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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Work and doctorate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work_and_doctorate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work and doctorate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work_and_doctorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manhattan_Project_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manhattan_Project_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Manhattan Project contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manhattan_Project_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McCarthyism_and_leaving_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McCarthyism_and_leaving_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>McCarthyism and leaving the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McCarthyism_and_leaving_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_theory_and_Bohm_diffusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_theory_and_Bohm_diffusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Quantum theory and Bohm diffusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_theory_and_Bohm_diffusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohm_and_Aharonov_form_of_the_EPR_paradox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohm_and_Aharonov_form_of_the_EPR_paradox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bohm and Aharonov form of the EPR paradox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohm_and_Aharonov_form_of_the_EPR_paradox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aharonov–Bohm_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aharonov–Bohm_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Aharonov–Bohm effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aharonov–Bohm_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implicate_and_explicate_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implicate_and_explicate_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Implicate and explicate order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implicate_and_explicate_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holonomic_model_of_the_brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holonomic_model_of_the_brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Holonomic model of the brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holonomic_model_of_the_brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consciousness_and_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consciousness_and_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Consciousness and thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consciousness_and_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Further interests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bohm_dialogue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohm_dialogue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Bohm dialogue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohm_dialogue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_of_causal_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_of_causal_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception of causal theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_of_causal_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">David Bohm</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85" title="ديفيد بوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد بوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85" title="دیوید بوهم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دیوید بوهم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="ডেভিড বোম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড বোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85" title="دیوید بوهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید بوهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%B4%84" title="데이비드 봄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 봄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9D" title="דייוויד בוהם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דייוויד בוהם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Дејвид Бом – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дејвид Бом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85" title="ديفيد بوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد بوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="デヴィッド・ボーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デヴィッド・ボーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AE" title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਬੋਉਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਬੋਉਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%85" title="ڈیوڈ بوؤم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈیوڈ بوؤم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC,_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Бом, Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бом, Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Дејвид Бом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дејвид Бом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="David Bohm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bohm" title="David Bohm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="David Bohm" 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American bicycle framebuilder, see <a href="/wiki/David_Henry_Bohm" title="David Henry Bohm">David Henry Bohm</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Bohm</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bohm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/David_Bohm.jpg/220px-David_Bohm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/David_Bohm.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="344" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-12-20</span>)</span>20 December 1917<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 October 1992<span style="display:none">(1992-10-27)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, UK</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American-Brazilian-British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist nowrap"><ul><li>American</li><li>Brazilian</li><li>British</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State College</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Aharonov%E2%80%93Bohm_effect" title="Aharonov–Bohm effect">Aharonov–Bohm effect</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">De Broglie–Bohm theory</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Bohm_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohm criterion">Bohm criterion</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Bohm-diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohm-diffusion">Bohm-diffusion</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Bohm_Dialogue" title="Bohm Dialogue">Bohm dialogue</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox#Bohm's_variant" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">Bohm's EPR experiment</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Bohm_interpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohm interpretation">Bohm interpretation</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Bohm_quantum_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohm quantum potential">Bohm quantum potential</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Hidden_variable_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden variable theory">Hidden variable theory</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Pilot_wave_theory" title="Pilot wave theory">Pilot wave theory</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Holographic_paradigm" class="mw-redirect" title="Holographic paradigm">Holographic paradigm</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Holomovement" class="mw-redirect" title="Holomovement">Holomovement</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory" title="Holonomic brain theory">Holonomic brain theory</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Nonradiation_condition" title="Nonradiation condition">Nonradiation condition</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Pilot_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot wave">Pilot wave</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Implicate_and_explicate_order" title="Implicate and explicate order">Implicate and explicate order</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Random_phase_approximation" title="Random phase approximation">Random phase approximation</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">Quantum decoherence</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em">1991  <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em">1990  <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Royal Society fellowship</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a></li><li style="padding:0.15em 0;line-height:1.15em"><a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck College, London</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.3em"><li><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Y. Aharonov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Pines" title="David Pines">D. Pines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bub" title="Jeffrey Bub">J. Bub</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bortoft" title="Henri Bortoft">H. Bortoft</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_P._Gross" title="Eugene P. Gross">Eugene P. Gross</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q310765" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q310765"><b>David Bohm <small>(Q310765)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>David Joseph Bohm</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 20 December 1917 – 27 October 1992) was an American scientist who has been described as one of the most significant <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicists</a> of the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-DavidPeat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidPeat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who contributed unorthodox ideas to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>. Among his many contributions to physics is his causal and deterministic interpretation of quantum theory known as <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">De Broglie–Bohm theory</a>. </p><p>Bohm advanced the view that quantum physics meant that the old <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Cartesian model</a> of reality—that there are two kinds of substance, the mental and the physical, that somehow interact—was too limited. To complement it, he developed a mathematical and physical theory of <a href="/wiki/Implicate_and_explicate_order" title="Implicate and explicate order">"implicate" and "explicate" order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wholeness_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wholeness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believed that the brain, at the cellular level, works according to the mathematics of some quantum effects, and postulated that thought is distributed and non-localised just as quantum entities are.<sup id="cite_ref-holo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2014)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Bohm's main concern was with understanding the nature of reality in general and of consciousness in particular as a coherent whole, which according to Bohm is never static or complete.