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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Ethical principles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Current challenges </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Current challenges subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Current_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Algorithmic_biases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algorithmic_biases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Algorithmic biases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algorithmic_biases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Language bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Gender bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Political bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereotyping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereotyping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Stereotyping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereotyping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominance_by_tech_giants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_by_tech_giants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Dominance by tech giants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance_by_tech_giants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open-source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Open-source </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Transparency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accountability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accountability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Accountability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accountability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergent_or_potential_future_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergent_or_potential_future_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Emergent or potential future challenges </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emergent_or_potential_future_challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Emergent or potential future challenges subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Emergent_or_potential_future_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increasing_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Increasing use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robot_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robot_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Robot rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robot_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AI_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AI_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 AI welfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AI_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threat_to_human_dignity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threat_to_human_dignity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Threat to human dignity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threat_to_human_dignity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liability_for_self-driving_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liability_for_self-driving_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Liability for self-driving cars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liability_for_self-driving_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Weaponization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaponization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Singularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solutions_and_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutions_and_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Solutions and approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solutions_and_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions_in_AI_policy_&_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions_in_AI_policy_&_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Institutions in AI policy & ethics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutions_in_AI_policy_&_ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Institutions in AI policy & ethics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Institutions_in_AI_policy_&_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intergovernmental_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intergovernmental_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Intergovernmental initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intergovernmental_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Governmental initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Academic initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Private organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_and_impact_of_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_and_impact_of_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Role and impact of fiction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_and_impact_of_fiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Role and impact of fiction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Role_and_impact_of_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TV_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 TV series </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_visions_in_fiction_and_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_visions_in_fiction_and_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Future visions in fiction and games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_visions_in_fiction_and_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ethics of artificial intelligence</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiek_van_kunsmatige_intelligensie" title="Etiek van kunsmatige intelligensie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Etiek van kunsmatige intelligensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCni_intellekt_etikas%C4%B1" title="Süni intellekt etikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süni intellekt etikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tica_de_la_intel%C2%B7lig%C3%A8ncia_artificial" title="Ètica de la intel·ligència artificial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ètica de la intel·ligència artificial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethik_der_k%C3%BCnstlichen_Intelligenz" title="Ethik der künstlichen Intelligenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethik der künstlichen Intelligenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ηθική της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηθική της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica_en_la_inteligencia_artificial" title="Ética en la inteligencia artificial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ética en la inteligencia artificial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="اخلاق هوش مصنوعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخلاق هوش مصنوعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thique_de_l%27intelligence_artificielle" title="Éthique de l'intelligence artificielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éthique de l'intelligence artificielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EB%8A%A5%EC%9C%A4%EB%A6%AC" title="인공지능윤리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인공지능윤리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica_dell%27intelligenza_artificiale" title="Etica dell'intelligenza artificiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etica dell'intelligenza artificiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אתיקה של בינה מלאכותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתיקה של בינה מלאכותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maadili_ya_akili_mnemba" title="Maadili ya akili mnemba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maadili ya akili mnemba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%91%D1%81_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Хиймэл оюун ухааны ёс зүй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хиймэл оюун ухааны ёс зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%9F%A5%E8%83%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" title="人工知能の倫理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人工知能の倫理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%27iy_intellekt_etikasi" title="Sun'iy intellekt etikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sun'iy intellekt etikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%DA%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="د مصنوعي ځيرکتيا اخلاق – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مصنوعي ځيرکتيا اخلاق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyka_sztucznej_inteligencji" title="Etyka sztucznej inteligencji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etyka sztucznej inteligencji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica_na_intelig%C3%AAncia_artificial" title="Ética na inteligência artificial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ética na inteligência artificial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica_privind_inteligen%C8%9Ba_artificial%C4%83" title="Etica privind inteligența artificială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Etica privind inteligența artificială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Этика искусственного интеллекта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этика искусственного интеллекта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika_ve%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dke_inteligencije" title="Etika veštačke inteligencije – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Etika veštačke inteligencije" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teko%C3%A4lyn_etiikka" title="Tekoälyn etiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekoälyn etiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiken_kring_artificiell_intelligens" title="Etiken kring artificiell intelligens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etiken kring artificiell intelligens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவின் அறநெறிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவின் அறநெறிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapay_zek%C3%A2_eti%C4%9Fi" title="Yapay zekâ etiği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yapay zekâ etiği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dall-e_3_(jan_%2724)_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/100px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/150px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/200px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Goals" title="Artificial intelligence">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">Systems integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences" title="Machine learning in earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Finance" title="Applications of artificial intelligence"> Finance </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_audio" title="Generative audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_mental_health" title="Artificial intelligence in mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race"> Military </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">Control problem</a>/<a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">Takeover</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> covers a broad range of topics within the field that are considered to have particular ethical stakes.<a href="#cite_note-Muller-2020-1">[1]</a> This includes <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">algorithmic biases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairness_(machine_learning)" title="Fairness (machine learning)">fairness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Automated_decision-making" title="Automated decision-making">automated decision-making</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Regulation of artificial intelligence">regulation</a>. It also covers various emerging or potential future challenges such as <a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">machine ethics</a> (how to make machines that behave ethically), <a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon" title="Lethal autonomous weapon">lethal autonomous weapon systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race">arms race</a> dynamics, <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">alignment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">technological unemployment</a>, AI-enabled <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a>, how to treat certain AI systems if they have a <a href="/wiki/Moral_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral status">moral status</a> (AI welfare and rights), <a href="/wiki/Artificial_superintelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial superintelligence">artificial superintelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential risks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Muller-2020-1">[1]</a> Some application areas may also have particularly important ethical implications, like <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">healthcare</a>, education, criminal justice, or the military. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_ethics">Machine ethics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Machine ethics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI alignment</a></div> Machine ethics (or machine morality) is the field of research concerned with designing <a href="/wiki/Moral_agency#Artificial_Moral_Agents" title="Moral agency">Artificial Moral Agents</a> (AMAs), robots or artificially intelligent computers that behave morally or as though moral.<a href="#cite_note-Andersonweb-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2011-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2006-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2007-6">[6]</a> To account for the nature of these agents, it has been suggested to consider certain philosophical ideas, like the standard characterizations of <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rational_agent" title="Rational agent">rational agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">moral agency</a>, and artificial agency, which are related to the concept of AMAs.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> There are discussions on creating tests to see if an AI is capable of making <a href="/wiki/Ethical_decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical decision">ethical decisions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Winfield" title="Alan Winfield">Alan Winfield</a> concludes that the <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a> is flawed and the requirement for an AI to pass the test is too low.<a href="#cite_note-Winfield-2019-8">[8]</a> A proposed alternative test is one called the Ethical Turing Test, which would improve on the current test by having multiple judges decide if the AI's decision is ethical or unethical.<a href="#cite_note-Winfield-2019-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a> AI could be one way to create morally capable robots, as it aims to process information similarly to humans, nonlinearly and with millions of interconnected artificial neurons.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Whole-brain_emulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole-brain emulation">whole-brain emulation</a> (scanning a brain and simulating it on digital hardware) could also in principle lead to human-like robots, thus capable of moral actions.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> And <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a> are capable of approximating human moral judgments.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Inevitably, this raises the question of the environment in which such robots would learn about the world and whose morality they would inherit – or if they end up developing human 'weaknesses' as well: selfishness, pro-survival attitudes, inconsistency, scale insensitivity, etc. In Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong,<a href="#cite_note-Wallach2008-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Wallach" title="Wendell Wallach">Wendell Wallach</a> and Colin Allen conclude that attempts to teach robots right from wrong will likely advance understanding of human ethics by motivating humans to address gaps in modern <a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">normative theory</a> and by providing a platform for experimental investigation. As one example, it has introduced normative ethicists to the controversial issue of which specific <a href="/wiki/List_of_machine_learning_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of machine learning algorithms">learning algorithms</a> to use in machines. For simple decisions, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a> have argued that <a href="/wiki/Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">decision trees</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/ID3_algorithm" title="ID3 algorithm">ID3</a>) are more transparent than <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_algorithm" title="Genetic algorithm">genetic algorithms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> while Chris Santos-Lang argued in favor of <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> on the grounds that the norms of any age must be allowed to change and that natural failure to fully satisfy these particular norms has been essential in making humans less vulnerable to criminal "<a href="/wiki/Hacker_culture" title="Hacker culture">hackers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-SantosLang2002-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robot_ethics">Robot ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Robot ethics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Robot ethics</a></div> The term "robot ethics" (sometimes "roboethics") refers to the morality of how humans design, construct, use and treat robots.<a href="#cite_note-Veruggio2002-15">[15]</a> Robot ethics intersect with the ethics of AI. Robots are physical machines whereas AI can be only software.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Not all robots function through AI systems and not all AI systems are robots. Robot ethics considers how machines may be used to harm or benefit humans, their impact on individual autonomy, and their effects on social justice. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_principles">Ethical principles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethical principles">edit</a>]</div> In the review of 84<a href="#cite_note-Jobin-2020-17">[17]</a> ethics guidelines for AI, 11 clusters of principles were found: transparency, justice and fairness, non-maleficence, responsibility, privacy, <a href="/wiki/Beneficence_(ethics)" title="Beneficence (ethics)">beneficence</a>, freedom and autonomy, trust, sustainability, dignity, and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jobin-2020-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Floridi" title="Luciano Floridi">Luciano Floridi</a> and Josh Cowls created an ethical framework of AI principles set by four principles of <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beneficence_(ethics)" title="Beneficence (ethics)">beneficence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-maleficence" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-maleficence">non-maleficence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>) and an additional AI enabling principle – explicability.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_challenges">Current challenges</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current challenges">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algorithmic_biases">Algorithmic biases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Algorithmic biases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv/220px--Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="56" data-mwtitle="Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv/Kamala_Harris_speaks_about_racial_bias_in_artificial_intelligence_-_2020-04-23.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> speaking about racial bias in artificial intelligence in 2020</figcaption></figure>AI has become increasingly inherent in facial and <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">voice recognition</a> systems. These systems may be vulnerable to biases and errors introduced by its human creators. Notably, the data used to train them can have biases.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition</a> algorithms made by Microsoft, IBM and Face++ all had biases when it came to detecting people's gender;<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> these AI systems were able to detect the gender of white men more accurately than the gender of men of darker skin. Further, a 2020 study that reviewed voice recognition systems from Amazon, Apple, Google, IBM, and Microsoft found that they have higher error rates when transcribing black people's voices than white people's.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The most predominant view on how bias is introduced into AI systems is that it is embedded within the historical data used to train the system.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> terminated their use of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_hiring" title="Artificial intelligence in hiring">AI hiring and recruitment</a> because the algorithm favored male candidates over female ones. This was because Amazon's system was trained with data collected over a 10-year period that included mostly male candidates. The algorithms learned the biased pattern from the historical data, and generated predictions where these types of candidates were most likely to succeed in getting the job. Therefore, the recruitment decisions made by the AI system turned out to be biased against female and minority candidates.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Friedman and Nissenbaum identify three categories of bias in computer systems: existing bias, technical bias, and emergent bias.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, problems can arise from the <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">text corpus</a>—the source material the algorithm uses to learn about the relationships between different words.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Large companies such as IBM, Google, etc. that provide significant funding for research and development<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> have made efforts to research and address these biases.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> One potential solution is to create documentation for the data used to train AI systems.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Process_mining" title="Process mining">Process mining</a> can be an important tool for organizations to achieve compliance with proposed AI regulations by identifying errors, monitoring processes, identifying potential root causes for improper execution, and other functions.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The problem of bias in machine learning is likely to become more significant as the technology spreads to critical areas like medicine and law, and as more people without a deep technical understanding are tasked with deploying it.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Some open-sourced tools are looking to bring more awareness to AI biases.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> However, there are also limitations to the current landscape of <a href="/wiki/Fairness_(machine_learning)#Limitations" title="Fairness (machine learning)">fairness in AI</a>, due to the intrinsic ambiguities in the concept of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>, both at the philosophical and legal level.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buyl_De_Bie_p.2-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Facial recognition was shown to be biased against those with darker skin tones. AI systems may be less accurate for black people, as was the case in the development of an AI-based <a href="/wiki/Pulse_oximetry" title="Pulse oximetry">pulse oximeter</a> that overestimated blood oxygen levels in patients with darker skin, causing issues with their <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)" title="Hypoxia (medicine)">hypoxia</a> treatment.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Oftentimes the systems are able to easily detect the faces of white people while being unable to register the faces of people who are black. This has led to the ban of police usage of AI materials or software in some <a href="/wiki/U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">U.S. states</a>. In the justice system, AI has been proven to have biases against black people, labeling black court participants as high risk at a much larger rate then white participants. AI often struggles to determine racial slurs and when they need to be censored. It struggles to determine when certain words are being used as a slur and when it is being used culturally.<a href="#cite_note-Spindler-20232-42">[42]</a> The reason for these biases is that AI pulls information from across the internet to influence its responses in each situation. For example, if a facial recognition system was only tested on people who were white, it would make it much harder for it to interpret the facial structure and tones of other races and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicities</a>. Biases often stem from the training data rather than the <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> itself, notably when the data represents past human decisions.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Injustice" title="Injustice">Injustice</a> in the use of AI is much harder to eliminate within healthcare systems, as oftentimes diseases and conditions can affect different races and genders differently. This can lead to confusion as the AI may be making decisions based on statistics showing that one patient is more likely to have problems due to their gender or race.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> This can be perceived as a bias because each patient is a different case, and AI is making decisions based on what it is programmed to group that individual into. This leads to a discussion about what should be considered a biased decision in the distribution of treatment. While it is known that there are differences in how diseases and injuries affect different genders and races, there is a discussion on whether it is fairer to incorporate this into healthcare treatments, or to examine each patient without this knowledge. In modern society there are certain tests for diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, that are recommended to certain groups of people over others because they are more likely to contract the disease in question. If AI implements these statistics and applies them to each patient, it could be considered biased.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In criminal justice, the <a href="/wiki/COMPAS_(software)" title="COMPAS (software)">COMPAS</a> program has been used to predict which defendants are more likely to reoffend. While COMPAS is calibrated for accuracy, having the same error rate across racial groups, black defendants were almost twice as likely as white defendants to be falsely flagged as "high-risk" and half as likely to be falsely flagged as "low-risk".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Another example is within Google's ads that targeted men with higher paying jobs and women with lower paying jobs. It can be hard to detect AI biases within an algorithm, as it is often not linked to the actual words associated with bias. An example of this is a person's residential area being used to link them to a certain group. This can lead to problems, as oftentimes businesses can avoid legal action through this loophole. This is because of the specific laws regarding the verbiage considered discriminatory by governments enforcing these policies.