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Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî - Wîkîpediya

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class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Here naverokê</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Malper"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menuya esasî" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menuya esasî</span> </label> <div 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class="vector-menu-heading"> Navîgasyon </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Destp%C3%AAk" title="Here Destpêkê [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Destpêk · Sereta</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:B%C3%BByer%C3%AAn_rojane" title="Der barê bûyerên dawî de agahiyên nûjen bibîne"><span>Bûyerên rojane</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:R%C3%BBpela_tesaduf%C3%AE" title="Rûpeleke ketober bar bike [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rûpeleke ketober</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Beşdarî" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Beşdarî" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beşdarî </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya:Portala_kom%C3%AA" title="Agahdarî li ser projeyê, tu dikarî çi 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href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=As%C3%AEda+deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE" title="Em pêşniyar dikin ku tu ji xwe re hesabek çêbikî û bi wê hesabê têkevî, lêbelê ev ne mecbûrî ye." class=""><span>Hesabekî çêke</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Taybet:UserLogin&amp;returnto=As%C3%AEda+deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE" title="Têketina we dê baş be; lê belê, lê pêwîstî tune ye. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Têkeve</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Rûpelên ji bo edîtorên derketî <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AEkar%C3%AE:Gav%C3%AAn_p%C3%AA%C5%9F%C3%AEn" aria-label="Di derbarê guhartinê de zêdetir hîn bibe"><span>Zêdetir hîn bibe</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:MyContributions" title="Lîsteyeke guhartinên ji vê IP adresê [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Beşdariyên min</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taybet:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Gotûbêj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Malper"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Naverok" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Naverok</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">Here menuya kêlekê</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">veşêre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Destpêk</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Dîroka_keşfa_Asîda_deoksîrîbonukleyî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dîroka_keşfa_Asîda_deoksîrîbonukleyî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Dîroka keşfa Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dîroka_keşfa_Asîda_deoksîrîbonukleyî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pêkhateya_ADN-yê" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pêkhateya_ADN-yê"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pêkhateya ADN-yê</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pêkhateya_ADN-yê-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duhendebûna_ADN-yê" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duhendebûna_ADN-yê"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Duhendebûna ADN-yê</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Duhendebûna_ADN-yê-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Binêbeşa Duhendebûna ADN-yê bigire/veke</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Duhendebûna_ADN-yê-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gavên_Duhendebûnê" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gavên_Duhendebûnê"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gavên Duhendebûnê</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gavên_Duhendebûnê-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duhendebûna_nîvparezî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duhendebûna_nîvparezî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Duhendebûna nîvparezî</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duhendebûna_nîvparezî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ADN-ya_xaneyên_navikseretayî_(prokaryotî)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ADN-ya_xaneyên_navikseretayî_(prokaryotî)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>ADN-ya xaneyên navikseretayî (prokaryotî)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ADN-ya_xaneyên_navikseretayî_(prokaryotî)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Çavkanî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Çavkanî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Çavkanî</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Çavkanî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Naverok" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tabloya naverokê bigre/veke" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tabloya naverokê bigre/veke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Here gotareke bi zimanekî din. Bi 164 zimanan heye." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bi 164 zimanên din</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – afrîkansî" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrîkansî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – elmanîşî" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="elmanîşî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A4" title="ዲ ኤን ኤ – amharî" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዲ ኤን ኤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Acido desoxirribonucleico – aragonî" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين – erebî" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="erebî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%89" title="حمض نووى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمض نووى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F" title="ডি এন এ – asamî" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডি এন এ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico – astûrî" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astûrî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNT" title="DNT – azerî" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DNT" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ائی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دی‌ان‌ائی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – başkîrî" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="başkîrî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNR" title="DNR – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="DNR" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата – belarusî" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина – bulgarî" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F" title="ডিএনএ – bengalî" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিএনএ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenkenn_dezoksiribonukleek" title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek – bretonî" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina – bosnî" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_desoxiribonucleic" title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic – katalanî" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал – çeçenî" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="çeçenî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – sebwanoyî" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebwanoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C" title="دی ئێن ئەی – soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دی ئێن ئەی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – çekî" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="çekî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%B3%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%97" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ – çuvaşî" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="çuvaşî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – weylsî" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="weylsî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="gotarên baş"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – danmarkî" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danmarkî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – almanî" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="almanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – yewnanî" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="yewnanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – îngilîzî" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="îngilîzî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – esperantoyî" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – spanî" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – estonî" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="gotarên baş"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_desoxirribonukleiko" title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko – baskî" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ای – farisî" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌ان‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="farisî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – fînî" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fînî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – ferî" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ferî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique" title="Acide désoxyribonucléique – fransî" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide désoxyribonucléique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – frîsiya bakur" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frîsiya bakur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – friyolî" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friyolî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – frîsî" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frîsî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_d%C3%AD-ocsairibean%C3%BAicl%C3%A9asach" title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach – îrlendî" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="îrlendî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_d%C3%A9zoksoribonikl%C3%A9yik" title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – gaelîka skotî" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelîka skotî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – galîsî" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galîsî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – guwaranî" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guwaranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – gorontaloyî" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontaloyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – îbranî" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="îbranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल – hindî" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina – xirwatî" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xirwatî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – haîtî" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haîtî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoxiribonukleinsav" title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav – mecarî" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mecarî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%86%D4%B9" title="ԴՆԹ – ermenî" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԴՆԹ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ermenî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_deoxyribonucleic" title="Acido deoxyribonucleic – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Acido deoxyribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – endonezî" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="endonezî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleiko_nga_asido" title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido – îlokanoyî" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="îlokanoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота – îngûşî" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="îngûşî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – îdoyî" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="îdoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – îzlendî" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="îzlendî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – îtalî" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="îtalî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="デオキシリボ核酸 – japonî" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デオキシリボ核酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaxiraibonyuukliik_asid" title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – javayî" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javayî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა – gurcî" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gurcî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D2%9A" title="ДНҚ – qazaxî" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ДНҚ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qazaxî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81" title="ឌីអិនអេ – ximêrî" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឌីអិនអេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ximêrî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%8E_-(DNA)" title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA) – kannadayî" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadayî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – koreyî" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – keşmîrî" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="keşmîrî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDN" title="TDN – kornî" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="TDN" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – kirgizî" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_desoxyribonucleicum" title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum – latînî" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latînî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ – lezgînî" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgînî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asida_desosiribonucleal" title="Asida desosiribonucleal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asida desosiribonucleal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – lîmbûrgî" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="lîmbûrgî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – lombardî" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ອາເດແອັນ – lawsî" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາເດແອັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lawsî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleor%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis – lîtwanî" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lîtwanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukle%C4%ABnsk%C4%81be" title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe – latviyayî" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latviyayî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidra_dez%C3%B4ksirib%C3%B4niokleika" title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika – malagasî" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – makedonî" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB.%E0%B4%8E" title="ഡി.എൻ.എ – malayalamî" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡി.എൻ.എ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalamî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил – mongolî" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल – maratî" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_deoksiribonukleik" title="Asid deoksiribonukleik – malezî" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid deoksiribonukleik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malezî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအန်အေ – burmayî" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီအန်အေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmayî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – mazenderanî" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenderanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre – nedersaksî" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedersaksî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – nepalî" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F" title="डी एन ए – newarî" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डी एन ए" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(biologie)" title="DNA (biologie) – holendî" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DNA (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holendî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – norwecî (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norwecî (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – norwecî (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norwecî (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_desoxiribonucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc – oksîtanî" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksîtanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – oromoyî" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8.%E0%A8%8F." title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ. – puncabî" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ." data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="puncabî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – kapampanganî" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="kapampanganî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – papyamentoyî" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papyamentoyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_deoksyrybonukleinowy" title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy – polonî" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%8A_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد – peştûyî" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="peştûyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – portugalî" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – keçwayî" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keçwayî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – romanî" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота – rûsî" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rûsî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба – yakutî" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="yakutî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – sardînî" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardînî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – sicîlî" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicîlî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – skotî" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="ڊي اين اي – sindhî" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊي اين اي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93.%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%92." title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ. – kîngalî" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ." data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="kîngalî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="gotarên baş"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina – slovakî" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kislina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina – slovenî" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – somalî" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – elbanî" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="elbanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина – sirbî" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sirbî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BC%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – sundanî" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – swêdî" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="swêdî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – swahîlî" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahîlî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – silesî" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%8F." title="டி. என். ஏ. – tamîlî" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டி. என். ஏ." data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamîlî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం – telûgûyî" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telûgûyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат – tacikî" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tacikî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ดีเอ็นเอ – tayî" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีเอ็นเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tayî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – tokpisinî" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tokpisinî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – tirkî" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tirkî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – teterî" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="teterî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%87%D9%83%D9%84%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا – oygurî" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oygurî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота – ukraynî" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraynî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – urdûyî" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdûyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonuklein_kislota" title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota – ozbekî" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbekî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – venîsî" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venîsî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – viyetnamî" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="viyetnamî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="gotara bijartî"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seur_dezocsiribonucleyike" title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike – walonî" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="walonî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – warayî" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – çîniya wuyî" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="çîniya wuyî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – yidîşî" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yidîşî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – yorubayî" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yorubayî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸 – çînî" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脱氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="çînî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – kantonî" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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<div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Xuyakirin</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">Here menuya kêlekê</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">veşêre</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ji Wîkîpediya, ensîklopediya azad.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ku" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Chromosome_ku.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chromosome_ku.svg/220px-Chromosome_ku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chromosome_ku.svg/330px-Chromosome_ku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chromosome_ku.svg/440px-Chromosome_ku.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Kromozom ji ADN û proteînê pêk tên.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî</b>, an jî bi kurtenav <b>ADN</b> (bi înglîzî: <i>deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</i>) molekulek aloz e, di nav xaneyên zîndeweran de embarkarina zanyariyên bomaweyî dike. Hemû <a href="/wiki/Xane" title="Xane">xaneyên</a> navikseretayî (prokaryotî) û navikrasteqîn (êkaryotî) ADN lixwe digirin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Herwisa gellek corên <a href="/wiki/V%C3%AErus" title="Vîrus">vîrusan</a> jî ADN-yê lixwe digirin, ji van vîrusan re tê gotin vîrusên ADN-yî </p><p>ADN ji bo du erkê serekî kar dike; </p> <ol><li>ADN çavkaniya zanyariyê ye ji bo diristkirina proteînên xaneyê û zindewerê.</li> <li>Zanyariyên bomaweyî bi navbeynkariya ADN-yê ji bavan derbasî xaneya nû an jî weçeyê (bi înglîzî: offspring) dibe.<sup id="cite_ref-Illustrated_Biochemistry._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illustrated_Biochemistry.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Molekula sereke ya zanyariyên bomaweyî ADN ye, pêwendiya ADN-yê bi gen û <a href="/wiki/Kromozom" title="Kromozom">kromozoman</a> heye. <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">Gen</a> yekeya bingehîna zanyariyên bomaweyî ye. Gen ji koma <a href="/wiki/Nukleot%C3%AEd" title="Nukleotîd">nukleotîdên</a> li ser ADN-yê pêk tê. Cihê her genek li ser kromozomê de taybet e. Ev cihên genan wekî lokus bi nav dibe. ADN xwe li ser proteînên hîstonê dipêçîne, bi vî awayî kurttir dibe, ev pêkhate wekî kromotîn tê navkirin. Dema <a href="/wiki/Dabe%C5%9Fb%C3%BBna_xaney%C3%AA" title="Dabeşbûna xaneyê">dabeşbûna xaneyê</a> dest pê dike, kromotîn xwe li dor xwe dipêçînîn, hê kurtir û stûrtir dibin. Di vê qonaxê de kromatîn êdî wekî kromozom tên navkirin.<sup id="cite_ref-Anatomy_and_physiology_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anatomy_and_physiology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kromozom ji ADN û proteînên hîstonê pêk tê. Ango di xaneyek mirov de 46 kromozom an jî 46 molekulên ADNyê heye. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dîroka_keşfa_Asîda_deoksîrîbonukleyî"><span id="D.C3.AEroka_ke.C5.9Ffa_As.C3.AEda_deoks.C3.AEr.C3.AEbonukley.C3.AE"></span>Dîroka keşfa Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Beşê biguhêre: Dîroka keşfa Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Dîroka keşfa Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî"><span>çavkaniyê biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:DNA_structure_and_bases_color_ku.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DNA_structure_and_bases_color_ku.svg/220px-DNA_structure_and_bases_color_ku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DNA_structure_and_bases_color_ku.svg/330px-DNA_structure_and_bases_color_ku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DNA_structure_and_bases_color_ku.svg/440px-DNA_structure_and_bases_color_ku.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Herdu zanyar, Francis Crick û James Watson şeweyê ADNyê wekî “lûlpêça hevcot” diyar kirin</figcaption></figure> <p>Mirovahî cara pêşîn di sala 1869ê de bi xebatên biyokîmyagerê Swisrî Friedrich Miescher (1844-1895) ji hebûna asîdên nûkleyî (ADN û <a href="/wiki/As%C3%AEda_r%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE" title="Asîda rîbonukleyî">ARN</a>) agahdar bû. Di salên pêşî de asîdên nukleyî wekî “nukleîn” hatin navkirin. Di 1874ê de Miescher, pêkhateya ko em îro wê wekî ADN dizanin, wekî asîda nukleyî da nasîn.