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohm warned of the dangers of rampant reason and technology, advocating instead the need for genuine supportive dialogue, which he claimed could bridge and unify conflicting and troublesome divisions in the social world. In this, his <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> mirrored his <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in the United States, Bohm obtained his Ph.D. under <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Due to his <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> affiliations, he was the subject of a federal government investigation in 1949, prompting him to leave the U.S. He pursued his career in several countries, becoming first a <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> and then a <a href="/wiki/British_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="British citizen">British citizen</a>. He publicly distanced himself from Marxism during the controversy of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Uprising</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_and_college">Youth and college</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth and college"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bohm was born in <a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Jewish">Hungarian Jewish</a> immigrant father, Samuel Bohm,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jewish">Lithuanian Jewish</a> mother. He was raised mainly by his father, a furniture-store owner and assistant of the local rabbi. Despite being raised in a Jewish family, he became an <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> in his teenage years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bohm attended <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University#Early_years" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State College</a> (now Pennsylvania State University), graduating in 1939, and then the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>, for one year. He then transferred to the theoretical physics group directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> Radiation Laboratory, where he obtained his doctorate. </p><p>Bohm lived in the same neighborhood as some of Oppenheimer's other graduate students (<a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Rossi_Lomanitz" title="Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz">Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weinberg" title="Joseph Weinberg">Joseph Weinberg</a>, and Max Friedman) and with them became increasingly involved in radical politics. He was active in communist and communist-backed organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League,_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Communist League, USA">Young Communist League</a>, the Campus Committee to Fight Conscription, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Mobilization" title="American Peace Mobilization">Committee for Peace Mobilization</a>. During his time at the Radiation Laboratory, Bohm was in a relationship with <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> and also helped to organize a local chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Architects,_Engineers,_Chemists_and_Technicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians">Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians</a>, a small labor union affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO).<sup id="cite_ref-Garber_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garber-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_and_doctorate">Work and doctorate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work and doctorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/David_Bohm" title="Special:EditPage/David Bohm">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22David+Bohm%22">"David Bohm"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22David+Bohm%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22David+Bohm%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22David+Bohm%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22David+Bohm%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22David+Bohm%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manhattan_Project_contributions">Manhattan Project contributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manhattan Project contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> mobilized much of Berkeley's physics research in the effort to produce the first <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. Though Oppenheimer had asked Bohm to work with him at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos</a> (the top-secret laboratory established in 1942 to design the atom bomb), the project's director, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a>, would not approve Bohm's security clearance after seeing evidence of his politics and his close friendship with Weinberg, who had been suspected of <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>. </p><p>During the war, Bohm remained at Berkeley, where he taught physics and conducted research in <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Synchrocyclotron" title="Synchrocyclotron">synchrocyclotron</a>. He completed his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> in 1943 by an unusual circumstance. According to biographer <a href="/wiki/F._David_Peat" title="F. David Peat">F. David Peat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The scattering calculations (of collisions of protons and deuterons) that he had completed proved useful to the Manhattan Project and were immediately classified. Without security clearance, Bohm was denied access to his own work; not only would he be barred from defending his thesis, he was not even allowed to write his own thesis in the first place!" To satisfy the University, Oppenheimer certified that Bohm had successfully completed the research. Bohm later performed theoretical calculations for the <a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Calutrons</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12</a> facility in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>. These calculations were used for the <a href="/wiki/Isotope_separation#Electromagnetic" title="Isotope separation">electromagnetic enrichment of uranium</a> for the bomb dropped on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> in 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McCarthyism_and_leaving_the_United_States">McCarthyism and leaving the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: McCarthyism and leaving the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Bohm became an assistant professor at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. He also worked closely with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a>. In May 1949, the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> called upon Bohm to testify because of his previous ties to unionism and suspected communists. Bohm invoked his <a href="/wiki/Fifth_amendment_rights_of_witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth amendment rights of witness">Fifth Amendment</a> right to refuse to testify, and he refused to give evidence against his colleagues. </p><p>In 1950, Bohm was arrested for refusing to answer the committee's questions. He was acquitted in May 1951, but Princeton had already suspended him. After his acquittal, Bohm's colleagues sought to have him reinstated at Princeton, but Princeton President <a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Dodds" title="Harold W. Dodds">Harold W. Dodds</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> decided not to renew Bohm's contract. Although Einstein considered appointing him as his research assistant at the Institute, Oppenheimer (who had served as the Institute's president since 1947) "opposed the idea and [...] advised his former student to leave the country".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His request to go to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> received Einstein's support but was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bohm then left for Brazil to assume a professorship of physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Jayme_Tiomno" title="Jayme Tiomno">Jayme Tiomno</a>'s invitation and on the recommendation of both Einstein and Oppenheimer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_theory_and_Bohm_diffusion">Quantum theory and Bohm diffusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Quantum theory and Bohm diffusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bohm_diffusion" title="Bohm diffusion">Bohm diffusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">De Broglie–Bohm theory</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doppelspalt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Doppelspalt.svg/180px-Doppelspalt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Doppelspalt.svg/270px-Doppelspalt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Doppelspalt.svg/360px-Doppelspalt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>The Bohmian trajectories for an electron going through the two-slit experiment. A similar pattern was also observed for single photons.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During his early period, Bohm made a number of significant contributions to physics, particularly <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relativity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativity theory">relativity theory</a>. As a postgraduate at Berkeley, he developed a theory of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasmas</a>, discovering the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Bohm_diffusion" title="Bohm diffusion">Bohm diffusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first book, <i>Quantum Theory</i>, published in 1951, was well received by Einstein, among others. But Bohm became dissatisfied with the orthodox interpretation of quantum theory he wrote about in that book. Starting from the realization that the <a href="/wiki/WKB_approximation" title="WKB approximation">WKB approximation</a> of quantum mechanics leads to deterministic equations and convinced that a mere approximation could not turn a probabilistic theory into a deterministic theory, he doubted the inevitability of the conventional approach to quantum mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohm's aim was not to set out a deterministic, mechanical viewpoint but to show that it was possible to attribute properties to an underlying reality, in contrast to the conventional approach.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began to develop his own interpretation (the <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory" title="De Broglie–Bohm theory">De Broglie–Bohm theory</a>, also called the <a href="/wiki/Pilot_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot wave">pilot wave</a> theory), the predictions of which agreed perfectly with the non-deterministic quantum theory. He initially called his approach a <a href="/wiki/Hidden_variable_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden variable theories">hidden variable</a> theory, but he later called it <i>ontological theory</i>, reflecting his view that a <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">stochastic process</a> underlying the phenomena described by his theory might one day be found. Bohm and his colleague <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hiley" title="Basil Hiley">Basil Hiley</a> later stated that they had found their own choice of terms of an "interpretation in terms of hidden variables" to be too restrictive, especially since their variables, position, and momentum "are not actually hidden".