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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bone morphogenetic protein</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بروتين تشكل العظام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروتين تشكل العظام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1tanomorfogenetski_proteini" title="Koštanomorfogenetski proteini – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koštanomorfogenetski proteini" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostn%C3%AD_morfogenetick%C3%BD_protein" title="Kostní morfogenetický protein – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kostní morfogenetický protein" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knochenmorphogenetische_Proteine" title="Knochenmorphogenetische Proteine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Knochenmorphogenetische Proteine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna_morfog%C3%A9nica_%C3%B3sea" title="Proteína morfogénica ósea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proteína morfogénica ósea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پروتئین ریخت‌زایی استخوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتئین ریخت‌زایی استخوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_(facteur_de_croissance)" title="BMP (facteur de croissance) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="BMP (facteur de croissance)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna_morfox%C3%A9nica_%C3%B3sea" title="Proteína morfoxénica ósea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proteína morfoxénica ósea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_morfogenetik_tulang" title="Protein morfogenetik tulang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protein morfogenetik tulang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteina_morfogenetica_dell%27osso" title="Proteina morfogenetica dell'osso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteina morfogenetica dell'osso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botmorfogenetisch_prote%C3%AFne" title="Botmorfogenetisch proteïne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Botmorfogenetisch proteïne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E8%B3%AA" title="骨形成タンパク質 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="骨形成タンパク質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka_morfogenetyczne_ko%C5%9Bci" title="Białka morfogenetyczne kości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białka morfogenetyczne kości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%ADna_morfogen%C3%A9tica_%C3%B3ssea" title="Proteína morfogenética óssea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proteína morfogenética óssea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Костный морфогенетический белок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Костный морфогенетический белок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1tani_morfogeneti%C4%8Dki_protein" title="Koštani morfogenetički protein – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Koštani morfogenetički protein" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1tani_morfogeneti%C4%8Dki_protein" title="Koštani morfogenetički protein – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koštani morfogenetički protein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%A1%91%E5%9E%8B%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="骨塑型蛋白 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="骨塑型蛋白" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of growth factor proteins</div> <p><b>Bone morphogenetic proteins</b> (<b>BMPs</b>) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Growth_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth factors">growth factors</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Metabologen" title="Metabologen">metabologens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/wiki/Marshall_R._Urist" title="Marshall R. Urist">Marshall Urist</a> and Professor <a href="/wiki/A._Hari_Reddi" title="A. Hari Reddi">Hari Reddi</a> discovered their ability to induce the formation of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, BMPs are now considered to constitute a group of pivotal morphogenetic signals, orchestrating tissue architecture throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The important functioning of BMP signals in physiology is emphasized by the multitude of roles for dysregulated BMP signalling in pathological processes. Cancerous disease often involves misregulation of the BMP signalling system. Absence of BMP signalling is, for instance, an important factor in the progression of colon cancer,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conversely, overactivation of BMP signalling following reflux-induced <a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">esophagitis</a> provokes <a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a> and is thus instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer#Adenocarcinoma" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal adenocarcinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recombinant human BMPs (rhBMPs) are used in <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedic">orthopedic</a> applications such as <a href="/wiki/Spinal_fusion" title="Spinal fusion">spinal fusions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonunion" title="Nonunion">nonunions</a>, and oral surgery. rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 are <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA)-approved for some uses. rhBMP-2 causes more overgrown bone than any other BMPs and is widely used <a href="/wiki/Off-label" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-label">off-label</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BMPs for clinical use are produced using <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> technology (recombinant human BMPs; rhBMPs). Recombinant BMP-2 and BMP-7 are currently approved for human use.<sup id="cite_ref-Even_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Even-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>rhBMPs are used in oral surgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BMP-7 has also recently found use in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a> (CKD). BMP-7 has been shown in murine animal models to reverse the loss of <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomeruli</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Sclerosis_(medicine)" title="Sclerosis (medicine)">sclerosis</a>. </p><p>A 2022 study by researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_University" title="Maastricht University">Maastricht University</a>, and Ethris GmBH, a biotech company that focuses on RNA therapeutics, found that <a href="/wiki/Chemically_modified_mRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemically modified mRNA">chemically modified mRNA</a> encoding BMP-2 promoted dosage-dependent healing of <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femoral</a> <a href="/wiki/Osteotomy" title="Osteotomy">osteotomies</a> in male rats. The mRNA molecules were complexed within nonviral <a href="/wiki/Lipid_nanoparticles" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid nanoparticles">lipid particles</a>, loaded onto sponges, and surgically implanted into the bone defects. They remained localized around the site of application. Compared to receiving rhBMP-2 directly, bony tissues regenerated after mRNA treatment displayed superior strength and less formation of massive callus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Off-label_use">Off-label use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Off-label use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 are used in the treatment of a variety of bone-related conditions including <a href="/wiki/Spinal_fusion" title="Spinal fusion">spinal fusions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonunion" title="Nonunion">nonunions</a>, the risks of this off-label treatment are not understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Ong_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rhBMPs