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href="#Types_of_media_and_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of media and technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_media_and_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_surround_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_surround_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Creating surround sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_surround_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Standard configurations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surround_microphone_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surround_microphone_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Surround microphone techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surround_microphone_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bass_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bass_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bass management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bass_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_frequency_effects_channel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_frequency_effects_channel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Low frequency effects channel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_frequency_effects_channel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channel_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Channel notation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Channel_notation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Channel notation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Channel_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Channel_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Channel identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonic_Whole_Overhead_Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonic_Whole_Overhead_Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sonic Whole Overhead Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonic_Whole_Overhead_Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambisonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambisonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Ambisonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambisonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binaural_recording" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binaural_recording"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Binaural recording</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binaural_recording-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panor-Ambiophonic_(PanAmbio)_4.0/4.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panor-Ambiophonic_(PanAmbio)_4.0/4.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Panor-Ambiophonic (PanAmbio) 4.0/4.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panor-Ambiophonic_(PanAmbio)_4.0/4.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_speaker_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_speaker_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Standard speaker channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_speaker_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7.1_surround_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7.1_surround_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>7.1 surround sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7.1_surround_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7.1.2/7.1.4_immersive_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7.1.2/7.1.4_immersive_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>7.1.2/7.1.4 immersive sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7.1.2/7.1.4_immersive_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10.2_surround_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10.2_surround_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>10.2 surround sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10.2_surround_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11.1_surround_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11.1_surround_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.10</span> <span>11.1 surround sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11.1_surround_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-22.2_surround_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#22.2_surround_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.11</span> <span>22.2 surround sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-22.2_surround_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omringklank" title="Omringklank – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Omringklank" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="صوت محيطي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوت محيطي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround" title="Surround – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Surround" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostorov%C3%BD_zvuk" title="Prostorový zvuk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prostorový zvuk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Surround sound" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumklang" title="Raumklang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raumklang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonido_envolvente" title="Sonido envolvente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sonido envolvente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="صدای فراگیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صدای فراگیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_multicanal" title="Son multicanal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Son multicanal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B4%EB%93%9C" title="서라운드 사운드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서라운드 사운드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara_kitar" title="Suara kitar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suara kitar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround" title="Surround – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Surround" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%99" title="צליל היקפי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צליל היקפי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdvinis_garsas" title="Erdvinis garsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erdvinis garsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyi_keliling" title="Bunyi keliling – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bunyi keliling" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surroundsound" title="Surroundsound – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Surroundsound" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="サラウンド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サラウンド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround-lyd" title="Surround-lyd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Surround-lyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BAwi%C4%99k_wielokana%C5%82owy" title="Dźwięk wielokanałowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dźwięk wielokanałowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som_surround" title="Som surround – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Som surround" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunet_Surround" title="Sunet Surround – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sunet Surround" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Объёмный звук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Объёмный звук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Surround sound" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestorov%C3%BD_zvuk" title="Priestorový zvuk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Priestorový zvuk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tila%C3%A4%C3%A4ni" title="Tilaääni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tilaääni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround" title="Surround – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Surround" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_boyutlu_ses" title="Üç boyutlu ses – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üç boyutlu