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arithmetic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Floating-point_arithmetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dynamic_range_and_precision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamic_range_and_precision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dynamic range and precision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamic_range_and_precision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computational_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Computational performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computational_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floating-point_operations_per_clock_cycle_for_various_processors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floating-point_operations_per_clock_cycle_for_various_processors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Floating-point operations per clock cycle for various processors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floating-point_operations_per_clock_cycle_for_various_processors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performance records</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_records-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance records subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single_computer_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_computer_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Single computer records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_computer_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributed_computing_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed_computing_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Distributed computing records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed_computing_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost_of_computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost_of_computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cost of computing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cost_of_computing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cost of computing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cost_of_computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardware_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hardware costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Floating point operations per second</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="فلوبس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلوبس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flops" title="Flops – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flops" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_Point_Operations_Per_Second" title="Floating Point Operations Per Second – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Floating Point Operations Per Second" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flops" title="Flops – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Flops" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaciones_de_coma_flotante_por_segundo" title="Operaciones de coma flotante por segundo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operaciones de coma flotante por segundo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flopo" title="Flopo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3" title="فلاپس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلاپس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A1%AD%EC%8A%A4" title="플롭스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플롭스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Флоп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Флоп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flops" title="Flops – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Flops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flops" title="Flops – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flops" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மிதப்புப் புள்ளிச் செயல்பாடுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிதப்புப் புள்ளிச் செயல்பாடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟล็อปส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟล็อปส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLOPS" title="FLOPS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="FLOPS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92%E6%B5%AE%E9%BB%9E%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97%E6%AC%A1%E6%95%B8" title="每秒浮點運算次數 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="每秒浮點運算次數" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188768#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">FLOPS</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Measure of computer performance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Flop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Flop (disambiguation)">Flop</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Operations per second" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a>.</div> <p> <b>Floating point operations per second</b> (<b>FLOPS</b>, <b>flops</b> or <b>flop/s</b>) is a measure of <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">computer performance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, useful in fields of scientific computations that require <a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a> calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For such cases, it is a more accurate measure than measuring <a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">instructions per second</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Floating-point_arithmetic">Floating-point arithmetic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Floating-point arithmetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable"> <caption>Multipliers for flops </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Unit </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">kilo</a>FLOPS </td> <td>kFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a>FLOPS </td> <td>MFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>6</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Giga-" title="Giga-">giga</a>FLOPS </td> <td>GFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>9</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tera-" class="mw-redirect" title="Tera-">tera</a>FLOPS </td> <td>TFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>12</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Peta-">peta</a>FLOPS </td> <td>PFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>15</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Exa-" class="mw-redirect" title="Exa-">exa</a>FLOPS </td> <td>EFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>18</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zetta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Zetta-">zetta</a>FLOPS </td> <td>ZFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>21</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yotta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Yotta-">yotta</a>FLOPS </td> <td>YFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>24</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronna-" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronna-">ronna</a>FLOPS </td> <td>RFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>27</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quetta-" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetta-">quetta</a>FLOPS </td> <td>QFLOPS </td> <td>10<sup>30</sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">Floating-point arithmetic</a> is needed for very large or very small <a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real numbers</a>, or computations that require a large dynamic range. Floating-point representation is similar to scientific notation, except computers use <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">base two</a> (with rare exceptions), rather than <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">base ten</a>. The encoding scheme stores the sign, the <a href="/wiki/Exponent" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponent">exponent</a> (in base two for Cray and <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, base two or ten for <a href="/wiki/IEEE_floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE floating point">IEEE floating point</a> formats, and base 16 for <a href="/wiki/IBM_hexadecimal_floating-point" title="IBM hexadecimal floating-point">IBM Floating Point Architecture</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Significand" title="Significand">significand</a> (number after the <a href="/wiki/Radix_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Radix point">radix point</a>). While several similar formats are in use, the most common is <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">ANSI/IEEE Std. 754-1985</a>. This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called <i>single precision</i>, as well as 64-bit numbers called <i>double precision</i> and longer numbers called <i>extended precision</i> (used for intermediate results). Floating-point representations can support a much wider range of values than fixed-point, with the ability to represent very small numbers and very large numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamic_range_and_precision">Dynamic range and precision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dynamic range and precision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exponentiation inherent in floating-point computation assures a much larger dynamic range – the largest and smallest numbers that can be represented – which is especially important when processing data sets where some of the data may have extremely large range of numerical values or where the range may be unpredictable. As such, floating-point processors are ideally suited for computationally intensive applications.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_performance">Computational performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Computational performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FLOPS and <a href="/wiki/Million_instructions_per_second#Million_instructions_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Million instructions per second">MIPS</a> are units of measure for the numerical computing performance of a computer. Floating-point operations are typically used in fields such as scientific computational research, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>. However, before the late 1980s floating-point hardware (it's possible to implement FP arithmetic in software over any integer hardware) was typically an optional feature, and computers that had it were said to be "scientific computers", or to have "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computation">scientific computation</a>" capability. Thus the unit MIPS was useful to measure integer performance of any computer, including those without such a capability, and to account for architecture differences, similar MOPS (million operations per second) was used as early as 1970<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well. Note that besides integer (or fixed-point) arithmetics, examples of integer operation include data movement (A to B) or value testing (If A = B, then C). That's why MIPS as a performance benchmark is adequate when a computer is used in database queries, word processing, spreadsheets, or to run multiple virtual operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 <a href="/wiki/David_Kuck" title="David Kuck">David Kuck</a> coined the terms flops and megaflops for the description of supercomputer performance of the day by the number of floating-point calculations they performed per second.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was much better than using the prevalent MIPS to compare computers as this statistic usually had little bearing on the arithmetic capability of the machine on scientific tasks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supercomputer_Power_(FLOPS),_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Supercomputer_Power_%28FLOPS%29%2C_OWID.svg/300px-Supercomputer_Power_%28FLOPS%29%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Supercomputer_Power_%28FLOPS%29%2C_OWID.svg/450px-Supercomputer_Power_%28FLOPS%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Supercomputer_Power_%28FLOPS%29%2C_OWID.svg/600px-Supercomputer_Power_%28FLOPS%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>FLOPS by the largest <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> over time</figcaption></figure> <p>FLOPS on an HPC-system can be calculated using this equation:<sup id="cite_ref-en.community.dell.