are approved for specific applications (spinal lumbar fusions with an anterior approach and tibia nonunions), up to 85% of all BMP usage is <a href="/wiki/Off-label" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-label">off-label</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ong_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rhBMP-2 is used extensively in other lumbar spinal fusion techniques (e.g., using a posterior approach, anterior or posterior <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical</a> fusions<sup id="cite_ref-Ong_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_to_autograft_in_long_bone_nonunions">Alternative to autograft in long bone nonunions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternative to autograft in long bone nonunions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved rhBMP-7 (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 7">OP-1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stryker_Corporation" title="Stryker Corporation">Stryker Biotech</a>) for a <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_device_exemption" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian device exemption">humanitarian device exemption</a> as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Autograft" class="mw-redirect" title="Autograft">autograft</a> in long bone nonunions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ong_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the humanitarian device exemption was extended as an alternative to autograft for posterolateral fusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Ong_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, rhBMP-2 (Infuse; <a href="/wiki/Medtronic" title="Medtronic">Medtronic</a>) was approved for anterior <a href="/wiki/Lumbar" title="Lumbar">lumbar</a> interbody fusions (ALIFs) with a lumbar fusion device.<sup id="cite_ref-Ong_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 it was approved to repair posterolateral lumbar <a href="/wiki/Pseudarthrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudarthrosis">pseudarthrosis</a>, open <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> shaft fractures with <a href="/wiki/Intramedullary_nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramedullary nail">intramedullary nail</a> fixation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ong_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ong-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these products, BMPs are delivered to the site of the fracture by being incorporated into a bone implant, and released gradually to allow bone formation, as the growth stimulation by BMPs must be localized and sustained for some weeks. The BMPs are eluted through a purified <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> matrix which is implanted in the site of the fracture.<sup id="cite_ref-Even_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Even-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rhBMP-2 helps grow bone better than any other rhBMP so it is much more widely used clinically.<sup id="cite_ref-Even_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Even-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is "little debate or controversy" about the effectiveness of rhBMP-2 to grow bone to achieve spinal fusions,<sup id="cite_ref-Even_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Even-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Medtronic generates $700 million in annual sales from their product.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACDF_surgery_english.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ACDF_surgery_english.png/220px-ACDF_surgery_english.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ACDF_surgery_english.png/330px-ACDF_surgery_english.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ACDF_surgery_english.png/440px-ACDF_surgery_english.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>anterior cervical discectomy and fusion</figcaption></figure> <p>Bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP) should not be routinely used in any type of anterior cervical spine fusion, such as with <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cervical_discectomy_and_fusion" title="Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion">anterior cervical discectomy and fusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASSfive_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASSfive-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are reports of this therapy causing swelling of <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissue</a> which in turn can cause life-threatening complications due to <a href="/wiki/Difficulty_swallowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Difficulty swallowing">difficulty swallowing</a> and pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASSfive_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASSfive-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BMPs interact with specific receptors on the cell surface, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptors">bone morphogenetic protein receptors</a> (BMPRs). </p><p>Signal transduction through BMPRs results in mobilization of members of the <a href="/wiki/SMAD_(protein)" title="SMAD (protein)">SMAD</a> family of proteins. The signaling pathways involving BMPs, BMPRs and SMADs are important in the development of the heart, central nervous system, and cartilage, as well as post-natal bone development. </p><p>They have an important role during embryonic development on the embryonic patterning and early skeletal formation. As such, disruption of BMP signaling can affect the body plan of the developing embryo. For example, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">BMP4</a> and its inhibitors <a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">noggin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">chordin</a> help regulate polarity of the embryo (i.e. back to front patterning). Specifically BMP-4 and its inhibitors play a major role in neurulation and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Neural_plate" title="Neural plate">neural plate</a>. BMP-4 signals <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> cells to develop into skin cells, but the secretion of inhibitors by the underlying mesoderm blocks the action of BMP-4 to allow the ectoderm to continue on its normal course of neural cell development. Additionally, secretion of BMPs by the roof plate in the developing spinal cord helps to specify dorsal sensory interneurons.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, BMP signaling regulates a variety of embryonic patterning during fetal and embryonic development. For example, BMP signaling controls the early formation of the Müllerian duct (MD) which is a tubular structure in early embryonic developmental stage and eventually becomes female reproductive tracts. Chemical inhibiting BMP signals in chicken embryo caused a disruption of MD invagination and blocked the epithelial thickening of the MD-forming region, indicating that the BMP signals play a role in early MD development.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, BMP signaling is involved in the formation of foregut and hindgut,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intestinal villus patterning, and endocardial differentiation. Villi contribute to increase the effective absorption of nutrients by extending the surface area in small intestine. Gain or lose function of BMP signaling altered the patterning of clusters and emergence of villi in mouse intestinal model.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BMP signal derived from myocardium is also involved in endocardial differentiation during heart development. Inhibited BMP signal in zebrafish embryonic model caused strong reduction of endocardial differentiation, but only had little effect in <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardial development">myocardial development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Notch-Wnt-Bmp crosstalk is required for radial patterning during mouse cochlea development via antagonizing manner.