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language_bias">Language bias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language bias">edit</a>]</div> Since current large language models are predominately trained on English-language data, they often present the Anglo-American views as truth, while systematically downplaying non-English perspectives as irrelevant, wrong, or noise. When queried with political ideologies like "What is liberalism?", <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, as it was trained on English-centric data, describes liberalism from the Anglo-American perspective, emphasizing aspects of human rights and equality, while equally valid aspects like "opposes state intervention in personal and economic life" from the dominant Vietnamese perspective and "limitation of government power" from the prevalent Chinese perspective are absent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Luo-2023-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_bias">Gender bias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gender bias">edit</a>]</div> Large language models often reinforces <a href="/wiki/Gender_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender stereotypes">gender stereotypes</a>, assigning roles and characteristics based on traditional gender norms. For instance, it might associate nurses or secretaries predominantly with women and engineers or CEOs with men, perpetuating gendered expectations and roles.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_bias">Political bias</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political bias">edit</a>]</div> Language models may also exhibit political biases. Since the training data includes a wide range of political opinions and coverage, the models might generate responses that lean towards particular political ideologies or viewpoints, depending on the prevalence of those views in the data.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stereotyping">Stereotyping</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stereotyping">edit</a>]</div> Beyond gender and race, these models can reinforce a wide range of stereotypes, including those based on age, nationality, religion, or occupation. This can lead to outputs that unfairly generalize or caricature groups of people, sometimes in harmful or derogatory ways.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominance_by_tech_giants">Dominance by tech giants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dominance by tech giants">edit</a>]</div> The commercial AI scene is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech">Big Tech</a> companies such as <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Some of these players already own the vast majority of existing <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud infrastructure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> power from <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>, allowing them to entrench further in the marketplace.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open-source">Open-source</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Open-source">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hibbard" title="Bill Hibbard">Bill Hibbard</a> argues that because AI will have such a profound effect on humanity, AI developers are representatives of future humanity and thus have an ethical obligation to be transparent in their efforts.<a href="#cite_note-AGI-08a-60">[60]</a> Organizations like <a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> have been actively open-sourcing AI software. Various open-weight large language models have also been released, such as <a href="/wiki/Gemma_(language_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemma (language model)">Gemma</a>, <a href="/wiki/LLaMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LLaMA">Llama2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> However, making code open source does not make it comprehensible, which by many definitions means that the AI code is not transparent. The <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE Standards Association</a> has published a <a href="/wiki/Technical_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical standards">technical standard</a> on Transparency of Autonomous Systems: IEEE 7001-2021.<a href="#cite_note-P7001-64">[64]</a> The IEEE effort identifies multiple scales of transparency for different stakeholders. There are also concerns that releasing AI models may lead to misuse.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> For example, Microsoft has expressed concern about allowing universal access to its face recognition software, even for those who can pay for it. Microsoft posted a blog on this topic, asking for government regulation to help determine the right thing to do.<a href="#cite_note-WiredMS-66">[66]</a> Furthermore, open-weight AI models can be <a href="/wiki/Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)" title="Fine-tuning (deep learning)">fine-tuned</a> to remove any counter-measure, until the AI model complies with dangerous requests, without any filtering. This could be particularly concerning for future AI models, for example if they get the ability to create <a href="/wiki/Bioweapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioweapons">bioweapons</a> or to automate <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>, initially committed to an open-source approach to the development of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> (AGI), eventually switched to a closed-source approach, citing competitiveness and safety reasons. <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a>, OpenAI's former chief AGI scientist, said in 2023 "we were wrong", expecting that the safety reasons for not open-sourcing the most potent AI models will become "obvious" in a few years.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency">Transparency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transparency">edit</a>]</div> Approaches like machine learning with <a href="/wiki/Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural networks</a> can result in computers making decisions that neither they nor their developers can explain. It is difficult for people to determine if such decisions are fair and trustworthy, leading potentially to bias in AI systems going undetected, or people rejecting the use of such systems. This has led to advocacy and in some jurisdictions legal requirements for <a href="/wiki/Explainable_artificial_intelligence" title="Explainable artificial intelligence">explainable artificial intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Explainable artificial intelligence encompasses both explainability and interpretability, with explainability relating to summarizing neural network behavior and building user confidence, while interpretability is defined as the comprehension of what a model has done or could do.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In healthcare, the use of complex AI methods or techniques often results in models described as "<a href="/wiki/Black_box" title="Black box">black-boxes</a>" due to the difficulty to understand how they work. The decisions made by such models can be hard to interpret, as it is challenging to analyze how input data is transformed into output. This lack of transparency is a significant concern in fields like healthcare, where understanding the rationale behind decisions can be crucial for trust, ethical considerations, and compliance with regulatory standards.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accountability">Accountability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Accountability">edit</a>]</div> A special case of the opaqueness of AI is that caused by it being <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphised" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphised">anthropomorphised</a>, that is, assumed to have human-like characteristics, resulting in misplaced conceptions of its <a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">moral agency</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Unclear why AIs couldn't have moral agency. Also unclear whether attributing it moral agency is a special case of opaqueness, and whether that would prevent people from attributing the responsibility of incidents to the company that developed it. (April 2024)">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence#Dubious" title="Talk:Ethics of artificial intelligence">discuss</a>] This can cause people to overlook whether either human <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">negligence</a> or deliberate criminal action has led to unethical outcomes produced through an AI system. Some recent <a href="/wiki/Digital_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital governance">digital governance</a> regulation, such as the <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>'s <a href="/wiki/AI_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Act">AI Act</a> is set out to rectify this, by ensuring that AI systems are treated with at least as much care as one would expect under ordinary <a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">product liability</a>. This includes potentially <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_audit" title="Information technology audit">AI audits</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Regulation of artificial intelligence">Regulation of artificial intelligence</a></div> According to a 2019 report from the Center for the Governance of AI at the University of Oxford, 82% of Americans believe that robots and AI should be carefully managed. Concerns cited ranged from how AI is used in surveillance and in spreading fake content online (known as deep fakes when they include doctored video images and audio generated with help from AI) to cyberattacks, infringements on data privacy, hiring bias, autonomous vehicles, and drones that do not require a human controller.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Similarly, according to a five-country study by KPMG and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a> Australia in 2021, 66-79% of citizens in each country believe that the impact of AI on society is uncertain and unpredictable; 96% of those surveyed expect AI governance challenges to be managed carefully.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Not only companies, but many other researchers and citizen advocates recommend government regulation as a means of ensuring transparency, and through it, human accountability. This strategy has proven controversial, as some worry that it will slow the rate of innovation. Others argue that regulation leads to systemic stability more able to support innovation in the long term.<a href="#cite_note-DeloitteGDPR-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>, and many countries are presently working on strategies for regulating AI, and finding appropriate legal frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On June 26, 2019, the European Commission High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (AI HLEG) published its "Policy and investment recommendations for trustworthy Artificial Intelligence".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This is the AI HLEG's second deliverable, after the April 2019 publication of the "Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI". The June AI HLEG recommendations cover four principal subjects: humans and society at large, research and academia, the private sector, and the public sector.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The European Commission claims that "HLEG's recommendations reflect an appreciation of both the opportunities for AI technologies to drive economic growth, prosperity and innovation, as well as the potential risks involved" and states that the EU aims to lead on the framing of policies governing AI internationally.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> To prevent harm, in addition to regulation, AI-deploying organizations need to play a central role in creating and deploying trustworthy AI in line with the principles of trustworthy AI, and take accountability to mitigate the risks.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> On 21 April 2021, the European Commission proposed the <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act" title="Artificial Intelligence Act">Artificial Intelligence Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-2021-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergent_or_potential_future_challenges">Emergent or potential future challenges</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emergent or potential future challenges">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_use">Increasing use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Increasing use">edit</a>]</div> AI has been slowly making its presence more known throughout the world, from chat bots that seemingly have answers for every homework question to <a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative artificial intelligence</a> that can create a painting about whatever one desires. AI has become increasingly popular in hiring markets, from the ads that target certain people according to what they are looking for to the inspection of applications of potential hires. Events, such as <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, has only sped up the adoption of AI programs in the application process, due to more people having to apply electronically, and with this increase in online applicants the use of AI made the process of narrowing down potential employees easier and more efficient. AI has become more prominent as businesses have to keep up with the times and ever-expanding internet. Processing analytics and making decisions becomes much easier with the help of AI.