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en.community.dell.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{FLOPS}}={\text{racks}}\times {\frac {\text{nodes}}{\text{rack}}}\times {\frac {\text{sockets}}{\text{node}}}\times {\frac {\text{cores}}{\text{socket}}}\times {\frac {\text{cycles}}{\text{second}}}\times {\frac {\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>FLOPS</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>racks</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>nodes</mtext> <mtext>rack</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>sockets</mtext> <mtext>node</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>cores</mtext> <mtext>socket</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>cycles</mtext> <mtext>second</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>FLOPs</mtext> <mtext>cycle</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{FLOPS}}={\text{racks}}\times {\frac {\text{nodes}}{\text{rack}}}\times {\frac {\text{sockets}}{\text{node}}}\times {\frac {\text{cores}}{\text{socket}}}\times {\frac {\text{cycles}}{\text{second}}}\times {\frac {\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4c3cab47d00c423aa59c2660fe866d7f1c998c9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:68.202ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{FLOPS}}={\text{racks}}\times {\frac {\text{nodes}}{\text{rack}}}\times {\frac {\text{sockets}}{\text{node}}}\times {\frac {\text{cores}}{\text{socket}}}\times {\frac {\text{cycles}}{\text{second}}}\times {\frac {\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This can be simplified to the most common case: a computer that has exactly 1 CPU: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{FLOPS}}={\text{cores}}\times {\frac {\text{cycles}}{\text{second}}}\times {\frac {\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>FLOPS</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>cores</mtext> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>cycles</mtext> <mtext>second</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mtext>FLOPs</mtext> <mtext>cycle</mtext> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{FLOPS}}={\text{cores}}\times {\frac {\text{cycles}}{\text{second}}}\times {\frac {\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bbd29a73aeda25c5d0c4b7fb174ddb971bca341" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:37.814ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{FLOPS}}={\text{cores}}\times {\frac {\text{cycles}}{\text{second}}}\times {\frac {\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>FLOPS can be recorded in different measures of precision, for example, the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> supercomputer list ranks computers by 64 bit (<a href="/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" title="Double-precision floating-point format">double-precision floating-point format</a>) operations per second, abbreviated to <i>FP64</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-top500faq_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top500faq-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar measures are available for <a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">32-bit</a> (<i>FP32</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format" title="Half-precision floating-point format">16-bit</a> (<i>FP16</i>) operations. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="FLOPSforProcessors"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Floating-point_operations_per_clock_cycle_for_various_processors">Floating-point operations per clock cycle for various processors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.6em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.headerSort,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable th.unsortable{padding-bottom:1.8em}html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.5em}html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-right.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.4em}}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sort-under col3right col4right col5right"> <caption>Floating-point operations per clock cycle per core<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Microarchitecture </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set architecture</a> </th> <th scope="col">FP64 </th> <th scope="col">FP32 </th> <th scope="col">FP16 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Intel CPU </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">Intel 80486</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/X87" title="X87">x87</a> (32-bit) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td>0.128<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Intel <a href="/wiki/P5_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="P5 (microarchitecture)">P5</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a></li> <li>Intel <a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentium_Pro" title="Pentium Pro">Pentium Pro</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/X87" title="X87">x87</a> (32-bit) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td>0.5<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Intel <a href="/wiki/P5_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="P5 (microarchitecture)">P5</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> MMX</li> <li>Intel <a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentium_II" title="Pentium II">Pentium II</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MMX_(instruction_set)" title="MMX (instruction set)">MMX</a> (64-bit) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td>1<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intel <a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentium_III" title="Pentium III">Pentium III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Streaming_SIMD_Extensions" title="Streaming SIMD Extensions">SSE</a> (64-bit) </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td>2<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intel <a href="/wiki/NetBurst" title="NetBurst">NetBurst</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">Pentium 4</a> (Willamette, Northwood) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SSE2" title="SSE2">SSE2</a> (64-bit) </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intel <a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">Pentium M</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SSE2" title="SSE2">SSE2</a> (64-bit) </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Intel <a href="/wiki/NetBurst" title="NetBurst">NetBurst</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">Pentium 4</a> (Prescott, Cedar Mill)</li> <li>Intel <a href="/wiki/NetBurst" title="NetBurst">NetBurst</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentium_D" title="Pentium D">Pentium D</a> (Smithfield, Presler)</li> <li>Intel <a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yonah_(microprocessor)" title="Yonah (microprocessor)">Yonah</a>)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SSE3" title="SSE3">SSE3</a> (64-bit) </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Intel <a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_(microarchitecture)" title="Intel Core (microarchitecture)">Core</a> (<a href="/wiki/Merom_(microprocessor)" title="Merom (microprocessor)">Merom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penryn_(microarchitecture)" title="Penryn (microarchitecture)">Penryn</a>)</li> <li>Intel <a href="/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)" title="Nehalem (microarchitecture)">Nehalem</a><sup id="cite_ref-tpeak_jos_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpeak_jos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)" title="Nehalem (microarchitecture)">Nehalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westmere_(microarchitecture)" title="Westmere (microarchitecture)">Westmere</a>)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SSSE3" title="SSSE3">SSSE3</a> (128-bit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE4" title="SSE4">SSE4</a> (128-bit)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intel <a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (system on chip)">Atom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonnell_(microarchitecture)" title="Bonnell (microarchitecture)">Bonnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltwell_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwell (microarchitecture)">Saltwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvermont_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvermont (microarchitecture)">Silvermont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goldmont" title="Goldmont">Goldmont</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/SSE3" title="SSE3">SSE3</a> (128-bit) </td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intel <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Sandy Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Sandy Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)" title="Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)">Ivy Bridge</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions" title="Advanced Vector Extensions">AVX</a> (256-bit) </td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Intel <a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Haswell</a><sup id="cite_ref-tpeak_jos_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpeak_jos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Haswell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Devil's Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadwell_(microarchitecture)" title="Broadwell (microarchitecture)">Broadwell</a>)</li><li>Intel <a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaby_Lake" title="Kaby Lake">Kaby Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_Lake" title="Coffee Lake">Coffee Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comet_Lake_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Lake (microprocessor)">Comet Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Lake_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey Lake (microarchitecture)">Whiskey Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber_Lake_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber Lake (microarchitecture)">Amber Lake</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions" title="Advanced Vector Extensions">AVX2</a> & <a href="/wiki/FMA_instruction_set" title="FMA instruction set">FMA</a> (256-bit) </td> <td>16</td> <td>32</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intel <a href="/wiki/Xeon_Phi" title="Xeon Phi">Xeon Phi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Knights_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Corner">Knights Corner</a>)</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initial_Many_Core_Instructions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Initial Many Core Instructions (page does not exist)">IMCI</a> (512-bit) </td> <td>16</td> <td>32</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Intel <a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake-X</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake-X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Lake_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade Lake (microarchitecture)">Cascade Lake</a>)</li> <li>Intel <a href="/wiki/Xeon_Phi" title="Xeon Phi">Xeon Phi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Knights_Landing_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Landing (microarchitecture)">Knights Landing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knights_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Mill">Knights Mill</a>)</li> <li>Intel <a href="/wiki/Ice_Lake_(microprocessor)" title="Ice Lake (microprocessor)">Ice Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Lake_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger Lake (microprocessor)">Tiger Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lake" title="Rocket