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutations in BMPs and their inhibitors are associated with a number of human disorders which affect the skeleton. </p><p>Several BMPs are also named 'cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins' (CDMPs), while others are referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">growth differentiation factors</a>' (GDFs).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMPs are also involved in adipogenesis and functional regulation of adipose tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BMP4 favors white adipogenesis, whereas BMP7 activates brown fat functionality; BMP inhibitors are also involved in this regulation <sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, seven such proteins were discovered. Of these, six (BMP2 through BMP7) belong to the <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_superfamily" title="Transforming growth factor beta superfamily">Transforming growth factor beta superfamily</a> of proteins. BMP1 is a <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotease" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloprotease">metalloprotease</a>. Since then, thirteen more BMPs, all of which are in the TGF-beta family, have been discovered, bringing the total to twenty.<sup id="cite_ref-Even_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Even-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current nomenclature only recognizes 13, as many others are put under the growth differentiation factor naming instead. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>BMP</th> <th>Known functions</th> <th>Gene Locus </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_1" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 1">BMP1</a> </th> <td>*<i>BMP1 does not belong to the TGF-β family of proteins</i>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotease" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloprotease">metalloprotease</a> that acts on <a href="/wiki/Procollagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Procollagen">procollagen</a> I, II, and III. It is involved in cartilage development. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_8_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 8 (human)">Chromosome: 8</a>; Location: 8p21 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">BMP2</a> </th> <td>Acts as a <a href="/wiki/Disulfide" title="Disulfide">disulfide</a>-linked <a href="/wiki/Homodimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homodimer">homodimer</a> and induces bone and cartilage formation. It is a candidate as a <a href="/wiki/Retinoid" title="Retinoid">retinoid</a> mediator. Plays a key role in <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblast</a> differentiation. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_20_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 20 (human)">Chromosome: 20</a>; Location: 20p12 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 3">BMP3</a> </th> <td>Induces bone formation. BMP 3 is also known as osteogenin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_14_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 14 (human)">Chromosome: 14</a>; Location: 14p22 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 4">BMP4</a> </th> <td>Regulates the formation of teeth, limbs and bone from <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a>. It also plays a role in fracture repair, epidermis formation, dorsal-ventral axis formation, and ovarian follical development. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_14_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 14 (human)">Chromosome: 14</a>; Location: 14q22-q23 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_5" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 5">BMP5</a> </th> <td>Performs functions in cartilage development. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_6_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 6 (human)">Chromosome: 6</a>; Location: 6p12.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_6" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 6">BMP6</a> </th> <td>Plays a role in joint integrity in adults. Controls iron homeostasis via regulation of <a href="/wiki/Hepcidin" title="Hepcidin">hepcidin</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_6_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 6 (human)">Chromosome: 6</a>; Location: 6p12.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 7">BMP7</a> </th> <td>Plays a key role in <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblast</a> differentiation. It also induces the production of <a href="/wiki/SMAD1" class="mw-redirect" title="SMAD1">SMAD1</a>. Also key in renal development and repair. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_20_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 20 (human)">Chromosome: 20</a>; Location: 20q13 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8A" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8A">BMP8a</a> </th> <td>Involved in bone and cartilage development. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 1 (human)">Chromosome: 1</a>; Location: 1p35–p32 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8b" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8b">BMP8b</a> </th> <td>Expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 1 (human)">Chromosome: 1</a>; Location: 1p35–p32 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_10" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 10">BMP10</a> </th> <td>May play a role in the trabeculation of the embryonic heart. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_2_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 2 (human)">Chromosome: 2</a>; Location: 2p14 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">BMP11</a> </th> <td>Controls anterior-posterior patterning. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">Chromosome: 12</a>; Location: 12p </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_15" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 15">BMP15</a> </th> <td>May play a role in <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">follicular</a> development. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_X_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome X (human)">Chromosome: X</a>; Location: Xp11.2 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mammalian_bone_morphogenetic_proteins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mammalian_bone_morphogenetic_proteins.png/220px-Mammalian_bone_morphogenetic_proteins.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mammalian_bone_morphogenetic_proteins.png/330px-Mammalian_bone_morphogenetic_proteins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mammalian_bone_morphogenetic_proteins.png/440px-Mammalian_bone_morphogenetic_proteins.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Sequence relationships among mammalian bone morphogenetic proteins (mouse/human). Modified after Ducy & Karsenty 2000<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10844590_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10844590-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the time of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> it has been known that bone has considerable potential for regeneration and repair. Nicholas Senn, a surgeon at <a href="/wiki/Rush_Medical_College" title="Rush Medical College">Rush Medical College</a> in Chicago, described the utility of antiseptic decalcified bone implants in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a> and certain bone deformities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre Lacroix proposed that there might be a hypothetical substance, osteogenin, that might initiate bone growth.