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phoebus Levene (1863-1940) zanyarêk amerîkî bû, di sala 1905e de li Enstîtuya Rockefellerê de dest bi xebata li ser pêkhatina asîdên nukleyî kir. Levene bi xebatên xwe yên navbera 1909-1929an de cara pêşîn yekeya ADN-yê wekî nukleotîd bi nav kir. Herwisa yekeyên nukleotîdê jî wêkî komeleya fosfatî, şekir û baza nîtrojenî diyar kir.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Li gel wan xebatên wî, Levene şekirê rîboz û ê deoksîrîbozê jî keşf kir. Levene der barê pekhatina ADN-yê de hîpoteza “tetranukleotid”ê pêşvazî kir. Li gor vê hîpotezê, ADN ji Adenîn, Guanîn, Tîmîn û Sîtozînê pêk dihat û di ADN-yê de hejmara hemû bazên nîtrojenî wekhev bû. (A=G=T=C) Lê mixabin Levene erkê ADN-yê bi awayekî rast fam nekirî bû. Li gor dîtina wî, ADN molekulek hêsan bû, loma nedibû ko zanyariyên bomaweyî li ser vê molekulê ba. </p><p>Hîpoteza Levene bi du ezmûnan hat pûçkirin. Ezmûna yekemîn di sala 1928an de ji aliyê Frederick Griffith(1879–1941)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a duyemîn ko berdewamiya a yekemînê ye, di sala 1944ê de ji aliyê Oswald Avery û karhevalên wî ve hat kirin. Di van herdu ezmûnan da êdî bi awayekî bêşik derket holê ko zanyariyên bomaweyî li ser molekula ADN-yê ye.<sup id="cite_ref-ENCYCLOPEDIA_OF_Life_Science_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENCYCLOPEDIA_OF_Life_Science-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zanyarek Emerîkî, Erwin Chargaff (1905-2002) di sala 1950 de pêşniyar kir ko di molekula ADN-yê de hejmara Adenîn û Tîmîn heman wekhev e. Her wisa hejmara Guanîn û a Sîtozîne jî wekhev e.<sup id="cite_ref-Concepts_and_Applications_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concepts_and_Applications-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Chargaf di xebata xwe de eşkere kir ko, rêjeya A-T ya bi G-C ji bo her corêk zîndewer taybet e. Ev her du xebatên Chargaff wekî Zagonên Chargaf (bi&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_ingl%C3%AEz%C3%AE" title="Zimanê inglîzî">inglîzî</a>: <span lang="en"><i>Chargaff’s rules</i></span>) tên navkirin.<sup id="cite_ref-McGraw-Hill_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGraw-Hill-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di sala 1952 de Alfred Hershey û Martha Chase bi ezmûnek piştrast kirin ko di vîrusan de molekula bo zanyariyên bomaweyî ne proteîn lê ADN ye.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di sala 1952yê de kîmyagera Britanî Rosalind Franklin (1920 – 1958) bi rêbaza şikestina tirojên-X (bi înglîzî: <i>X-ray diffraction</i> ) wêneyê ADN-yê bi dest xist </p><p>Di sala 1953yê de şeweyê ADN-yê ji aliyê du zanyarên <a href="/wiki/Zan%C3%AEngeha_Cambridge" title="Zanîngeha Cambridge">Zanîngeha Cambridgeê</a> ve hat eşkerekirin. Herdu zanyar, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> û James Watson şeweyê ADN-yê wekî “lûlpêça hevcot” diyar kirin. Herwisa bi xebatên xwe, pêvajoya duhendebûna ADN-yê jî aşkere kirin.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_with_Physiology_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_with_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pêkhateya_ADN-yê"><span id="P.C3.AAkhateya_ADN-y.C3.AA"></span>Pêkhateya ADN-yê</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Beşê biguhêre: Pêkhateya ADN-yê" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Pêkhateya ADN-yê"><span>çavkaniyê biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Nukleot%C3%AEd_ku.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nukleot%C3%AEd_ku.png/220px-Nukleot%C3%AEd_ku.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nukleot%C3%AEd_ku.png/330px-Nukleot%C3%AEd_ku.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nukleot%C3%AEd_ku.png/440px-Nukleot%C3%AEd_ku.png 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Nukleotîd ji sê beşan pêk tê; koma fosfatî, şekirê pênckarbonî û baza nîtrojenî.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:DNA_chemical_structure_ku.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DNA_chemical_structure_ku.svg/220px-DNA_chemical_structure_ku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DNA_chemical_structure_ku.svg/330px-DNA_chemical_structure_ku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DNA_chemical_structure_ku.svg/440px-DNA_chemical_structure_ku.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Di navbera baza Adenîn û Tîmînê de du bendên hîdrojenî, navbera Guanîn û Sîtozînê de sê bendên hîdrojenî çêdibe.</figcaption></figure> <p>ADN ji karbon, <a href="/wiki/Oks%C3%AEjen" title="Oksîjen">oksîjen</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%AEdrojen" title="Hîdrojen">hîdrojen</a>, nîtrojen û fosforê pêk tê. Du zincîrê ADN-yê heye. Zincîrên ADN-yê bi arasteya dij hev ango antîparalel li ba hev dirêj dibin.<sup id="cite_ref-ENCYCLOPEDIA_OF_Life_Science_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENCYCLOPEDIA_OF_Life_Science-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her zincîrek ADN-yê ji milyonan nukleotîdan pêk tê. Ango nukleotîd yekeyên ADN-yê ne. Nukleotîd ji sê beşan pêk tê; koma fosfatî, şekirê pênckarbonî û baza nîtrojenî. Ne tenê ADN, lê ARN û molekulên Wekî <a href="/wiki/Adenoz%C3%AEna_tr%C3%AEfosfat" title="Adenozîna trîfosfat">ATP</a>, ADP jî ji nukleotîdan pêk tên. </p><p>Nukleotîdên zincîrên ADN-yê bi bendên fosfodîesterê bi hev re girêdayî ne. Di navbera şekirê nukleotîdek û koma fosfata nukleotîda din de, bi bendên kovalendî girêdan tê avakirin. Karbona sêyem a şekirê nukleodîdek bi fosfata nukleotîda din ve bi bendê fosfodîester, girêdana kovalendî ava dike.<sup id="cite_ref-VILLEE_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VILLEE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bi vî awayî bi girêdana şekir-fosfat-şekir-fosfat... zincrek dirêj a nukleotîdan pêk tê, ji vê pêkhateyê re tê gotin peykerê şekir-fosfat (bi înglîzî: <i>sugar-phosphate backbone</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_with_Physiology_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_with_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Li aliyê hundirin ê peykerê şekir - fosfat a herdu zincirên ADN-yê de, bazên nîtrojenî yên zincîrek bi bazên zincîra din ve bi bendên qels ên hîdrojenî girêdayî ne.<sup id="cite_ref-Illustrated_Biochemistry._2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illustrated_Biochemistry.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dirêjiya zincîrên ADN-yê çiqas dibe bila bibe, dîsa jî ji herdu serên zîncîrê, a yek wekî serê 5, a din jî wekî serê 3 tê navkirin. Di serê 5 de karbona pêncem a şekirê nukleotîda kotahiyê bi koma fosfatî ve girêdayî ye. Ango li serê 5 de beşa koma fosfatî ya nukleotîdê serbest e. Di serê din ê zincîra ADN-yê de, koma hîdroksîl (OH<sup>-</sup>) bi karbona sêyem a şekirê nukleotîdê ve girêdayî ye. Ango li vî serî de karbona sêyem a şekirê serbest e.