ses" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%27%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Об'ємний звук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Об'ємний звук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_thanh_v%C3%B2m" title="Âm thanh vòm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Âm thanh vòm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q569874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">System with loudspeakers that surround the listener</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"3D sound" redirects here. For navigation using 3D sound, see <a href="/wiki/3D_sound_localization" title="3D sound localization">3D sound localization</a>. For the audio effect, see <a href="/wiki/3D_audio_effect" title="3D audio effect">3D audio effect</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the JID song, see <a href="/wiki/Surround_Sound_(song)" title="Surround Sound (song)">Surround Sound (song)</a>. For the Empire of the Sun song, see <a href="/wiki/Ice_on_the_Dune" title="Ice on the Dune">Ice on the Dune</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound-10_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sound-10_2.svg/220px-Sound-10_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sound-10_2.svg/330px-Sound-10_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sound-10_2.svg/440px-Sound-10_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>16.2 channel surround sound</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Surround sound</b> is a technique for enriching the fidelity and depth of <a href="/wiki/Sound_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound reproduction">sound reproduction</a> by using multiple <a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">audio channels</a> from <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker (electronics)">speakers</a> that surround the listener (<a href="/wiki/Surround_channels" title="Surround channels">surround channels</a>). Its first application was in <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a>. Prior to surround sound, theater sound systems commonly had three <i>screen channels</i> of sound that played from three <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> (left, center, and right) located in front of the audience. Surround sound adds one or more channels from loudspeakers to the side or behind the listener that are able to create the sensation of sound coming from any horizontal direction (at ground level) around the listener. </p><p>The technique enhances the <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">perception</a> of sound spatialization by exploiting <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">sound localization</a>: a listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance. This is achieved by using multiple discrete audio channels routed to an array of <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surround sound typically has a listener location (<a href="/wiki/Sweet_spot_(acoustics)" title="Sweet spot (acoustics)">sweet spot</a>) where the audio effects work best and presents a fixed or forward perspective of the sound field to the listener at this location. </p><p>Surround sound formats vary in reproduction and recording methods, along with the number and positioning of additional channels. The most common surround sound specification, the <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a>'s <a href="/wiki/5.1_surround_sound" title="5.1 surround sound">5.1 standard</a>, calls for 6 speakers: Center (C), in front of the listener; Left (L) and Right (R), at angles of 60°; Left Surround (LS) and Right Surround (RS) at angles of 100–120°; and a <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofer</a>, whose position is not critical.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fields_of_application">Fields of application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fields of application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though cinema and soundtracks represent the major uses of surround techniques, its scope of application is broader than that, as surround sound permits creation of an audio-environment for all sorts of purposes. Multichannel audio techniques may be used to reproduce contents as varied as music, speech, natural or synthetic sounds for cinema, <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">television</a>, broadcasting, or computers. In terms of music content for example, a live performance may use multichannel techniques in the context of an open-air concert, of a musical theatre performance or for <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film</a>, specific techniques are adapted to <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a> or to home (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">home cinema</a> systems).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative space is also a content that can be enhanced through multichannel techniques. This applies mainly to cinema narratives, for example the speech of the characters of a film,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but may also be applied to plays performed in a theatre, to a conference, or to integrate voice-based comments in an archeological site or monument. For example, an exhibition may be enhanced with topical ambient sound of water, birds, train or machine noise. Topical natural sounds may also be used in educational applications.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other fields of application include video game consoles, personal computers and other platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such applications, the content would typically be synthetic noise produced by the computer device in interaction with its user. Significant work has also been done using surround sound for enhanced <a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">situation awareness</a> in military and public safety application.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_media_and_technologies">Types of media and technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of media and technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial surround sound media include <a href="/wiki/Videocassettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocassettes">videocassettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVDs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="SDTV">SDTV</a> broadcasts encoded as analog matrixed <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Surround" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Surround">Dolby Surround</a> <a href="/wiki/Lossy_audio_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy audio compression">compressed</a> <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Theater_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Theater Systems">DTS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lossless_audio#Lossless_audio_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless audio">lossless audio</a> such as <a href="/wiki/DTS_HD_Master_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS HD Master Audio">DTS HD Master Audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolby_TrueHD" title="Dolby TrueHD">Dolby TrueHD</a> on <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>, which are identical to the studio master. Other commercial formats include the competing <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> (DVD-A) and <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (SACD) formats, and <a href="/wiki/MP3_Surround" title="MP3 Surround">MP3 Surround</a>. Cinema <a href="/wiki/5.1" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1">5.1</a> surround formats include <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Theater_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Theater Systems">DTS</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">Sony Dynamic Digital Sound (SDDS)</a> is an 8 channel cinema configuration which features 5 independent audio channels across the front with two independent surround channels, and a <a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_effects" title="Low-frequency effects">Low-frequency effects</a> channel. Traditional <a href="/wiki/7.1" class="mw-redirect" title="7.1">7.1</a> surround speaker configuration introduces two additional rear speakers to the conventional 5.1 arrangement, for a total of four surround channels and three front