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The major event of Manuel's reign was the arrival of the [[Central Asia]]n conqueror [[Timur|Tamerlane]] to Anatolia. This led to the virtual destruction of the [[Ottoman Empire]], which had threatened the existence of Manuel's domain, in the [[Battle of Ankara]]. Although the Ottomans reconstituted their state after 10 years of civil war, this defeat extended the life and security of the Empire of Trebizond for several more decades. ==Life== Manuel was the son of Emperor [[Alexios III of Trebizond]] by [[Theodora Kantakouzene]]. He was made heir apparent in 1377, after the death of his elder brother Basil.{{cn|date=December 2020}} Manuel's domain had come under the growing threat of the ruler of the [[Ottoman Empire]], Sultan [[Bayezid I]], who in 1398 had led his army along the [[Black Sea]] coast as far as the border of the Empire of Trebizond.<ref>Stanford Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'' (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 p. 34</ref> Tamerlane, who had campaigned in eastern Anatolia in 1394, returned and captured [[Sivas]] (27 August 1400), slaughtering all of its defenders.<ref>Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire'', p. 35</ref> Tamerlane demanded that Manuel and his army join him in the coming war with the Ottoman Turks, but somehow the Emperor avoided this demand, although he did contribute twenty galleys to Tamerlane's general effort.<ref>[[George Finlay]], ''The History of Greece and the Empire of Trebizond, (1204–1461)'' (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1851), p. 391</ref> Bayezid and Tamerlane finally met in the [[Battle of Ankara]], where Tamerlane crushed the Ottoman forces and made the Sultan his prisoner. For the next eight months Tamerlane moved about Anatolia, restoring the old Turkish beyliks and plundering Ottoman territories, thus dismantling the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire'', pp. 35f</ref> It would not be until 1413, when [[Mehmet I]] defeated his last surviving brother, that the Ottoman Empire would once more be a threat to any of its neighbors.{{cn|date=December 2020}} When Tamerlane left Asia Minor in 1403, part of his army detached from the whole to visit the city of [[Kerasous]] and it was presumably by their ravages that the rule of Melissenos at [[Oinaion]] was destroyed. Only the mountains around Kerasous prevented them from venturing any further, much to the relief of the people of Trebizond.<ref>[[William Miller (historian)|William Miller]], ''Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461'', 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 72</ref> Tamerlane also put his nephew [[Khalil Sultan|Mirza Halil]] in charge of the affairs of Armenia, Trebizond, and [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgia]], but with his father's death in 1405 Halil rushed off to assume the throne at Samarkand.<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 76f</ref> The [[ambassador]] to Tamerlane [[Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo]] was received by Manuel while passing through Trebizond in April 1404 and wrote the following of Manuel: {{Quote|The Emperor and his son were dressed in imperial robes. They wore on their heads [[Byzantine dress#Hats|tall hats]] surmounted by golden cords, on the top of which were cranes' feathers; and the hats were bound with the skins of martens ... This Emperor pays tribute to Timur Beg, and to other Turks, who are his neighbours. He is married to a relation of the Emperor of [[Constantinople]], and his son is married to the daughter of a knight of Constantinople, and has two little daughters.<ref>Clavijo's ''Embassy'', translated by C. R. Markham (1859), quoted in Nicol, ''The Last Centuries of Byzantium'', p. 404.</ref>}} Relations with [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] were better than with [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]]. In 1391 a pact was concluded, on the lines of the treaty of 1319, which reduced the dues Venice paid and confirmed the old privileges. In 1396 Manuel signed a golden bull at the insistence of the Venetian [[bailli]], Gussoni, which allowed the Venetians to trade throughout his realm, granted them their own church, bank, and law court. Manuel sent a bell and clock to Venice to be repaired, and in 1416 a Trapezuntine embassy is recorded visiting that city. However, with Genoa was frequent strife. Manuel was accused of bribing the Genoese officials at [[Galata]]. In 1416 Genoa resolved to take steps against him for interference with [[Leonkastron|their castle]] at Trebizond, which became so serious that the Venetians ordered their galleys to not land at Trebizond due to the "divisions existing between the Emperor and the Genoese".