1695–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Fosse" title="Charles de La Fosse">Charles de La Fosse</a> (1699–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coysevox" title="Antoine Coysevox">Antoine Coysevox</a> (1702–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jouvenet" title="Jean Jouvenet">Jean Jouvenet</a> (1705–1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy" title="François de Troy">François de Troy</a> (1708–1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneille_Van_Cl%C3%A8ve" title="Corneille Van Clève">Corneille Van Clève</a> (1711–1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coypel" title="Antoine Coypel">Antoine Coypel</a> (1714–1722)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Boullogne" title="Louis de Boullogne">Louis de Boullogne</a> (1722–1733)</li> <li>The four <i>recteurs</i> took turns <br />acting as director (1733–1735) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Claude-Guy_Hall%C3%A9" title="Claude-Guy Hallé">Claude-Guy Hallé</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re" title="Nicolas de Largillière">Nicolas de Largillière</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Coustou_the_Elder" title="Guillaume Coustou the Elder">Guillaume Coustou</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud" title="Hyacinthe Rigaud">Hyacinthe Rigaud</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Guillaume Coustou (1735–1738)</li> <li>Nicolas de Largillière (1738–1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9min" title="René Frémin">René Frémin</a> (1742–1744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Cazes" title="Pierre-Jacques Cazes">Pierre-Jacques Cazes</a> (1744–1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Antoine_Coypel" title="Charles-Antoine Coypel">Charles-Antoine Coypel</a> (1747–1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Silvestre" title="Louis de Silvestre">Louis de Silvestre</a> (1752–1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_II_Restout" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean II Restout">Jean Restout</a> (1760–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dumont_le_Romain" title="Jacques Dumont le Romain">Jacques Dumont le Romain</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo" title="Charles-André van Loo">Carle Van Loo</a> (1763–1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a> (1765–1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lemoyne" title="Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne">Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne</a> (1768–1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Marie_Pierre" title="Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre">Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre</a> (1770–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Vien" title="Joseph-Marie Vien">Joseph-Marie Vien</a> (1789–1793)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome" title="French Academy in Rome">French Academy in Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Académie Royale de Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_d%27Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie Royale d'Architecture">Académie Royale d'Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" 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selflink">Noël Coypel</a> (1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Errard" title="Charles Errard">Charles Errard</a> (1675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthieu_de_La_Teuli%C3%A8re" title="Matthieu de La Teulière">Matthieu de La Teulière</a> (1684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Antoine_Houasse" title="René-Antoine Houasse">René-Antoine Houasse</a> (1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Poerson" title="Charles-François Poerson">Charles-François Poerson</a> (1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Vleughels" title="Nicolas Vleughels">Nicolas Vleughels</a> (1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_l%E2%80%99Estache" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre de l’Estache">Pierre de l’Estache</a> (1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean François de Troy">Jean François de Troy</a> (1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Joseph_Natoire" title="Charles-Joseph Natoire">Charles-Joseph Natoire</a> (1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Hall%C3%A9" title="Noël Hallé">Noël Hallé</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Marie_Vien" title="Joseph-Marie Vien">Joseph-Marie Vien</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lagren%C3%A9e" title="Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée">Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Guillaume_M%C3%A9nageot" title="François-Guillaume Ménageot">François-Guillaume Ménageot</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Beno%C3%AEt_Suv%C3%A9e" title="Joseph-Benoît Suvée">Joseph-Benoît Suvée</a> (1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Adrien_P%C3%A2ris" title="Pierre-Adrien Pâris">Pierre-Adrien Pâris</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Guillon-Lethi%C3%A8re" title="Guillaume Guillon-Lethière">Guillaume Guillon-Lethière</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Th%C3%A9venin" title="Charles Thévenin">Charles Thévenin</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Narcisse_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Pierre-Narcisse Guérin">Pierre-Narcisse Guérin</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Vernet" title="Horace Vernet">Horace Vernet</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Victor_Schnetz" title="Jean-Victor Schnetz">Jean-Victor Schnetz</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Alaux" title="Jean Alaux">Jean Alaux</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Victor_Schnetz" title="Jean-Victor Schnetz">Jean-Victor Schnetz</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas_Robert-Fleury" title="Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury">Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_H%C3%A9bert" title="Ernest Hébert">Ernest Hébert</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Eug%C3%A8ne_Lenepveu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Eugène Lenepveu">Jules Eugène Lenepveu</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Cabat" title="Louis-Nicolas Cabat">Louis-Nicolas Cabat</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_H%C3%A9bert" title="Ernest Hébert">Ernest Hébert</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Claude_Eug%C3%A8ne_Guillaume" title="Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume">Eugène Guillaume</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolus-Duran" title="Carolus-Duran">Carolus-Duran</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Albert_Besnard" title="Paul-Albert Besnard">Paul-Albert Besnard</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Puech" title="Denys Puech">Denys Puech</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Landowski" title="Paul Landowski">Paul-Maximilien Landowski</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ibert" title="Jacques Ibert">Jacques Ibert</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Leymarie_(art_historian)" title="Jean Leymarie (art historian)">Jean Leymarie</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Drot" title="Jean-Marie Drot">Jean-Marie Drot</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_R%C3%A9my" title="Pierre-Jean Rémy">Pierre-Jean Angremy</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Racine" title="Bruno Racine">Bruno Racine</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peduzzi" title="Richard Peduzzi">Richard Peduzzi</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mitterrand" title="Frédéric Mitterrand">Frédéric Mitterrand</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_de_Chassey" title="Éric de Chassey">Éric de Chassey</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124761305">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011082139">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149760543">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149760543">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115278">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/18897">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124761305.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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