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohm's work and the <a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR argument</a> became the major factor motivating <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell's inequality">inequality</a>, which rules out <a href="/wiki/Locality_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Locality principle">local</a> hidden variable theories; the full consequences of Bell's work are still being investigated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Bohm's arrival in Brazil on 10 October 1951, the US Consul in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> confiscated his passport, informing him he could retrieve it only to return to his country, which reportedly frightened Bohm<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and significantly lowered his spirits, as he had hoped to travel to Europe. He applied for and received <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationality_law" title="Brazilian nationality law">Brazilian citizenship</a>, but by law, had to give up his <a href="/wiki/US_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="US citizenship">US citizenship</a>; he was able to reclaim it only decades later, in 1986, after pursuing a lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-freire_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freire-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>, Bohm worked on the causal theory that became the subject of his publications in 1952. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vigier" title="Jean-Pierre Vigier">Jean-Pierre Vigier</a> traveled to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, where he worked with Bohm for three months; Ralph Schiller, student of cosmologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bergmann" title="Peter Bergmann">Peter Bergmann</a>, was his assistant for two years; he worked with Tiomno and Walther Schützer; and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a> stayed to work with him for one year. He was in contact with Brazilian physicists <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Schenberg" title="Mário Schenberg">Mário Schenberg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Meyer_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Meyer (physicist) (page does not exist)">Jean Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Leite_Lopes" title="José Leite Lopes">Leite Lopes</a>, and had discussions on occasion with visitors to Brazil, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Rabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidor Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Rosenfeld" title="Léon Rosenfeld">Léon Rosenfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Anderson" title="Herbert L. Anderson">Herbert L. Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Kerst" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Kerst">Donald Kerst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Moshinsky" title="Marcos Moshinsky">Marcos Moshinsky</a>, Alejandro Medina, and the former assistant to <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Beck" title="Guido Beck">Guido Beck</a>, who encouraged him in his work and helped him to obtain funding. The Brazilian <a href="/wiki/CNPq" class="mw-redirect" title="CNPq">CNPq</a> explicitly supported his work on the causal theory and funded several researchers around Bohm. His work with Vigier was the beginning of a long-standing cooperation between the two and <a href="/wiki/Louis_De_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis De Broglie">Louis De Broglie</a>, in particular, on connections to the hydrodynamics model proposed by <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Madelung" title="Erwin Madelung">Madelung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet the causal theory met much resistance and skepticism, with many physicists holding the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a> to be the only viable approach to quantum mechanics.<sup id="cite_ref-freire_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freire-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bohm and Vigier both emphasized causality, not determinism.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, Bohm proposed a causal approach in which the material world could be represented at an infinite number of levels, with stochastic dynamics at every level.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1951 to 1953, Bohm and <a href="/wiki/David_Pines" title="David Pines">David Pines</a> published the articles in which they introduced the <a href="/wiki/Random_phase_approximation" title="Random phase approximation">random phase approximation</a> and proposed the <a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">plasmon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohm_and_Aharonov_form_of_the_EPR_paradox">Bohm and Aharonov form of the EPR paradox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bohm and Aharonov form of the EPR paradox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1955, Bohm relocated to Israel, where he spent two years working at the <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>. There, he met Sarah Woolfson, whom he married in 1956. In 1957, Bohm and his student <a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a> published a new version of the <a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox</a>, reformulating the original argument in terms of spin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was that form of the EPR paradox that was discussed by <a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bell" title="John Stewart Bell">John Stewart Bell</a> in his famous paper of 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aharonov–Bohm_effect"><span id="Aharonov.E2.80.93Bohm_effect"></span>Aharonov–Bohm effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aharonov–Bohm effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aharonov%E2%80%93Bohm_effect" title="Aharonov–Bohm effect">Aharonov–Bohm effect</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aharonov-Bohm_effect.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aharonov-Bohm_effect.svg/210px-Aharonov-Bohm_effect.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aharonov-Bohm_effect.svg/315px-Aharonov-Bohm_effect.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aharonov-Bohm_effect.svg/420px-Aharonov-Bohm_effect.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of double-slit experiment in which Aharonov–Bohm effect can be observed: electrons pass through two slits, interfering at an observation screen, with the interference pattern shifted when a magnetic field <b>B</b> is turned on in the cylindrical solenoid.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1957, Bohm relocated to the United Kingdom as a research fellow at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a>. In 1959, Bohm and Aharonov discovered the <a href="/wiki/Aharonov%E2%80%93Bohm_effect" title="Aharonov–Bohm effect">Aharonov–Bohm effect</a>, showing how a magnetic field could affect a region of space in which the field had been shielded, but its vector potential did not vanish there. That showed for the first time that the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potential" title="Magnetic vector potential">magnetic vector potential</a>, hitherto a mathematical convenience, could have real physical (quantum) effects. </p><p>In 1961, Bohm was made professor of theoretical physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck College</a>, becoming emeritus in 1987. His collected papers are stored there.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implicate_and_explicate_order">Implicate and explicate order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Implicate and explicate order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Implicate_and_explicate_order" title="Implicate and explicate order">Implicate and explicate order</a></div> <p>At Birkbeck College, much of the work of Bohm and <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hiley" title="Basil Hiley">Basil Hiley</a> expanded on the notion of implicate, explicate, and generative orders proposed by Bohm.<sup id="cite_ref-wholeness_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wholeness-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the view of Bohm and Hiley, "things, such as particles, objects, and indeed subjects" exist as "semi-autonomous quasi-local features" of an underlying activity. Such features can be considered to be independent only up to a certain level of approximation in which certain criteria are fulfilled. In that picture, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_limit" title="Classical limit">classical limit</a> for quantum phenomena, in terms of a condition that the <a href="/wiki/Action_(physics)" title="Action (physics)">action function</a> is not much greater than the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>, indicates one such criterion. They used the word "<a href="/wiki/Holomovement" class="mw-redirect" title="Holomovement">holomovement</a>" for the activity in such orders.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holonomic_model_of_the_brain">Holonomic model of the brain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Holonomic model of the brain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory" title="Holonomic brain theory">Holonomic brain theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holography-reconstruct.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Holography-reconstruct.png/200px-Holography-reconstruct.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Holography-reconstruct.png/300px-Holography-reconstruct.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Holography-reconstruct.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>In a holographic reconstruction, each region of a photographic plate contains the whole image.</figcaption></figure> <p>In collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl H. Pribram</a>, Bohm was involved in the early development of the <a href="/wiki/Holonomic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Holonomic model">holonomic model</a> of the functioning of the brain, a model for human cognition that is drastically different from conventionally-accepted ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-holo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2014)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Bohm worked with Pribram on the theory that the brain operates in a manner that is similar to a <a href="/wiki/Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">hologram</a>, in accordance with quantum mathematical principles and the characteristics of wave patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consciousness_and_thought">Consciousness and thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consciousness and thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to his scientific work, Bohm was deeply interested in exploring the nature of consciousness, with particular attention to the role of thought as it relates to attention, motivation, and conflict in the individual and in society. Those concerns were a natural extension of his earlier interest in <a href="/wiki/Marxist_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist ideology">Marxist ideology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegelian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian philosophy">Hegelian philosophy</a>. His views were brought into sharper focus through extensive interactions with the philosopher, speaker, and writer <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a>, beginning in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Years_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Years-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uncommon_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uncommon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their collaboration lasted a quarter of a century, and their recorded dialogues were published in several volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-T&A_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&A-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ending_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ending-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Limits_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limits-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohm's prolonged involvement with the philosophy of Krishnamurti was regarded somewhat skeptically by some of his scientific peers.