Lake">Rocket Lake</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions" title="Advanced Vector Extensions">AVX-512</a> & <a href="/wiki/FMA_instruction_set" title="FMA instruction set">FMA</a> (512-bit) </td> <td>32</td> <td>64</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">AMD CPU </th></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/Bobcat_(microarchitecture)" title="Bobcat (microarchitecture)">Bobcat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">AMD64</a> (64-bit)</td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>AMD <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_(microarchitecture)" title="Jaguar (microarchitecture)">Jaguar</a></li> <li>AMD <a href="/wiki/Puma_(microarchitecture)" title="Puma (microarchitecture)">Puma</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions" title="Advanced Vector Extensions">AVX</a> (128-bit) </td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/AMD_10h" title="AMD 10h">K10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SSE4" title="SSE4">SSE4/4a</a> (128-bit)</td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/Bulldozer_(microarchitecture)" title="Bulldozer (microarchitecture)">Bulldozer</a><sup id="cite_ref-tpeak_jos_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpeak_jos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Piledriver_(microarchitecture)" title="Piledriver (microarchitecture)">Piledriver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steamroller_(microarchitecture)" title="Steamroller (microarchitecture)">Steamroller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excavator_(microarchitecture)" title="Excavator (microarchitecture)">Excavator</a>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions" title="Advanced Vector Extensions">AVX</a> (128-bit)<br />(Bulldozer, Steamroller)</li><li><a href="/wiki/AVX2" class="mw-redirect" title="AVX2">AVX2</a> (128-bit) (Excavator)</li><li><a href="/wiki/FMA_instruction_set" title="FMA instruction set">FMA3</a> (Bulldozer)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/FMA_instruction_set" title="FMA instruction set">FMA3/4</a> (Piledriver, Excavator)</li></ul></div> </td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>AMD <a href="/wiki/Zen_(microarchitecture)" title="Zen (microarchitecture)">Zen</a><br />(Ryzen 1000 series, Threadripper 1000 series, Epyc <a href="/wiki/Epyc" title="Epyc">Naples</a>)</li><li>AMD <a href="/wiki/Zen%2B" title="Zen+">Zen+</a><sup id="cite_ref-tpeak_jos_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpeak_jos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(Ryzen 2000 series, Threadripper 2000 series)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions" title="Advanced Vector Extensions">AVX2</a> & <a href="/wiki/FMA_instruction_set" title="FMA instruction set">FMA</a><br />(128-bit, 256-bit decoding)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>AMD <a href="/wiki/Zen_2" title="Zen 2">Zen 2</a><sup id="cite_ref-www.youtube.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.youtube.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(Ryzen 3000 series, Threadripper 3000 series, Epyc <a href="/wiki/Epyc" title="Epyc">Rome</a>)</li><li>AMD <a href="/wiki/Zen_3" title="Zen 3">Zen 3</a><br />(Ryzen 5000 series, Epyc <a href="/wiki/Epyc" title="Epyc">Milan</a>)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions" title="Advanced Vector Extensions">AVX2</a> & <a href="/wiki/FMA_instruction_set" title="FMA instruction set">FMA</a> (256-bit) </td> <td>16</td> <td>32</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">ARM CPU </th></tr> <tr> <td>ARM Cortex-A7, A9, A15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv7</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ARM Cortex-A32, A35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> </td> <td>2</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A53" title="ARM Cortex-A53">ARM Cortex-A53</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A55" title="ARM Cortex-A55">A55</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A57" title="ARM Cortex-A57">A57</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tpeak_jos_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tpeak_jos-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A72" title="ARM Cortex-A72">A72</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A73" title="ARM Cortex-A73">A73</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A75" title="ARM Cortex-A75">A75</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> </td> <td>4</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A76" title="ARM Cortex-A76">ARM Cortex-A76</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A77" title="ARM Cortex-A77">A77</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A78" title="ARM Cortex-A78">A78</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> </td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-X1" title="ARM Cortex-X1">ARM Cortex-X1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> </td> <td>16</td> <td>32</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qualcomm <a href="/wiki/Krait_(CPU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krait (CPU)">Krait</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qualcomm <a href="/wiki/Kryo" title="Kryo">Kryo</a> (1xx - 3xx)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> </td> <td>2</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qualcomm <a href="/wiki/Kryo" title="Kryo">Kryo</a> (4xx - 5xx)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> </td> <td>8</td> <td>16</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samsung <a href="/wiki/Exynos" title="Exynos">Exynos</a> M1 and M2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> </td> <td>2</td> <td>8</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samsung <a href="/wiki/Exynos" title="Exynos">Exynos</a> M3 and M4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8</a> </td> <td>3</td> <td>12</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IBM PowerPC <a href="/wiki/IBM_A2" title="IBM A2">A2</a> (Blue Gene/Q)</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td>8</td> <td>8<br />(as FP64)</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_SH-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi SH-4">Hitachi SH-4</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_SH-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi SH-4">SH-4</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>7</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Nvidia GPU </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Curie_(microarchitecture)" title="Curie (microarchitecture)">Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/GeForce_6_series" title="GeForce 6 series">GeForce 6 series</a> and <a href="/wiki/GeForce_7_series" title="GeForce 7 series">GeForce 7 series</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>8</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(microarchitecture)" title="Tesla (microarchitecture)">Tesla</a> 2.0 (GeForce GTX 260–295) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Fermi_(microarchitecture)" title="Fermi (microarchitecture)">Fermi</a> <p>(only GeForce GTX 465–480, 560 Ti, 570–590) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span><br />(locked by driver,<br />1 in hardware)</td> <td>2</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Fermi_(microarchitecture)" title="Fermi (microarchitecture)">Fermi</a> <p>(only Quadro 600–2000) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Fermi_(microarchitecture)" title="Fermi (microarchitecture)">Fermi</a> <p>(only Quadro 4000–7000, Tesla) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(microarchitecture)" title="Kepler (microarchitecture)">Kepler</a> <p>(GeForce (except Titan and Titan Black), Quadro (except K6000), Tesla K10) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">12</span></span><br />(for <a href="/wiki/GeForce_700_series" title="GeForce 700 series">GK110</a>:<br />locked by driver,<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> in hardware)</td> <td>2</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(microarchitecture)" title="Kepler (microarchitecture)">Kepler</a> <p>(GeForce GTX Titan and Titan Black, Quadro K6000, Tesla (except K10)) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(microarchitecture)" title="Maxwell (microarchitecture)">Maxwell</a></li><li>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(microarchitecture)" title="Pascal (microarchitecture)">Pascal</a><br />(all except Quadro GP100 and Tesla P100)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td>2</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(microarchitecture)" title="Pascal (microarchitecture)">Pascal</a> (only Quadro GP100 and Tesla P100)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Volta_(microarchitecture)" title="Volta (microarchitecture)">Volta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nvidia_Volta_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nvidia_Volta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>2 (<a href="/wiki/FP32" class="mw-redirect" title="FP32">FP32</a>) + 2 (<a href="/wiki/Int32" class="mw-redirect" title="Int32">INT32</a>)</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Turing_(microarchitecture)" title="Turing (microarchitecture)">Turing</a> (only GeForce <a href="/wiki/GeForce_16_series" title="GeForce 16 series">16XX</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td>2 (FP32) + 2 (INT32)</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Turing_(microarchitecture)" title="Turing (microarchitecture)">Turing</a> (all except GeForce <a href="/wiki/GeForce_16_series" title="GeForce 16 series">16XX</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td>2 (FP32) + 2 (INT32)</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Ampere_(microarchitecture)" title="Ampere (microarchitecture)">Ampere</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nvidia_Ampere_1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nvidia_Ampere_1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nvidia_Ampere_2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nvidia_Ampere_2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (only Tesla A100/A30)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a> </td> <td>2</td> <td>2 (FP32) + 2 (INT32)</td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Ampere_(microarchitecture)" title="Ampere (microarchitecture)">Ampere</a> (all GeForce and Quadro, Tesla A40/A10)</li> <li>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace_(microarchitecture)" title="Ada Lovelace (microarchitecture)">Ada Lovelace</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Thread_Execution" title="Parallel Thread Execution">PTX</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span></td> <td><span class="nowrap">2 (FP32) + 0 (INT32)</span><br /><i>or</i><br /><span class="nowrap">1 (FP32) + 1 (INT32)</span></td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">AMD GPU </th></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/TeraScale_(microarchitecture)#TeraScale_1" title="TeraScale (microarchitecture)">TeraScale 1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_4000_series" title="Radeon HD 4000 series">Radeon HD 4000 series</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TeraScale_(microarchitecture)#TeraScale_1" title="TeraScale (microarchitecture)">TeraScale 1</a></td> <td>0.4</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/TeraScale_(microarchitecture)#TeraScale_2" title="TeraScale (microarchitecture)">TeraScale 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_5000_series" title="Radeon HD 5000 series">Radeon HD 5000 series</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TeraScale_(microarchitecture)#TeraScale_2" title="TeraScale (microarchitecture)">TeraScale 2</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/TeraScale_(microarchitecture)#TeraScale_3" title="TeraScale (microarchitecture)">TeraScale 3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_6000_series" title="Radeon HD 6000 series">Radeon HD 6000 series</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TeraScale_(microarchitecture)#TeraScale_3" title="TeraScale (microarchitecture)">TeraScale 3</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>4</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN</a><br />(only Radeon Pro W 8100–9100) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN</a><br />(all except Radeon Pro W 8100–9100, Vega 10–20) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/AMD_RX_Vega_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD RX Vega series">GCN Vega 10</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/AMD_RX_Vega_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD RX Vega series">GCN Vega 20</a><br />(only Radeon VII)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span><br />(locked by driver,<br />1 in hardware)</td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/wiki/AMD_RX_Vega_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD RX Vega series">GCN Vega 20</a><br />(only Radeon Instinct MI50 / MI60 and Radeon Pro VII) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next" title="Graphics Core Next">GCN</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>AMD <a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_RX_5000_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon RX 5000 series">RDNA</a><sup id="cite_ref-hardwareluxx_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardwareluxx-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-techpowerup_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techpowerup-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>AMD <a href="/wiki/RDNA_2" title="RDNA 2">RDNA 2</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AMD_RDNA_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD RDNA Architecture">RDNA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD RDNA3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/AMD_RDNA_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD RDNA Architecture">RDNA</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>?