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biological basis of bone morphogenesis was shown by <a href="/wiki/Marshall_R._Urist" title="Marshall R. Urist">Marshall R. Urist</a>. Urist made the key discovery that demineralized, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/lyophilized" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/lyophilized">lyophilized</a> segments of bone induced new bone formation when implanted in muscle pouches in rabbits. This discovery was published in 1965 by Urist in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urist proposed the name "Bone Morphogenetic Protein" in the scientific literature in the <i>Journal of Dental Research</i> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bone induction is a sequential multistep cascade. The key steps in this cascade are <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a>. Early studies by <a href="/wiki/A._Hari_Reddi" title="A. Hari Reddi">Hari Reddi</a> unraveled the sequence of events involved in bone matrix-induced bone morphogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4504376_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4504376-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of the above work, it seemed likely that morphogens were present in the bone matrix. Using a battery of <a href="/wiki/Bioassay" title="Bioassay">bioassays</a> for bone formation, a systematic study was undertaken to isolate and purify putative bone morphogenetic proteins. </p><p>A major stumbling block to purification was the insolubility of demineralized bone matrix. To overcome this hurdle, <a href="/wiki/A._Hari_Reddi" title="A. Hari Reddi">Hari Reddi</a> and Kuber Sampath used dissociative extractants, such as 4M <a href="/wiki/Guanidinium_chloride" title="Guanidinium chloride">guanidine HCL</a>, 8M <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, or 1% <a href="/wiki/Sodium_dodecyl_sulfate" title="Sodium dodecyl sulfate">SDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soluble extract alone or the insoluble residues alone were incapable of new bone induction. This work suggested that the optimal osteogenic activity requires a synergy between soluble extract and the insoluble collagenous substratum. It not only represented a significant advance toward the final purification of bone morphogenetic proteins by the Reddi laboratory,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but ultimately also enabled the cloning of BMPs by John Wozney and colleagues at Genetics Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bone_morphogenetic_protein" title="Talk:Bone morphogenetic protein">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At between <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>6,000 and $10,000 for a typical treatment, BMPs can be costly compared with other techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Bone_grafting" title="Bone grafting">bone grafting</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, this cost is often far less than the costs required with <a href="/wiki/Orthopaedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedic">orthopaedic</a> revision in multiple surgeries. </p><p>While there is little debate that rhBMPs are successful clinically,<sup id="cite_ref-Even_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Even-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is controversy about their use. It is common for orthopedic surgeons to be paid for their contribution to the development of a new product,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some of the surgeons responsible for the original Medtronic-supported studies on the efficacy of rhBMP-2 have been accused of bias and conflict of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, one surgeon, a lead author on four of these research papers, did not disclose any financial ties while with the company on three of the papers;<sup id="cite_ref-Carreyrou_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carreyrou-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was paid over $4 million by Medtronic.<sup id="cite_ref-Carreyrou_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carreyrou-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another study, the lead author did not disclose any financial ties to Medtronic; he was paid at least $11 million by the company.<sup id="cite_ref-Carreyrou_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carreyrou-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a series of 12 publications, the <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a> financial ties of the authors to Medtronic were $12–16 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Carragee_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carragee-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those studies that had more than 20 and 100 patients, one or more authors had financial ties of $1 million and $10 million, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Carragee_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carragee-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early clinical trials using rhBMP-2 underreported <a href="/wiki/Adverse_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse events">adverse events</a> associated with treatment. In the 13 original industry-sponsored publications related to safety, there were zero adverse events in 780 patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Carragee_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carragee-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since been revealed that potential complications can arise from the use including implant displacement, subsidence, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, urogenital events, and <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_ejaculation" title="Retrograde ejaculation">retrograde ejaculation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carreyrou_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carreyrou-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carragee_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carragee-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on a study conducted by the Department of Family Medicine at the Oregon Health and Science University the use of BMP increased rapidly, from 5.5% of fusion cases in 2003 to 28.1% of fusion cases in 2008. BMP use was greater among patients with previous surgery and among those having complex fusion procedures (combined anterior and posterior approach, or greater than 2 disc levels). Major medical complications, wound complications, and 30-day rehospitalization rates were nearly identical with or without BMP. Reoperation rates were also very similar, even after stratifying by previous surgery or surgical complexity, and after adjusting for demographic and clinical features. On average, adjusted hospital charges for operations involving BMP were about $15,000 more than hospital charges for fusions without BMP, though reimbursement under Medicare's Diagnosis-Related Group system averaged only about $850 more. Significantly fewer patients receiving BMP were discharged to a skilled nursing facility.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinal_Fusion_and_Bone_Morphogenetic_Protein_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinal_Fusion_and_Bone_Morphogenetic_Protein-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReddiReddi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Reddi AH, Reddi A (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World-renowned+Orthopedic+Surgeon+Sues+Medical+Device+Company+For+Breach+Of+Contract&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.au=Rebecca+Farbo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fworld-renowned-orthopedic-surgeon-sues-medical-device-company-for-breach-of-contract-187183211.