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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caterpillar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caterpillar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Caterpillar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caterpillar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Significance_to_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_to_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Significance to humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_to_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Predators and parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecological importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attraction_to_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attraction_to_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Attraction to light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attraction_to_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noteworthy_moths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noteworthy_moths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Noteworthy moths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Noteworthy_moths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Noteworthy moths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Noteworthy_moths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moth_species_that_may_cause_significant_economic_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moth_species_that_may_cause_significant_economic_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Moth species that may cause significant economic damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moth_species_that_may_cause_significant_economic_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Moth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot" title="Mot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtfalter" title="Nachtfalter – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nachtfalter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="عثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocera" title="Heterocera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Heterocera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharayli" title="Pharayli – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pharayli" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngenget" title="Ngenget – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ngenget" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A5" title="মথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagat" title="Gagat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gagat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4%CD%98" title="Ngô͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Көйәләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көйәләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Молі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Молі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Нощни пеперуди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нощни пеперуди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arna_(insecte)" title="Arna (insecte) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arna (insecte)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Кĕве – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕве" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_mot%C3%BDli" title="Noční motýli – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Noční motýli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikukuvere" title="Chikukuvere – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chikukuvere" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyfyn" title="Gwyfyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyfyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsommerfugle" title="Natsommerfugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Natsommerfugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtfalter" title="Nachtfalter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachtfalter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iich%CA%BC%C4%85hii" title="Iichʼąhii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Iichʼąhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6liblikad" title="Ööliblikad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ööliblikad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%85%CF%87%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Νυχτοπεταλούδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νυχτοπεταλούδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parpaj%C3%B3la" title="Parpajóla – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Parpajóla" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocera" title="Heterocera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heterocera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocera" title="Heterocera – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heterocera" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sits" title="Sits – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sits" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%87_(%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="شب‌پره (حشره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شب‌پره (حشره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9t%C3%A9roc%C3%A8res" title="Hétérocères – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hétérocères" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leamhan" title="Leamhan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leamhan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avela%C3%AD%C3%B1a" title="Avelaíña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Avelaíña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%88" title="НацакӀормацаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="НацакӀормацаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%B0%A9" title="나방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D6%81" title="Ցեց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցեց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="पतंगा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पतंगा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moljci" title="Moljci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Moljci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tineo" title="Tineo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tineo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngengat" title="Ngengat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ngengat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothe" title="Mothe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mothe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavrayuuq" title="Mavrayuuq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Mavrayuuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%C3%A6%D0%BC%D0%BF%C3%A6%D0%B3" title="Рæмпæг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рæмпæг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6lflugur" title="Mölflugur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mölflugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falena" title="Falena – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falena" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עשים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עשים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97" title="ಪತಂಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪತಂಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambubulag" title="Kambubulag – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kambubulag" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%81%D9%95_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%9B%D9%BE%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="دچھہٕ پونٛپُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دچھہٕ پونٛپُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhan" title="Godhan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Godhan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondo_(mdudu)" title="Nondo (mdudu) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nondo (mdudu)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Воз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Воз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D3%B9" title="Когершӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Когершӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Нувца – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Нувца" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocera" title="Heterocera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Heterocera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naktstauri%C5%86i" title="Naktstauriņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Naktstauriņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandys" title="Kandys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kandys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89jszakai_lepk%C3%A9k" title="Éjszakai lepkék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Éjszakai lepkék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Молец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%82" title="നിശാശലഭം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിശാശലഭം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80" title="पाकोळी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाकोळी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%87" title="عثه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عثه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama-rama" title="Rama-rama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rama-rama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtvlinder_(dier)" title="Nachtvlinder (dier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nachtvlinder (dier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naachtoele" title="Naachtoele – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Naachtoele" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5" title="मोथ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मोथ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC" title="ガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Неца – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Неца" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattsvermere" title="Nattsvermere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nattsvermere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattsvermar" title="Nattsvermar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nattsvermar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arna" title="Arna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="Когарш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Когарш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਤੰਗਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਤੰਗਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="پتنگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پتنگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8D" title="اورمکۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورمکۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motten" title="Motten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Motten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86my" title="Ćmy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ćmy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariposa" title="Mariposa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mariposa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molie" title="Molie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Molie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Моли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moch" title="Moch – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Moch" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papalea" title="Papalea – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Papalea" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth" title="Moth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C4%8Dni_metulji" title="Nočni metulji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nočni metulji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ноћни лептири – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ноћни лептири" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moljci" title="Moljci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moljci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geget" title="Geget – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Geget" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6perhonen" title="Yöperhonen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yöperhonen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattfj%C3%A4rilar" title="Nattfjärilar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nattfjärilar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamugamo" title="Gamugamo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gamugamo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="விட்டில் பூச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விட்டில் பூச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afaylellis" title="Afaylellis – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Afaylellis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/tmayan" title="tmayan – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="tmayan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCve" title="Güve – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güve" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Міль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="پتنگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پتنگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbajdaeng" title="Mbajdaeng – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mbajdaeng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojeged" title="Kojeged – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kojeged" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bm_%C4%91%C3%AAm" title="Bướm đêm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bướm đêm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mottn" title="Mottn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mottn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marongparong" title="Marongparong – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Marongparong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of mostly-nocturnal insects in the order Lepidoptera</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moth (disambiguation)">Moth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Moths </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Attacus_atlas_(15050883139).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Atlas moth, Attacus atlas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Attacus_atlas_%2815050883139%29.jpg/220px-Attacus_atlas_%2815050883139%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Attacus_atlas_%2815050883139%29.jpg/330px-Attacus_atlas_%2815050883139%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Attacus_atlas_%2815050883139%29.jpg/440px-Attacus_atlas_%2815050883139%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="3018" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section">Atlas moth, <i><a href="/wiki/Attacus_atlas" title="Attacus atlas">Attacus atlas</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lepidoptera" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphiesmenoptera" title="Amphiesmenoptera">Amphiesmenoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Major divisions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglossata" class="mw-redirect" title="Aglossata">Aglossata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossata" title="Glossata">Glossata</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterobathmiina" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterobathmiina">Heterobathmiina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeugloptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugloptera">Zeugloptera</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p><b>Moths</b> are a group of insects that includes all members of the order <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> that are not <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heppner_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heppner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> with respect to butterflies (suborder Rhopalocera) and neither subordinate taxon is used in modern classifications. Moths make up the vast majority of the order. There are approximately 160,000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of moth,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of which have yet to be described. Most species of moth are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>, although there are also <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal animal">diurnal</a> species. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_between_butterflies_and_moths">Differences between butterflies and moths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_butterflies_and_moths" title="Comparison of butterflies and moths">Comparison of butterflies and moths</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg/220px-Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg/330px-Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg/440px-Basic_moth_identification_features.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>Basic moth identification features</figcaption></figure> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> form a <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> group, the moths, comprising the rest of the Lepidoptera, do not. Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not monophyletic: <a href="/wiki/Microlepidoptera" title="Microlepidoptera">Microlepidoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macrolepidoptera" title="Macrolepidoptera">Macrolepidoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterocera" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterocera">Heterocera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhopalocera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhopalocera">Rhopalocera</a>, Jugatae and Frenatae, <a href="/wiki/Monotrysia" title="Monotrysia">Monotrysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ditrysia" title="Ditrysia">Ditrysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scoble_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoble-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the rules for distinguishing moths from butterflies are not well established, one very good guiding principle is that butterflies have thin <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> and (with the exception of the family <a href="/wiki/Hedylidae" title="Hedylidae">Hedylidae</a>) have small balls or clubs at the end of their antennae. Moth antennae are usually feathery with no ball on the end. The divisions are named by this principle: "club-antennae" (Rhopalocera) or "varied-antennae" (Heterocera). Lepidoptera first evolved during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period, but only evolved their characteristic <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> alongside the rise of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">modern English</a> word <i>moth</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">moððe</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">mohðe</i></span>) from <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a> (compare <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">motti</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">mot</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Motte</i></span> all meaning 'moth'). Its origins are possibly related to the Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">maða</i></span> meaning '<a href="/wiki/Maggot" title="Maggot">maggot</a>' or from the root of <i><a href="/wiki/Midge" title="Midge">midge</a></i> which until the 16th century was used mostly to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a>, usually in reference to devouring clothes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caterpillar">Caterpillar</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg/220px-Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg/330px-Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg/440px-Poplar_hawk-moth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laothoe_populi" title="Laothoe populi">Poplar hawk-moth caterpillar</a> (<i>Laothoe populi</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Moth larvae, or <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, make <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoons</a> from which they emerge as fully grown moths with wings. Some moth caterpillars dig holes in the ground, where they live until they are ready to turn into adult moths.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Moths evolved long before butterflies; moth <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> have been found that may be 190 million years old. Both types of Lepidoptera are thought to have co-evolved with <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>, mainly because most modern species, both as adults and larvae, feed on flowering plants. One of the earliest known species that is thought to be an ancestor of moths is <a href="/wiki/Archaeolepis" title="Archaeolepis"><i>Archaeolepis mane</i></a>. Its fossil fragments show scaled wings that are similar to <a href="/wiki/Caddisflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddisflies">caddisflies</a> in their veining.