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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Manuil_(Trabzon_imperatoru)" title="III Manuil (Trabzon imperatoru) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Manuil (Trabzon imperatoru)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_de_Trebisonda" title="Manuel III de Trebisonda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manuel III de Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III._(Trapezunt)" title="Manuel III. (Trapezunt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manuel III. (Trapezunt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AE%CE%BB_%CE%93%CE%84_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μανουήλ Γ΄ Μέγας Κομνηνός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μανουήλ Γ΄ Μέγας Κομνηνός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_de_Trebisonda" title="Manuel III de Trebisonda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manuel III de Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_de_Tr%C3%A9bizonde" title="Manuel III de Trébizonde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manuel III de Trébizonde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_de_Trebisonda" title="Manuel III de Trebisonda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manuel III de Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III._Trapezuntski" title="Manuel III. Trapezuntski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manuel III. Trapezuntski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuele_III_di_Trebisonda" title="Manuele III di Trebisonda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manuele III di Trebisonda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_III_(%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="მანუელ III (ტრაპიზონი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანუელ III (ტრაპიზონი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_(imperator_Trapezuntinus)" title="Manuel III (imperator Trapezuntinus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manuel III (imperator Trapezuntinus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Manu%C3%A9l_trapezunti_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="III. Manuél trapezunti császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Manuél trapezunti császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_Megas_Komnenos" title="Manuel III Megas Komnenos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manuel III Megas Komnenos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_Wielki_Komnen" title="Manuel III Wielki Komnen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manuel III Wielki Komnen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_de_Trebizonda" title="Manuel III de Trebizonda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manuel III de Trebizonda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BB_III_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мануил III Великий Комнин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мануил III Великий Комнин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%BE_III_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Манојло III Велики Комнин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манојло III Велики Комнин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_III_av_Trabzon" title="Manuel III av Trabzon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manuel III av Trabzon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Manuil_(Trabzon_imparatoru)" title="III. Manuil (Trabzon imparatoru) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. Manuil (Trabzon imparatoru)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%97%D0%BB_III_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Мануїл III (імператор Трапезунда) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мануїл III (імператор Трапезунда)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD)" title="曼努埃尔三世 (特拉比松帝国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼努埃尔三世 (特拉比松帝国)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of Trebizond from 1390 to 1417</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Manuel III Megas Komnenos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Emperor and Autocrat of all the East and Perateia</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_III_of_Trebizond_coin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Manuel_III_of_Trebizond_coin.png/220px-Manuel_III_of_Trebizond_coin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Manuel_III_of_Trebizond_coin.png/330px-Manuel_III_of_Trebizond_coin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Manuel_III_of_Trebizond_coin.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Coin of Manuel III, depicting him on horseback</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">20 March 1390 – 5 March 1417</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1364</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 March 1417<span style="display:none">(1417-03-05)</span> (aged 52)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulkhan-Eudokia_of_Georgia" title="Gulkhan-Eudokia of Georgia">Eudokia of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anna_Philanthropene" title="Anna Philanthropene">Anna Philanthropene</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios IV Megas Komnenos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Komnenos_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Komnenos dynasty">Komnenos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III Megas Komnenos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Kantakouzene" title="Theodora Kantakouzene">Theodora Kantakouzene</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Manuel III Megas Komnenos</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μανουήλ Μέγας Κομνηνός</span>; 16 December 1364 – 5 March 1417)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a> from 20 March, 1390 to his death in 1417. </p><p>The major event of Manuel's reign was the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Tamerlane</a> to Anatolia. This led to the virtual destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which had threatened the existence of Manuel's domain, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a>. Although the Ottomans reconstituted their state after 10 years of civil war, this defeat extended the life and security of the Empire of Trebizond for several more decades. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_III_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manuel was the son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III of Trebizond</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Kantakouzene" title="Theodora Kantakouzene">Theodora Kantakouzene</a>. He was made heir apparent in 1377, after the death of his elder brother Basil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Manuel's domain had come under the growing threat of the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a>, who in 1398 had led his army along the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast as far as the border of the Empire of Trebizond.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamerlane, who had campaigned in eastern Anatolia in 1394, returned and captured <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> (27 August 1400), slaughtering all of its defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamerlane demanded that Manuel and his army join him in the coming war with the Ottoman Turks, but somehow the Emperor avoided this demand, although he did contribute twenty galleys to Tamerlane's general effort.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bayezid and Tamerlane finally met in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a>, where Tamerlane crushed the Ottoman forces and made the Sultan his prisoner. For the next eight months Tamerlane moved about Anatolia, restoring the old Turkish beyliks and plundering Ottoman territories, thus dismantling the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would not be until 1413, when <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet I">Mehmet I</a> defeated his last surviving brother, that the Ottoman Empire would once more be a threat to any of its neighbors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Tamerlane left Asia Minor in 1403, part of his army detached from the whole to visit the city of <a href="/wiki/Kerasous" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerasous">Kerasous</a> and it was presumably by their ravages that the rule of Melissenos at <a href="/wiki/Oinaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinaion">Oinaion</a> was destroyed. Only the mountains around Kerasous prevented them from venturing any further, much to the relief of the people of Trebizond.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamerlane also put his nephew <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Sultan" title="Khalil Sultan">Mirza Halil</a> in charge of the affairs of Armenia, Trebizond, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a>, but with his father's death in 1405 Halil rushed off to assume the throne at Samarkand.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> to Tamerlane <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Gonz%C3%A1les_de_Clavijo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo">Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo</a> was received by Manuel while passing through Trebizond in April 1404 and wrote the following of Manuel: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Emperor and his son were dressed in imperial robes. They wore on their heads <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_dress#Hats" title="Byzantine dress">tall hats</a> surmounted by golden cords, on the top of which were cranes' feathers; and the hats were bound with the skins of martens ... This Emperor pays tribute to Timur Beg, and to other Turks, who are his neighbours. He is married to a relation of the Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and his son is married to the daughter of a knight of Constantinople, and has two little daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Relations with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> were better than with <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>. In 1391 a pact was concluded, on the lines of the treaty of 1319, which reduced the dues Venice paid and confirmed the old privileges. In 1396 Manuel signed a golden bull at the insistence of the Venetian <a href="/wiki/Bailli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailli">bailli</a>, Gussoni, which allowed the Venetians to trade throughout his realm, granted them their own church, bank, and law court. Manuel sent a bell and clock to Venice to be repaired, and in 1416 a Trapezuntine embassy is recorded visiting that city. However, with Genoa was frequent strife. Manuel was accused of bribing the Genoese officials at <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a>. In 1416 Genoa resolved to take steps against him for interference with <a href="/wiki/Leonkastron" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonkastron">their castle</a> at Trebizond, which became so serious that the Venetians ordered their galleys to not land at Trebizond due to the "divisions existing between the Emperor and the Genoese".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last years of Manuel's reign were clouded by discord with his own son <a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios IV</a>, although the latter had been associated in authority as <i><a href="/wiki/Despotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotes">despotes</a></i>. Manuel had for a time taken into his service a young man as his page. The favor shown to him, however, aroused the anger of the native aristocracy because of his humble birth so they poisoned the minds of the people against the page. At the same time, Alexios, covetous of the throne, raised the flag of revolt and demanded that the favorite be banished. The nobles joined him and besieged Manuel in the upper citadel, finally forcing him to concede and banish the favorite from the palace. The people then dispersed, but Alexios, who was still seeking the crown, was forced to reconcile with his father. The price of reconciliation was that Alexios take the young page into his service.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manuel III died in March 1417,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was succeeded by Alexios IV. George Finlay records the rumor that Alexios "was suspected of having hastened his father's death."