<sup id="cite_ref-Infinite_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infinite-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SI_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An examination in 2017 of the relationship between the two men presents it in a more positive light and shows that Bohm's work in the psychological field was complementary to and compatible with his contributions to theoretical physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Uncommon_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uncommon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mature expression of Bohm's views in the psychological field was presented in a seminar conducted in 1990 at the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Grove_School_(Ojai,_California)" title="Oak Grove School (Ojai, California)">Oak Grove School</a>, founded by Krishnamurti in <a href="/wiki/Ojai,_California" title="Ojai, California">Ojai, California</a>. It was one of a series of seminars held by Bohm at Oak Grove School, and it was published as <i>Thought as a System</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thought_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thought-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the seminar, Bohm described the pervasive influence of thought throughout society, including the many erroneous assumptions about the nature of thought and its effects in daily life. </p><p>In the seminar, Bohm develops several interrelated themes. He points out that thought is the ubiquitous tool that is used to solve every kind of problem: personal, social, scientific, and so on. Yet thought, he maintains, is also inadvertently the source of many of those problems. He recognizes and acknowledges the irony of the situation: it is as if one gets sick by going to the doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-Uncommon_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uncommon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thought_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thought-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohm maintains that thought is a system, in the sense that it is an interconnected network of concepts, ideas and assumptions that pass seamlessly between individuals and throughout society. If there is a fault in the functioning of thought, therefore, it must be a systemic fault, which infects the entire network. The thought that is brought to bear to resolve any given problem, therefore, is susceptible to the same flaw that created the problem it is trying to solve.<sup id="cite_ref-Uncommon_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uncommon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thought_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thought-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thought proceeds as if it is merely reporting objectively, but in fact, it is often coloring and distorting perception in unexpected ways. What is required in order to correct the distortions introduced by thought, according to Bohm, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, or self-awareness. Neural receptors throughout the body inform us directly of our physical position and movement, but there is no corresponding awareness of the activity of thought. Such an awareness would represent psychological proprioception and would enable the possibility of perceiving and correcting the unintended consequences of the thinking process.<sup id="cite_ref-Uncommon_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uncommon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thought_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thought-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_interests">Further interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i>On Creativity</i>, quoting <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski">Alfred Korzybski</a>, the Polish-American who developed the field of <a href="/wiki/General_Semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="General Semantics">General Semantics</a>, Bohm expressed the view that "metaphysics is an expression of a world view" and is "thus to be regarded as an art form, resembling poetry in some ways and mathematics in others, rather than as an attempt to say something true about reality as a whole".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohm was keenly aware of various ideas outside the scientific mainstream. In his book <i>Science, Order and Creativity</i>, Bohm referred to the views of various biologists on the evolution of the species, including <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Sheldrake" title="Rupert Sheldrake">Rupert Sheldrake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BohmPeat2014_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BohmPeat2014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also knew the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peat1997_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peat1997-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to many other scientists, Bohm did not exclude the <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> out of hand. Bohm temporarily even held <a href="/wiki/Uri_Geller" title="Uri Geller">Uri Geller</a>'s bending of keys and spoons to be possible, prompting warning remarks by his colleague <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hiley" title="Basil Hiley">Basil Hiley</a> that it might undermine the scientific credibility of their work in physics. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> reported this in a <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i> article and also critiqued the views of <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a>, with whom Bohm had met in 1959 and had had many subsequent exchanges. Gardner said that Bohm's view of the interconnectedness of mind and matter (on one occasion, Bohm summarized: "Even the electron is informed with a certain level of mind."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) "flirted with <a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">panpsychism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-SI_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohm_dialogue">Bohm dialogue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bohm dialogue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bohm_Dialogue" title="Bohm Dialogue">Bohm Dialogue</a></div> <p>To address societal problems during his later years, Bohm wrote a proposal for a solution that has become known as "<a href="/wiki/Bohm_Dialogue" title="Bohm Dialogue">Bohm Dialogue</a>", in which equal status and "free space" form the most important prerequisites of communication and the appreciation of differing personal beliefs. An essential ingredient in this form of dialogue is that participants "suspend" immediate action or judgment and give themselves and each other the opportunity to become aware of the thought process itself. Bohm suggested that if the "dialogue groups" were experienced on a sufficiently-wide scale, they could help overcome the isolation and fragmentation that Bohm observed in society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bohm continued his work in quantum physics after his retirement, in 1987. His final work, the posthumously published <i>The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory</i> (1993), resulted from a decades-long collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hiley" title="Basil Hiley">Basil Hiley</a>. He also spoke to audiences across Europe and North America on the importance of dialogue as a form of sociotherapy, a concept he borrowed from London psychiatrist and practitioner of <a href="/wiki/Group_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Analysis">Group Analysis</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_de_Mar%C3%A9" title="Patrick de Maré">Patrick de Maré</a>, and he had a series of meetings with the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>. He was elected <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of his life, Bohm began to experience a recurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> that he had suffered earlier in life. He was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Maudsley_Hospital" title="Maudsley Hospital">Maudsley Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a> on 10 May 1991. His condition worsened and it was decided that the only treatment that might help him was <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a>. Bohm's wife consulted psychiatrist David Shainberg, Bohm's longtime friend and collaborator, who agreed that electroconvulsive treatments were probably his only option. Bohm showed improvement from the treatments and was released on 29 August, but his depression returned and was treated with medication.<sup id="cite_ref-F._David_Peat_1997,_pp._308–317_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F._David_Peat_1997,_pp._308–317-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bohm died after suffering a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hendon" title="Hendon">Hendon</a>, London, on 27 October 1992, aged 74.<sup id="cite_ref-F._David_Peat_1997,_pp._308–317_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F._David_Peat_1997,_pp._308–317-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The film <i>Infinite Potential</i> is based on Bohm's life and studies; it adopts the same name as the biography by <a href="/wiki/F._David_Peat" title="F. David Peat">F. David Peat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_of_causal_theory">Reception of causal theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reception of causal theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1950s, Bohm's causal quantum theory of hidden variables was mostly negatively received, with a widespread tendency among physicists to systematically ignore both Bohm personally and his ideas. There was a significant revival of interest in Bohm's ideas in the late 1950s and the early 1960s; the Ninth Symposium of the Colston Research Society in Bristol in 1957 was a key turning point toward greater tolerance of his ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1951. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/QuantumTheoryDavidBohm" class="extiw" title="iarchive:QuantumTheoryDavidBohm">Quantum Theory</a></i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. 1989 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Quantum_Theory.html?id=-vhCqN2twGQC">reprint</a>, New York: Dover, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-65969-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-65969-0">0-486-65969-0</a></li> <li>1957. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/causalitychancei00bohm/page/n191/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:causalitychancei00bohm/page/n191/mode/2up">Causality and Chance in Modern Physics</a></i>, 1961 Harper edition reprinted in 1980 by Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1002-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1002-6">0-8122-1002-6</a></li> <li>1962. <i>Quanta and Reality, A Symposium</i>, with <a href="/wiki/N._R._Hanson" class="mw-redirect" title="N. R. Hanson">N. R. Hanson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_B._Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary B. Hesse">Mary B. Hesse</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> program published by the American Research Council</li> <li>1965. <i>The Special Theory of Relativity</i>, New York: W.A. Benjamin.