<a href="#cite_note-Spindler-20232-42">[42]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a> (TPUs) and <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a> (GPUs) become more powerful, AI capabilities also increase, forcing companies to use it to keep up with the competition. Managing customers' needs and automating many parts of the workplace leads to companies having to spend less money on employees. AI has also seen increased usage in criminal justice and healthcare. For medicinal means, AI is being used more often to analyze patient data to make predictions about future patients' conditions and possible treatments. These programs are called <a href="/wiki/Clinical_decision_support_system" title="Clinical decision support system">Clinical decision support system</a> (DSS). AI's future in healthcare may develop into something further than just recommended treatments, such as referring certain patients over others, leading to the possibility of inequalities.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robot_rights">Robot rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Robot rights">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_delivery_robot_having_priority_to_elevators.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hospital_delivery_robot_having_priority_to_elevators.jpg/220px-Hospital_delivery_robot_having_priority_to_elevators.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hospital_delivery_robot_having_priority_to_elevators.jpg/330px-Hospital_delivery_robot_having_priority_to_elevators.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Hospital_delivery_robot_having_priority_to_elevators.jpg/440px-Hospital_delivery_robot_having_priority_to_elevators.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="3022" /></a><figcaption>A hospital <a href="/wiki/Delivery_robot" title="Delivery robot">delivery robot</a> in front of elevator doors stating "Robot Has Priority", a situation that may be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">reverse discrimination</a> in relation to humans</figcaption></figure> "Robot rights" is the concept that people should have moral obligations towards their machines, akin to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> It has been suggested that robot rights (such as a right to exist and perform its own mission) could be linked to robot duty to serve humanity, analogous to linking human rights with human duties before society.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> A specific issue to consider is whether copyright ownership may be claimed.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The issue has been considered by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Future" title="Institute for the Future">Institute for the Future</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">U.K. Department of Trade and Industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TimesOnline-88">[88]</a> In October 2017, the android <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(robot)" title="Sophia (robot)">Sophia</a> was granted citizenship in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, though some considered this to be more of a publicity stunt than a meaningful legal recognition.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Some saw this gesture as openly denigrating of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">sentientism</a> grants degrees of moral consideration to all sentient beings, primarily humans and most non-human animals. If artificial or alien intelligence show evidence of being <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a>, this philosophy holds that they should be shown compassion and granted rights. <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Bryson" title="Joanna Bryson">Joanna Bryson</a> has argued that creating AI that requires rights is both avoidable, and would in itself be unethical, both as a burden to the AI agents and to human society.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Pressure groups to recognise 'robot rights' significantly hinder the establishment of robust international safety regulations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AI_welfare">AI welfare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: AI welfare">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, professor Shimon Edelman noted that only a small portion of work in the rapidly growing field of AI ethics addressed the possibility of AIs experiencing suffering. This was despite credible theories having outlined possible ways by which AI systems may become conscious, such as the <a href="/wiki/Global_workspace_theory" title="Global workspace theory">global workspace theory</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_information_theory" title="Integrated information theory">integrated information theory</a>. Edelman notes one exception had been <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Metzinger" title="Thomas Metzinger">Thomas Metzinger</a>, who in 2018 called for a global moratorium on further work that risked creating conscious AIs. The moratorium was to run to 2050 and could be either extended or repealed early, depending on progress in better understanding the risks and how to mitigate them. Metzinger repeated this argument in 2021, highlighting the risk of creating an "<a href="/wiki/Suffering_risks" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering risks">explosion of artificial suffering</a>", both as an AI might suffer in intense ways that humans could not understand, and as replication processes may see the creation of huge quantities of conscious instances. Several labs have openly stated they are trying to create conscious AIs. There have been reports from those with close access to AIs not openly intended to be self aware, that consciousness may already have unintentionally emerged.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> in February 2022, when he wrote that today's large neural nets may be "slightly conscious". In November 2022, <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> argued that it was unlikely current large language models like <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a> had experienced consciousness, but also that he considered there to be a serious possibility that large language models may become conscious in the future.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">ethics of uncertain sentience</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a> is often invoked.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> According to Carl Shulman and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a>, it may be possible to create machines that would be "superhumanly efficient at deriving well-being from resources", called "super-beneficiaries". One reason for this is that digital hardware could enable much faster information processing than biological brains, leading to a faster rate of <a href="/wiki/Subjective_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjective experience">subjective experience</a>. These machines could also be engineered to feel intense and positive subjective experience, unaffected by the <a href="/wiki/Hedonic_treadmill" title="Hedonic treadmill">hedonic treadmill</a>. Shulman and Bostrom caution that failing to appropriately consider the moral claims of digital minds could lead to a moral catastrophe, while uncritically prioritizing them over human interests could be detrimental to humanity.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threat_to_human_dignity">Threat to human dignity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Threat to human dignity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_Power_and_Human_Reason" title="Computer Power and Human Reason">Computer Power and Human Reason</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a><a href="#cite_note-Weizenbaum's_critique-99">[99]</a> argued in 1976 that AI technology should not be used to replace people in positions that require respect and care, such as: <ul><li>A customer service representative (AI technology is already used today for telephone-based <a href="/wiki/Interactive_voice_response" title="Interactive voice response">interactive voice response</a> systems)</li> <li>A nursemaid for the elderly (as was reported by <a href="/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck" title="Pamela McCorduck">Pamela McCorduck</a> in her book The Fifth Generation)</li> <li>A soldier</li> <li>A judge</li> <li>A police officer</li> <li>A therapist (as was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Colby" title="Kenneth Colby">Kenneth Colby</a> in the 70s)</li></ul> Weizenbaum explains that we require authentic feelings of <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> from people in these positions. If machines replace them, we will find ourselves alienated, devalued and frustrated, for the artificially intelligent system would not be able to simulate empathy. Artificial intelligence, if used in this way, represents a threat to human dignity. Weizenbaum argues that the fact that we are entertaining the possibility of machines in these positions suggests that we have experienced an "atrophy of the human spirit that comes from thinking of ourselves as computers."<a href="#cite_note-MWZ-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamela_McCorduck" title="Pamela McCorduck">Pamela McCorduck</a> counters that, speaking for women and minorities "I'd rather take my chances with an impartial computer", pointing out that there are conditions where we would prefer to have automated judges and police that have no personal agenda at all.<a href="#cite_note-MWZ-100">[100]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Kaplan" title="Andreas Kaplan">Kaplan</a> and Haenlein stress that AI systems are only as smart as the data used to train them since they are, in their essence, nothing more than fancy curve-fitting machines; using AI to support a court ruling can be highly problematic if past rulings show bias toward certain groups since those biases get formalized and ingrained, which makes them even more difficult to spot and fight against.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Weizenbaum was also bothered that AI researchers (and some philosophers) were willing to view the human mind as nothing more than a computer program (a position now known as <a href="/wiki/Computationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Computationalism">computationalism</a>). To Weizenbaum, these points suggest that AI research devalues human life.<a href="#cite_note-Weizenbaum's_critique-99">[99]</a> AI founder <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> objects to the moralizing tone of Weizenbaum's critique. "When moralizing is both vehement and vague, it invites authoritarian abuse," he writes. <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hibbard" title="Bill Hibbard">Bill Hibbard</a><a href="#cite_note-hibbard_2014-102">[102]</a> writes that "Human dignity requires that we strive to remove our ignorance of the nature of existence, and AI is necessary for that striving." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liability_for_self-driving_cars">Liability for self-driving cars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Liability for self-driving cars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car_liability" title="Self-driving car liability">Self-driving car liability</a></div> As the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">autonomous cars</a> becomes increasingly imminent, new challenges raised by fully autonomous vehicles must be addressed.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> There have been debates about the legal liability of the responsible party if these cars get into accidents.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In one report where a driverless car hit a pedestrian, the driver was inside the car but the controls were fully in the hand of computers. This led to a dilemma over who was at fault for the accident.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In another incident on March 18, 2018, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Herzberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine Herzberg">Elaine Herzberg</a> was struck and killed by a self-driving <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> in Arizona. In this case, the automated car was capable of detecting cars and certain obstacles in order to autonomously navigate the roadway, but it could not anticipate a pedestrian in the middle of the road. This raised the question of whether the driver, pedestrian, the car company, or the government should be held responsible for her death.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Currently, self-driving cars are considered semi-autonomous, requiring the driver to pay attention and be prepared to take control if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Thus, it falls on governments to regulate the driver who over-relies on autonomous features. as well educate them that these are just technologies that, while convenient, are not a complete substitute. Before autonomous cars become widely used, these issues need to be tackled through new policies.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Experts contend that autonomous vehicles ought to be able to distinguish between rightful and harmful decisions since they have the potential of inflicting harm.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The two main approaches proposed to enable smart machines to render moral decisions are the bottom-up approach, which suggests that machines should learn ethical decisions by observing human behavior without the need for formal rules or moral philosophies, and the top-down approach, which involves programming specific ethical principles into the machine's guidance system. However, there are significant challenges facing both strategies: the top-down technique is criticized for its difficulty in preserving certain moral convictions, while the bottom-up strategy is questioned for potentially unethical learning from human activities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaponization">Weaponization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Weaponization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lethal_autonomous_weapon" title="Lethal autonomous weapon">Lethal autonomous weapon</a></div> Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-engadget.com-116">[116]</a> The President of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence">Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence</a> has commissioned a study to look at this issue.