</td> <td>4</td> <td>8? </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/w/index.php?title=AMD_CDNA_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMD CDNA Architecture (page does not exist)">CDNA</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMD_CDNA_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMD CDNA Architecture (page does not exist)">CDNA</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>4<br />(Tensor)<sup id="cite_ref-AMD_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMD-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AMD <a href="/w/index.php?title=AMD_CDNA_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMD CDNA Architecture (page does not exist)">CDNA 2</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMD_CDNA_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMD CDNA Architecture (page does not exist)">CDNA 2</a> </td> <td>4<br />(Tensor)</td> <td>4<br />(Tensor)</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Intel GPU </th></tr> <tr> <td>Intel Xe-LP (Iris Xe MAX)<sup id="cite_ref-intel.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intel.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Xe </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>?</td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intel Xe-HPG (Arc Alchemist)<sup id="cite_ref-intel.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intel.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Xe</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intel Xe-HPC (Ponte Vecchio)<sup id="cite_ref-allinfo.space_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allinfo.space-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Xe</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intel Xe2 (Arc Battlemage)</td> <td>Xe2</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td>2</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Qualcomm GPU </th></tr> <tr> <td>Qualcomm <a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a> 5x0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a> 5xx</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qualcomm <a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a> 6x0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a> 6xx</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Graphcore </th></tr> <tr> <td>Graphcore Colossus GC2<sup id="cite_ref-Source_2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Source_3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>0</td> <td>16</td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Graphcore Colossus GC200 Mk2<sup id="cite_ref-Source_4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Graphcore Bow-2000<sup id="cite_ref-Source_5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td>0</td> <td>32</td> <td>128 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Supercomputer</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> @ 100 kHz in 1945 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.004<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(~<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6992300000000000000♠"></span>3<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−8</sup> FLOPS/<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>48-bit processor @ 208 <a href="/wiki/Kilohertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilohertz">kHz</a> in <a href="/wiki/CDC_1604" title="CDC 1604">CDC 1604</a> in 1960 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60-bit processor @ 10 MHz in <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a> in 1964 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.3<br />(FP60) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60-bit processor @ 10 MHz in <a href="/wiki/CDC_7600" title="CDC 7600">CDC 7600</a> in 1967 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.0<br />(FP60) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cray-1" title="Cray-1">Cray-1</a> @ 80 MHz in 1976 </td> <td> </td> <td>2<br />(700 FLOPS/W) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CDC_Cyber" title="CDC Cyber">CDC Cyber</a> 205 @ 50 MHz in 1981 <p><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">FORTRAN</a> compiler (ANSI 77 with vector extensions) </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>16 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transputer" title="Transputer">Transputer</a> IMS T800-20 @ 20 MHz in 1987 </td> <td> </td> <td>0.08<sup id="cite_ref-INMOSTN6_(1988)_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INMOSTN6_(1988)-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallella" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallella">Parallella</a> E16 @ 1000 MHz in 2012 </td> <td> </td> <td>2<sup id="cite_ref-Epiphany_multi-core_coprocessor_E16G301_specs_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epiphany_multi-core_coprocessor_E16G301_specs-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(5.0 GFLOPS/W)<sup id="cite_ref-FeldmanM_(2014)_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeldmanM_(2014)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parallella" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallella">Parallella</a> E64 @ 800 MHz in 2012 </td> <td> </td> <td>2<sup id="cite_ref-Epiphany_multi-core_coprocessor_E64G401_specs_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epiphany_multi-core_coprocessor_E64G401_specs-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(50.0 GFLOPS/W)<sup id="cite_ref-FeldmanM_(2014)_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeldmanM_(2014)-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Microarchitecture </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set architecture</a> </th> <th>FP64 </th> <th>FP32 </th> <th>FP16 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_records">Performance records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Performance records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_computer_records">Single computer records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Single computer records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1997, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ASCI_Red" title="ASCI Red">ASCI Red</a> was the world's first computer to achieve one teraFLOPS and beyond. Sandia director Bill Camp said that ASCI Red had the best reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and "was supercomputing's high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance".<sup id="cite_ref-jacobsequity.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobsequity.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NEC_SX-9" title="NEC SX-9">SX-9</a> supercomputer was the world's first <a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">vector processor</a> to exceed 100 gigaFLOPS per single core. </p><p>In June 2006, a new computer was announced by Japanese research institute <a href="/wiki/RIKEN" class="mw-redirect" title="RIKEN">RIKEN</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MDGRAPE-3" class="mw-redirect" title="MDGRAPE-3">MDGRAPE-3</a>. The computer's performance tops out at one petaFLOPS, almost two times faster than the Blue Gene/L, but MDGRAPE-3 is not a general purpose computer, which is why it does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">Top500.org</a> list. It has special-purpose <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipelines</a> for simulating molecular dynamics. </p><p>By 2007, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel Corporation</a> unveiled the experimental <a href="/wiki/Multi-core" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-core">multi-core</a> <a href="/wiki/Teraflops_Research_Chip" title="Teraflops Research Chip">POLARIS</a> chip, which achieves 1 teraFLOPS at 3.13 GHz. The 80-core chip can raise this result to 2 teraFLOPS at 6.26 GHz, although the thermal dissipation at this frequency exceeds 190 watts.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2007, Top500.org reported the fastest computer in the world to be the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Gene">IBM Blue Gene/L</a> supercomputer, measuring a peak of 596 teraFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cray_XT4" title="Cray XT4">Cray XT4</a> hit second place with 101.7 teraFLOPS. </p><p>On June 26, 2007, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> announced the second generation of its top supercomputer, dubbed Blue Gene/P and designed to continuously operate at speeds exceeding one petaFLOPS, faster than the Blue Gene/L. When configured to do so, it can reach speeds in excess of three petaFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 25, 2007, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> Corporation of Japan issued a press release announcing its SX series model <a href="/wiki/SX-9" class="mw-redirect" title="SX-9">SX-9</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming it to be the world's fastest vector supercomputer. The <a href="/wiki/SX-9" class="mw-redirect" title="SX-9">SX-9</a> features the first CPU capable of a peak vector performance of 102.4 gigaFLOPS per single core. </p><p>On February 4, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">NSF</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> opened full scale research runs on an <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> supercomputer named <a href="/wiki/Texas_Advanced_Computing_Center#Ranger" title="Texas Advanced Computing Center">Ranger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most powerful supercomputing system in the world for open science research, which operates at sustained speed of 0.5 petaFLOPS. </p><p>On May 25, 2008, an American supercomputer built by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, named '<a href="/wiki/IBM_Roadrunner" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Roadrunner">Roadrunner</a>', reached the computing milestone of one petaFLOPS. It headed the June 2008 and November 2008 <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> list of the most powerful supercomputers (excluding <a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The computer is located at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. The computer's name refers to the New Mexico <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">state bird</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_roadrunner" title="Greater roadrunner">greater roadrunner</a> (<i>Geococcyx californianus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2008, AMD released ATI Radeon HD 4800 series, which are reported to be the first GPUs to achieve one teraFLOPS. On August 12, 2008, AMD released the ATI Radeon HD 4870X2 graphics card with two <a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_4000_series" title="Radeon HD 4000 series">Radeon R770</a> GPUs totaling 2.4 teraFLOPS. </p><p>In November 2008, an upgrade to the Cray <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_(supercomputer)" title="Jaguar (supercomputer)">Jaguar supercomputer</a> at the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) raised the system's computing power to a peak 1.64 petaFLOPS, making Jaguar the world's first petaFLOPS system dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">open research</a>. In early 2009 the supercomputer was named after a mythical creature, <a href="/wiki/Kraken" title="Kraken">Kraken</a>. Kraken was declared the world's fastest university-managed supercomputer and sixth fastest overall in the 2009 TOP500 list. In 2010 Kraken was upgraded and can operate faster and is more powerful. </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> Jaguar performed at 1.75 petaFLOPS, beating the IBM Roadrunner for the number one spot on the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> list.