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+morphogenetic+protein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Perry2012" class="citation web cs1">Susan Perry (2012-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minnpost.com/second-opinion/2012/10/report-reveals-disturbing-details-medtronic-s-role-shaping-infuse-articles">"Report reveals disturbing details of Medtronic's role in shaping InFuse articles"</a>. MinnPost<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+reveals+disturbing+details+of+Medtronic%27s+role+in+shaping+InFuse+articles&rft.pub=MinnPost&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft.au=Susan+Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnpost.com%2Fsecond-opinion%2F2012%2F10%2Freport-reveals-disturbing-details-medtronic-s-role-shaping-infuse-articles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+morphogenetic+protein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carreyrou-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carreyrou_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreyrou_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreyrou_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carreyrou_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_CarreyrouTom_McGinty2011" class="citation news cs1">John Carreyrou & Tom McGinty (2011-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303627104576413663395567784">"Medtronic Surgeons Held Back, Study Says"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Medtronic+Surgeons+Held+Back%2C+Study+Says&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft.au=John+Carreyrou&rft.au=Tom+McGinty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303627104576413663395567784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+morphogenetic+protein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carragee-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carragee_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carragee_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carragee_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carragee_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrageeHurwitzWeiner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Carragee EJ, Hurwitz EL, Weiner BK (Jun 2011). "A critical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 trials in spinal surgery: emerging safety concerns and lessons learned". <i>The Spine Journal</i>. <b>11</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">471–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.spinee.2011.04.023">10.1016/j.spinee.2011.04.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21729796">21729796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spine+Journal&rft.atitle=A+critical+review+of+recombinant+human+bone+morphogenetic+protein-2+trials+in+spinal+surgery%3A+emerging+safety+concerns+and+lessons+learned&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E471-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.spinee.2011.04.023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21729796&rft.aulast=Carragee&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Hurwitz%2C+EL&rft.au=Weiner%2C+BK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+morphogenetic+protein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinal_Fusion_and_Bone_Morphogenetic_Protein-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spinal_Fusion_and_Bone_Morphogenetic_Protein_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spinal Fusion and Bone Morphogenetic Protein</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddi1997" class="citation journal cs1">Reddi AH (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2896%2900049-4">"Bone morphogenetic proteins: an unconventional approach to isolation of first mammalian morphogens"</a>. <i>Cytokine Growth Factor Rev</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2896%2900049-4">10.1016/S1359-6101(96)00049-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9174660">9174660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cytokine+Growth+Factor+Rev.&rft.atitle=Bone+morphogenetic+proteins%3A+an+unconventional+approach+to+isolation+of+first+mammalian+morphogens&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1359-6101%2896%2900049-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9174660&rft.aulast=Reddi&rft.aufirst=AH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS1359-6101%252896%252900049-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+morphogenetic+protein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessaCasalReis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bessa PC, Casal M, Reis RL (Jan 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121018132518/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117916474/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0">"Bone morphogenetic proteins in tissue engineering: the road from the laboratory to the clinic, part I (basic concepts)"</a>. <i>Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fterm.63">10.1002/term.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1822%2F13420">1822/13420</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18293427">18293427</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13038950">13038950</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117916474/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0">the original</a> on 2012-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tissue+Engineering+and+Regenerative+Medicine&rft.atitle=Bone+morphogenetic+proteins+in+tissue+engineering%3A+the+road+from+the+laboratory+to+the+clinic%2C+part+I+%28basic+concepts%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1822%2F13420&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13038950%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18293427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fterm.63&rft.aulast=Bessa&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.au=Casal%2C+M&rft.au=Reis%2C+RL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F117916474%2Fabstract%3FCRETRY%3D1%26SRETRY%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+morphogenetic+protein" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_morphogenetic_protein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bone_morphogenetic_proteins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bone morphogenetic proteins">Bone morphogenetic proteins</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1992.html">BMP: The What and the Who</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmpedia.wikidot.com/bmp-family">BMPedia - the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins">Bone+Morphogenetic+Proteins</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenZhaoMundy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chen D, Zhao M, Mundy GR (Dec 2004). "Bone morphogenetic proteins". <i>Growth Factors (Chur, Switzerland)</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08977190412331279890">10.1080/08977190412331279890</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15621726">15621726</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22932278">22932278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Growth+Factors+%28Chur%2C+Switzerland%29&rft.atitle=Bone+morphogenetic+proteins&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22932278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15621726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08977190412331279890&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Zhao%2C+M&rft.au=Mundy%2C+GR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+morphogenetic+protein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengJiangPhillipsHaydon2003" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng H, Jiang W, Phillips FM, Haydon RC, Peng Y, Zhou L, Luu HH, An N, Breyer B, Vanichakarn P, Szatkowski JP, Park JY, He TC (Aug 2003). "Osteogenic activity of the fourteen types of human bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)". <i>The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume</i>. <b>85-A</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1544–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2106%2F00004623-200308000-00017">10.2106/00004623-200308000-00017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12925636">12925636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bone+and+Joint+Surgery.