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance_to_humans">Significance to humans</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moth_September_2008-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Moth_September_2008-3.jpg/200px-Moth_September_2008-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Moth_September_2008-3.jpg/300px-Moth_September_2008-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Moth_September_2008-3.jpg/400px-Moth_September_2008-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="2411" /></a><figcaption>An adult male pine processionary moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Thaumetopoea_pityocampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaumetopoea pityocampa">Thaumetopoea pityocampa</a></i>). This species is a serious forest pest when in its larval state. Notice the bristle springing from the underside of the hindwing (<a href="/wiki/Frenulum" title="Frenulum">frenulum</a>) and running forward to be held in a small catch of the forewing, whose function is to link the wings together.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some moths, particularly their <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a>, can be major <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> pests in many parts of the world. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Corn_borer" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn borer">corn borers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bollworm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollworm (disambiguation)">bollworms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caterpillar of the <a href="/wiki/Spongy_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Spongy moth">spongy moth</a> (<i>Lymantria dispar</i>) causes severe damage to forests in the northeastern United States, where it is an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. In temperate climates, the <a href="/wiki/Codling_moth" title="Codling moth">codling moth</a> causes extensive damage, especially to fruit farms. In tropical and subtropical climates, the diamondback moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Plutella_xylostella" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutella xylostella">Plutella xylostella</a></i>) is perhaps the most serious pest of <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">brassicaceous</a> crops. Also in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eldana" title="Eldana">African sugarcane borer</a> is a major pest of sugarcane, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several moths in the family <a href="/wiki/Tineidae" title="Tineidae">Tineidae</a> are commonly regarded as pests because their larvae eat <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">fabric</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Clothes" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothes">clothes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">blankets</a> made from natural <a href="/wiki/Proteinaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteinaceous">proteinaceous</a> fibers such as <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are less likely to eat mixed materials containing some artificial fibers. There are some reports that they may be repelled by the scent of wood from <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">cedar</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">lavender</a>, or by other natural oils; however, many consider this unlikely to prevent infestation. <a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene</a> (the chemical used in <a href="/wiki/Mothball" title="Mothball">mothballs</a>) is considered more effective, but there are concerns over its effects on human health. </p><p>Despite being <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">commonly thought</a> to be undertaken by all moths,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only the larvae of <a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">several moth species</a> eat animal fibres, creating holes in articles of clothing, in particular those made of wool. Most species do not eat fabrics, and some moth adults do not even eat at all. Some, like the <a href="/wiki/Actias_luna" class="mw-redirect" title="Actias luna">Luna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antheraea_polyphemus" title="Antheraea polyphemus">Polyphemus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attacus_atlas" title="Attacus atlas">Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callosamia_promethea" title="Callosamia promethea">Promethea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyalophora_cecropia" title="Hyalophora cecropia">cecropia</a>, and other large moths do not have mouth parts. This is possible because they live off the food stores from when they were a caterpillar, and only live a short time as an adult (roughly a week for some species).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species of adult moths do however eat: for instance, many will drink <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Items of fabric infested by clothes moth larvae may be treated by freezing them for several days at a temperature below −8 °C (18 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some moths are <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farmed</a> for their economic value. The most notable of these is the <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a>, the larva of the domesticated moth <i><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori</a></i>. It is farmed for the silk with which it builds its <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoon</a>. As of 2002<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moth&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the silk industry produces more than 130 million kilograms of raw silk, worth about 250 million <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollars</a>, each year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all silk is produced by <i>Bombyx mori</i>. There are several species of <a href="/wiki/Saturniidae" title="Saturniidae">Saturniidae</a> that also are farmed for their silk, such as the ailanthus moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Samia_cynthia" title="Samia cynthia">Samia cynthia</a></i> group of species), the Chinese oak silkmoth (<i><a href="/wiki/Antheraea_pernyi" title="Antheraea pernyi">Antheraea pernyi</a></i>), the Assam silkmoth (<i><a href="/wiki/Antheraea_assamensis" title="Antheraea assamensis">Antheraea assamensis</a></i>), and the Japanese silk moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Antheraea_yamamai" title="Antheraea yamamai">Antheraea yamamai</a></i>). </p><p>The larvae of many species are <a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">used as food</a>, particularly in Africa, where they are an important source of nutrition. The mopane worm, the caterpillar of <i><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Gonimbrasia belina</a></i>, from the family Saturniidae, is a significant food resource in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a>. Another saturniid used as food is the cavorting emperor (<i><a href="/wiki/Usta_terpsichore" title="Usta terpsichore">Usta terpsichore</a></i>). In one country alone, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Congo</a>, more than 30 species of moth larvae are harvested. Some are sold not only in the local village markets, but are shipped by the ton from one country to another.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators_and_parasites">Predators and parasites</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg/200px-Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg/300px-Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg/400px-Tobacco_Hornworm_Parasitized_by_Braconid_Wasp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="1803" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco hornworm parasitized by <a href="/wiki/Braconidae" title="Braconidae">braconid wasps</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nocturnal insectivores often feed on moths; these include some <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, some species of <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> and other species of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. Moths also are eaten by some species of <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>. Moth larvae are vulnerable to being parasitized by <a href="/wiki/Ichneumonidae" title="Ichneumonidae">Ichneumonidae</a>. </p><p>Baculoviruses are parasite <a href="/wiki/Double-stranded_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-stranded DNA">double-stranded DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> viruses that are used mostly as <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological control</a> agents. They are members of the <a href="/wiki/Baculoviridae" title="Baculoviridae">Baculoviridae</a>, a family that is restricted to insects. Most baculovirus isolates have been obtained from insects, in particular from Lepidoptera. </p><p>There is evidence that ultrasound in the range emitted by bats causes flying moths to make evasive maneuvers. <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasonic</a> frequencies trigger a reflex action in the <a href="/wiki/Noctuid" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctuid">noctuid</a> moth that causes it to drop a few centimeters or inches in its flight to evade attack,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arctiini_(erebid_moths)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctiini (erebid moths)">tiger moths</a> can emit clicks to foil bats' echolocation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Ophiocordyceps_sinensis" title="Ophiocordyceps sinensis">Ophiocordyceps sinensis</a></i> infects the larvae of many different species of moths.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_importance">Ecological importance</h2></div> <p>Moths, like butterflies, bees and other more popularly recognized <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinating</a> insects, serve an essential role as pollinators for many flowering plants, including species that bees do not visit. Nocturnal moths fly from flower to flower to feed on nectar during the night much as their diurnal relatives do during the day. A study conducted in the UK found moths dusted with pollen from 47 different plant species, including seven species largely ignored by bees.