</li> <li>1980. <i><a href="/wiki/Wholeness_and_the_Implicate_Order" title="Wholeness and the Implicate Order">Wholeness and the Implicate Order</a></i>, London: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0971-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0971-2">0-7100-0971-2</a>, 1983 Ark paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7448-0000-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7448-0000-5">0-7448-0000-5</a>, 2002 paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28979-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28979-3">0-415-28979-3</a></li> <li>1985. <i>Unfolding Meaning: A weekend of dialogue with David Bohm</i> (Donald Factor, editor), Gloucestershire: Foundation House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948325-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-948325-00-3">0-948325-00-3</a>, 1987 Ark paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7448-0064-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7448-0064-1">0-7448-0064-1</a>, 1996 Routledge paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13638-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13638-5">0-415-13638-5</a></li> <li>1985. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/endingoftime00kris" class="extiw" title="iarchive:endingoftime00kris">The Ending of Time</a></i>, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, San Francisco: Harper, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-064796-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-064796-5">0-06-064796-5</a>.</li> <li>1987. <i><a href="/wiki/Science,_Order,_and_Creativity" title="Science, Order, and Creativity">Science, Order, and Creativity</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/F._David_Peat" title="F. David Peat">F. David Peat</a>. London: Routledge. 2nd ed. 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17182-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17182-2">0-415-17182-2</a>.</li> <li>1989. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20111009151609/http://www.tkpi.org/content/meaning-and-information-david-bohm">Meaning And Information</a></i>, In: P. Pylkkänen (ed.): <i>The Search for Meaning: The New Spirit in Science and Philosophy</i>, Crucible, The Aquarian Press, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85274-061-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85274-061-0">978-1-85274-061-0</a>.</li> <li>1991. <i>Changing Consciousness: Exploring the Hidden Source of the Social, Political and Environmental Crises Facing our World</i> (a dialogue of words and images), coauthor Mark Edwards, Harper San Francisco, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-250072-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-250072-4">0-06-250072-4</a></li> <li>1992. <i>Thought as a System</i> (transcript of seminar held in <a href="/wiki/Ojai,_California" title="Ojai, California">Ojai, California</a>, from 30 November to 2 December 1990), London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11980-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11980-4">0-415-11980-4</a>.</li> <li>1993. <i>The Undivided Universe: An ontological interpretation of quantum theory</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Basil_Hiley" title="Basil Hiley">B.J. Hiley</a>, London: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12185-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12185-X">0-415-12185-X</a> (final work)</li> <li>1996. <i>On Dialogue</i>. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14911-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14911-8">0-415-14911-8</a>, paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14912-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14912-6">0-415-14912-6</a>, 2004 edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33641-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33641-4">0-415-33641-4</a></li> <li>1998. <i>On Creativity</i>, editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17395-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17395-7">0-415-17395-7</a>, paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17396-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17396-5">0-415-17396-5</a>, 2004 edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33640-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33640-6">0-415-33640-6</a></li> <li>1999. <i>Limits of Thought: Discussions</i>, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, London: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19398-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19398-2">0-415-19398-2</a>.</li> <li>1999. <i>Bohm–Biederman Correspondence: Creativity and Science</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Biederman" title="Charles Biederman">Charles Biederman</a>. editor <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Pylkk%C3%A4nen" title="Paavo Pylkkänen">Paavo Pylkkänen</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16225-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16225-4">0-415-16225-4</a>.</li> <li>2002. <i>The Essential David Bohm</i>. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26174-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26174-0">0-415-26174-0</a>. preface by the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li>2017. <i>David Bohm: Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women</i>, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55491-4.</li> <li>2018. <i>The Unity of Everything: A Conversation with David Bohm</i>, with Nish Dubashia. Hamburg, Germany: Tredition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7439-9299-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7439-9299-3">978-3-7439-9299-3</a>.</li> <li>2020. <i>David Bohm's Critique of Modern Physics, Letters to Jeffrey Bub, 1966–1969</i>, Foreword by Jeffrey Bub, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-45536-1.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debye_sheath#The_Bohm_sheath_criterion" title="Debye sheath">Bohm sheath criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_philosophers" title="List of American philosophers">List of American philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction" title="Orchestrated objective reduction">Orchestrated objective reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl H. Pribram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind#Bohm" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind#Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_phase_approximation" title="Random phase approximation">Random phase approximation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Holographic_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holographic Universe">The Holographic Universe</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._J._Hiley1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Hiley" title="Basil Hiley">B. J. Hiley</a> (1997). "David Joseph Bohm. 20 December 1917 – 27 October 1992: Elected F.R.S. 1990". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>43</b>: 107–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1997.0007">10.1098/rsbm.1997.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:70366771">70366771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=David+Joseph+Bohm.+20+December+1917+%E2%80%93+27+October+1992%3A+Elected+F.R.S.+1990&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=107-131&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1997.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A70366771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=B.+J.+Hiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidPeat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DavidPeat_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Peat Who's Afraid of Schrödinger's Cat? The New Science Revealed: Quantum Theory, Relativity, Chaos and the New Cosmology 1997, pp. 316–317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wholeness-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wholeness_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wholeness_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bohm: <i>Wholeness and the Implicate Order</i>, Routledge, 1980 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-99515-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-99515-5">0-203-99515-5</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holo_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holo_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acsa2000.net/bcngroup/jponkp/#chap4">Comparison between Karl Pribram's "Holographic Brain Theory" and more conventional models of neuronal computation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wholeness and the Implicate Order</i>, Bohm – 4 July 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bohm: On Dialogue (2004) Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Becker" title="Adam Becker">Becker, Adam</a> (2018). <i>What is Real?: The Unfinished Quest for the Meaning of Quantum Physics</i>. Basic Books. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09605-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09605-3"><bdi>978-0-465-09605-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Real%3F%3A+The+Unfinished+Quest+for+the+Meaning+of+Quantum+Physics&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09605-3&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreire_Junior2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olival_Freire_Junior" class="mw-redirect" title="Olival Freire Junior">Freire Junior, Olival</a> (2019). <i>David Bohm:A Life Dedicated to Understanding the Quantum World</i>. Springer. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22714-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22714-2"><bdi>978-3-030-22714-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Bohm%3AA+Life+Dedicated+to+Understanding+the+Quantum+World&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-22714-2&rft.aulast=Freire+Junior&rft.aufirst=Olival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20150310071931/http://ed.augie.edu/~wjdelfs/381bohm.htm">[1]</a> – By the Numbers – David Bohm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peat 1997, p.21. "If he identified Jewish lore and customs with his father, then this was a way he would distance himself from Samuel. By the time he reached his late teens, he had become firmly agnostic."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garber-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garber_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarberWalkowitz1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Garber" title="Marjorie Garber">Garber, Marjorie</a>; Walkowitz, Rebecca (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae2OAQAAQBAJ"><i>Secret Agents: The Rosenberg Case, McCarthyism and Fifties America</i></a>. New York: Routledge. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-20694-9"><bdi>978-1-135-20694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Agents%3A+The+Rosenberg+Case%2C+McCarthyism+and+Fifties+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-135-20694-9&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft.au=Walkowitz%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAe2OAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peat 1997, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell Olwell: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/sts/pubs/pdfs/MIT_STS_WorkingPaper_20_Olwell.pdf"><i>Physics and Politics in Cold War America: The Two Exiles of David Bohm</i></a>, Working Paper Number 20. Program in Science, Technology, and Society. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2010" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Manjit (24 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TutRoSE2XcC&q=bohm+einstein+oppenheimer&pg=PR130"><i>Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the Great Debate about the Nature of Reality</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08009-4"><bdi>978-0-393-08009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum%3A+Einstein%2C+Bohr%2C+and+the+Great+Debate+about+the+Nature+of+Reality&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08009-4&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Manjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TutRoSE2XcC%26q%3Dbohm%2Beinstein%2Boppenheimer%26pg%3DPR130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Einstein to Patrick Blackett, 17 April 1951 (Albert Einstein archives). Cited after <a href="/wiki/Olival_Freire,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Olival Freire, Jr.">Olival Freire, Jr.