<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 77f</ref> The last years of Manuel's reign were clouded by discord with his own son [[Alexios IV of Trebizond|Alexios IV]], although the latter had been associated in authority as ''[[despotes]]''. Manuel had for a time taken into his service a young man as his page. The favor shown to him, however, aroused the anger of the native aristocracy because of his humble birth so they poisoned the minds of the people against the page. At the same time, Alexios, covetous of the throne, raised the flag of revolt and demanded that the favorite be banished. The nobles joined him and besieged Manuel in the upper citadel, finally forcing him to concede and banish the favorite from the palace. The people then dispersed, but Alexios, who was still seeking the crown, was forced to reconcile with his father. The price of reconciliation was that Alexios take the young page into his service.<ref>Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 73f</ref> Manuel III died in March 1417,<ref>The continuation of Panaretos' chronicle dates his death to 5 March, 1412, but since that source also states he reigned 27 years Miller concludes "it seems more probable that his death really occurred in 1417." (Miller, ''Trebizond'', pp. 78f) More recently [[Nicolas Oikonomides]] has argued that the date of his death was in 1418. (Oikonomides, "Πρόσταγμα Ἀλεξίου Δ΄ τοῦ Μεγ. Κομνηνοῦ περὶ τῆς ἐν Ἄθῳ μονῆς τοῦ Διονυσίου", ''Νέον ᾽Αθήναιον'', '''1''' (1955), p. 18–20.</ref> and was succeeded by Alexios IV. George Finlay records the rumor that Alexios "was suspected of having hastened his father's death."<ref>Finlay, ''History of Greece'', p. 393</ref> Manuel, "like his father, took an active interest in buildings of a religious nature. In the year of his succession he presented an ornate cross believed to contain a holy [[relic]] (''stavrotheke''), in this case a piece of the [[True Cross|cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified]], to the [[Sumela Monastery|Soumela Monastery]]."<ref>From an [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105150501/http://www.kulturturizm.gov.tr/portal/arkeoloji_en.asp?belgeno=1745 article] on the website of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism about the [[Sumela Monastery]], retrieved 28 December 2004.</ref> ==Family== Manuel married [[Gulkhan-Eudokia of Georgia]], the widow of his elder half-brother Andronikos and a daughter of King [[David IX of Georgia]], in 1377. His second wife, whom he married in 1395, was [[Anna Philanthropene]] of the Byzantine [[Doukas]] family.<ref>Kelsey Jackson Williams, "A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond", ''Foundations'', '''2''' (2006), p. 181</ref> By Gulkhan-Eudokia, he had at least one son: * [[Alexios IV of Trebizond|Alexios]], who succeeded him as Emperor According to Thierry Ganchou, Manuel had one son by his second wife Anna. Ganchou identifies him as the otherwise nameless Komnenos whom [[George Sphrantzes]] mentions in his history. This Komnenos had been the previous owner of the stallion Sphrantzes rode while campaigning in the [[Morea]] in 1429, and who married Eudokia the daughter of Manuel Palaiologos Kantakouzenos, but died before the couple could have children.<ref>Ganchou, "A propos d’un cheval de race: un dynaste de Trébizonde en exil à Constantinople au début du XVe siècle" in ''Mare et litora: Essays Presented to Sergei Karpov for his 60th Birthday,'' Rustam Shukurov (editor) (Moscow: Indrik, 2009), pp. 553–574</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *''The [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]'', Oxford University Press, 1991. {{S-start}} {{s-hou|[[Komnenos|Komnenid]] dynasty|16 December|1364|5 March|1417}} {{s-reg|}} {{succession box | title= [[Emperor of Trebizond]]| before= [[Alexios III of Trebizond|Alexios III]] | after= [[Alexios IV of Trebizond|Alexios IV]]| years=1390–1417}} {{S-end}} {{Emperors of Trebizond}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Manuel 03 Of Trebizond}} [[Category:14th-century emperors of 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