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies indicate that certain species of moths, such as those belonging to the families <a href="/wiki/Erebidae" title="Erebidae">Erebidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sphingidae" title="Sphingidae">Sphingidae</a>, may be the key pollinators for some flowering plants in the Himalayan ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roles of moths as pollinators have been studied less frequently than those of diurnal pollinators, but recent studies have established that moths are important, but often overlooked, nocturnal pollinators of a wide range of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers say it is likely that many plants thought to be dependent on bees for pollination also rely on moths, which have historically been less observed because they pollinate mainly at night. <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attraction_to_light">Attraction to light</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moth_near_lamp_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Moth_near_lamp_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Moths circling an electric lightbulb</figcaption></figure> <p>Moths frequently appear to circle artificial lights. The reason for this behavior (positive <a href="/wiki/Phototaxis" title="Phototaxis">phototaxis</a>) is currently unknown. </p><p>One hypothesis is called celestial or transverse orientation. By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light, such as the moon, they can fly in a straight line. Celestial objects are so far away that, even after travelling great distances, the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible; further, the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field, or on the horizon. When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation, the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance, in addition to being often below the horizon. The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light, thereby causing airborne moths to come plummeting downward, and resulting in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have found that <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> caused by increasing use of artificial lights has either led to a severe decline in moth population in some parts of the world<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or has severely disrupted nocturnal pollination.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noteworthy_moths">Noteworthy moths</h2></div> <ul><li>Atlas moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Attacus_atlas" title="Attacus atlas">Attacus atlas</a></i>), one of the largest moths in the world</li> <li>Hercules moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Coscinocera_hercules" title="Coscinocera hercules">Coscinocera hercules</a></i>), largest moth in Australia</li> <li>White witch moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Thysania_agrippina" title="Thysania agrippina">Thysania agrippina</a></i>), the Lepidopteran with the longest wingspan</li> <li>Madagascan sunset moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Chrysiridia_rhipheus" title="Chrysiridia rhipheus">Chrysiridia rhipheus</a></i>), considered to be one of the most impressive and beautiful Lepidoptera<sup id="cite_ref-Tait_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tait-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death%27s-head_hawkmoth" title="Death's-head hawkmoth">Death's-head hawkmoth</a> (<i>Acherontia</i> spp.), is associated with the supernatural and evil and has been featured in art and movies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppered_moth" title="Peppered moth">Peppered moth</a> (<i>Biston betularia</i>), the subject of a well-known study in natural selection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_moth" title="Luna moth">Luna moth</a> (<i>Actias luna</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grease moth">Grease moth</a> (<i>Aglossa cuprina</i>), known to have fed on the rendered fat of humans<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opodiphthera_eucalypti" title="Opodiphthera eucalypti">Emperor gum moth</a> (<i>Opodiphthera eucalypti</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheraea_polyphemus" title="Antheraea polyphemus">Polyphemus moth</a> (<i>Antheraea polyphemus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogong_moth" title="Bogong moth">Bogong moth</a> (<i>Agrotis infusa</i>), known to have been a food source for southeastern <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornate_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornate moth">Ornate moth</a> (<i>Utetheisa ornatrix</i>), the subject of numerous behavioral studies regarding sexual selection</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moth_species_that_may_cause_significant_economic_damage">Moth species that may cause significant economic damage</h3></div> <ul><li>Spongy moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Lymantria_dispar" title="Lymantria dispar">Lymantria dispar</a></i>), an invasive species pest of hardwood trees in North America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_moth" title="Winter moth">Winter moth</a> (<i>Operophtera brumata</i>), an invasive species pest of hardwood trees, cranberry and blueberry in northeastern North America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea" title="Helicoverpa zea">Corn earworm</a> or cotton bollworm (<i>Helicoverpa zea</i>), a major agricultural pest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianmeal_moth" title="Indianmeal moth">Indianmeal moth</a> (<i>Plodia interpunctella</i>), a major pest of grain and flour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codling_moth" title="Codling moth">Codling moth</a> (<i>Cydia pomonella</i>), a pest mostly of apple, pear and walnut trees</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_brown_apple_moth" title="Light brown apple moth">Light brown apple moth</a> (<i>Epiphyas postvittana</i>), a highly <a href="/wiki/Polyphagous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphagous">polyphagous</a> pest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax moth">Wax moths</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Galleria_mellonella" title="Galleria mellonella">Galleria mellonella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Achroia_grisella" class="mw-redirect" title="Achroia grisella">Achroia grisella</a></i>), pests of bee hives</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duponchelia_fovealis" title="Duponchelia fovealis">Duponchelia fovealis</a></i>, a new invasive pest of vegetables and ornamental plants in the United States</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrographia_Schem_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of a plume moth from Robert Hooke's Micrographia"><img alt="Diagram of a plume moth from Robert Hooke's Micrographia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Micrographia_Schem_30.jpg/101px-Micrographia_Schem_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Micrographia_Schem_30.jpg/152px-Micrographia_Schem_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Micrographia_Schem_30.jpg/202px-Micrographia_Schem_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1731" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of a <a href="/wiki/Plume_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plume moth">plume moth</a> from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pergesa_acteus_(Cramer,_1779),_Kerala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf-shaped moth (Pergesa acteus)"><img alt="Leaf-shaped moth (Pergesa acteus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pergesa_acteus_%28Cramer%2C_1779%29%2C_Kerala.jpg/120px-Pergesa_acteus_%28Cramer%2C_1779%29%2C_Kerala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pergesa_acteus_%28Cramer%2C_1779%29%2C_Kerala.jpg/180px-Pergesa_acteus_%28Cramer%2C_1779%29%2C_Kerala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pergesa_acteus_%28Cramer%2C_1779%29%2C_Kerala.jpg/240px-Pergesa_acteus_%28Cramer%2C_1779%29%2C_Kerala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf-shaped moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Pergesa_acteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergesa acteus">Pergesa acteus</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_grey_moth.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant grey moth (Agrius convolvuli)"><img alt="Giant grey moth (Agrius convolvuli)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Giant_grey_moth.png/120px-Giant_grey_moth.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Giant_grey_moth.png/180px-Giant_grey_moth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Giant_grey_moth.png/240px-Giant_grey_moth.png 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1189" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giant grey moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Agrius_convolvuli" title="Agrius convolvuli">Agrius convolvuli</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colourful_Moth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oleander hawk-moth or army green moth (Daphnis nerii)"><img alt="Oleander hawk-moth or army green moth (Daphnis nerii)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colourful_Moth.jpg/120px-Colourful_Moth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colourful_Moth.jpg/180px-Colourful_Moth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colourful_Moth.jpg/240px-Colourful_Moth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oleander hawk-moth or army green moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Daphnis_nerii" title="Daphnis nerii">Daphnis nerii</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_spotted_moths_1_(3745889925).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Six-spot burnet moths mating (Zygaena filipendulae)"><img alt="Six-spot burnet moths mating (Zygaena filipendulae)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_spotted_moths_1_%283745889925%29.jpg/120px-Red_spotted_moths_1_%283745889925%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_spotted_moths_1_%283745889925%29.jpg/180px-Red_spotted_moths_1_%283745889925%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Red_spotted_moths_1_%283745889925%29.jpg/240px-Red_spotted_moths_1_%283745889925%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Six-spot burnet moths mating (<i><a href="/wiki/Zygaena_filipendulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygaena filipendulae">Zygaena filipendulae</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_cocoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Protective silk (or similar material) case (cocoon)"><img alt="Protective silk (or similar material) case (cocoon)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silk_cocoon.jpg/120px-Silk_cocoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silk_cocoon.jpg/180px-Silk_cocoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Silk_cocoon.jpg/240px-Silk_cocoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Protective silk (or similar material) case (cocoon)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caterpillar-----02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A caterpillar of death's-head hawkmoth"><img alt="A caterpillar of death's-head hawkmoth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Caterpillar-----02.jpg/120px-Caterpillar-----02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Caterpillar-----02.jpg/180px-Caterpillar-----02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Caterpillar-----02.jpg/240px-Caterpillar-----02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A caterpillar of <a href="/wiki/Death%27s-head_hawkmoth" title="Death's-head hawkmoth">death's-head hawkmoth</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joined_moths.