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manuel, "like his father, took an active interest in buildings of a religious nature. In the year of his succession he presented an ornate cross believed to contain a holy <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> (<i>stavrotheke</i>), in this case a piece of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Soumela Monastery</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_III_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manuel married <a href="/wiki/Gulkhan-Eudokia_of_Georgia" title="Gulkhan-Eudokia of Georgia">Gulkhan-Eudokia of Georgia</a>, the widow of his elder half-brother Andronikos and a daughter of King <a href="/wiki/David_IX_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IX of Georgia">David IX of Georgia</a>, in 1377. His second wife, whom he married in 1395, was <a href="/wiki/Anna_Philanthropene" title="Anna Philanthropene">Anna Philanthropene</a> of the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukas</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By Gulkhan-Eudokia, he had at least one son: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios</a>, who succeeded him as Emperor</li></ul> <p>According to Thierry Ganchou, Manuel had one son by his second wife Anna. Ganchou identifies him as the otherwise nameless Komnenos whom <a href="/wiki/George_Sphrantzes" title="George Sphrantzes">George Sphrantzes</a> mentions in his history. This Komnenos had been the previous owner of the stallion Sphrantzes rode while campaigning in the <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a> in 1429, and who married Eudokia the daughter of Manuel Palaiologos Kantakouzenos, but died before the couple could have children.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_III_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7799">Vougiouklaki Penelope, "Manuel III Grand Komnenos"</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanford Shaw, <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i> (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, <i>History of the Ottoman Empire</i>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Finlay" title="George Finlay">George Finlay</a>, <i>The History of Greece and the Empire of Trebizond, (1204–1461)</i> (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1851), p. 391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, <i>History of the Ottoman Empire</i>, pp. 35f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)" title="William Miller (historian)">William Miller</a>, <i>Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461</i>, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, pp. 76f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clavijo's <i>Embassy</i>, translated by C. R. Markham (1859), quoted in Nicol, <i>The Last Centuries of Byzantium</i>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, pp. 77f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, pp. 73f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The continuation of Panaretos' chronicle dates his death to 5 March, 1412, but since that source also states he reigned 27 years Miller concludes "it seems more probable that his death really occurred in 1417." (Miller, <i>Trebizond</i>, pp. 78f) More recently <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oikonomides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Oikonomides">Nicolas Oikonomides</a> has argued that the date of his death was in 1418. (Oikonomides, "Πρόσταγμα Ἀλεξίου Δ΄ τοῦ Μεγ. Κομνηνοῦ περὶ τῆς ἐν Ἄθῳ μονῆς τοῦ Διονυσίου", <i>Νέον ᾽Αθήναιον</i>, <b>1</b> (1955), p. 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finlay, <i>History of Greece</i>, p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041105150501/http://www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/portal/arkeoloji_en.asp?belgeno=1745">article</a> on the website of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism about the <a href="/wiki/Sumela_Monastery" title="Sumela Monastery">Sumela Monastery</a>, retrieved 28 December 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelsey Jackson Williams, "A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond", <i>Foundations</i>, <b>2</b> (2006), p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ganchou, "A propos d’un cheval de race: un dynaste de Trébizonde en exil à Constantinople au début du XVe siècle" in <i>Mare et litora: Essays Presented to Sergei Karpov for his 60th Birthday,</i> Rustam Shukurov (editor) (Moscow: Indrik, 2009), pp. 553–574</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_III_of_Trebizond&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, Oxford University Press, 1991.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Manuel III of Trebizond </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenid</a> dynasty</b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 16 December 1364</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 5 March 1417</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Trebizond" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Trebizond">Emperor of Trebizond</a> </b><br />1390–1417 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios IV</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emperors_of_Trebizond" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse 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id="Emperors_of_Trebizond" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Emperors of Trebizond</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_of_Trebizond" title="Andronikos I of Trebizond">Andronikos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Trebizond" title="John I of Trebizond">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel I of Trebizond">Manuel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_of_Trebizond" title="Andronikos II of Trebizond">Andronikos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George,_Emperor_of_Trebizond" title="George, Emperor of Trebizond">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Trebizond" title="Theodora of Trebizond">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios II of Trebizond">Alexios II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_of_Trebizond" title="Andronikos III of Trebizond">Andronikos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel II of Trebizond">Manuel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Trebizond" title="Basil of Trebizond">Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina_of_Trebizond" title="Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Anachoutlou" title="Anna Anachoutlou">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Trebizond" title="John III of Trebizond">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Trebizond" title="Michael of Trebizond">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios III of Trebizond">Alexios III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manuel III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios IV of Trebizond">Alexios IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Trebizond" title="John IV of Trebizond">John IV</a> <span class="nowrap">(w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Trebizond" title="Alexander of Trebizond">Alexander</a></i>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios V of Trebizond">Alexios V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_of_Trebizond" title="David of Trebizond">David</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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