</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.controversia.fis.ufba.br/index_arquivos/Freire-Bohm-HSPS.pdf">Science and Exile: David Bohm, the cold war, and a new interpretation of quantum mechanics</a></i>, HSPS, vol. 36, Part 1, pp. 1–34, ISSN 0890-9997, 2005, see footnote 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326192406/http://www.controversia.fis.ufba.br/index_arquivos/Freire-Bohm-HSPS.pdf">Archived</a> 26 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1202218">Observing the Average Trajectories of Single Photons in a Two-Slit Interferometer</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Bohm: <i>The characteristics of electrical discharges in magnetic fields</i>, in: A. Guthrie, R. K. Wakerling (eds.), McGraw–Hill, 1949.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_A._de_Gosson" title="Maurice A. de Gosson">Maurice A. de Gosson</a>, Basil J. Hiley: <i>Zeno paradox for Bohmian trajectories: the unfolding of the metatron</i>, 3 January 2011 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freewebs.com/cvdegosson/ZenoPaper.pdf">PDF</a> – retrieved 16 February 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. J. Hiley: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbk.ac.uk/tpru/BasilHiley/History_of_Bohm_s_QT.pdf"><i>Some remarks on the evolution of Bohm's proposals for an alternative to quantum mechanics</i></a>, 30 January 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bohm, Basil Hiley: <i>The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory</i>, edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-library 2009 (first edition Routledge, 1993), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-98038-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-98038-7">0-203-98038-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vt9XKjc4WAQC&pg=PA2">p. 2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell Olwell: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/sts/pubs/pdfs/MIT_STS_WorkingPaper_20_Olwell.pdf">Physics and politics in cold war America: the two exiles of David Bohm</a></i>, Working Paper Number 2, Working Program in Science, Technology, and Society; <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freire-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freire_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freire_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Olival_Freire,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Olival Freire, Jr.">Olival Freire, Jr.</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.controversia.fis.ufba.br/index_arquivos/Freire-Bohm-HSPS.pdf">Science and Exile: David Bohm, the cold war, and a new interpretation of quantum mechanics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326192406/http://www.controversia.fis.ufba.br/index_arquivos/Freire-Bohm-HSPS.pdf">Archived</a> 26 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, HSPS, vol. 36, part 1, pp. 1–34, ISSN 0890-9997, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212130742/http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/fb/fb13/Dateien/paf/paf73.html">"Erwin Madelung 1881–1972"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main</a>. 12 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/fb/fb13/Dateien/paf/paf73.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hiley: <i>Process and the Implicate Order: their relevance to Quantum Theory and Mind.</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctr4process.org/publications/Articles/LSI05/Hiley%20paper.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926212330/http://www.ctr4process.org/publications/Articles/LSI05/Hiley%20paper.pdf">Archived</a> 26 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~sai/pribram.htm">The holographic brain</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518075852/http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~sai/pribram.htm">Archived</a> 18 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, with Karl Pribram</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Years-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Years_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Lutyens1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lutyens" title="Mary Lutyens">Mary Lutyens</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKmJndX5B8wC&q=208">"Freedom is Not Choice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Krishnamurti:_The_Years_of_Fulfillment" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamurti: The Years of Fulfillment"><i>Krishnamurti: The Years of Fulfillment</i></a>. Krishnamurti Foundation Trust Ltd. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900506-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900506-20-8"><bdi>978-0-900506-20-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freedom+is+Not+Choice&rft.btitle=Krishnamurti%3A+The+Years+of+Fulfillment&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Krishnamurti+Foundation+Trust+Ltd.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-900506-20-8&rft.au=Mary+Lutyens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKmJndX5B8wC%26q%3D208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uncommon-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uncommon_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uncommon_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uncommon_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uncommon_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uncommon_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Edmund_Moody2017" class="citation book cs1">David Edmund Moody (2017). <i>An Uncommon Collaboration: David Bohm and J. Krishnamurti</i>. Alpha Centauri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-85427-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-85427-3"><bdi>978-0-692-85427-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Uncommon+Collaboration%3A+David+Bohm+and+J.+Krishnamurti&rft.pub=Alpha+Centauri+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-692-85427-3&rft.au=David+Edmund+Moody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T&A-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T&A_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Krishnamurti2000" class="citation book cs1">J. Krishnamurti (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYIF1nO4cdkC"><i>Truth and Actuality</i></a>. Krishnamurti Foundation Trust Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87326-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87326-18-2"><bdi>978-81-87326-18-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Actuality&rft.pub=Krishnamurti+Foundation+Trust+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-87326-18-2&rft.au=J.+Krishnamurti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYIF1nO4cdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ending-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ending_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Krishnamurti_and_D._Bohm1985" class="citation book cs1">J. Krishnamurti and D. Bohm (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endingoftime00kris"><i>The Ending of Time</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064796-4"><bdi>978-0-06-064796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ending+of+Time&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-06-064796-4&rft.au=J.+Krishnamurti+and+D.+Bohm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendingoftime00kris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Limits-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Limits_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Krishnamurti_and_D._Bohm1999" class="citation book cs1">J. Krishnamurti and D. Bohm (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=At2FAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Limits of Thought: Discussions between J. Krishnamurti and David Bohm</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19398-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19398-6"><bdi>978-0-415-19398-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Thought%3A+Discussions+between+J.+Krishnamurti+and+David+Bohm&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19398-6&rft.au=J.+Krishnamurti+and+D.+Bohm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAt2FAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infinite-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Infinite_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peat 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2000" class="citation web cs1">Gardner, Martin (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150309114214/http://thinkg.net/david_bohm/martin_gardner_on_david_bohm_and_krishnamurti.html">"David Bohm and Jiddo Krishnamurti"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkg.net/david_bohm/martin_gardner_on_david_bohm_and_krishnamurti.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=David+Bohm+and+Jiddo+Krishnamurti&rft.date=2000-07&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkg.net%2Fdavid_bohm%2Fmartin_gardner_on_david_bohm_and_krishnamurti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thought-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thought_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thought_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thought_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thought_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Bohm1994" class="citation book cs1">David Bohm (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q-3WN0LajsC"><i>Thought as a System</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11030-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11030-3"><bdi>978-0-415-11030-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thought+as+a+System&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11030-3&rft.au=David+Bohm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Q-3WN0LajsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Bohm2012" class="citation book cs1">David Bohm (12 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mcd4SsIjVKUC&pg=PA118"><i>On Creativity</i></a>. Routledge. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76818-7"><bdi>978-1-136-76818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Creativity&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-76818-7&rft.au=David+Bohm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcd4SsIjVKUC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BohmPeat2014-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BohmPeat2014_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_BohmF._David_Peat2014" class="citation book cs1">David Bohm; F. David Peat (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZTsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204"><i>Science, Order and Creativity Second Edition</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 204–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-83546-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-83546-2"><bdi>978-1-317-83546-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Order+and+Creativity+Second+Edition&rft.pages=204-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.isbn=978-1-317-83546-2&rft.au=David+Bohm&rft.au=F.+David+Peat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ZTsAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peat1997-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peat1997_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peat 1997, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiley,_BasilPeat,_F._David2012" class="citation book cs1">Hiley, Basil; Peat, F. David, eds. (2012). <i>Quantum Implications: Essays in Honour of David Bohm</i>. Routledge. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91417-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91417-3"><bdi>978-1-134-91417-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Implications%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+David+Bohm&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-91417-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F._David_Peat_1997,_pp._308–317-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F._David_Peat_1997,_pp._308–317_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peat 1997, pp.308–317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F._David_Peat_1997,_pp._308–317-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F._David_Peat_1997,_pp._308–317_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peat 1997, pp. 308–317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infinitepotential.com/"><i>Infinite potential: the life and times of David Bohm</i></a> (film) <i>www.infinitepotential.com</i>, accessed 28 December 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKožnjak2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kožnjak, Boris (2017). "The missing history of Bohm's hidden variables theory: the Ninth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, Bristol, 1957". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>62</b>: 85–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018SHPMP..62...85K">2018SHPMP..62...85K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2017.06.003">10.1016/j.shpsb.2017.06.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=The+missing+history+of+Bohm%27s+hidden+variables+theory%3A+the+Ninth+Symposium+of+the+Colston+Research+Society%2C+Bristol%2C+1957&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=85-97&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2017.06.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018SHPMP..62...85K&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%BEnjak&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Z._Albert1994" class="citation journal cs1">David Z. Albert (May 1994). "Bohm's Alternative to Quantum Mechanics". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>270</b> (5): 58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994SciAm.270e..58A">1994SciAm.270e..58A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0594-58">10.1038/scientificamerican0594-58</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Bohm%27s+Alternative+to+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=58&rft.date=1994-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0594-58&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994SciAm.270e..58A&rft.au=David+Z.+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoye,_S.R.2017" class="citation book cs1">Joye, S.R. (2017). <i>The Little Book of Consciousness: Pribram's Holonomic Brain Theory and Bohm's Implicate Order</i>. The Viola Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9988785-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9988785-4-6"><bdi>978-0-9988785-4-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Book+of+Consciousness%3A+Pribram%27s+Holonomic+Brain+Theory+and+Bohm%27s+Implicate+Order&rft.pub=The+Viola+Institute&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-9988785-4-6&rft.au=Joye%2C+S.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeg_Herken2002" class="citation book cs1">Greeg Herken (2002). <i>Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller</i>. Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6589-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6589-X"><bdi>0-8050-6589-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brotherhood+of+the+Bomb%3A+The+Tangled+Lives+and+Loyalties+of+Robert+Oppenheimer%2C+Ernest+Lawrence%2C+and+Edward+Teller&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8050-6589-X&rft.au=Greeg+Herken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span> (information on Bohm's work at Berkeley and his dealings with <a href="/wiki/HUAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HUAC">HUAC</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._David_Peat1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._David_Peat" title="F. David Peat">F. David Peat</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infinitepotentia0000peat"><i>Infinite Potential: the Life and Times of David Bohm</i></a>. Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-40635-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-40635-7"><bdi>0-201-40635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infinite+Potential%3A+the+Life+and+Times+of+David+Bohm&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-201-40635-7&rft.au=F.+David+Peat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfinitepotentia0000peat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.J._Hiley,_F._David_Peat1987" class="citation book cs1">B.J. Hiley, F. David Peat, ed. (1987). <i>Quantum Implications: Essays in Honour of David Bohm</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06960-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06960-2"><bdi>0-415-06960-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Implications%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+David+Bohm&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-415-06960-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_BohmSarah_Bohm1992" class="citation book cs1">David Bohm; Sarah Bohm (1992). <i>Thought as a System</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11980-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11980-4"><bdi>0-415-11980-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thought+as+a+System&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-415-11980-4&rft.au=David+Bohm&rft.au=Sarah+Bohm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span> (transcript of seminar held in Ojai, California, from 30 November to 2 December 1990)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_R._Holland2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Holland" title="Peter R. Holland">Peter R. Holland</a> (2000). <i>The Quantum Theory of Motion: an account of the de Broglie-Bohm Causal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-48543-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-48543-6"><bdi>0-521-48543-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quantum+Theory+of+Motion%3A+an+account+of+the+de+Broglie-Bohm+Causal+Interpretation+of+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-48543-6&rft.au=Peter+R.+Holland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Bohm" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>William Keepin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=toNYaUmzWpUC&pg=PA5"><i>A life of dialogue between science and spirit – David Bohm</i></a>. In World Scriptures: Leland P. Stewart (ed.): <i>Guidelines for a Unity-and-Diversity Global Civilization</i>, World Scriptures Vol. 2, AuthorHouse. (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-8086-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4389-8086-7">978-1-4389-8086-7</a>, pp. 5–13</li> <li>William Keepin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/61375478/Lifework-of-David-Bohm"><i>Lifework of David Bohm. River of Truth</i></a>, Re-vision, vol. 16, no. 1, 1993, p. 32 (online at <a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">scribd</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Bohm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/David_Bohm" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/David Bohm">David Bohm</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidbohmsociety.org/">The David Bohm Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bohmkrishnamurti.com/">The Bohm Krishnamurti Project: Exploring the Legacy of the David Bohm and Jiddu Krishnamurti Relationship</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.david-bohm.net">David Bohm's ideas about Dialogue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050421132413/http://www.thinkg.net/david_bohm/">the David_Bohm_Hub</a>. Includes compilations of David Bohm's life and work in form of texts, audio, video, and pictures</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125114303/http://www.vision.net.au/~apaterson/science/david_bohm.htm#BOHM'S%20LEGACY">Lifework of David Bohm: River of Truth</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 25 January 2021): Article by Will Keepin (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222042338/http://www.gaia.dk/international/externalarticles/bohm-lifework.pdf">PDF-version</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 22 February 2016))</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010303172350/http://www.fdavidpeat.com/interviews/bohm.htm">Interview with David Bohm</a> provided and conducted by <a href="/wiki/F._David_Peat" title="F. David Peat">F. David Peat</a> along with <a href="/wiki/John_Briggs_(author)" title="John Briggs (author)">John Briggs</a>, first issued in <a href="/wiki/Omni_(magazine)" title="Omni (magazine)"><i>Omni</i> magazine</a>, January 1987</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206040623/http://www.bbk.ac.uk/lib/about/hours/bohm">Archive of papers at Birkbeck College relating to David Bohm</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=1832-ncuacs66497&cid=-1#-1">David Bohm at the National Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=106535">David Bohm</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/david-bohms-interview">1979 Audio Interview with David Bohm</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sherwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Sherwin">Martin Sherwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Voices_of_the_Manhattan_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Voices of the Manhattan Project">Voices of the Manhattan Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebohmdocumentary.org/"><i>The Bohm Documentary</i></a> by David Peat and Paul Howard (in production)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmooRU0eaco">The Best David Bohm Interview about "The Nature of Things"</a> by David Suzuki 26 May 1979</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4513">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 8 May 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – interview conducted by <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hoddeson" title="Lillian Hoddeson">Lillian Hoddeson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edgware" title="Edgware">Edgware, London, England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-1">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 6 June 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session I, interviews conducted by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-2">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 12 June 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session II</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-3">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 7 July 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session III</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-4">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 25 September 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session IV</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-5">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 3 October 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session V</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-6">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 22 December 1986, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session VI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-7">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 30 January 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session VII</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-8">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 7 February 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session VIII</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-9">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 27 February 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session IX</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-10">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 6 March 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session X</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-11">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 3 April 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session XI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/32977-12">Oral History interview transcript with David Bohm on 16 April 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> – Session XII</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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(pharmacology professor)">David Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_H._Chisholm" title="Malcolm H. Chisholm">Malcolm H. Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Clark_(chemist)" title="Robin Clark (chemist)">Robin Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Clarricoats" title="Peter Clarricoats">Peter Clarricoats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Collier" title="John G. Collier">John G. Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Conway_Morris" title="Simon Conway Morris">Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Crawford_(neuroscientist)" title="Andrew Crawford (neuroscientist)">Andrew Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Dutton" title="Leslie Dutton">Leslie Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fettiplace" title="Robert Fettiplace">Robert Fettiplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Gabathuler" title="Erwin Gabathuler">Erwin Gabathuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_C._Handy" title="Nicholas C. Handy">Nicholas C. Handy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Hill_(scientist)" title="Allen Hill (scientist)">Allen Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hodgkin" title="Jonathan Hodgkin">Jonathan Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Jakeman" title="Eric Jakeman">Eric Jakeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jellicoe,_2nd_Earl_Jellicoe" title="George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe">George Jellicoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Johnson" title="Louise Johnson">Louise Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Jones" title="Vaughan Jones">Vaughan Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Jordan" title="Carole Jordan">Carole Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knott_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Knott (scientist)">John Knott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harry Kroto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_V._Ley" title="Steven V. Ley">Steven V. Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Mander" title="Lew Mander">Lew Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._McIntyre" title="Michael E. McIntyre">Michael E. McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_W._Moore" title="Derek W. Moore">Derek W. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_James_Pennycuick" title="Colin James Pennycuick">Colin James Pennycuick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Raven" title="John Albert Raven">John Albert Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Read_(botanist)" title="David Read (botanist)">David Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mohan_Sharma" title="Man Mohan Sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Snyder" title="Allan Snyder">Allan Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stark" title="George Stark">George Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azim_Surani" title="Azim Surani">Azim Surani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Vaughan" title="Bob Vaughan">Bob Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Waldmann" title="Herman Waldmann">Herman Waldmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166761" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166761">William Lionel Wilkinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams_(physicist)" title="Robin Williams (physicist)">Robert Hughes Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Williams_(immunologist)" title="Alan Williams (immunologist)">Alan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semir_Zeki" title="Semir Zeki">Semir Zeki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasutomi_Nishizuka" title="Yasutomi Nishizuka">Yasutomi Nishizuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Spitzer" title="Lyman Spitzer">Lyman Spitzer</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuropsychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropsychology_navbox" title="Template:Neuropsychology navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuropsychology_navbox" title="Template talk:Neuropsychology navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropsychology_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropsychology navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuropsychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain" title="List of regions in the human brain">Brain regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuropsychology" title="Clinical neuropsychology">Clinical neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Human brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_misconceptions_about_the_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of misconceptions about the brain">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brain_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain function">Brain functions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">Decision making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">Executive functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">Motor coordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Natural language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lester_Benton" title="Arthur Lester Benton">Arthur Lester Benton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Bohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Dam%C3%A1sio" class="mw-redirect" title="António Damásio">António Damásio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Gage" title="Phineas Gage">Phineas Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geschwind" title="Norman Geschwind">Norman Geschwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhonon_Goldberg" title="Elkhonon Goldberg">Elkhonon Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Goldstein" title="Kurt Goldstein">Kurt Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Heilman" title="Kenneth Heilman">Kenneth Heilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Kaplan" title="Edith Kaplan">Edith Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Lezak" title="Muriel Lezak">Muriel Lezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Libet" title="Benjamin Libet">Benjamin Libet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Luria" title="Alexander Luria">Alexander Luria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl H. Pribram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Wolcott Sperry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_(patient)" class="mw-redirect" title="HM (patient)">H. M.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KC_(patient)" class="mw-redirect" title="KC (patient)">K. C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_test" title="Neuropsychological test">Tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bender-Gestalt_Test" title="Bender-Gestalt Test">Bender-Gestalt Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_Visual_Retention_Test" title="Benton Visual Retention Test">Benton Visual Retention Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_Dementia_Rating" title="Clinical Dementia Rating">Clinical Dementia Rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Performance_Task" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous Performance Task">Continuous Performance Task</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Coma_Scale" title="Glasgow Coma Scale">Glasgow Coma Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayling_and_Brixton_tests" title="Hayling and Brixton tests">Hayling and Brixton tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johari_window" title="Johari window">Johari window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_decision_task" title="Lexical decision task">Lexical decision task</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%E2%80%93mental_state_examination" title="Mini–mental state examination">Mini–mental state examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_effect" title="Stroop effect">Stroop effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wechsler_Adult_Intelligence_Scale" title="Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale">Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_card_sort" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin card sort">Wisconsin card sorting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Neuropsychology" title="Category:Neuropsychology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuropsychology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neuropsychology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/28px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/42px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/56px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattan_Project" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwtrcrcBVx8RqpXm6t3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118894404">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80070486">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12085674h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12085674h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00433714">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bohm, David"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V049528">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35019908">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20070917005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX865854">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/304822">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071337245">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90109055">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000011730&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000130242&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=72812">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199602903">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjl66n35s51t7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810549411505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007303116405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611089806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14040995">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00850275?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=106535">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=8843927400">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bohm.david">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/38695">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/794199">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118894404.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118894404">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029175763">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63j4hv6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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