<sup id="cite_ref-VILLEE_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VILLEE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gava nukleotîdek nû li zincîrê tê zêdekirin, koma fosfatî ya nukleotîda nû bi serê 3 yê zîncîrê ve tê girêdan. Ji ber ko herdu zincîrên ADN-yê li gel hev bi şeweyê antîparalel dirêj dibin, li aliyê serê 5ê zîncirêk, serê 3yê zîncîra din cih digire. </p><p>Her nûkleotid ji molekula şekirê kêmoksîjenî, koma fosfat, û yek ji çar corên bazên nîtrojenî pêk tê.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Biology._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Biology.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ji nukleotîdên ADN-yê re tê gotin nukleotîdên deoksîrîbonukleyî. Şekirê nukleotîdên ADN-yê <a href="/wiki/Monosakkar%C3%AEd" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosakkarîd">monosakkaridek</a> pênckarbonî ye û wekî rîboz tê navkirin. Lê ji ber ko riboza nûkleotîdên ADN-yê de oksîjenek kêm e, ev rîboz wekî rîboza kêmoksîjenî (deoksîrîboz) tê navkirin. </p><p>Nukleotîdên ADN-yê çar cor in; <a href="/wiki/Aden%C3%AEn" title="Adenîn">Adenîn</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%AEm%C3%AEn" title="Tîmîn">Tîmîn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guan%C3%AEn" title="Guanîn">Guanîn</a> û <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEtoz%C3%AEn" title="Sîtozîn">Sîtozîn</a>. Nukleotîd navê xwe ji cora baza nîtrojenî digirin. Wekî mînak, deoksîrîbonukleyî ya Adenîn, li gel koma fosfat û şekirê pênckarbonî, baza nîtrojenî ya bi navê Adenîn jî lixwe digire. Di ADN-ya asayî de bazên Adenîn hertim bi Tîmîn ve, bazên Guanîn jî hertim bi Sîtozînê ve bi bendên hîdrojenî girêdan ava dikin.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Di navbera baza Adenîn û Tîmînê de du bendên hîdrojenî, navbera Guanîn û Sîtozînê de sê bendên hîdrojenî çêdibe.Ji van nukleotîdan, Adenîn û Guanîn wekî purîn (bi înglîzî: <i>purines</i>), Sîtozîn û Tîmîn jî wekî pîrîmîdîn (bi înglîzî: <i>pyrimidine</i>) tên navkirin.<sup id="cite_ref-medical_physiology_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medical_physiology-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lê ji ber ko hin bazên nîtrojenî cot xelekî ne (purîn), hinekî jî yek xelekî ne (pîrîmîdîn), hertim purîn bi prîmîdan re hevbeşî dikin. Bi vî awayî firehiya navbera herdu şerîdan hertim sabit dimîne. </p><p>Li gor zagona Chargaf, di molekulek ADN-yê de hejmara nukleotîdên Adenînê bi qasî nukleotîdên Tîmînê ye (A=T). Herwisa hejmara nukleoîdên Guanînê û hejmara Sîtozînê jî heman in (G=C). Heke rêjeya corek baza ADN-yê diyar be, mirov dikare rêjeya bazên din ên wê ADN-yê jî pê derxe. </p><p>Wekî mînak, heke molekulek ADN-yê %20 ji bazên Adenînê pêk hatibe, divê di heman molekulê de rêjeya bazên Tîmîn jî %20 be. Ango %40ê ADN-yê ji Adenîn û Tîmîn pêk tê. Vê gavê divê rêjeya Guanîn + Sîtozîn jî %60 be. Ji ber ko hejmara Guanîn û Sîtozînê yeksan e, divê di molekula ADN-yê de rêjeya Guanîn %30 û rêjeya Sîtozîn jî %30 be.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di molekula ADN-yê de herdu zincîr li dora hev bi awayekî lûleyî hatine pêçandin. Ji ber vê pêçînê, şeweyê ADN wekî lûlpêça hevcot (bi înglîzî: <i>double helix</i>) tê navkirin.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di xaneyên navikrasteqînan de ADN proteînên hîston dipêçînê, pêkhateya ji ADN û hîston peyda dibe wekî kromatîn tê navkirin. Di pêvajoya dabeşbûna xaneyê de piştî qonaxa înterfazê, kromatînên zirav û dirêj xwe li dor xwe ba didin û xwe gilok dikin, bi vî awayî kromatîn kin û stûr dibin. Ev şiklê kromatîn wekî kromozom tê navkirin. Dibe ko kromozomek bi deh hezaran gen lixwe bigire.Yekeya zanyariyên bomaweyî wekî gen tê navkirin. Gen ji beşek ADN-yê pêk tê.<sup id="cite_ref-Molecular_biology_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molecular_biology-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pirraniya genan, zanyariyên ji bo berhemkirina proteînan lixwe digirin. Hinek ji genan jî zanyariyên bo diristkirina ARNyan lixwe digirin. ADN bi vekirina (çalakkirin) genan an jî bi girtina (rawestandina çalakiyê) genan, hemû çalakiyên xaneyê kontrol dike.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenStax,_Biology_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenStax,_Biology-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di xaneyên navikrasteqînan de molekulên ADN-yê di bi şêweyê xêzî (lînear) di navikê de cih digirin. ADN bi proteîna hîston ve girêdayî ye û wekî kromozom tê navkirin. Ango kromozom ji ADN û proteîna hîstonpêk tê. Di xaneyên navikrasteqînan de kromozom di nav navika xaneyê de cih digirin.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>ADN-ya xaneyên navikseretayiyan (<a href="/wiki/Bakter%C3%AE" title="Bakterî">bakterî</a>, arkea), ya <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AEtokondr%C3%AE" title="Mîtokondrî">mîtokondriyan</a>, ya <a href="/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast">kloroplastan</a> û ya hin vîrusan bi şeweyî xelekî (helqeyî) ye.<sup id="cite_ref-Molecular_Cell_Biology_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molecular_Cell_Biology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ADN-ya nav <a href="/wiki/Navik" title="Navik">navika xaneyê</a>, hin caran wekî ADN-ya navikî (bi înglîzî: <i>nuclear DNA</i>) jî tê navkirin. ADN-ya navikî li gor ADN-ya mîtokonriyê gellek aloztir e.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_anatomy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_anatomy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duhendebûna_ADN-yê"><span id="Duhendeb.C3.BBna_ADN-y.C3.AA"></span>Duhendebûna ADN-yê</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Beşê biguhêre: Duhendebûna ADN-yê" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Duhendebûna ADN-yê"><span>çavkaniyê biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:DNA_replication_ku.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/DNA_replication_ku.svg/518px-DNA_replication_ku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="518" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/DNA_replication_ku.svg/777px-DNA_replication_ku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/DNA_replication_ku.svg/1036px-DNA_replication_ku.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Enzîma ADN polîmeraz di duriyanê duhenendebûn de tenê bi arasteya serê 5’ ber bi serê 3’ ve dikare zincîra nû ava bike.</figcaption></figure> <p>Di destpêka jiyanê de laşê mirov ji yek xaneyek, ango ji zîgotê pêk tê. Zîgot, bi dabeşbûnê zêde dibe û hejmara xaneyên mirov digihîje mîlyaran. Ne tenê hejmara xaneyan lê erk û şiklê xaneyan jî diguhere. <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eane_(biyoloj%C3%AE)" title="Şane (biyolojî)">Şane</a> û <a href="/wiki/Endam_(biyoloj%C3%AE)" title="Endam (biyolojî)">endam</a> li gor erkê xwe dibin <a href="/wiki/%C3%87erm%C3%AA_mirov" title="Çermê mirov">çerm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xw%C3%AEn" title="Xwîn">xwîn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gur%C3%A7ik" title="Gurçik">gurçik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hest%C3%AE" title="Hestî">hestî</a> hwd. Di laşê mirov de li gor erk, şikl û şemal, ji 200î zêdetir cor xane heye. Lê di laşê mirovek de, rêz, hejmar û mêjera nukleotîdên ADN-yê di hemû xaneyên wî de wekhev in. Kromozomên hemû xaneyan kopiyên hev in. Ev kopiyên kromozoman bi kopîbûna ADN-yê (bi înglîzî: <i>DNA replication</i>), ango bi duhendebûna ADN-yê çêdibin. ADN di <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AEtoz" title="Mîtoz">qonaxa interfazê</a> ya dabeşbûna xaneyê de duhende dibe.