channels, to create a more 360° sound field. </p><p>Most surround sound recordings are created by film production companies or video game producers; however some consumer <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a> have such capability either built-in or available separately. Surround sound technologies can also be used in music to enable new methods of artistic expression. After the failure of <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadraphonic">quadraphonic</a> audio in the 1970s, multichannel music has slowly been reintroduced since 1999 with the help of SACD and DVD-Audio formats. Some <a href="/wiki/AV_receivers" class="mw-redirect" title="AV receivers">AV receivers</a>, stereophonic systems, and computer <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a> contain integral <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processors</a> or digital audio processors to simulate surround sound from a stereophonic source (see <a href="/wiki/Fake_stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake stereo">fake stereo</a>). </p><p>In 1967, the rock group <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> performed the first-ever surround sound concert at "Games for May", a lavish affair at <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hall" title="Queen Elizabeth Hall">Queen Elizabeth Hall</a> where the band debuted its custom-made <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadraphonic">quadraphonic</a> speaker system.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The control device they had made, the <a href="/wiki/Azimuth_Co-ordinator" title="Azimuth Co-ordinator">Azimuth Co-ordinator</a>, is now displayed at London's <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, as part of their Theatre Collections gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first documented use of surround sound was in 1940, for the Disney studio's animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>'s operatic piece <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee" title="Flight of the Bumblebee">Flight of the Bumblebee</a></i> to have a <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebee</a> featured in his musical <i>Fantasia</i> and also sound as if it was flying in all parts of the theatre. The initial multichannel audio application was called '<a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a>', comprising three audio channels and speakers. The sound was diffused throughout the cinema, controlled by an engineer using some 54 loudspeakers. The surround sound was achieved using the sum and the difference of the phase of the sound. However, this experimental use of surround sound was excluded from the film in later showings. In 1952, "surround sound" successfully reappeared with the film "This is Cinerama", using discrete seven-channel sound, and the race to develop other surround sound methods took off.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the German composer <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> experimented with and produced ground-breaking electronic compositions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gesang_der_J%C3%BCnglinge" title="Gesang der Jünglinge">Gesang der Jünglinge</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kontakte" title="Kontakte">Kontakte</a></i>, the latter using fully discrete and rotating <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound" title="Quadraphonic sound">quadraphonic sounds</a> generated with industrial electronic equipment in <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Eimert" title="Herbert Eimert">Herbert Eimert</a>'s studio at the <i><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a></i> (WDR). <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Varese" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Varese">Edgar Varese</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A8me_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Poème électronique">Poème électronique</a>, created for the <a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/Philips_Pavilion" title="Philips Pavilion">Philips Pavilion</a> at the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Brussels_World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels World's Fair">Brussels World's Fair</a>, also used spatial audio with 425 loudspeakers used to move sound throughout the pavilion. </p><p>In 1957, working with artist <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Belson" title="Jordan Belson">Jordan Belson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jacobs" title="Henry Jacobs">Henry Jacobs</a> produced Vortex: Experiments in Sound and Light - a series of concerts featuring new music, including some of Jacobs' own, and that of <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, and many others - taking place in the Morrison Planetarium in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. Sound designers commonly regard this as the origin of the (now standard) concept of "surround sound." The program was popular, and Jacobs and Belson were invited to reproduce it at the 1958 World Expo in Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many other composers that created ground-breaking surround sound works in the same time period. </p><p>In 1978, a concept devised by Max Bell for <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a> called "split surround" was tested with the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i>. This led to the 70mm stereo surround release of <i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Now" title="Apocalypse Now">Apocalypse Now</a></i>, which became one of the first formal releases in cinemas with three channels in the front and two in the rear.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were typically five speakers behind the screens of 70mm-capable cinemas, but only the Left, Center and Right were used full-frequency, while Center-Left and Center-Right were only used for bass-frequencies (as it is currently common). The <i>Apocalypse Now</i> encoder/decoder was designed by Michael Karagosian, also for <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a>. The surround mix was produced by an Oscar-winning crew led by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Murch" title="Walter Murch">Walter Murch</a> for <a href="/wiki/American_Zoetrope" title="American Zoetrope">American Zoetrope</a>. The format was also deployed in 1982 with the stereo surround release of <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i>. </p><p>The 5.1 version of surround sound originated in 1987 at the famous French Cabaret <a href="/wiki/Moulin_Rouge" title="Moulin Rouge">Moulin Rouge</a>. A French engineer, Dominique Bertrand used a mixing board specially designed in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Solid_State_Logic" title="Solid State Logic">Solid State Logic</a>, based on 5000 series and including six channels. Respectively: A left, B right, C centre, D left rear, E right rear, F bass. The same engineer had already achieved a 3.1 system in 1974, for the International Summit of Francophone States in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creating_surround_sound">Creating surround sound</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creating surround sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surround sound is created in several ways. The first and simplest method is using a surround sound recording technique—capturing two distinct stereo images, one for the front and one for the back or by using a dedicated setup, e.g., an augmented <a href="/wiki/Decca_tree" title="Decca tree">Decca tree</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—or mixing-in surround sound for playback on an audio system using speakers encircling the listener to play audio from different directions. A second approach is processing the audio with <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">sound localization</a> methods to simulate a two-dimensional (2-D) sound field with headphones. A third approach, based on <a href="/wiki/Huygens%27_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Huygens' principle">Huygens' principle</a>, attempts reconstructing the recorded sound field wave fronts within the listening space; an "audio hologram" form. One form, <a href="/wiki/Wave_field_synthesis" title="Wave field synthesis">wave field synthesis</a> (WFS), produces a sound field with an even error field over the entire area. Commercial WFS systems, currently marketed by companies <i>sonic emotion</i> and <i>Iosono</i>, require many loudspeakers and significant computing power. The 4th approach is using three mics, one for front, one for side and one for rear, also called <a href="/wiki/Double_MS_recording" title="Double MS recording">Double MS recording</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ambisonics" title="Ambisonics">Ambisonics</a> form, also based on <a href="/wiki/Huygens%27_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Huygens' principle">Huygens' principle</a>, gives an exact sound reconstruction at the central point; however, it is less accurate away from the central point. There are many free and commercial software programs available for Ambisonics, which dominates most of the consumer market, especially musicians using electronic and computer music. Moreover, Ambisonics products are the standard in surround sound hardware sold by <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Audio" title="Meridian Audio">Meridian Audio</a>. In its simplest form, Ambisonics consumes few resources, however this is not true for recent developments, such as Near Field Compensated Higher Order Ambisonics.