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mating pair of Laothoe populi, or poplar hawkmoths, showing two different color variants"><img alt="Mating pair of Laothoe populi, or poplar hawkmoths, showing two different color variants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Joined_moths.JPG/120px-Joined_moths.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Joined_moths.JPG/180px-Joined_moths.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Joined_moths.JPG/240px-Joined_moths.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mating pair of <i><a href="/wiki/Laothoe_populi" title="Laothoe populi">Laothoe populi</a></i>, or poplar hawkmoths, showing two different color variants</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White-lined_sphinx_moth.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="White-lined sphinx moth in Colorado, United States"><img alt="White-lined sphinx moth in Colorado, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/White-lined_sphinx_moth.JPG/120px-White-lined_sphinx_moth.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/White-lined_sphinx_moth.JPG/180px-White-lined_sphinx_moth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/White-lined_sphinx_moth.JPG/240px-White-lined_sphinx_moth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hyles_lineata" title="Hyles lineata">White-lined sphinx moth</a> in Colorado, United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of a common clothes moth"><img alt="Closeup of a common clothes moth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/120px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/180px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/240px-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closeup of a <a href="/wiki/Tineola_bisselliella" title="Tineola bisselliella">common clothes moth</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_silk_moth_(Adelowalkeria_tristygma).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant silk moth (Adelowalkeria tristygma)"><img alt="Giant silk moth (Adelowalkeria tristygma)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Giant_silk_moth_%28Adelowalkeria_tristygma%29.jpg/120px-Giant_silk_moth_%28Adelowalkeria_tristygma%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Giant_silk_moth_%28Adelowalkeria_tristygma%29.jpg/180px-Giant_silk_moth_%28Adelowalkeria_tristygma%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Giant_silk_moth_%28Adelowalkeria_tristygma%29.jpg/240px-Giant_silk_moth_%28Adelowalkeria_tristygma%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3729" data-file-height="2486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giant silk moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Adelowalkeria" title="Adelowalkeria">Adelowalkeria tristygma</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_Emperor_Moth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adult emperor moth (Gonimbrasia belina)"><img alt="Adult emperor moth (Gonimbrasia belina)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Adult_Emperor_Moth.jpg/120px-Adult_Emperor_Moth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Adult_Emperor_Moth.jpg/180px-Adult_Emperor_Moth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Adult_Emperor_Moth.jpg/240px-Adult_Emperor_Moth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adult emperor moth (<i><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Gonimbrasia belina</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Moth_on_marble_floor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A moth on a marble floor in Kolkata, India"><img alt="A moth on a marble floor in Kolkata, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/A_Moth_on_marble_floor.jpg/120px-A_Moth_on_marble_floor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/A_Moth_on_marble_floor.jpg/180px-A_Moth_on_marble_floor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/A_Moth_on_marble_floor.jpg/240px-A_Moth_on_marble_floor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A moth on a marble floor in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clothes_moth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clothes moth, eye"><img alt="Clothes moth, eye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Clothes_moth.jpg/120px-Clothes_moth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Clothes_moth.jpg/180px-Clothes_moth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Clothes_moth.jpg/240px-Clothes_moth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="3405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clothes moth, eye</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_rose-myrtle_lappet_moth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female rose-myrtle lappet moth hanging on the wooden door"><img alt="Female rose-myrtle lappet moth hanging on the wooden door" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Female_rose-myrtle_lappet_moth.jpg/120px-Female_rose-myrtle_lappet_moth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Female_rose-myrtle_lappet_moth.jpg/180px-Female_rose-myrtle_lappet_moth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Female_rose-myrtle_lappet_moth.jpg/240px-Female_rose-myrtle_lappet_moth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female <a href="/wiki/Rose-myrtle_lappet_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose-myrtle lappet moth">rose-myrtle lappet moth</a> hanging on the wooden door</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Moth_on_artificial_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A moth on artificial flowers in Kolkata, India"><img alt="A moth on artificial flowers in Kolkata, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Moth_on_artificial_flowers.jpg/115px-A_Moth_on_artificial_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Moth_on_artificial_flowers.jpg/173px-A_Moth_on_artificial_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/A_Moth_on_artificial_flowers.jpg/230px-A_Moth_on_artificial_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A moth on artificial flowers in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aglaomorpha_histrio_on_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiger moth (Aglaomorpha histrio)"><img alt="Tiger moth (Aglaomorpha histrio)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aglaomorpha_histrio_on_leaf.jpg/90px-Aglaomorpha_histrio_on_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aglaomorpha_histrio_on_leaf.jpg/135px-Aglaomorpha_histrio_on_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Aglaomorpha_histrio_on_leaf.jpg/181px-Aglaomorpha_histrio_on_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="2071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tiger moth (<a href="/wiki/Aglaomorpha_histrio" title="Aglaomorpha histrio"><i>Aglaomorpha histrio</i></a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Box_Tree_Moth_under_leaf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis)"><img alt="Box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Box_Tree_Moth_under_leaf.jpg/92px-Box_Tree_Moth_under_leaf.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Box_Tree_Moth_under_leaf.jpg/138px-Box_Tree_Moth_under_leaf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Box_Tree_Moth_under_leaf.jpg/185px-Box_Tree_Moth_under_leaf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="2025" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Box tree moth (<a href="/wiki/Cydalima_perspectalis" title="Cydalima perspectalis"><i>Cydalima perspectalis</i></a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baculovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baculovirus">Baculovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tineola_bisselliella" title="Tineola bisselliella">Clothing moth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_butterflies_and_moths" title="Comparison of butterflies and moths">Comparison of butterflies and moths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of moths">List of moths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidopterism" title="Lepidopterism">Lepidopterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothman" title="Mothman">Mothman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilkes" title="Benjamin Wilkes">Wilkes, Benjamin</a> (1749). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73622">The English Moths and Butterflies</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Heppner-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heppner_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeppner2008" class="citation book cs1">Heppner, J.B. (2008). "Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera)". In Capinera, J.L. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Entomology</i>. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 2491–2494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6359-6_4705">10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4705</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6242-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-6242-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moths+%28Lepidoptera%3A+Heterocera%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Entomology&rft.pages=2491-2494&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Dordrecht&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6359-6_4705&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1&rft.aulast=Heppner&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/moths.htm">"Moths"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Institution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702164937/https://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/moths.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Moths&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2FEncyclopedia_SI%2Fnmnh%2Fbuginfo%2Fmoths.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scoble-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scoble_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scoble, MJ 1995. The Lepidoptera: Form, function and diversity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 404 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawaharaPlotkinEspelandMeusemann2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akito_Y._Kawahara" title="Akito Y. Kawahara">Kawahara, Akito Y.</a>; Plotkin, David; Espeland, Marianne; Meusemann, Karen; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A.; Donath, Alexander; Gimnich, France; Frandsen, Paul B.; Zwick, Andreas; Reis, Mario dos; Barber, Jesse R. (5 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6842621">"Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>116</b> (45): 22657–22663. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11622657K">2019PNAS..11622657K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1907847116">10.1073/pnas.1907847116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6842621">6842621</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31636187">31636187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Phylogenomics+reveals+the+evolutionary+timing+and+pattern+of+butterflies+and+moths&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=22657-22663&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6842621%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..11622657K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31636187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1907847116&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Kawahara&rft.aufirst=Akito+Y.&rft.au=Plotkin%2C+David&rft.au=Espeland%2C+Marianne&rft.au=Meusemann%2C+Karen&rft.au=Toussaint%2C+Emmanuel+F.+A.&rft.au=Donath%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Gimnich%2C+France&rft.au=Frandsen%2C+Paul+B.&rft.au=Zwick%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Reis%2C+Mario+dos&rft.au=Barber%2C+Jesse+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6842621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby1958" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Gene (1958). <i>What is a Butterfly</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdri.org/publications/nature-notes/evolution-ecology/evolution-of-moths-and-butterflies/">the original</a> on 6 January 2014. <q>Studying the evolution of butterflies and moths is challenging, since fossils are so rare. But the few Lepidopteran fossils that exist, captured in amber or compressed in fine-grained rocks, show an astonishing amount of detail. The earliest Lepidopteran fossils appear in rocks that are about 190 million years old. These tiny fragments of scaled wings and bodies clearly indicate that moths evolved before butterflies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chihuahuan+Desert+Nature+Center&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Moths+and+Butterflies&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Cathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdri.org%2Fpublications%2Fnature-notes%2Fevolution-ecology%2Fevolution-of-moths-and-butterflies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez-CornejoCaswell2006" class="citation web cs1">Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge; Caswell, Margriet (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614154639/http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf">"The First Decade of Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ers.usda.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>. Economic Information Bulletin Number 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib11/eib11.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ers.usda.gov&rft.atitle=The+First+Decade+of+Genetically+Engineered+Crops+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2006-04&rft.aulast=Fernandez-Cornejo&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft.au=Caswell%2C+Margriet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2Fpublications%2Feib11%2Feib11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlong1994" class="citation journal cs1">Conlong, D.E. (February 1994). "A review and perspectives for the biological control of the African sugarcane stalkborer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)". <i>Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 9–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AgEE...48....9C">1994AgEE...48....9C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-8809%2894%2990070-1">10.1016/0167-8809(94)90070-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agriculture%2C+Ecosystems+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=A+review+and+perspectives+for+the+biological+control+of+the+African+sugarcane+stalkborer+Eldana+saccharina+Walker+%28Lepidoptera%3A+Pyralidae%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-17&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0167-8809%2894%2990070-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994AgEE...48....9C&rft.aulast=Conlong&rft.aufirst=D.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, Thomas (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LorrYj5pkKYC&pg=PA681"><i>Concise Encyclopedia Biology</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112033954/http://books.google.com/books?id=LorrYj5pkKYC&pg=PA681">Archived</a> 12 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-010661-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-010661-2">3-11-010661-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2010" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Arianne (January 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/28/garden/28fix.html">"When Moths Make a Home in Yours"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+Moths+Make+a+Home+in+Yours&rft.date=2010-01-27&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Arianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F01%2F28%2Fgarden%2F28fix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwickLuo2022" class="citation web cs1">Zwick, Andreas; Luo, Ying (January 5, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/news/all/articles/2022/january/clothes-eating-moths">"Moths eating your clothes? It's actually their hungry little caterpillars – here's how to get rid of them"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSIRO&rft.atitle=Moths+eating+your+clothes%3F+It%27s+actually+their+hungry+little+caterpillars+%E2%80%93+here%27s+how+to+get+rid+of+them&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft.aulast=Zwick&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Luo%2C+Ying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fall%2Farticles%2F2022%2Fjanuary%2Fclothes-eating-moths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonkel2012" class="citation web cs1">Konkel, Lindsey (28 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/21933-moth-week-facts.html">"7 Things You Don't Know About Moths, But Should"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120234758/https://www.livescience.com/21933-moth-week-facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=7+Things+You+Don%27t+Know+About+Moths%2C+But+Should&rft.date=2012-07-28&rft.aulast=Konkel&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F21933-moth-week-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoe,_D.-H.2016" class="citation web cs1">Choe, D.-H. (21 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7435.html">"How to Manage Pests | Pests of Homes, Structures, People, and Pets | Clothes Moths"</a>. <i>ipm.ucdavis.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070625180637/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7435.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipm.ucdavis.edu&rft.atitle=How+to+Manage+Pests+%7C+Pests+of+Homes%2C+Structures%2C+People%2C+and+Pets+%7C+Clothes+Moths&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.au=Choe%2C+D.-H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu%2FPMG%2FPESTNOTES%2Fpn7435.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/AD452E/ad452e2a.htm">"Table 74. Raw silk: production (including waste)"</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318231103/http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/AD452E/ad452e2a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2008</span>. <q>Table lists worldwide raw silk production 132,400 metric tonnes in 2002</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+74.+Raw+silk%3A+production+%28including+waste%29&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F004%2FAD452E%2Fad452e2a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307195458/http://www.indiansilk.kar.nic.in/csb/Statistics/forexchg_tasar/forexchg_tasar_Local/SilkFlash/RawSilkPrice_tnap.asp">"Silk Exchanges of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh"</a>. Central Silk Board of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiansilk.kar.nic.in/csb/Statistics/forexchg_tasar/forexchg_tasar_Local/SilkFlash/RawSilkPrice_tnap.asp">the original</a> on 7 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Exchanges+of+Tamil+Nadu+and+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.pub=Central+Silk+Board+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiansilk.kar.nic.in%2Fcsb%2FStatistics%2Fforexchg_tasar%2Fforexchg_tasar_Local%2FSilkFlash%2FRawSilkPrice_tnap.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span> gives silk prices in rupees. Exchange rate is about 50 RS to dollar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619042940/http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/exploitation/silk_worm.php">"Silk Worm Farming"</a>. Vegan Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegansociety.com/html/animals/exploitation/silk_worm.php">the original</a> on 19 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2008</span>. <q>World Raw Silk Production in 1996 is listed as 83,670 metric tonnes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silk+Worm+Farming&rft.pub=Vegan+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegansociety.com%2Fhtml%2Fanimals%2Fexploitation%2Fsilk_worm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107031911/http://food-insects.com/edible%20species.htm">"Some Edible Species"</a>. <i>Food-Insects.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smithsonianmag.com&rft.atitle=Moths+are+the+Unsung+Heroes+of+Pollination&rft.aulast=Kuta&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fmoths-are-the-unsung-heroes-of-pollination-180980491%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12903572">"Why Are Moths Attracted to Flame?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Npr.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Npr.org">npr.org</a></i>. 18 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108215236/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12903572">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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O. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Artificial+light+at+night+as+a+new+threat+to+pollination&rft.volume=548&rft.issue=7666&rft.pages=206-209&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4466564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.548..206K&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature23288&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28783730&rft.aulast=Knop&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Zoller%2C+Leana&rft.au=Ryser%2C+Remo&rft.au=Gerpe%2C+Christopher&rft.au=H%C3%B6rler%2C+Maurin&rft.au=Fontaine%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-03947729%2Ffile%2Fnature23288.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tait-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tait_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTait2006" class="citation book cs1">Tait, Malcolm (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jDkO2fMTgC&pg=PA38"><i>Animal Tragic: Popular Misconceptions of Wildlife Through the Centuries</i></a>. Think Books. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84525-015-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84525-015-7"><bdi>978-1-84525-015-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222943/https://books.google.com/books?id=o8jDkO2fMTgC&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Tragic%3A+Popular+Misconceptions+of+Wildlife+Through+the+Centuries&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Think+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84525-015-7&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8jDkO2fMTgC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brundage, Adrienne (23 March 2009), Other Arthropods of Forensic Importance, Texas A&M University, Texas A&M University Forensic Entomology Lecture</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/25px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/38px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/50px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Lepidoptera_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lepidoptera" title="Template:Lepidoptera"><abbr title="View this 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title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Zeugloptera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Zeugloptera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Micropterigoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:25.15em"><a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Micropterigoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Micropterigidae" title="Micropterigidae">Micropterigidae <small>(mandibulate archaic moths)</small></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Aglossata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Aglossata</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Agathiphagoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:25.15em"><a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Agathiphagoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Agathiphaga" title="Agathiphaga">Agathiphagidae <small>(kauri moths)</small></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Heterobathmiina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Heterobathmia" title="Heterobathmia">Heterobathmiina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Heterobathmioidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:25.15em"><a href="/wiki/Heterobathmia" title="Heterobathmia">Heterobathmioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heterobathmia" title="Heterobathmia">Heterobathmiidae</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Glossata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Glossata" title="Glossata">Glossata</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Dacnonypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eriocranioidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Eriocranioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eriocraniidae" title="Eriocraniidae">Eriocraniidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthoctesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthopteroctetoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acanthopteroctetidae" title="Acanthopteroctetidae">Acanthopteroctetidae <small>(archaic sun moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lophocoronoidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lophocoronoidea" title="Lophocoronoidea">Lophocoronidae</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Neopseustidae" title="Neopseustidae">Neopseustina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Neopseustidae" title="Neopseustidae">Neopseustoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aenigmatineidae" title="Aenigmatineidae">Aenigmatineidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopseustidae" title="Neopseustidae">Neopseustidae <small>(archaic bell moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Exoporia" title="Exoporia">Exoporia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Hepialoidea" title="Hepialoidea">Hepialoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoses" title="Anomoses">Anomosetidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepialidae" title="Hepialidae">Hepialidae <small>(swift moths, ghost moths)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotheora" title="Neotheora">Neotheoridae <small>(Amazonian primitive ghost moths)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeosetidae" title="Palaeosetidae">Palaeosetidae <small>(miniature ghost moths)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototheoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototheoridae">Prototheoridae <small>(African primitive ghost moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Mnesarchaea" title="Mnesarchaea">Mnesarchaeoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mnesarchaea" title="Mnesarchaea">Mnesarchaeidae <small>(New Zealand primitive moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Heteroneura" title="Heteroneura">H<br />e<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />n<br />e<br />u<br />r<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.1em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Monotrysia" title="Monotrysia">M<br />o<br />n<br />o<br />t<br />r<br />y<br />s<br />i<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Adeloidea" title="Adeloidea">Adeloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Adelidae" title="Adelidae">Adelidae <small>(fairy longhorn moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cecidosidae" title="Cecidosidae">Cecidosidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heliozelidae" title="Heliozelidae">Heliozelidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Incurvariidae" title="Incurvariidae">Incurvariidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prodoxidae" title="Prodoxidae">Prodoxidae <small>(yucca moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Andesiana" title="Andesiana">Andesianoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andesiana" title="Andesiana">Andesianidae <small>(Andean endemic moths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Nepticuloidea" title="Nepticuloidea">Nepticuloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nepticulidae" title="Nepticulidae">Nepticulidae <small>(pigmy, or midget moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opostegidae" title="Opostegidae">Opostegidae <small>(white eyecap moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Palaephatidae" title="Palaephatidae">Palaephatoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Palaephatidae" title="Palaephatidae">Palaephatidae <small>(Gondwanaland moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Tischerioidea" title="Tischerioidea">Tischerioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tischerioidea" title="Tischerioidea">Tischeriidae <small>(trumpet leaf miner moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.1em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Ditrysia" title="Ditrysia">D<br />i<br />t<br />r<br />y<br />s<br />i<br />a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Simaethistoidea" title="Simaethistoidea">Simaethistoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Simaethistoidea" title="Simaethistoidea">Simaethistidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Tineoidea" title="Tineoidea">Tineoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acrolophidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolophidae">Acrolophidae <small>(burrowing webworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arrhenophanidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhenophanidae">Arrhenophanidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eriocottidae" title="Eriocottidae">Eriocottidae <small>(Old World spiny-winged moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bagworm_moth" title="Bagworm moth">Psychidae <small>(bagworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tineidae" title="Tineidae">Tineidae <small>(fungus moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Gracillarioidea" title="Gracillarioidea">Gracillarioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bucculatricidae" title="Bucculatricidae">Bucculatricidae <small>(ribbed cocoon makers)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Douglasiidae" title="Douglasiidae">Douglasiidae <small>(Douglas moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gracillariidae" title="Gracillariidae">Gracillariidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roeslerstammiidae" title="Roeslerstammiidae">Roeslerstammiidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Yponomeutoidea" title="Yponomeutoidea">Yponomeutoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acrolepiidae" title="Acrolepiidae">Acrolepiidae <small>(false diamondback moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bedelliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedelliidae">Bedelliidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glyphipterigidae" title="Glyphipterigidae">Glyphipterigidae <small>(sedge moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heliodinidae" title="Heliodinidae">Heliodinidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyonetiidae" title="Lyonetiidae">Lyonetiidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plutellidae" title="Plutellidae">Plutellidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ermine_moth" title="Ermine moth">Yponomeutidae <small>(ermine moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ypsolophidae" title="Ypsolophidae">Ypsolophidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Gelechioidea" title="Gelechioidea">Gelechioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Autostichidae" title="Autostichidae">Autostichidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batrachedridae" title="Batrachedridae">Batrachedridae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blastobasidae" title="Blastobasidae">Blastobasidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coleophoridae" title="Coleophoridae">Coleophoridae <small>(case-bearers, case moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cosmopterigidae" title="Cosmopterigidae">Cosmopterigidae <small>(cosmet moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elachistidae" title="Elachistidae">Elachistidae <small>(grass-miner moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gelechiidae" title="Gelechiidae">Gelechiidae <small>(twirler moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lecithoceridae" title="Lecithoceridae">Lecithoceridae <small>(long-horned moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lypusidae" title="Lypusidae">Lypusidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metachanda" title="Metachanda">Metachandidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Momphidae" title="Momphidae">Momphidae <small>(mompha moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oecophoridae" title="Oecophoridae">Oecophoridae <small>(concealer moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pterolonchidae" title="Pterolonchidae">Pterolonchidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scythrididae" title="Scythrididae">Scythrididae <small>(flower moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xyloryctidae" title="Xyloryctidae">Xyloryctidae <small>(timber moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Galacticidae" title="Galacticidae">Galacticoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Galacticidae" title="Galacticidae">Galacticidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Zygaenoidea" title="Zygaenoidea">Zygaenoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Heterogynidae" title="Heterogynidae">Heterogynidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zygaenidae" title="Zygaenidae">Zygaenidae <small>(burnet, forester, or smoky moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Himantopteridae" title="Himantopteridae">Himantopteridae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lacturidae" title="Lacturidae">Lacturidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somabrachyidae" title="Somabrachyidae">Somabrachyidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flannel_moth" title="Flannel moth">Megalopygidae <small>(flannel moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aididae" title="Aididae">Aididae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anomoeotidae" title="Anomoeotidae">Anomoeotidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cyclotorna" title="Cyclotorna">Cyclotornidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epipyropidae" title="Epipyropidae">Epipyropidae <small>(planthopper parasite moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dalceridae" title="Dalceridae">Dalceridae <small>(slug caterpillars)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Limacodidae" title="Limacodidae">Limacodidae <small>(slug, or cup moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Cossoidea" title="Cossoidea">Cossoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cossidae" title="Cossidae">Cossidae <small>(carpenter millers, or goat moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dudgeonea" title="Dudgeonea">Dudgeoneidae <small>(dudgeon carpenter moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Sesioidea" title="Sesioidea">Sesioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Brachodidae" title="Brachodidae">Brachodidae <small>(little bear moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Castniidae" title="Castniidae">Castniidae <small>(castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sesiidae" title="Sesiidae">Sesiidae <small>(clearwing moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Choreutidae" title="Choreutidae">Choreutoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Choreutidae" title="Choreutidae">Choreutidae <small>(metalmark moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Tortricidae" title="Tortricidae">Tortricoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tortricidae" title="Tortricidae">Tortricidae <small>(tortrix moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Urodidae" title="Urodidae">Urodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Urodidae" title="Urodidae">Urodidae <small>(false burnet moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Schreckensteiniidae" title="Schreckensteiniidae">Schreckensteinioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Schreckensteiniidae" title="Schreckensteiniidae">Schreckensteiniidae <small>(bristle-legged moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Epermeniidae" title="Epermeniidae">Epermenioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Epermeniidae" title="Epermeniidae">Epermeniidae <small>(fringe-tufted moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Alucitoidea" title="Alucitoidea">Alucitoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Many-plumed_moth" title="Many-plumed moth">Alucitidae <small>(many-plumed moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tineodidae" title="Tineodidae">Tineodidae <small>(false plume moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Pterophoridae" title="Pterophoridae">Pterophoroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pterophoridae" title="Pterophoridae">Pterophoridae <small>(plume moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Whalleyana" title="Whalleyana">Whalleyanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Whalleyana" title="Whalleyana">Whalleyanidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Immidae" title="Immidae">Immoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Immidae" title="Immidae">Immidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Copromorphoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Copromorphoidea">Copromorphoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Copromorphidae" title="Copromorphidae">Copromorphidae <small>(tropical fruitworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carposinidae" title="Carposinidae">Carposinidae <small>(fruitworm moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Thyrididae" title="Thyrididae">Thyridoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thyrididae" title="Thyrididae">Thyrididae <small>(picture-winged leaf moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Callidulidae" title="Callidulidae">Calliduloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Callidulidae" title="Callidulidae">Callidulidae <small>(Old World butterfly-moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Papilionoidea" title="Papilionoidea">Papilionoidea</a><br /><small><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_butterfly" title="Swallowtail butterfly">Papilionidae <small>(swallowtail butterflies)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hedylidae" title="Hedylidae">Hedylidae <small>(American moth-butterflies)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skipper_(butterfly)" title="Skipper (butterfly)">Hesperiidae <small>(skippers)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pieridae" title="Pieridae">Pieridae <small>(whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riodinidae" title="Riodinidae">Riodinidae <small>(metalmarks)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae <small>(gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nymphalidae" title="Nymphalidae">Nymphalidae <small>(brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Hyblaeidae" title="Hyblaeidae">Hyblaeoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hyblaeidae" title="Hyblaeidae">Hyblaeidae <small>(teak moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Pyraloidea" title="Pyraloidea">Pyraloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pyralidae" title="Pyralidae">Pyralidae <small>(snout moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crambidae" title="Crambidae">Crambidae <small>(grass moth)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Mimallonoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimallonoidea">Mimallonoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mimallonoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimallonoidea">Mimallonidae <small>(sack bearer moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Lasiocampoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasiocampoidea">Lasiocampoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lasiocampidae" title="Lasiocampidae">Lasiocampidae <small>(eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Bombycoidea" title="Bombycoidea">Bombycoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Anthelidae" title="Anthelidae">Anthelidae <small>(Australian lappet moth)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apatelodidae" title="Apatelodidae">Apatelodidae <small>(American silkworm moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bombycidae" title="Bombycidae">Bombycidae <small>(silk moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brahmaeidae" title="Brahmaeidae">Brahmaeidae <small>(Brahmin moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dryandra_moth" title="Dryandra moth">Carthaeidae <small>(Dryandra moth)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endromidae" title="Endromidae">Endromidae <small>(Kentish glory and relatives)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eupterotidae" title="Eupterotidae">Eupterotidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phiditiidae" title="Phiditiidae">Phiditiidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saturniidae" title="Saturniidae">Saturniidae <small>(saturniids)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sphingidae" title="Sphingidae">Sphingidae <small>(hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Noctuoidea" title="Noctuoidea">Noctuoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Erebidae" title="Erebidae">Erebidae <small>(underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Euteliidae" title="Euteliidae">Euteliidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Noctuidae" title="Noctuidae">Noctuidae <small>(daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nolidae" title="Nolidae">Nolidae <small>(tuft moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Notodontidae" title="Notodontidae">Notodontidae <small>(prominents, kittens)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oenosandridae" title="Oenosandridae">Oenosandridae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Drepanoidea" title="Drepanoidea">Drepanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Drepanidae" title="Drepanidae">Drepanidae <small>(hook-tips)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cimeliidae" title="Cimeliidae">Cimeliidae <small>(gold moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Doidae" title="Doidae">Doidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em"><a href="/wiki/Geometroidea" title="Geometroidea">Geometroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sematuridae" title="Sematuridae">Sematuridae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pseudobistonidae" title="Pseudobistonidae">Pseudobistonidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epicopeiidae" title="Epicopeiidae">Epicopeiidae <small>(oriental swallowtail moths)</small></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uraniidae" title="Uraniidae">Uraniidae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geometer_moth" title="Geometer moth">Geometridae <small>(geometer moths)</small></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em">Superfamily unassigned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Millieriidae" title="Millieriidae">Millieriidae</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: division <a href="/wiki/Monotrysia" title="Monotrysia">Monotrysia</a> is not a clade.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Lepidoptera" title="Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera">Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Lepidoptera_by_region" title="Lists of Lepidoptera by region">Lists by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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