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenStax,_Anatomy_&amp;_Physiology_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenStax,_Anatomy_&amp;_Physiology-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gavên_Duhendebûnê"><span id="Gav.C3.AAn_Duhendeb.C3.BBn.C3.AA"></span>Gavên Duhendebûnê</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Beşê biguhêre: Gavên Duhendebûnê" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Gavên Duhendebûnê"><span>çavkaniyê biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Du zincîrên ADN-yê tewawkerên hev in û herdu zincîr bi bendên hîdrojenî bi awayekî antîparalel bi hev re girêdayî ne. Ango zîncîrek ADN-yê li gor zîncîra din serberjêr e.<sup id="cite_ref-visualizing-human-biology_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualizing-human-biology-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ji bo duhendebûna ADN-yê gava yekem hilweşandina bendên hîdrojenî ye.Bendên hîdrojenî di navbera bazên nukleotîdên hevbeş de cih digirin. Bendên hîdrojenî, bi navbeynkariya enzîmên topoîzomeraz û ADN helîkaz tên hilweşandin. Dema bendên hîdrojenî hildiweşin, herdu zincîrên ADN-ye di wê beşê de ji hev dûr dikevin û du heb duriyanê duhendebûn peyda dibin. Duriyanê duhendebûn dişibe tîpa Y. Navbera herdu duriyanê duhendebûnan de peqikek (bi înglîzî: <i>bubble</i>) çêdibe. Peqik wekî beşa destpêka dûhendebûnê (bi înglîzî: <i>origin of replication</i>) kar dike. Duhendebûn li herdu duruyanê duhendebûnê de dest pê dike û ber bi herdu aliyên ADN-yê ve didome.<sup id="cite_ref-VILLEE_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VILLEE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Proteînên li ser zincîrên bineretî (bi înglîzî: <i>single strand binding protein(SSB)</i>) zincîran vekirî dihêle, bernade ko zincîr cardin li hev bipêçin.<sup id="cite_ref-VILLEE_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VILLEE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ev herdu zincîrên vekirî ji bo çêkirina zîncîrên nû, wekî zincîrên bineretî (qalib) kar dikin. Hilweşandina bendên hîdrojenê di gellek beşên ADN-yê de di heman demê de dest pê dike. Bi vî awayî duhendebûn di demek kurt de bi dawî dibe.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology_with_Physiology_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology_with_Physiology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ji ber ko herdu zincîrên ADN-yê bi awayekî antîparalel bi hev re girêdayine, zincîra yek bi serê 3’-5’ be a din bi serê 5’-3’ li hemberî wê dirêj dibe.</li> <li>Nukleotîdek nû bi serê 3’ (ango bi karbona sêyemîn) bi komeleya fosfatî ya nûkleotîda pêş ve tê girêdan. Di zîncîra bineretî ya bi serê 3’-5’ de karê duhendebûnê ber bi duriyanê duhendebûnê bi rê ve diçe. Zincîra nû ya ko li hember vê zincîrê tê çêkirin, wekî zincîra bênavber (bi înglîzî: <i>leading strand</i>) tê navkirin. Ji bo destpêkirina girêdana nûkleotîdan, pêşî ARN destpêk (bi înglîzî: <i>RNA primer</i>) li ser zincîra bineratî ve tê girêdan.<sup id="cite_ref-leland_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leland-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Paşê enzîma bi navê “ ADN polîmeraz”, dest bi xebatê dike. ADN polîmeraz li hember zincîra bineretî ya 3’-5’, zincîra bênavber a 5’-3’çê dike. ADN lîgaz navbera nukleotîden zincîra bênavber da bi bendê fosfodîester, girêdan ava dike, bi vî awayî ji zîncîrek bineretî, zincîrek nû tê çêkirin.</li> <li>Zincîra bineratiya din jî bi serê 5’-3’ ye. Li hember vê zincîra bineretî divê zincîra nû ya tewawker, bi serê 3’-5’ be. Lê enzîma polîmeraz di duriyanê duhenendebûnê de tenê bi arasteya serê 5’ ber bi serê 3’ ve dikare zincîra nû ava bike.<sup id="cite_ref-MOLECULAR_BIOLOGY_OF_THE_CELL_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOLECULAR_BIOLOGY_OF_THE_CELL-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Loma di vê zincîrê de karê duhendebûnê, bi arasteyê dûr li duriyanê duhendebûnê ve bi rê ve diçe.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bi alîkariya ARN polîmeraz li ser hin beşên zincîra bineretî de pirtkên ARN destpêk tê çêkirin. Bi vî awayî girêdana nukleotîdan ji aliyê serê 3’ dest pê dike û bi arasteyê dûr ji duriyanê duhendebûne ve bi rê ve diçe. Di vê demê de perçeyên piçûk ên ji 100 heta 2000 nukleotîdan peyda dibe ji van perçeyan re tê gotin pirtikên Okazakî.<sup id="cite_ref-VILLEE_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VILLEE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zincîra nû jî wekî zincîra binavber (bi înglîzî: <i>lagging strand</i>) tê navkirin. Paşê corek din a ADN polîmeraz, ARN destpêkan hildiweşîne û li şûna wan, ADN çêdike. Bi vî awaye pirtikên Okazakî digêhêjin hev û zîncîra binavber dibe yek perçe. ADN lîgaz navbera pirtikên ADN-yê de bendên fosfodîester ava dike û duhendebûn bi dawî dibe.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duhendebûna_nîvparezî"><span id="Duhendeb.C3.BBna_n.C3.AEvparez.C3.AE"></span>Duhendebûna nîvparezî</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Beşê biguhêre: Duhendebûna nîvparezî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Duhendebûna nîvparezî"><span>çavkaniyê biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAne:Duhendeb%C3%BBna_n%C3%AEvparez%C3%AE_ku.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Duhendeb%C3%BBna_n%C3%AEvparez%C3%AE_ku.png/509px-Duhendeb%C3%BBna_n%C3%AEvparez%C3%AE_ku.png" decoding="async" width="509" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Duhendeb%C3%BBna_n%C3%AEvparez%C3%AE_ku.png/764px-Duhendeb%C3%BBna_n%C3%AEvparez%C3%AE_ku.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Duhendeb%C3%BBna_n%C3%AEvparez%C3%AE_ku.png/1018px-Duhendeb%C3%BBna_n%C3%AEvparez%C3%AE_ku.png 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Ezmûna Meselson û Sthal</figcaption></figure> <p>Pêkhateya ADN-yê di sala 1953yan da hat aşkere kirin, lê zanyariyên rasteqîn ê der barê duhendebûna ADN-yê, hata sala 1958an ne diyar bû. Herdu zanyarên amerîkî, Matthew Stanley Meselson û Franklin William Stahl di sala 1958an bi ezmûnekî, pêvajoya duhendebûna ADN diyar kirin. Ev ezmûn wekî ezmûna Meselson û Sthal (bi înglîzî: <i>Meselson and Stahl experiment</i>) tê navkirin. </p><p>Meselson û Sthal ezmûnê li ser ADN ya bakteriya bi navê <i>E.colî</i> de saz kirin. Ji bo şopandina ADNyên nû,<sup>15</sup>N (Nîtrojena giran) bi kar anîn. Li siruştê nîtrojena asayî, ya <sup>14</sup>N e. Hemû bazên nîtrojenî yên nukleotîdan di pêkhateya xwe da nîtrojena aseyî, ango <sup>14</sup>N lixwe digirin. </p><p>Di navika nîtrojena asayî de 7 proton û 7 nêtron heye. Nêtronek <sup>15</sup>N-yê zêde ye, ango 7 proton û 8 nêtronê <sup>15</sup>N-yê hene. Ango <sup>14</sup>N û <sup>15</sup>N îzotopê hev in. Ji ber ko nêtronekî wê zêdeye, <sup>15</sup>N wekî nîtrojena giran tê navkirin. Taybetmendiya <sup>15</sup>N-yê ev e ko, mîna <sup>14</sup>N-yê bi hêsanî tevlê çêkirina bazên nûkleotîdan dibe. Zanyar jî ev taybetmendiya <sup>15</sup>N-yê ji bo nîşankirina ADN-yê bi kar anîn. </p><p>Di destpêka ezmûnê de zanyar iyonên amonyumê (<sup>15</sup>N H<sub>4</sub>)+ didin bakteriya <i>E.colî</i> û rê didin ko bakterî bi dabeşbûnê pir bibe.