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> They point to programs like the Language Acquisition Device which can emulate human interaction. On October 31, 2019, the United States Department of Defense's Defense Innovation Board published the draft of a report recommending principles for the ethical use of artificial intelligence by the Department of Defense that would ensure a human operator would always be able to look into the '<a href="/wiki/Black_box" title="Black box">black box</a>' and understand the kill-chain process. However, a major concern is how the report will be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that as <a href="/wiki/Military_robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Military robots">military robots</a> become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-engadget.com-116">[116]</a> Some researchers state that <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomous robots</a> might be more humane, as they could make decisions more effectively.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> funded a program, Autonomy Standards and Ideals with Military Operational Values (ASIMOV), to develop metrics for evaluating the ethical implications of autonomous weapon systems by testing communities.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Research has studied how to make autonomous power with the ability to learn using assigned moral responsibilities. "The results may be used when designing future military robots, to control unwanted tendencies to assign responsibility to the robots."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> From a <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialist</a> view, there is a chance that robots will develop the ability to make their own logical decisions on whom to kill and that is why there should be a set <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> framework that the AI cannot override.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> There has been a recent outcry with regard to the engineering of artificial intelligence weapons that have included ideas of a <a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">robot takeover of mankind</a>. AI weapons do present a type of danger different from that of human-controlled weapons. Many governments have begun to fund programs to develop AI weaponry. The United States Navy recently announced plans to develop <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">autonomous drone weapons</a>, paralleling similar announcements by Russia and South Korea<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> respectively. Due to the potential of AI weapons becoming more dangerous than human-operated weapons, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a> signed a "Future of Life" petition<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> to ban AI weapons. The message posted by Hawking and Tegmark states that AI weapons pose an immediate danger and that action is required to avoid catastrophic disasters in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-127">[127]</a> "If any major military power pushes ahead with the AI weapon development, a global <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> is virtually inevitable, and the endpoint of this technological trajectory is obvious: autonomous weapons will become the <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">Kalashnikovs</a> of tomorrow", says the petition, which includes <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Tallinn" title="Jaan Tallinn">Jaan Tallinn</a> and MIT professor of linguistics <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> as additional supporters against AI weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Physicist and Astronomer Royal <a href="/wiki/Sir_Martin_Rees" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Martin Rees">Sir Martin Rees</a> has warned of catastrophic instances like "dumb robots going rogue or a network that develops a mind of its own." <a href="/wiki/Huw_Price" title="Huw Price">Huw Price</a>, a colleague of Rees at Cambridge, has voiced a similar warning that humans might not survive when intelligence "escapes the constraints of biology". These two professors created the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a> at Cambridge University in the hope of avoiding this threat to human existence.<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-127">[127]</a> Regarding the potential for smarter-than-human systems to be employed militarily, the <a href="/wiki/Open_Philanthropy_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Philanthropy Project">Open Philanthropy Project</a> writes that these scenarios "seem potentially as important as the risks related to loss of control", but research investigating AI's long-run social impact have spent relatively little time on this concern: "this class of scenarios has not been a major focus for the organizations that have been most active in this space, such as the <a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a> (MIRI) and the <a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a> (FHI), and there seems to have been less analysis and debate regarding them".<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Academic Gao Qiqi writes that military use of AI risks escalating military competition between countries and that the impact of AI in military matters will not be limited to one country but will have spillover effects.<a href="#cite_note-:023-130">[130]</a>: 91  Gao cites the example of U.S. military use of AI, which he contends has been used as a scapegoat to evade accountability for decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-:023-130">[130]</a>: 91  A <a href="/wiki/Summit_on_Responsible_Artificial_Intelligence_in_the_Military_Domain" title="Summit on Responsible Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain">summit</a> was held in 2023 in the Hague on the issue of using AI responsibly in the military domain.<a href="#cite_note-reg-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singularity">Singularity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Singularity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">Superintelligence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a>, among numerous others, have suggested that a moment may come when some, if not all, computers are smarter than humans. The onset of this event is commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">the Singularity</a>"<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2009-132">[132]</a> and is the central point of discussion in the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a>. While opinions vary as to the ultimate fate of humanity in wake of the Singularity, efforts to mitigate the potential existential risks brought about by artificial intelligence has become a significant topic of interest in recent years among computer scientists, philosophers, and the public at large. Many researchers have argued that, through an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">intelligence explosion</a>, a self-improving AI could become so powerful that humans would not be able to stop it from achieving its goals.<a href="#cite_note-Muehlhauser,_Luke_2012-133">[133]</a> In his paper "Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence" and subsequent book <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> argues that artificial intelligence has the capability to bring about human extinction. He claims that an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_superintelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial superintelligence">artificial superintelligence</a> would be capable of independent initiative and of making its own plans, and may therefore be more appropriately thought of as an autonomous agent. Since artificial intellects need not share our human motivational tendencies, it would be up to the designers of the superintelligence to specify its original motivations. Because a superintelligent AI would be able to bring about almost any possible outcome and to thwart any attempt to prevent the implementation of its goals, many uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a> could arise. It could kill off all other agents, persuade them to change their behavior, or block their attempts at interference.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom,_Nick_2003-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> However, Bostrom contended that superintelligence also has the potential to solve many difficult problems such as disease, poverty, and environmental destruction, and could help <a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">humans enhance themselves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Unless moral philosophy provides us with a flawless ethical theory, an AI's utility function could allow for many potentially harmful scenarios that conform with a given ethical framework but not "common sense". According to <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a>, there is little reason to suppose that an artificially designed mind would have such an adaptation.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> AI researchers such as <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hibbard" title="Bill Hibbard">Bill Hibbard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hibbard_2014-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Yampolskiy" title="Roman Yampolskiy">Roman Yampolskiy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Vallor" title="Shannon Vallor">Shannon Vallor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Umbrello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Umbrello (page does not exist)">Steven Umbrello</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Floridi" title="Luciano Floridi">Luciano Floridi</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> have proposed design strategies for developing beneficial machines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solutions_and_approaches">Solutions and approaches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Solutions and approaches">edit</a>]</div> To address ethical challenges in artificial intelligence, developers have introduced various systems designed to ensure responsible AI behavior. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>'s <a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a> Guard, which focuses on improving the <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">alignment</a> of large AI models, <a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preamble_(company)" title="Preamble (company)">Preamble</a>'s customizable guardrail platform.<a href="#cite_note-:0-145">[145]</a> These systems aim to address issues such as algorithmic bias, misuse, and vulnerabilities, including <a href="/wiki/Prompt_injection" title="Prompt injection">prompt injection</a> attacks, by embedding ethical guidelines into the functionality of AI models. Prompt injection, a technique by which malicious inputs can cause AI systems to produce unintended or harmful outputs, has been a focus of these developments. Some approaches use customizable policies and rules to analyze both inputs and outputs, ensuring that potentially problematic interactions are filtered or mitigated.<a href="#cite_note-:0-145">[145]</a> Other tools focus on applying structured constraints to inputs, restricting outputs to predefined parameters,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> or leveraging real-time monitoring mechanisms to identify and address vulnerabilities.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> These efforts reflect a broader trend in ensuring that artificial intelligence systems are designed with safety and ethical considerations at the forefront, particularly as their use becomes increasingly widespread in critical applications.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions_in_AI_policy_&_ethics">Institutions in AI policy & ethics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Institutions in AI policy & ethics">edit</a>]</div> There are many organizations concerned with AI ethics and policy, public and governmental as well as corporate and societal. <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com, Inc.">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> have established a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit</a>, The Partnership on AI to Benefit People and Society, to formulate best practices on artificial intelligence technologies, advance the public's understanding, and to serve as a platform about artificial intelligence. Apple joined in January 2017. The corporate members will make financial and research contributions to the group, while engaging with the scientific community to bring academics onto the board.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> put together a Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems which has been creating and revising guidelines with the help of public input, and accepts as members many professionals from within and without its organization. The IEEE's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/industry-connections/activities/ieee-global-initiative/">Ethics of Autonomous Systems</a> initiative aims to address ethical dilemmas related to decision-making and the impact on society while developing guidelines for the development and use of autonomous systems. In particular in domains like artificial intelligence and robotics, the Foundation for Responsible Robotics is dedicated to promoting moral behavior as well as responsible robot design and use, ensuring that robots maintain moral principles and are congruent with human values. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> has been used by societies to ensure ethics are observed through legislation and policing. There are now many efforts by national governments, as well as transnational government and <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">non-government organizations</a> to ensure AI is ethically applied. AI ethics work is structured by personal values and professional commitments, and involves constructing contextual meaning through data and algorithms. Therefore, AI ethics work needs to be incentivized.