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2010, China unveiled the <a href="/wiki/Tianhe-1" title="Tianhe-1">Tianhe-1</a>, a supercomputer that operates at a peak computing rate of 2.5 petaFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the fastest PC <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">processor</a> reached 109 gigaFLOPS (<a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#Core_i7" title="Intel Core">Intel Core i7</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulftown_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulftown (microprocessor)">980 XE</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in double precision calculations. <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPUs</a> are considerably more powerful. For example, <a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla" title="Nvidia Tesla">Nvidia Tesla</a> C2050 GPU computing processors perform around 515 gigaFLOPS<sup id="cite_ref-nvidia.com_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nvidia.com-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in double precision calculations, and the AMD FireStream 9270 peaks at 240 gigaFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-ati.amd.com_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ati.amd.com-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2011, it was announced that Japan had achieved 10.51 petaFLOPS with its <a href="/wiki/K_computer" title="K computer">K computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petaflops_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petaflops-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 88,128 <a href="/wiki/SPARC64_VIIIfx" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARC64 VIIIfx">SPARC64 VIIIfx</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processors</a> in 864 racks, with theoretical performance of 11.28 petaFLOPS. It is named after the Japanese word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:京">kei</a>", which stands for 10 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000,000,000" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000,000,000,000,000">quadrillion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding to the target speed of 10 petaFLOPS. </p><p>On November 15, 2011, Intel demonstrated a single x86-based processor, code-named "Knights Corner", sustaining more than a teraFLOPS on a wide range of <a href="/wiki/DGEMM" class="mw-redirect" title="DGEMM">DGEMM</a> operations. Intel emphasized during the demonstration that this was a sustained teraFLOPS (not "raw teraFLOPS" used by others to get higher but less meaningful numbers), and that it was the first general purpose processor to ever cross a teraFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 18, 2012, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Sequoia" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Sequoia">IBM's Sequoia supercomputer system</a>, based at the U.S. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), reached 16 petaFLOPS, setting the world record and claiming first place in the latest TOP500 list.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_Computer_Sets_Speed_Record_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_Computer_Sets_Speed_Record-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 12, 2012, the TOP500 list certified <a href="/wiki/Titan_(supercomputer)" title="Titan (supercomputer)">Titan</a> as the world's fastest supercomputer per the LINPACK benchmark, at 17.59 petaFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed by Cray Inc. at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> and combines AMD Opteron processors with "Kepler" NVIDIA Tesla graphics processing unit (GPU) technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 10, 2013, China's <a href="/wiki/Tianhe-2" title="Tianhe-2">Tianhe-2</a> was ranked the world's fastest with 33.86 petaFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 20, 2016, China's <a href="/wiki/Sunway_TaihuLight" title="Sunway TaihuLight">Sunway TaihuLight</a> was ranked the world's fastest with 93 petaFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark (out of 125 peak petaFLOPS). The system was installed at the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, and represented more performance than the next five most powerful systems on the TOP500 list did at the time combined.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019, <a href="/wiki/Summit_(supercomputer)" title="Summit (supercomputer)">Summit</a>, an IBM-built supercomputer now running at the Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), captured the number one spot with a performance of 148.6 petaFLOPS on High Performance Linpack (HPL), the benchmark used to rank the TOP500 list. Summit has 4,356 nodes, each one equipped with two 22-core Power9 CPUs, and six NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPUs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2022, the United States' <a href="/wiki/Frontier_(supercomputer)" title="Frontier (supercomputer)">Frontier</a> was the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1102 petaFlops (1.102 exaFlops) on the LINPACK benchmarks. <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (February 2025)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 2024, the United States’ <a href="/wiki/El_Capitan_(supercomputer)" title="El Capitan (supercomputer)">El Capitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Exascale_computing" title="Exascale computing">exascale</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a>, hosted at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Livermore,_California" title="Livermore, California">Livermore</a>, displaced Frontier as the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">world's fastest supercomputer</a> in the 64th edition of the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">Top500 (Nov 2024)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributed_computing_records">Distributed computing records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distributed computing records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a> uses the Internet to link personal computers to achieve more FLOPS: </p> <ul><li>As of April 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Folding@home" title="Folding@home">Folding@home</a> network has over 2.3 exaFLOPS of total computing power.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most powerful distributed computer network, being the first ever to break 1 exaFLOPS of total computing power. This level of performance is primarily enabled by the cumulative effort of a vast array of powerful <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> units.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>As of December 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the entire <a href="/wiki/BOINC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOINC">BOINC</a> network averages about 31 petaFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of June 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/SETI@home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a>, employing the <a href="/wiki/BOINC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOINC">BOINC</a> software platform, averages 896 teraFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of June 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Einstein@Home" title="Einstein@Home">Einstein@Home</a>, a project using the <a href="/wiki/BOINC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOINC">BOINC</a> network, is crunching at 3 petaFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of June 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/MilkyWay@home" title="MilkyWay@home">MilkyWay@home</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/BOINC" class="mw-redirect" title="BOINC">BOINC</a> infrastructure, computes at 847 teraFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of June 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Internet_Mersenne_Prime_Search" title="Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search">GIMPS</a>, searching for <a href="/wiki/Mersenne_prime" title="Mersenne prime">Mersenne primes</a>, is sustaining 1,354 teraFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost_of_computing">Cost of computing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cost of computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_costs">Hardware costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hardware costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Date </th> <th colspan="2">Approximate USD per GFLOPS </th> <th rowspan="2">Platform providing the lowest cost per GFLOPS </th> <th rowspan="2">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th>Unadjusted </th> <th>2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td>$1.265<a href="/wiki/Trillion" title="Trillion">T</a> </td> <td>$21.409T </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>: <span style="white-space: nowrap">$487,000</span> in 1945 and $8,242,000 in 2023. </td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap">$487,000</span> / <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6993385000000000000♠"></span>0.000<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">385</span> <a href="/wiki/GFLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GFLOPS">GFLOPS</a></span>. First-generation (<a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a>-based) electronic digital computer. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>$18.672<a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">B</a> </td> <td>$190.38B </td> <td>A basic installation of <a href="/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030 Stretch</a> had a cost at the time of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$7.78 million</span> each. </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch" title="IBM 7030 Stretch">IBM 7030 Stretch</a> performs one floating-point multiply every <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000240000000000000♠"></span>2.4 <a href="/wiki/Microseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Microseconds">microseconds</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-generation (<a href="/wiki/Transistor_computer" title="Transistor computer">transistor</a>-based) computer. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td>$2.3<a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">B</a> </td> <td>$22.595B </td> <td>Base model <a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a> price: $6,891,300. </td> <td>The CDC 6600 is considered to be the first commercially-successful <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>$18,750,000 </td> <td>$54,988,789 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cray_X-MP" title="Cray X-MP">Cray X-MP</a>/48 </td> <td>$15,000,000 / 0.8 GFLOPS. Third-generation (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a>-based) computer. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>$30,000 </td> <td>$56,940 </td> <td>Two 16-processor <a href="/wiki/Beowulf_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beowulf (computing)">Beowulf</a> clusters with <a href="/wiki/Pentium_Pro" title="Pentium Pro">Pentium Pro</a> microprocessors<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2000/04 !">April 2000</span> </td> <td>$1,000 </td> <td>$1,798 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Bunyip Beowulf cluster</a> </td> <td>Bunyip was the first sub-<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1/<a href="/wiki/MFLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="MFLOPS">MFLOPS</a></span> computing technology. It won the Gordon Bell Prize in 2000. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2000/05 !">May 2000</span> </td> <td>$640 </td> <td>$1,132 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Linux_Athlon_Testbed" title="Kentucky Linux Athlon Testbed">KLAT2</a> </td> <td>KLAT2 was the first computing technology which scaled to large applications while staying under <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>1/MFLOPS</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2003/08 !">August 2003</span> </td> <td>$83.86 </td> <td>$138.9 </td> <td>KASY0 </td> <td>KASY0 was the first sub-<span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>100/GFLOPS</span> computing technology. KASY0 achieved 471 GFLOPS on 32-bit HPL. At a cost of less than $39,500, that makes it the first supercomputer to break $100/GFLOPS.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2007/08 !">August 2007</span> </td> <td>$48.31 </td> <td>$70.99 </td> <td>Microwulf </td> <td>As of August 2007, this <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001260000000000000♠"></span>26 GFLOPS</span> "personal" Beowulf cluster can be built for $1256.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2011/03 !">March 2011</span> </td> <td>$1.80 </td> <td>$2.44 </td> <td>HPU4Science </td> <td>This $30,000 cluster was built using only commercially available "gamer" grade hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2012/08 !">August 2012</span> </td> <td>75.00¢ </td> <td>99.54¢ </td> <td>Quad <a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_7000_series" title="Radeon HD 7000 series">AMD Radeon 7970</a> System </td> <td>A quad <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> <a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_7000_series" title="Radeon HD 7000 series">Radeon 7970</a> desktop computer reaching 16 TFLOPS of single-precision, 4 TFLOPS of double-precision computing performance. Total system cost was $3000; built using only commercially available hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2013/06 !">June 2013</span> </td> <td>21.68¢ </td> <td>28.36¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">Sony PlayStation 4</a> </td> <td>The Sony <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a> is listed as having a peak performance of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000184000000000000♠"></span>1.84 <a href="/wiki/TFLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TFLOPS">TFLOPS</a></span>, at a price of $399<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2013/11 !">November 2013</span> </td> <td>16.11¢ </td> <td>21.07¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sempron" title="Sempron">AMD Sempron 145</a> & <a href="/wiki/GeForce_700_series" title="GeForce 700 series">GeForce GTX 760</a> system </td> <td>Built using commercially available parts, a system using one AMD <a href="/wiki/Sempron" title="Sempron">Sempron</a> 145 and three <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> <a href="/wiki/GeForce_700_series" title="GeForce 700 series">GeForce GTX 760</a> reaches a total of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000677100000000000♠"></span>6.771 TFLOPS</span> for a total cost of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1,090.66</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2013/12 !">December 2013</span> </td> <td>12.41¢ </td> <td>16.23¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Pentium G550</a> & <a href="/wiki/Radeon_Rx_200_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Radeon Rx 200 series">Radeon R9 290</a> system </td> <td>Built using commercially available parts. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Pentium G550</a> and AMD <a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_200_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Rx 200 series">Radeon R9 290</a> tops out at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000484800000000000♠"></span>4.848 TFLOPS</span> grand total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$681.84</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2015/01 !">January 2015</span> </td> <td>7.85¢ </td> <td>10.09¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Celeron G1830</a> & <a href="/wiki/Radeon_Rx_200_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Radeon Rx 200 series">Radeon R9 295X2</a> system </td> <td>Built using commercially available parts. Intel <a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Celeron G1830</a> and AMD <a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Rx_200_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Rx 200 series">Radeon R9 295X2</a> tops out at over <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001115000000000000♠"></span>11.5 TFLOPS</span> at a grand total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$902.57</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="2017/07 !">June 2017</span> </td> <td>6.00¢ </td> <td>7.46¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zen_(first_generation)" title="Zen (first generation)">AMD Ryzen 7 1700</a> & <a href="/wiki/Radeon_Pro" title="Radeon Pro">AMD Radeon Vega Frontier Edition</a> system </td> <td>Built using commercially available parts. AMD Ryzen 7 1700 CPU combined with AMD Radeon Vega FE cards in CrossFire tops out at over <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001500000000000000♠"></span>50 TFLOPS</span> at just under <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$3,000</span> for the complete system.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 2017 </td> <td>2.73¢ </td> <td>3.39¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaby_Lake" title="Kaby Lake">Intel Celeron G3930</a> & <a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_Vega_series" title="Radeon RX Vega series">AMD RX Vega 64</a> system </td> <td>Built using commercially available parts. Three <a href="/wiki/AMD_RX_Vega_series" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD RX Vega series">AMD RX Vega 64</a> graphics cards provide just over 75 TFLOPS half precision (38 TFLOPS SP or 2.6 TFLOPS DP when combined with the CPU) at ~$2,050 for the complete system.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 2020 </td> <td>3.14¢ </td> <td>3.7¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zen_2" title="Zen 2">AMD Ryzen 3600</a> & 3× <a href="/wiki/GeForce_30_series" class="mw-redirect" title="GeForce 30 series">NVIDIA RTX 3080</a> system </td> <td>AMD Ryzen 3600 @ 484 GFLOPS & $199.99 <p>3× NVIDIA RTX 3080 @ 29,770 GFLOPS each & $699.99 </p><p>Total system GFLOPS = 89,794 / TFLOPS = 89.794 </p><p>Total system cost incl. realistic but low cost parts; matched with other example = $2839<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>/GFLOP = $0.0314 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 2020 </td> <td>3.88¢ </td> <td>4.57¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> </td> <td>The Sony <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> Digital Edition is listed as having a peak performance of 10.28 TFLOPS (20.56 TFLOPS at half precision) at a retail price of $399.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 2020 </td> <td>4.11¢ </td> <td>4.84¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X</a> </td> <td>Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Series X">Xbox Series X</a> is listed as having a peak performance of 12.15 TFLOPS (24.30 TFLOPS at half precision) at a retail price of $499.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 2022 </td> <td>1.94¢ </td> <td>2.02¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RTX_4090" class="mw-redirect" title="RTX 4090">RTX 4090</a> </td> <td>Nvidia's <a href="/wiki/RTX_4090" class="mw-redirect" title="RTX 4090">RTX 4090</a> is listed as having a peak performance of 82.6 TFLOPS (1.32 PFLOPS at 8-bit precision) at a retail price of $1599.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 2023 </td> <td>1.25¢ </td> <td>1.25¢ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_7000_series" title="Radeon RX 7000 series">Radeon RX 7600</a> </td> <td>AMD's <a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_7000_series" title="Radeon RX 7000 series">RX 7600</a> is listed as having a peak performance of 21.5 TFLOPS at a retail price of $269.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exascale_computing" title="Exascale computing">Exascale computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bell_Prize" title="Gordon Bell Prize">Gordon Bell Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LINPACK_benchmarks" title="LINPACK benchmarks">LINPACK benchmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation" title="Multiply–accumulate operation">Multiply–accumulate operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt#FLOPS_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt#FLOPS per watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPECfp" title="SPECfp">SPECfp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPECint" title="SPECint">SPECint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUPS" title="SUPS">SUPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Floating_point_operations_per_second&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kb.iu.edu/d/apeq">"Understand 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Any researcher at a U.S. institution can submit a proposal to request an allocation of cycles on the system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Texas+at+Austin%2C+Texas+Advanced+Computing+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tacc.utexas.edu%2Fresources%2Fhpcsystems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFloating+point+operations+per+second" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon_Gaudin2008" class="citation web cs1">Sharon Gaudin (June 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224001155/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=hardware&articleId=9095318&taxonomyId=12&intsrc=kc_top">"IBM's Roadrunner smashes 4-minute mile of supercomputing"</a>. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template talk:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Graphics_processing_unit85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GPU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">GT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe" title="Intel Xe">Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Nvidia graphics processing units">Nvidia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeForce" title="GeForce">GeForce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadro" title="Quadro">Quadro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla" title="Nvidia Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tegra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvidia Tegra">Tegra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">AMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_Pro" title="Radeon Pro">Radeon Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Instinct" title="AMD Instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniteReality" title="InfiniteReality">InfiniteReality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_%C2%B5PD7220" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC µPD7220">NEC µPD7220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_3dfx_graphics_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of 3dfx graphics processing units">3dfx Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze3D" title="Glaze3D">Glaze3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingjia_Micro" title="Jingjia Micro">Jingjia Micro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_(GPU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali (GPU)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerVR" title="PowerVR">PowerVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoCore" title="VideoCore">VideoCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivante_Corporation" title="Vivante Corporation">Vivante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageon" title="Imageon">Imageon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_2700G" title="Intel 