<sup id="cite_ref-Lehninger_Principles_of_Biochemistry_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lehninger_Principles_of_Biochemistry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bakterî ji bo debaşbûnê ji dorhêla xwe nîtrojena di nav amonyuma giran digirin û ev nîtrojenê di çêkirina nukleotîd û proteînên nû de bi kar tînin. Bakterî di nav dorhêla <sup>15</sup>N-yê de gellek nifşên nû çêdike, êdî ADN-ya hemû bakteriyan <sup>15</sup>N lixwe digirin. </p><p>Xwêya bi navê Sezyum klorûr (CsCl) ji bo cudakirina ADN-ya <sup>15</sup>N ji ya <sup>14</sup>N tên bi kar anîn. Xestiya Sezyum klorûr û ya ADN-yê wek hev in. Xestiya herduyan jî 1.710 g/cm3 e. Xestiya ADN-ya giran 1.724 g/cm3, ya ADN-ya dureg (hîbrîd) jî 1.717 g/cm3 e. </p><p>Zanyar ji bakteriyên <sup>15</sup>N-yê hinek bakterî digrin û di nav dorhêla <sup>14</sup>N-yê de diçînin. Bakterî di dorhêla <sup>14</sup>N-yê de bi qasî 4 nifşan pir dibin. </p><p>Zanyar di her nifşê de ADN-ya hinek bakteriyan ji xaneya bakteriyan der dixin û dikin nav Sezyum klorûrê. Paşê, Sezyum klorûr, di nav lûleya ezmûne de bi santrîfujê bi qasî 20-30 seat tê santrîfujkirin. Di vê demê de ADN-yên di nav Sezyum klorûrê li gor giraniya xwe di lûleya ezmûnê de rêz dibin. Zanyar giraniya ADN-ya her nifşê didin ber hev. </p><p>ADN-ya herî giran li binê lûleyê, ya asayî (a sivik) li jorê lûleyê ya durreg jî di navbera herduyan de kom dibe. </p><p>Bi vê ezmûnê hat piştrastkirin ko ADN bi awayekî nîvparezî (bi înglîzî: <i>semiconservative replication</i>) duhende dibe. Piştî duhendebunê, molekula ADN-ya nû ji zîncîrek nû û zincîrek kevn (zincîra bineratî) pêk tê.<sup id="cite_ref-Human_Biology._13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Biology.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ADN-ya_xaneyên_navikseretayî_(prokaryotî)"><span id="ADN-ya_xaney.C3.AAn_navikseretay.C3.AE_.28prokaryot.C3.AE.29"></span>ADN-ya xaneyên navikseretayî (prokaryotî)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Beşê biguhêre: ADN-ya xaneyên navikseretayî (prokaryotî)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: ADN-ya xaneyên navikseretayî (prokaryotî)"><span>çavkaniyê biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakterî û arkea, zîndewrên navikseretayî ne. Di xaneyên navikseretayî de navik tune, loma kromozom di nav sîtoplazmayê de belavî ye. Bi gelemperî, tenê kromozomek bazineyî yên navikseretayiyan heye, lê hin bakterî kromozoma xêzî (linear) lixwe digirin. Hin corên bakteriyan jî ne yek lê du an jî zêdetir ADN-ya bazinî lixwe digirin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ji ber ko ADN ya navikseretayiyan bi proteîn dorpêçî nîn e, kromozomên prokaryotiyan ji ne wek kromozomên navikrasteqînan (êkaryot) ê. Kromozoma navikseretayiyan bi şeweyî bazineyî (xelekî) ye û wekî kromozoma bazineyî (xelekî) an jî ADN-yê navikseretayî tê bi nav kirin. </p><p>Her wekî hemû zindewerên din, ADN-ya bakteriyan jî 4 cor bazên nîtrojenî lixwe digirin. Nukleotîd li gor zagonên Chargaf rêz dibin. ADN-ya bakteriyan jî bi şeweyî lûlpêça hevcot e.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ji xeynî ADN-ya navendî, di xaneyên bakteriyan de hin perçeyên ADN-yê jî heye. Ji van perçeyên bazineyî re tê gotin plazmîd (bi înglîzî: <i>plasmid</i>). Ne yek lê gellek plazmîd di xaneyên bakterî de cih digirin. </p><p>Di dema duhendebûnê de, di ADN-ya bakteriyan de tenê yek orjîn (destpêka duhendebûnê) peyda dibe, ev destpêka duhendebûne ji 100-200 nûkleotîdan pêk tê. Li vê bêşa duhendebûnê ya ADN-yê de bendên qels ên hîdrojenî pir e. Piraniya bazên tewawker A=T ye. Loma duhendebûna ADN-yê ji vir dest pê dike. Pirtikên Okazakî yên li ser zincîra ADN-ya navikseretiyan ji yên navikrasteqiyan girtir in (1000 - 2000 nukleotîd). Duhendebûna ADN-yê jî ji ya navikrasteqiyan leztir rû dide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Çavkanî"><span id=".C3.87avkan.C3.AE"></span>Çavkanî</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Beşê biguhêre: Çavkanî" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Çavkanî"><span>çavkaniyê biguhêre</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1068480">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, E. (2005). Hendersons dictionary of biology. Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/Taybet:BookSources/9780131273849" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-13-127384-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illustrated_Biochemistry.-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Illustrated_Biochemistry._2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Illustrated_Biochemistry._2-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, G., Murray, J., Granner, &amp; MAYES. (2003). Harper's Biochemistry Illustrated (26th ed.). McGraw-Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anatomy_and_physiology-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anatomy_and_physiology_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waugh, A., Grant, A., Chambers, G., Ross, J., &amp; Wilson, K. (2014).Ross and Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness (12th ed.). 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Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biology-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Biology_16-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Biology_16-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooker, R., Widmaier, E., Graham, L., &amp; Stiling, P. (2017).&#160;Biology&#160;(4th ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molecular_biology-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molecular_biology_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, D. P., Pazdernik, N. J., &amp; McGehee, M. R. (2018). Molecular Biology (3rd ed.). London: Academic press,Elsevier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpenStax,_Biology-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OpenStax,_Biology_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rye, C., Wise, R., Jurukovski, V., Desaix, J., Choi, J., &amp; Avissar, Y. (2017).Biology. 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Accessed 24 November 2022</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1138413">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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