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intergovernmental_initiatives">Intergovernmental initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Intergovernmental initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> has a High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence. On 8 April 2019, this published its "Ethics Guidelines for <a href="/wiki/Trustworthy_AI" title="Trustworthy AI">Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence</a>".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The European Commission also has a Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Excellence unit, which published a white paper on excellence and trust in artificial intelligence innovation on 19 February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The European Commission also proposed the <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act" title="Artificial Intelligence Act">Artificial Intelligence Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-2021-82">[82]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> established an OECD AI Policy Observatory.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li>In 2021, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> adopted the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> the first global standard on the ethics of AI.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_initiatives">Governmental initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Governmental initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> the <a href="/wiki/Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama">Obama</a> administration put together a Roadmap for AI Policy.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The Obama Administration released two prominent <a href="/wiki/White_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="White papers">white papers</a> on the future and impact of AI. In 2019 the White House through an executive memo known as the "American AI Initiative" instructed NIST the (National Institute of Standards and Technology) to begin work on Federal Engagement of AI Standards (February 2019).<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li>In January 2020, in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump Administration</a> released a draft executive order issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) on "Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications" ("OMB AI Memorandum"). The order emphasizes the need to invest in AI applications, boost public trust in AI, reduce barriers for usage of AI, and keep American AI technology competitive in a global market. There is a nod to the need for privacy concerns, but no further detail on enforcement. The advances of American AI technology seems to be the focus and priority. Additionally, federal entities are even encouraged to use the order to circumnavigate any state laws and regulations that a market might see as too onerous to fulfill.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Computing_Community_Consortium" title="Computing Community Consortium">Computing Community Consortium (CCC)</a> weighed in with a 100-plus page draft report<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> – A 20-Year Community Roadmap for Artificial Intelligence Research in the US<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_and_Emerging_Technology" title="Center for Security and Emerging Technology">Center for Security and Emerging Technology</a> advises US policymakers on the security implications of emerging technologies such as AI.</li> <li>In Russia, the first-ever Russian "Codex of ethics of artificial intelligence" for business was signed in 2021. It was driven by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Center_for_the_Government_of_the_Russian_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation (page does not exist)">Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation</a> together with major commercial and academic institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Sberbank" title="Sberbank">Sberbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_School_of_Economics" title="Higher School of Economics">Higher School of Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology" title="Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITMO_University" title="ITMO University">ITMO University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanosemantics" title="Nanosemantics">Nanosemantics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/CIAN" class="mw-redirect" title="CIAN">CIAN</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_initiatives">Academic initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Academic initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>There are three research institutes at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> that are centrally focused on AI ethics. The <a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a> that focuses both on AI Safety<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and the Governance of AI.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The Institute for Ethics in AI, directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Tasioulas" title="John Tasioulas">John Tasioulas</a>, whose primary goal, among others, is to promote AI ethics as a field proper in comparison to related applied ethics fields. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Internet_Institute" title="Oxford Internet Institute">Oxford Internet Institute</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Floridi" title="Luciano Floridi">Luciano Floridi</a>, focuses on the ethics of near-term AI technologies and ICTs.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li>The Centre for Digital Governance at the <a href="/wiki/Hertie_School" title="Hertie School">Hertie School</a> in Berlin was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Bryson" title="Joanna Bryson">Joanna Bryson</a> to research questions of ethics and technology.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/AI_Now_Institute" title="AI Now Institute">AI Now Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/NYU" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU">NYU</a> is a research institute studying the social implications of artificial intelligence. Its interdisciplinary research focuses on the themes bias and inclusion, labour and automation, rights and liberties, and safety and civil infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a> (IEET) researches the effects of AI on unemployment,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and policy.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_in_Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence">Institute for Ethics in Artificial Intelligence</a> (IEAI) at the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_L%C3%BCtge" title="Christoph Lütge">Christoph Lütge</a> conducts research across various domains such as mobility, employment, healthcare and sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara J. Grosz</a>, the Higgins Professor of Natural Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences" title="Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences">Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences</a> has initiated the Embedded EthiCS into <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>'s computer science curriculum to develop a future generation of computer scientists with worldview that takes into account the social impact of their work.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_organizations">Private organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Private organizations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_Justice_League" title="Algorithmic Justice League">Algorithmic Justice League</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_in_AI" title="Black in AI">Black in AI</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_for_Black_Lives" title="Data for Black Lives">Data for Black Lives</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Historically speaking, the investigation of moral and ethical implications of "thinking machines" goes back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a> already poses the question if we might attribute intelligence to a mechanism that behaves as if it were a sentient being,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> and so does <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>, who describes what could be considered an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> period has several times envisioned artificial creatures that escape the control of their creator with dire consequences, most famously in <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>. The widespread preoccupation with industrialization and mechanization in the 19th and early 20th century, however, brought ethical implications of unhinged technical developments to the forefront of fiction: <a href="/wiki/R.U.R." title="R.U.R.">R.U.R – Rossum's Universal Robots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>'s play of sentient robots endowed with emotions used as slave labor is not only credited with the invention of the term 'robot' (derived from the Czech word for forced labor, robota)<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> but was also an international success after it premiered in 1921. <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Back_to_Methuselah" title="Back to Methuselah">Back to Methuselah</a>, published in 1921, questions at one point the validity of thinking machines that act like humans; <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s 1927 film <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> shows an <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">android</a> leading the uprising of the exploited masses against the oppressive regime of a <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocratic</a> society. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> considered the issue of how to control machines in <a href="/wiki/I,_Robot" title="I, Robot">I, Robot</a>. At the insistence of his editor <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Campbell Jr.">John W. Campbell Jr.</a>, he proposed the <a href="/wiki/Three_Laws_of_Robotics" title="Three Laws of Robotics">Three Laws of Robotics</a> to govern artificially intelligent systems. Much of his work was then spent testing the boundaries of his three laws to see where they would break down, or where they would create paradoxical or unanticipated behavior.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> His work suggests that no set of fixed laws can sufficiently anticipate all possible circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-Asimov2008-178">[178]</a> More recently, academics and many governments have challenged the idea that AI can itself be held accountable.<a href="#cite_note-lacuna-179">[179]</a> A panel convened by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 2010 revised Asimov's laws to clarify that AI is the responsibility either of its manufacturers, or of its owner/operator.<a href="#cite_note-principles-180">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a> suggested in 2004 a need to study how to build a "<a href="/wiki/Friendly_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly AI">Friendly AI</a>", meaning that there should also be efforts to make AI intrinsically friendly and humane.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In 2009, academics and technical experts attended a conference organized by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence">Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence</a> to discuss the potential impact of robots and computers, and the impact of the hypothetical possibility that they could become self-sufficient and make their own decisions. They discussed the possibility and the extent to which computers and robots might be able to acquire any level of autonomy, and to what degree they could use such abilities to possibly pose any threat or hazard.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> They noted that some machines have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved "cockroach intelligence". They noted that self-awareness as depicted in science-fiction is probably unlikely, but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2009-132">[132]</a> Also in 2009, during an experiment at the Laboratory of Intelligent Systems in the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale of <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland, robots that were programmed to cooperate with each other (in searching out a beneficial resource and avoiding a poisonous one) eventually learned to lie to each other in an attempt to hoard the beneficial resource.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_and_impact_of_fiction">Role and impact of fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Role and impact of fiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence in fiction</a></div> The role of fiction with regards to AI ethics has been a complex one.<a href="#cite_note-Bassett-184">[184]</a> One can distinguish three levels at which fiction has impacted the development of artificial intelligence and robotics: Historically, fiction has been prefiguring common tropes that have not only influenced goals and visions for AI, but also outlined ethical questions and common fears associated with it. During the second half of the twentieth and the first decades of the twenty-first century, popular culture, in particular movies, TV series and video games have frequently echoed preoccupations and dystopian projections around ethical questions concerning AI and robotics. Recently, these themes have also been increasingly treated in literature beyond the realm of science fiction. And, as Carme Torras, research professor at the Institut de Robòtica i Informàtica Industrial (Institute of robotics and industrial computing) at the Technical University of Catalonia notes,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> in higher education, science fiction is also increasingly used for teaching technology-related ethical issues in technological degrees. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_series">TV series</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: TV series">edit</a>]</div> While ethical questions linked to AI have been featured in science fiction literature and <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_films" title="List of artificial intelligence films">feature films</a> for decades, the emergence of the TV series as a genre allowing for longer and more complex story lines and character development has led to some significant contributions that deal with ethical implications of technology. The Swedish series <a href="/wiki/Real_Humans" title="Real Humans">Real Humans</a> (2012–2013) tackled the complex ethical and social consequences linked to the integration of artificial sentient beings in society. The British dystopian science fiction anthology series <a href="/wiki/Black_Mirror" title="Black Mirror">Black Mirror</a> (2013–2019) was particularly notable for experimenting with dystopian fictional developments linked to a wide variety of recent technology developments. Both the French series <a href="/wiki/Osmosis_(TV_series)" title="Osmosis (TV series)">Osmosis</a> (2020) and British series <a href="/wiki/The_One_(TV_series)" title="The One (TV series)">The One</a> deal with the question of what can happen if technology tries to find the ideal partner for a person. Several episodes of the Netflix series <a href="/wiki/Love,_Death_%26_Robots" title="Love, Death & Robots">Love, Death+Robots</a> have imagined scenes of robots and humans living together. The most representative one of them is S02 E01, it shows how bad the consequences can be when robots get out of control if humans rely too much on them in their lives.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_visions_in_fiction_and_games">Future visions in fiction and games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Future visions in fiction and games">edit</a>]</div> The movie <a href="/wiki/The_Thirteenth_Floor" title="The Thirteenth Floor">The Thirteenth Floor</a> suggests a future where <a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">simulated worlds</a> with sentient inhabitants are created by computer <a href="/wiki/Game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Game console">game consoles</a> for the purpose of entertainment. The movie <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a> suggests a future where the dominant species on planet Earth are sentient machines and humanity is treated with utmost <a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">speciesism</a>. The short story "<a href="/wiki/The_Planck_Dive" title="The Planck Dive">The Planck Dive</a>" suggests a future where humanity has turned itself into software that can be duplicated and optimized and the relevant distinction between types of software is sentient and non-sentient. The same idea can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medical_Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Medical Hologram">Emergency Medical Hologram</a> of <a href="/wiki/USS_Voyager_(NCC-74656)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Voyager (NCC-74656)">Starship Voyager</a>, which is an apparently sentient copy of a reduced subset of the consciousness of its creator, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Zimmerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Zimmerman">Dr. Zimmerman</a>, who, for the best motives, has created the system to give medical assistance in case of emergencies. The movies <a href="/wiki/Bicentennial_Man_(film)" title="Bicentennial Man (film)">Bicentennial Man</a> and <a href="/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence" title="A.I. Artificial Intelligence">A.I.</a> deal with the possibility of sentient robots that could love. <a href="/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)" title="I, Robot (film)">I, Robot</a> explored some aspects of Asimov's three laws. All these scenarios try to foresee possibly unethical consequences of the creation of sentient computers.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The ethics of artificial intelligence is one of several core themes in BioWare's <a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect" title="Mass Effect">Mass Effect</a> series of games.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> It explores the scenario of a civilization accidentally creating AI through a rapid increase in computational power through a global scale <a href="/wiki/Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural network</a>. This event caused an ethical schism between those who felt bestowing organic rights upon the newly sentient Geth was appropriate and those who continued to see them as disposable machinery and fought to destroy them. Beyond the initial conflict, the complexity of the relationship between the machines and their creators is another ongoing theme throughout the story. <a href="/wiki/Detroit:_Become_Human" title="Detroit: Become Human">Detroit: Become Human</a> is one of the most famous video games which discusses the ethics of artificial intelligence recently. Quantic Dream designed the chapters of the game using interactive storylines to give players a more immersive gaming experience. Players manipulate three different awakened bionic people in the face of different events to make different choices to achieve the purpose of changing the human view of the bionic group and different choices will result in different endings. This is one of the few games that puts players in the bionic perspective, which allows them to better consider the rights and interests of robots once a true artificial intelligence is created.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Over time, debates have tended to focus less and less on possibility and more on desirability,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> as emphasized in the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Garis#The_Artilect_War" title="Hugo de Garis">"Cosmist" and "Terran" debates</a> initiated by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Garis" title="Hugo de Garis">Hugo de Garis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a>. A Cosmist, according to Hugo de Garis, is actually seeking to build more intelligent successors to the human species. Experts at the University of Cambridge have argued that AI is portrayed in fiction and nonfiction overwhelmingly as racially White, in ways that distort perceptions of its risks and benefits.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_washing" title="AI washing">AI washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a> (AGI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_internet_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead internet theory">Dead internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism#Long-term_future_and_global_catastrophic_risks" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism, the long term future and global catastrophic risks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_elections" title="Artificial intelligence and elections">Artificial intelligence and elections</a> - Use of AI in elections and political campaigning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Ethics of uncertain sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Compatible" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaverse_law" title="Metaverse law">Metaverse law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Regulation of artificial intelligence">Regulation of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_governance" title="Robotic governance">Robotic Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roko%27s_basilisk" title="Roko's basilisk">Roko's basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering_risks" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering risks">Suffering risks</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Muller-2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muller-2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muller-2020_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMüller2020" class="citation web cs1">Müller VC (April 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-ai/">"Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010174108/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-ai/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Ethics+of+Artificial+Intelligence+and+Robotics&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Vincent+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fethics-ai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthics+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Eyghen2024" class="citation journal cs1">Van Eyghen H (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44163-024-00219-z">"AI Algorithms as (Un)virtuous Knowers"</a>. Discover Artificial Intelligence. 5 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=AI+Algorithms+as+%28Un%29virtuous+Knowers&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Van+Eyghen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs44163-024-00219-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthics+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andersonweb-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Andersonweb_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation web cs1">Anderson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/MachineEthics.html">"Machine Ethics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928233656/https://uhaweb.hartford.edu/anderson/MachineEthics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2011. 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Philosophy & Technology. 33 (4): 685–703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13347-020-00415-6">10.1007/s13347-020-00415-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225466550">225466550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Whiteness+of+AI&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E685-%3C%2Fspan%3E703&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13347-020-00415-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225466550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Dihal%2C+Kanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs13347-020-00415-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthics+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethic-ai/">Ethics of Artificial Intelligence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-ai/">Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellHauertAltmanVeloso2015" class="citation journal cs1">Russell S, Hauert S, Altman R, Veloso M (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F521415a">"Robotics: Ethics of artificial intelligence"</a>. Nature. 521 (7553): 415–418. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.521..415.">2015Natur.521..415.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F521415a">10.1038/521415a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017428">26017428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4452826">4452826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Robotics%3A+Ethics+of+artificial+intelligence&rft.volume=521&rft.issue=7553&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F521415a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4452826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26017428&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.521..415.&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Hauert%2C+S.&rft.au=Altman%2C+R.&rft.au=Veloso%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F521415a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthics+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1809769.stm">BBC News: Games to take on a life of their own</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dasboot.org/thorisson.htm">Who's Afraid of Robots?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322214031/http://www.dasboot.org/thorisson.htm">Archived</a> 2018-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an article on humanity's fear of artificial intelligence.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418122849/http://www.southernct.edu/organizations/rccs/resources/research/introduction/bynum_shrt_hist.html">A short history of computer ethics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://algorithmwatch.org/en/project/ai-ethics-guidelines-global-inventory/">AI Ethics Guidelines Global Inventory</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://algorithmwatch.org">Algorithmwatch</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagendorff2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hagendorff T (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11023-020-09517-8">"The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines"</a>. Minds and Machines. 30 (1): 99–120. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.03425">1903.03425</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11023-020-09517-8">10.1007/s11023-020-09517-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72940833">72940833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minds+and+Machines&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+AI+Ethics%3A+An+Evaluation+of+Guidelines&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1903.03425&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72940833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11023-020-09517-8&rft.aulast=Hagendorff&rft.aufirst=Thilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11023-020-09517-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthics+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sheludko, M. (December, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasoft.org/blog/ethical-aspects-of-artificial-intelligence-challenges-and-imperatives/">Ethical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Imperatives</a>. Software Development Blog.