2700G">Intel 2700G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compute_kernel" title="Compute kernel">Compute kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Fabrication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">FinFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_pipeline" title="Graphics pipeline">Graphics pipeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_pipelines" title="Geometry pipelines">Geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_pipeline" title="Vertex pipeline">Vertex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_rendering" title="High-dynamic-range rendering">HDR rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation" title="Multiply–accumulate operation">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasterisation" title="Rasterisation">Rasterisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray-tracing_hardware" title="Ray-tracing hardware">Ray-tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">SIMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation_(computer_graphics)" title="Tessellation (computer graphics)">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform,_clipping,_and_lighting" title="Transform, clipping, and lighting">T&L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiled_rendering" title="Tiled rendering">Tiled rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_shader_model" title="Unified shader model">Unified shader model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">Blitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_processing" title="Geometry processing">Geometry processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit" title="Input–output memory management unit">Input–output memory management unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_output_unit" title="Render output unit">Render output unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">Shader unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensor unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping_unit" title="Texture mapping unit">Texture mapping unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">Video display controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Video processing unit">Video processing unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="SGRAM">SGRAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDDR_SDRAM" title="GDDR SDRAM">GDDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR2">GDDR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR3" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR3">GDDR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR4" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR4">GDDR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR5" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR5">GDDR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR6" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR6">GDDR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR7" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR7">GDDR7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">HBM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HBM2" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2">HBM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM2E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2E">HBM2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3">HBM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM-PIM" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM-PIM">HBM-PIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3E">HBM3E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_bandwidth" title="Memory bandwidth">Memory bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_graphics_memory" title="Shared graphics memory">Shared graphics memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_memory" title="Texture memory">Texture memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_RAM_(dual-ported_DRAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)">VRAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form factor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core" title="Semiconductor intellectual property core">IP core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Discrete graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPU_cluster" title="GPU cluster">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPU_switching" title="GPU switching">Switching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="External GPU">External graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated graphics">Integrated graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillrate" title="Fillrate">Fillrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigapixel_image" title="Gigapixel image">Pixel/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel/s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">FLOP/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrolling" title="Scrolling">Scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">Sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">Tile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">GI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_library" title="Graphics library">Graphics library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Image processing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Compression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video coding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Processor_technologies439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Processor_technologies" title="Template talk:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Processor_technologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Processor technologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Processor_technologies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor technologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_machine" title="Abstract machine">Abstract machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">Stored-program computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine" title="Finite-state machine">Finite-state machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finite-state_machine_with_datapath" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite-state machine with datapath">with datapath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_state_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical state machine">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_finite_automaton" title="Deterministic finite automaton">Deterministic finite automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_automaton" title="Queue automaton">Queue automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_automaton" title="Cellular automaton">Cellular automaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" title="Quantum cellular automaton">Quantum cellular automaton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_Turing_machine" title="Alternating Turing machine">Alternating Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Turing_machine" title="Post–Turing machine">Post–Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Turing_machine" title="Quantum Turing machine">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_Turing_machine" title="Nondeterministic Turing machine">Nondeterministic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_Turing_machine" title="Probabilistic Turing machine">Probabilistic Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercomputation" title="Hypercomputation">Hypercomputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_machine" title="Zeno machine">Zeno machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs#Belt_machine_architecture" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">Belt machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_machine" title="Stack machine">Stack machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_machine" title="Register machine">Register machines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_machine" title="Counter machine">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_machine" title="Pointer machine">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_machine" title="Random-access machine">Random-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_stored-program_machine" title="Random-access stored-program machine">Random-access stored program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Microarchitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">Von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport-triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_architecture" title="Cellular architecture">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endianness" title="Endianness">Endianness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Memory access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">HUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture" title="Load–store architecture">Load–store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture" title="Register–memory architecture">Register/memory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_hierarchy" title="Cache hierarchy">Cache hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hierarchy" title="Memory hierarchy">Memory hierarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary storage">Secondary storage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_System_Architecture" title="Heterogeneous System Architecture">Heterogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_computing" title="Fabric computing">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set<br />architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">Orthogonal instruction set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">Application-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_data_graph_execution" title="Explicit data graph execution">EDGE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_architecture" title="TRIPS architecture">TRIPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_instruction_set_computer" title="Minimal instruction set computer">MISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-instruction_set_computer" title="One-instruction set computer">OISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_instruction_set_computing" title="No instruction set computing">NISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_instruction_set_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero instruction set computer">ZISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Comparison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addressing_mode" title="Addressing mode">Addressing modes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruction<br />sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">Motorola 68000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_POWER_architecture" title="IBM POWER architecture">POWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">DEC Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETRAX_CRIS" title="ETRAX CRIS">ETRAX CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">Itanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_man_computer" title="Little man computer">LMC</a></li> <li>System/3x0 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360_architecture" title="IBM System/360 architecture">S/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/370" title="IBM System/370">S/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/390" title="IBM System/390">S/390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tilera ISA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISC_architecture" title="VISC architecture">VISC architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adapteva#Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Adapteva">Epiphany architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instruction_set_architectures" title="Comparison of instruction set architectures">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cycle" title="Instruction cycle">Execution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Instruction pipelining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_stall" title="Pipeline stall">Pipeline stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operand_forwarding" title="Operand forwarding">Operand forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_RISC_pipeline" title="Classic RISC pipeline">Classic RISC pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hazard_(computer_architecture)" title="Hazard (computer architecture)">Hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_dependency" title="Data dependency">Data dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural hazard">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Control hazard">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_sharing" title="False sharing">False sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">Out-of-order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoreboarding" title="Scoreboarding">Scoreboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasulo%27s_algorithm" title="Tomasulo's algorithm">Tomasulo's algorithm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_station" title="Reservation station">Reservation station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-order_buffer" title="Re-order buffer">Re-order buffer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_renaming" title="Register renaming">Register renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-issue" title="Wide-issue">Wide-issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">Speculative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_dependence_prediction" title="Memory dependence prediction">Memory dependence prediction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallelism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-serial_architecture" title="Bit-serial architecture">Bit-serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalar_processor" title="Scalar processor">Scalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed architecture">Distributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-threading" title="Hyper-threading">Hyperthreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing (SIMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAR" title="SWAR">SWAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_program,_multiple_data" title="Single program, multiple data">SPMD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">Processor<br />performance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle" title="Instructions per cycle">Instructions per cycle</a> (IPC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_per_instruction" title="Cycles per instruction">Cycles per instruction</a> (CPI)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">Instructions per second</a> (IPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">Floating-point operations per second</a> (FLOPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactions_per_second" title="Transactions per second">Transactions per second</a> (TPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUPS" title="SUPS">Synaptic updates per second</a> (SUPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_performance_measurement_and_metric" title="Cache performance measurement and metric">Cache performance metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_performance_by_orders_of_magnitude" title="Computer performance by orders of magnitude">Computer performance by orders of magnitude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> (CPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_processor" title="Barrel processor">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile_processor" title="Tile processor">Tile processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_object_array" title="Field-programmable object array">FPOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-chip_module" title="Multi-chip module">Multi-chip module</a> (MCM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_in_a_package" title="System in a package">System in a package</a> (SiP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_on_a_package" title="Package on a package">Package on a package</a> (PoP)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_processor" title="Mobile processor">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">Ultra-low-voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_instruction_set_processor" title="Application-specific instruction set processor">ASIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_microprocessor" title="Soft microprocessor">Soft microprocessor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems<br />on chip</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessor_system_on_a_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiprocessor system on a chip">Multiprocessor</a> (MPSoC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_PSoC" title="Cypress PSoC">Cypress PSoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a> (NoC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware<br />accelerators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">Coprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processor" title="Image processor">Image processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processor</a> (DSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor" title="Secure cryptoprocessor">Secure cryptoprocessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_processor" title="Network processor">Network processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseband_processor" title="Baseband processor">Baseband processor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word size</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1-bit_computing" title="1-bit computing">1-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">15-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-bit_computing" title="24-bit computing">24-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48-bit_computing" title="48-bit computing">48-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/256-bit_computing" title="256-bit computing">256-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/512-bit_computing" title="512-bit computing">512-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_slicing" title="Bit slicing">bit slicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Table_of_word_sizes" title="Word (computer architecture)">others</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)#Variable-word_architectures" title="Word (computer architecture)">variable</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core count</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-core" title="Single-core">Single-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">Multi-core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Cache</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratchpad_memory" title="Scratchpad memory">Scratchpad memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Data cache">Data cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction cache">Instruction cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_replacement_policies" title="Cache replacement policies">replacement policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">coherence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">Clock signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_(computing_and_electronics)" title="FIFO (computing and electronics)">FIFO</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">Functional<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a> (ALU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_generation_unit" title="Address generation unit">Address generation unit</a> (AGU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">Floating-point unit</a> (FPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a> (MMU) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_unit" title="Load–store unit">Load–store unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer" title="Translation lookaside buffer">Translation lookaside buffer</a> (TLB)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_predictor" title="Branch predictor">Branch predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_target_predictor" title="Branch target predictor">Branch target predictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Integrated memory controller</a> (IMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">Memory management unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction decoder">Instruction decoder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combinational_logic" title="Combinational logic">Combinational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_logic" title="Sequential logic">Sequential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glue_logic" title="Glue logic">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">Logic gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_gate" title="Quantum logic gate">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">Array</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">Registers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Processor register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_register" title="Status register">Status register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_register" title="Stack register">Stack register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_file" title="Register file">Register file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_buffer_register" title="Memory buffer register">Memory buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_address_register" title="Memory address register">Memory address register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">Program counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardwired_control_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwired control unit">Hardwired control unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_unit" title="Instruction unit">Instruction unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_buffer" title="Data buffer">Data buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_buffer" title="Write buffer">Write buffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a> <a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(digital)" title="Counter (digital)">Counter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Datapath" title="Datapath">Datapath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexer" title="Multiplexer">Multiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demultiplexer" class="mw-redirect" title="Demultiplexer">Demultiplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adder_(electronics)" title="Adder (electronics)">Adder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_multiplier" title="Binary multiplier">Multiplier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPU_multiplier" title="CPU multiplier">CPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_decoder" title="Binary decoder">Binary decoder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_decoder" title="Address decoder">Address decoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum-addressed_decoder" title="Sum-addressed decoder">Sum-addressed decoder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">Barrel shifter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">Circuitry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit" title="Power management integrated circuit">Power management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_circuit" title="Boolean circuit">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch#Electronic_switches" title="Switch">Switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">Power<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Unit" title="Power Management Unit">PMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_frequency_scaling" title="Dynamic frequency scaling">Dynamic frequency scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_scaling" title="Dynamic voltage scaling">Dynamic voltage scaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_gating" title="Clock gating">Clock gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a> (PPW)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general-purpose_CPUs" title="History of general-purpose CPUs">History of general-purpose CPUs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security_module" title="Hardware security module">Hardware security module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_grid_array" title="Pin grid array">Pin grid 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