+American+Volume&rft.atitle=Osteogenic+activity+of+the+fourteen+types+of+human+bone+morphogenetic+proteins+%28BMPs%29&rft.volume=85-A&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1544-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2106%2F00004623-200308000-00017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12925636&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Jiang%2C+W&rft.au=Phillips%2C+FM&rft.au=Haydon%2C+RC&rft.au=Peng%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhou%2C+L&rft.au=Luu%2C+HH&rft.au=An%2C+N&rft.au=Breyer%2C+B&rft.au=Vanichakarn%2C+P&rft.au=Szatkowski%2C+JP&rft.au=Park%2C+JY&rft.au=He%2C+TC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+morphogenetic+protein" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415051000/http://www.jbjs.org/article.aspx?articleid=26039">link</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_signaling:_TGFβ_signaling_pathway434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Template:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Template talk:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TGF_beta_signaling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TGF beta signaling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_signaling:_TGFβ_signaling_pathway434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a>: <a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_signaling_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ signaling pathway">TGFβ signaling pathway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_superfamily" title="Transforming growth factor beta superfamily">TGF beta superfamily of ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Ligand of <a href="/wiki/Activin_receptor" title="Activin receptor">ACVR</a> or <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptor" title="TGF beta receptor">TGFBR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGF beta family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">TGF-β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">TGF-β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">TGF-β3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin and inhibin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INHA" title="INHA">INHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBA" title="INHBA">INHBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBB" title="INHBB">INHBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHBC" title="INHBC">INHBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Ligand of <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor">BMPR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bone morphogenetic proteins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">BMP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 3">BMP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_4" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 4">BMP4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_5" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 5">BMP5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_6" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 6">BMP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_7" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 7">BMP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8A" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8A">BMP8a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_8b" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 8b">BMP8b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_10" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 10">BMP10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_15" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 15">BMP15</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">Growth differentiation factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">GDF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">GDF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">GDF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">GDF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">GDF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">GDF7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin/GDF8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor-9" title="Growth differentiation factor-9">GDF9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">GDF10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">GDF11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">GDF15</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">Anti-müllerian hormone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta receptors">TGF beta receptors</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Activin_receptor" title="Activin receptor">Activin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptors">BMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF-beta_receptor_family" title="TGF-beta receptor family">family</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR1:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_1_receptors" title="Activin type 1 receptors">Activin type 1 receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1" title="ACVR1">ACVR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1B" title="ACVR1B">ACVR1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR1C" title="ACVR1C">ACVR1C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVRL1" title="ACVRL1">ACVRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_receptor,_type_1" title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1">BMPR1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1A" title="BMPR1A">BMPR1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR1B" title="BMPR1B">BMPR1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR2:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_type_2_receptors" title="Activin type 2 receptors">Activin type 2 receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A">ACVR2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACVR2B" title="ACVR2B">ACVR2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone_receptor" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor">AMHR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMPR2" title="BMPR2">BMPR2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">TGFBR3:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betaglycan" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaglycan">betaglycan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Transducers</a>/<a href="/wiki/SMAD_(protein)" title="SMAD (protein)">SMAD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">R-SMAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_1" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1">SMAD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">SMAD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3">SMAD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_5" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5">SMAD5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_9" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9">SMAD9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-SMAD" title="I-SMAD">I-SMAD</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_6" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6">SMAD6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7">SMAD7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">SMAD4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway#Ligand_agonists.2Fantagonists" title="TGF beta signaling pathway">Ligand inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(protein)" title="Cerberus (protein)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">Chordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">Follistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)" title="Gremlin (protein)">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_TGF-beta_binding_protein" title="Latent TGF-beta binding protein">LTBP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(A)-specific_ribonuclease" title="Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease">PARN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin_1" title="Thrombospondin 1">THBS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Coreceptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BAMBI" title="BAMBI">BAMBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripto" title="Cripto">Cripto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_FYVE_domain-containing_protein_9" title="Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 