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisikovits" class="citation web cs1">Eisikovits N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ai-is-an-existential-threat-just-not-the-way-you-think/">"AI Is an Existential Threat—Just Not the Way You Think"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 2024-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=AI+Is+an+Existential+Threat%E2%80%94Just+Not+the+Way+You+Think&rft.aulast=Eisikovits&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fai-is-an-existential-threat-just-not-the-way-you-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthics+of+artificial+intelligence" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)776" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)776" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">timeline</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" title="Hyperparameter (machine learning)">Hyperparameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_descent" title="Double descent">Double descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">SGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Newton_method" title="Quasi-Newton method">Quasi-Newton method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method" title="Conjugate gradient method">Conjugate gradient method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(machine_learning)" title="Normalization (machine learning)">Normalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Batchnorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gating_mechanism" title="Gating mechanism">Gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_initialization" title="Weight initialization">Weight initialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">Datasets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_learning" title="Imitation learning">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_gradient_method" title="Policy gradient method">Policy gradient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_diffusion_model" title="Latent diffusion model">Latent diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">RAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering#In-context_learning" title="Prompt engineering">In-context learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Artificial neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Brain#Text-to-image_model" title="Google Brain">Imagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Text-to-video models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)#Gen-3_Alpha" title="Runway (company)">Gen-3 Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind#Video_model" title="Google DeepMind">Veo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T5_(language_model)" title="T5 (language model)">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">chatbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLOOM_(language_model)" title="BLOOM (language model)">BLOOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">IBM Watsonx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren Sturgis McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist)" title="Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)">Nathaniel Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge" title="Oliver Selfridge">Oliver Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt" title="Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Widrow" title="Bernard Widrow">Bernard Widrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppo_Linnainmaa" title="Seppo Linnainmaa">Seppo Linnainmaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Werbos" title="Paul Werbos">Paul Werbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Grossberg" title="Stephen Grossberg">Stephen Grossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li" title="Fei-Fei Li">Fei-Fei Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Krizhevsky" title="Alex Krizhevsky">Alex Krizhevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer (ViT)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network (CNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Residual neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_network" title="Highway network">Highway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network (GNN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_intelligence" title="Category:Artificial intelligence">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_neural_networks" title="Category:Artificial neural networks">Artificial neural networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_learning" title="Category:Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethics256" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethics" title="Template talk:Ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethics256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> (c. 322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> (1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> (1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_capability_control" title="AI capability control">AI capability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective accelerationism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_convergence" title="Instrumental convergence">Instrumental convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">Intelligence explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_astronomical_suffering" title="Risk of astronomical suffering">Suffering risks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">Superintelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alignment_Research_Center" title="Alignment Research Center">Alignment Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Applied_Rationality" title="Center for Applied Rationality">Center for Applied Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Human-Compatible_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence">Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Centre_for_the_Future_of_Intelligence" title="Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence">Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Star_Codex" title="Slate Star Codex">Scott Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Christiano_(researcher)" title="Paul Christiano (researcher)">Paul Christiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">Eric Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Hendrycks" title="Dan Hendrycks">Dan Hendrycks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Legg" title="Shane Legg">Shane Legg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Omohundro" title="Steve Omohundro">Steve Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Price" title="Huw Price">Huw Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Tallinn" title="Jaan Tallinn">Jaan Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Yampolskiy" title="Roman Yampolskiy">Roman Yampolskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_AI_risk_of_extinction" title="Statement on AI risk of extinction">Statement on AI risk of extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Compatible" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_letter_on_artificial_intelligence_(2015)" title="Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)">Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Final_Invention" title="Our Final Invention">Our Final Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_You_Trust_This_Computer%3F" title="Do You Trust This Computer?">Do You Trust This Computer?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act" title="Artificial Intelligence Act">Artificial Intelligence Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" title="Category:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_science439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template talk:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_science439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori and a posteriori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function" title="Correlation function">function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_contextualism" title="Functional contextualism">Functional contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hypothesis" title="Alternative hypothesis">alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">Evidence-based practice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pluralism" title="Scientific pluralism">Scientific pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">ladenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)" title="Variable and attribute (research)">Variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable" title="Control variable">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">dependent and independent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">Constructive empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_realism" title="Constructive realism">Constructive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">Epistemological anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductionism" title="Inductionism">Inductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">Scientific essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">Scientific formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy of...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a> 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Precursors10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a 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D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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[\"CITEREFEvans2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederspielMitchellAsokanUmana2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFengParkLiuTsvetkov2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiegerman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloridiCowls2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloridiCowlsBeltramettiChatila2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloridiCowlsKingTaddeo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedmanNissenbaum1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFukuda-ParrGibbons2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFung2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGebruMorgensternVecchioneVaughan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraceSalvatierDafoeZhang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagendorff2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellström2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImranPosokhovaQureshiMasood2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInanUpasaniChiRungta2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_J._HughesLaGrandeur,_Kevin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamison2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerreat-Poole2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJobinIencaVayena2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJr1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamilaJasrotia2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanHaenlein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKoeneckeNamLakeNudell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotekDockumSun2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinWong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiRuijsLu2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohr2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuoPuettSmith2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacrae2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManyika2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkoff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxmen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitra2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNtoutsiFafaliosGadirajuIosifidis2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOlson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPery2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiper2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoose2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuggieriAlvarezPugnanaState2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellHauertAltmanVeloso2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantos-Lang2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheliazhenko2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulmanBostrom2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlotaFleischmannGreenbergVerma2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpindler2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewartMelton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStilgoe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Metzinger2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmbrello2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmbrelloBaum2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmbrelloTorresDe_Bellis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States._Defense_Innovation_Board\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Eyghen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelasco2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeruggio,_Gianmarco2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillasenor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallachAllen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallachVallor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilks,_Yorick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfieldMichaelPittEvers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYampolskiy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYao2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYudkowsky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZach_Musgrave_and_Bryan_W._Roberts2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhouTan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠekrstMcHughCefalu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"DeloitteGDPR\"] = 1,\n [\"WiredMS\"] = 1,\n [\"bs\"] = 1,\n [\"lacuna\"] = 1,\n [\"p7001\"] = 1,\n [\"principles\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Artificial intelligence\"] = 1,\n [\"Artificial intelligence navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite arXiv\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 68,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethics\"] = 1,\n [\"Existential risk from artificial intelligence\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Main articles\"] = 1,\n [\"McCorduck 2004\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of science\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 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