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is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.04291">arXiv:1606.04291</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.04291">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1606.04291">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/09/C09017">10.1088/1748-0221/11/09/C09017 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> R&D towards the CMS RPC Phase-2 upgrade </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fagot%2C+A">A. Fagot</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cimmino%2C+A">A. Cimmino</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Crucy%2C+S">S. Crucy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gul%2C+M">M. Gul</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rios%2C+A+A+O">A. A. O. Rios</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tytgat%2C+M">M. Tytgat</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zaganidis%2C+N">N. Zaganidis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aly%2C+S">S. Aly</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Assran%2C+Y">Y. Assran</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Radi%2C+A">A. Radi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sayed%2C+A">A. Sayed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Singh%2C+G">G. Singh</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Iaselli%2C+G">G. Iaselli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maggi%2C+M">M. Maggi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pugliese%2C+G">G. Pugliese</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Verwilligen%2C+P">P. Verwilligen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Van+Doninck%2C+W">W. Van Doninck</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colafranceschi%2C+S">S. Colafranceschi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sharma%2C+A">A. Sharma</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Piccolo%2C+D">D. Piccolo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Primavera%2C+F">F. Primavera</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bhatnagar%2C+V">V. Bhatnagar</a> , et al. (71 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1606.04291v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The high pseudo-rapidity region of the CMS muon system is covered by Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) only and lacks redundant coverage despite the fact that it is a challenging region for muons in terms of backgrounds and momentum resolution. In order to maintain good efficiency for the muon trigger in this region additional RPCs are planned to be installed in the two outermost stations at low angle… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1606.04291v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1606.04291v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1606.04291v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The high pseudo-rapidity region of the CMS muon system is covered by Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) only and lacks redundant coverage despite the fact that it is a challenging region for muons in terms of backgrounds and momentum resolution. In order to maintain good efficiency for the muon trigger in this region additional RPCs are planned to be installed in the two outermost stations at low angle named RE3/1 and RE4/1. These stations will use RPCs with finer granularity and good timing resolution to mitigate background effects and to increase the redundancy of the system. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1606.04291v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1606.04291v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 14 June, 2016; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2016. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">13th Workshop on Resistive Plate Chambers and related detectors, 22-26 February 2016, Ghent University, Belgium</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01398">arXiv:1606.01398</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.01398">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1606.01398">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/11/09/C09006">10.1088/1748-0221/11/09/C09006 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> High rate, fast timing Glass RPC for the high 畏 CMS muon detectors </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lagarde%2C+F">F. Lagarde</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gouzevitch%2C+M">M. Gouzevitch</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Laktineh%2C+I">I. Laktineh</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Buridon%2C+V">V. Buridon</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+X">X. Chen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Combaret%2C+C">C. Combaret</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Eynard%2C+A">A. Eynard</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Germani%2C+L">L. Germani</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Grenier%2C+G">G. Grenier</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Mathez%2C+H">H. Mathez</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Mirabito%2C+L">L. Mirabito</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Petrukhin%2C+A">A. Petrukhin</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Steen%2C+A">A. Steen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tromeuraa%2C+W">W. Tromeuraa</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Wang%2C+Y">Y. Wang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gongab%2C+A">A. Gongab</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Moreau%2C+N">N. Moreau</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=de+la+Taille%2C+C">C. de la Taille</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Dulucqac%2C+F">F. Dulucqac</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cimmino%2C+A">A. Cimmino</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Crucy%2C+S">S. Crucy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fagot%2C+A">A. Fagot</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gul%2C+M">M. Gul</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rios%2C+A+A+O">A. A. O. Rios</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tytgat%2C+M">M. Tytgat</a> , et al. (86 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1606.01398v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The HL-LHC phase is designed to increase by an order of magnitude the amount of data to be collected by the LHC experiments. To achieve this goal in a reasonable time scale the instantaneous luminosity would also increase by an order of magnitude up to $6.10^{34} cm^{-2} s^{-1}$ . The region of the forward muon spectrometer ($|畏| > 1.6$) is not equipped with RPC stations. The increase of the expec… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1606.01398v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1606.01398v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1606.01398v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The HL-LHC phase is designed to increase by an order of magnitude the amount of data to be collected by the LHC experiments. To achieve this goal in a reasonable time scale the instantaneous luminosity would also increase by an order of magnitude up to $6.10^{34} cm^{-2} s^{-1}$ . The region of the forward muon spectrometer ($|畏| > 1.6$) is not equipped with RPC stations. The increase of the expected particles rate up to $2 kHz/cm^{2}$ (including a safety factor 3) motivates the installation of RPC chambers to guarantee redundancy with the CSC chambers already present. The actual RPC technology of CMS cannot sustain the expected background level. The new technology that will be chosen should have a high rate capability and provides a good spatial and timing resolution. A new generation of Glass-RPC (GRPC) using low-resistivity (LR) glass is proposed to equip at least the two most far away of the four high $畏$ muon stations of CMS. First the design of small size prototypes and studies of their performance in high-rate particles flux is presented. Then the proposed designs for large size chambers and their fast-timing electronic readout are examined and preliminary results are provided. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1606.01398v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1606.01398v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 22 July, 2016; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 4 June, 2016; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> June 2016. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">14 pages, 11 figures, Conference proceeding for the 2016 Resistive Plate Chambers and Related Detectors</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.06798">arXiv:1605.06798</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.06798">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Performance of Resistive Plate Chambers installed during the first long shutdown of the CMS experiment </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Shopova%2C+M">M. Shopova</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aleksandrov%2C+A">A. Aleksandrov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hadjiiska%2C+R">R. Hadjiiska</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Iaydjiev%2C+P">P. Iaydjiev</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sultanov%2C+G">G. Sultanov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rodozov%2C+M">M. Rodozov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Stoykova%2C+S">S. Stoykova</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Assran%2C+Y">Y. Assran</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sayed%2C+A">A. Sayed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Radi%2C+A">A. Radi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aly%2C+S">S. Aly</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Singh%2C+G">G. Singh</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Iaselli%2C+G">G. Iaselli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maggi%2C+M">M. Maggi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pugliese%2C+G">G. Pugliese</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Verwilligen%2C+P">P. Verwilligen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Van+Doninck%2C+W">W. Van Doninck</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Colafranceschi%2C+S">S. Colafranceschi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sharma%2C+A">A. Sharma</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Benussi%2C+L">L. Benussi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bianco%2C+S">S. Bianco</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Piccolo%2C+D">D. Piccolo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Primavera%2C+F">F. Primavera</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cimmino%2C+A">A. Cimmino</a> , et al. (71 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1605.06798v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The CMS experiment, located at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, has a redundant muon system composed by three different detector technologies: Cathode Strip Chambers (in the forward regions), Drift Tubes (in the central region) and Resistive Plate Chambers (both its central and forward regions). All three are used for muon reconstruction and triggering. During the first long shutdown (LS1) of the L… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1605.06798v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1605.06798v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1605.06798v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The CMS experiment, located at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, has a redundant muon system composed by three different detector technologies: Cathode Strip Chambers (in the forward regions), Drift Tubes (in the central region) and Resistive Plate Chambers (both its central and forward regions). All three are used for muon reconstruction and triggering. During the first long shutdown (LS1) of the LHC (2013-2014) the CMS muon system has been upgraded with 144 newly installed RPCs on the forth forward stations. The new chambers ensure and enhance the muon trigger efficiency in the high luminosity conditions of the LHC Run2. The chambers have been successfully installed and commissioned. The system has been run successfully and experimental data has been collected and analyzed. The performance results of the newly installed RPCs will be presented. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1605.06798v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1605.06798v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 22 May, 2016; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2016. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">5 pages, 6 figures, proceeding to The XIII workshop on Resistive Plate Chambers and Related Detectors (RPC2016)</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> CMS CR-2016/090 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.00440">arXiv:1605.00440</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1605.00440">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="High Energy Physics - Experiment">hep-ex</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Radiation Tests of Real-Sized Prototype RPCs for the Future CMS RPC Upscope </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lee%2C+K+S">K. S. Lee</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Choi%2C+S">S. Choi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hong%2C+B+S">B. S. Hong</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Jo%2C+M">M. Jo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kang%2C+J+W">J. W. Kang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kang%2C+M">M. Kang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+H">H. Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lee%2C+K">K. Lee</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Parka%2C+S+K">S. K. Parka</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Cimmino%2C+A">A. Cimmino</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Crucy%2C+S">S. Crucy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fagot%2C+A">A. Fagot</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gul%2C+M">M. Gul</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rios%2C+A+A+O">A. A. O. Rios</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tytgat%2C+M">M. Tytgat</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zaganidis%2C+N">N. Zaganidis</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ali%2C+S">S. Ali</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Assran%2C+Y">Y. Assran</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Radi%2C+A">A. Radi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sayed%2C+A">A. Sayed</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Singh%2C+G">G. Singh</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Abbrescia%2C+M">M. Abbrescia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Iaselli%2C+G">G. Iaselli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maggi%2C+M">M. Maggi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pugliese%2C+G">G. Pugliese</a> , et al. (71 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1605.00440v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We report on a systematic study of double-gap and four-gap phenolic resistive plate chambers (RPCs) for future high-畏 RPC triggers in the CMS. In the present study, we constructed real-sized double-gap and four-gap RPCs with gap thicknesses of 1.6 and 0.8 mm, respectively, with 2-mm-thick phenolic high-pressure-laminated (HPL) plates. We examined the prototype RPCs for cosmic rays and 100 GeV muon… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1605.00440v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1605.00440v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1605.00440v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We report on a systematic study of double-gap and four-gap phenolic resistive plate chambers (RPCs) for future high-畏 RPC triggers in the CMS. In the present study, we constructed real-sized double-gap and four-gap RPCs with gap thicknesses of 1.6 and 0.8 mm, respectively, with 2-mm-thick phenolic high-pressure-laminated (HPL) plates. We examined the prototype RPCs for cosmic rays and 100 GeV muons provided by the SPS H4 beam line at CERN. We applied maximum gamma rates of 1.5 kHz cm-2 provided by 137Cs sources at Korea University and the GIF++ irradiation facility installed at the SPS H4 beam line to examine the rate capabilities of the prototype RPCs. In contrast to the case of the four-gap RPCs, we found the relatively high threshold was conducive to effectively suppressing the rapid increase of strip cluster sizes of muon hits with high voltage, especially when measuring the narrow-pitch strips. The gamma-induced currents drawn in the four-gap RPC were about one-fourth of those drawn in the double-gap RPC. The rate capabilities of both RPC types, proven through the present testing using gamma-ray sources, far exceeded the maximum rate expected in the new high-畏 endcap RPCs planned for future phase-II LHC runs. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1605.00440v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1605.00440v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 4 May, 2016; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 2 May, 2016; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2016. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">Conference proceeding for the 2016 Resistive Plate Chambers and Related Detectors 8 pages, 9 figures</span> </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>contact arXiv</title><desc>Click here to contact arXiv</desc><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 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