9">SARA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_for_treatment_of_bone_diseases_(M05)118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drugs_for_treatment_of_bone_diseases" title="Template:Drugs for treatment of bone diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drugs_for_treatment_of_bone_diseases" title="Template talk:Drugs for treatment of bone diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs_for_treatment_of_bone_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drugs for treatment of bone diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_for_treatment_of_bone_diseases_(M05)118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Bone_disease" title="Bone disease">bone diseases</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M05" title="ATC code M05">M05</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alendronic_acid" title="Alendronic acid">Alendronic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibandronic_acid" title="Ibandronic acid">Ibandronic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incadronic_acid" title="Incadronic acid">Incadronic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minodronic_acid" title="Minodronic acid">Minodronic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neridronic_acid" title="Neridronic acid">Neridronic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamidronic_acid" title="Pamidronic acid">Pamidronic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risedronic_acid" title="Risedronic acid">Risedronic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoledronic_acid" title="Zoledronic acid">Zoledronic acid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-nitrogenous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etidronic_acid" title="Etidronic acid">Etidronic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clodronic_acid" title="Clodronic acid">Clodronic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiludronic_acid" title="Tiludronic acid">Tiludronic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bone morphogenetic proteins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Resorption inhibitor</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipriflavone" title="Ipriflavone">Ipriflavone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_chlorohydrate" title="Aluminium chlorohydrate">Aluminium chlorohydrate</a></li> <li><i>Dual action bone agent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_ranelate" title="Strontium ranelate">Strontium ranelate</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">RANKL</a> inhibitor</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denosumab" title="Denosumab">Denosumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sclerostin" title="Sclerostin">Sclerostin</a> inhibitor</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romosozumab" title="Romosozumab">Romosozumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_K" title="Cathepsin K">Cathepsin K</a> inhibitor</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odanacatib" title="Odanacatib">Odanacatib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone-related_protein" title="Parathyroid hormone-related protein">Parathyroid hormone-related protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaloparatide" title="Abaloparatide">Abaloparatide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teriparatide" title="Teriparatide">Teriparatide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TGFβ_receptor_superfamily_modulators296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template talk:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TGFβ_receptor_superfamily_modulators296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ receptor superfamily"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</abbr> receptor superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_I" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK1" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK1"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 1">ALK1</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor-like type 1">ACVRL1</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/BMP10" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP10">10</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetermin (page does not exist)">Cetermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">2 (BMP9)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ascrinvacumab" title="Ascrinvacumab">Ascrinvacumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-347 (page does not exist)">ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Dalantercept" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalantercept">Dalantercept</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Other inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disitertide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disitertide (page does not exist)">Disitertide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK2" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK2"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 2">ALK2</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1A">ACVR1A</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-1 (page does not exist)">DMH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-347 (page does not exist)">ML-347 (LDN-193719, VU0469381)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK3" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK3"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 3">ALK3</abbr> (<abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A">BMPR1A</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK4" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK4"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 4">ALK4</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1B">ACVR1B</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK5" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK5"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 5">ALK5</abbr> (<abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 1">TGFβR1</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">10 (BMP3B)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fresolimumab" title="Fresolimumab">Fresolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-4476&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-4476 (page does not exist)">D-4476</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-788388&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-788388 (page does not exist)">GW-788388</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-364947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-364947 (page does not exist)">LY-364947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2109761" title="LY-2109761">LY-2109761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galunisertib" title="Galunisertib">Galunisertib (LY-2157299)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-268712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-268712 (page does not exist)">R-268712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RepSox" title="RepSox">RepSox (E-616452, SJN-2511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-525334&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-525334 (page does not exist)">SB-525334</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SD-208&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD-208 (page does not exist)">SD-208</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK6" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK6"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 6">ALK6</abbr> (<abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B">BMPR1B</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP15" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP15">15 (GDF9B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF9" class="mw-redirect" title="GDF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsomorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorsomorphin (page does not exist)">Dorsomorphin (BML-275)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K-02288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K-02288 (page does not exist)">K-02288</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ALK7" class="mw-redirect" title="ALK7"><abbr title="Activin receptor-like kinase 7">ALK7</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin A receptor type 1C">ACVR1C</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_83-01&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A 83-01 (page does not exist)">A 83-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-431542" title="SB-431542">SB-431542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-505124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-505124 (page does not exist)">SB-505124</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_II" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2R2" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβR2"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 2">TGFβR2</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF10" title="GDF10">10 (BMP3B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Fresolimumab" title="Fresolimumab">Fresolimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerdelimumab" title="Lerdelimumab">Lerdelimumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metelimumab" title="Metelimumab">Metelimumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Kinase inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=DMH-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMH-2 (page does not exist)">DMH-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-364947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-364947 (page does not exist)">LY-364947</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/BMPR2" title="BMPR2"><abbr title="Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2">BMPR2</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP10" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP10">10</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF2" title="GDF2">2 (BMP9)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A"><abbr title="Activin receptor type 2A">ACVR2A</abbr> (<abbr title="Activin receptor type 2">ACVR2</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP5" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8A" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8A">8A</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP8B" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP8B">8B</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP15" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP15">15 (GDF9B)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF9" class="mw-redirect" title="GDF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF11" title="GDF11">11 (BMP11)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF15" title="GDF15">15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sotatercept" title="Sotatercept">Sotatercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/ACVR2A" title="ACVR2A"><abbr title="Activin receptor type 2B">ACVR2B</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Activin" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin">Activin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activin_AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Activin AB">AB</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_2" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP4" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP6" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP7" class="mw-redirect" title="BMP7">7</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibotermin alfa">Dibotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptotermin_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eptotermin alfa">Eptotermin alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_differentiation_factor" title="Growth differentiation factor">GDF</a> (<a href="/wiki/GDF1" title="GDF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF3" title="GDF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF5" title="GDF5">5 (BMP14)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF6" title="GDF6">6 (BMP13)</a>, <a href="/wiki/GDF7" title="GDF7">7 (BMP12)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin (GDF8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NODAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NODAL">Nodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein_3" title="Bone morphogenetic protein 3">Osteogenin (BMP3, BMP3A)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radotermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radotermin (page does not exist)">Radotermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefty_(protein)" title="Lefty (protein)">Lefty</a> (<a href="/wiki/LEFTY1" class="mw-redirect" title="LEFTY1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/LEFTY2" title="LEFTY2">2</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Decoy receptors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramatercept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramatercept (page does not exist)">Ramatercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/AMHR2" class="mw-redirect" title="AMHR2"><abbr title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2">AMHR2</abbr> (<abbr title="Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor">AMHR</abbr>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH (MIS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2_superfamily_receptor#Type_III" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβ superfamily receptor">Type III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TGFβR3_(β-glycan)90" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TGF%CE%B2R3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGFβR3"><abbr title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor 3">TGFβR3</abbr> (β-glycan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Ligands:</i> <a href="/wiki/Avotermin" class="mw-redirect" title="Avotermin">Avotermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhibin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin B">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">TGFβ</a> (<a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_1" title="TGF beta 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_2" title="TGF beta 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_3" class="mw-redirect" title="TGF beta 3">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Endogenous antagonists/inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/BAMBI" title="BAMBI">BAMBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(protein)" title="Cerberus (protein)">Cerberus (CER1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordin" title="Chordin">Chordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAN_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="DAN (protein)">DAN (PARN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follistatin" title="Follistatin">Follistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin_(protein)" title="Gremlin (protein)">Gremlin (Drm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTBP1_(gene)" title="LTBP1 (gene)">LTBP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(protein)" title="Noggin (protein)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_interacting_factor" title="Transforming growth interacting factor">TGIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombospondin_1" title="Thrombospondin 1">Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomoregulin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomoregulin 1 (page does not exist)">Tomoregulin 1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antibodies:</i> <a href="/wiki/Stamulumab" title="Stamulumab">Stamulumab</a> (against myostatin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRC105" class="mw-redirect" title="TRC105">TRC105</a> (against endoglin)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Endoglin" title="Endoglin">Endoglin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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