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some years ago it was shown that, in the limit, WFS and Ambisonics converge.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, surround sound can also be achieved by mastering level, from stereophonic sources as with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penteo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penteo (page does not exist)">Penteo</a>, which uses <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> analysis of a stereo recording to parse out individual sounds to component panorama positions, then positions them, accordingly, into a five-channel field. However, there are more ways to create surround sound out of stereo, for instance with the routines based on <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound" title="Quadraphonic sound">QS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereo_Quadraphonic" title="Stereo Quadraphonic">SQ</a> for encoding <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic_sound" title="Quadraphonic sound">Quad</a> sound, where instruments were divided over 4 speakers in the studio. This way of creating surround with software routines is normally referred to as "upmixing",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was particularly successful on the <a href="/wiki/Sansui_Electric" title="Sansui Electric">Sansui</a> QSD-series decoders that had a mode where it mapped the L ↔ R stereo onto an ∩ arc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_configurations">Standard configurations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Standard configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many alternative setups available for a surround sound experience, with a 3-2 (3 front, 2 back speakers and a Low Frequency Effects channel) configuration (more commonly referred to as 5.1 surround) being the standard for most surround sound applications, including cinema, television and consumer applications.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a compromise between the ideal image creation of a room and that of practicality and compatibility with two-channel stereo.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because most surround sound mixes are produced for 5.1 surround (6 channels), larger setups require matrixes or processors to feed the additional speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard surround setup consists of three front speakers LCR (left, center and right), two surround speakers LS and RS (left and right surround respectively) and a subwoofer for the Low Frequency Effects (LFE) channel, that is low-pass filtered at 120 Hz. The angles between the speakers have been standardized by the <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a> (International Telecommunication Union) recommendation 775 and AES (Audio Engineering Society) as follows: 60 degrees between the L and R channels (allows for two-channel stereo compatibility) with the center speaker directly in front of the listener. The Surround channels are placed 100–120 degrees from the center channel, with the subwoofer's positioning not being critical due to the low directional factor of frequencies below 120 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ITU standard also allows for additional surround speakers, that need to be distributed evenly between 60 and 150 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surround mixes of more or fewer channels are acceptable, if they are compatible, as described by the ITU-R BS. 775-1,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 5.1 surround. The 3-1 channel setup (consisting of one monophonic surround channel) is such a case, where both LS and RS are fed by the monophonic signal at an attenuated level of -3 dB.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The function of the center channel is to anchor the signal so that any central panned images do not shift when a listener is moving or is sitting away from the sweet spot.<sup id="cite_ref-On-Location_Recording_Techniques_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On-Location_Recording_Techniques-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center channel also prevents any timbral modifications from occurring, which is typical for 2-channel stereo, due to phase differences at the two ears of a listener.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre channel is especially used in films and television, with dialogue primarily feeding the center channel.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function of the center channel can either be of a monophonic nature (as with dialogue) or it can be used in combination with the left and right channels for true three-channel stereo. Motion Pictures tend to use the center channel for monophonic purposes with stereo being reserved purely for the left and right channels. Surround microphones techniques have however been developed that fully use the potential of three-channel stereo. </p><p>In 5.1 surround, phantom images between the front speakers are quite accurate, with images towards the back and especially to the sides being unstable.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The localisation of a virtual source, based on level differences between two loudspeakers to the side of a listener, shows great inconsistency across the standardised 5.1 setup, also being largely affected by movement away from the reference position. 5.1 surround is therefore limited in its ability to convey 3D sound, making the surround channels more appropriate for ambience or effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>7.1 channel surround is another setup, most commonly used in large cinemas, that is compatible with 5.1 surround, though it is not stated in the ITU-standards. 7.1 channel surround adds two additional channels, center-left (CL) and center-right (CR) to the 5.1 surround setup, with the speakers situated 15 degrees off centre from the listener.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This convention is used to cover an increased angle between the front loudspeakers as a product of a larger screen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surround_microphone_techniques">Surround microphone techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surround microphone techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most 2-channel stereophonic microphone techniques are compatible with a 3-channel setup (LCR), as many of these techniques already contain a center microphone or microphone pair. Microphone techniques for LCR should, however, try to obtain greater channel separation to prevent conflicting phantom images between L/C and L/R for example.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-On-Location_Recording_Techniques_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On-Location_Recording_Techniques-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microphone_Book_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microphone_Book-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specialised techniques have therefore been developed for 3-channel stereo. Surround microphone techniques largely depend on the setup used, therefore being biased towards the 5.1 surround setup, as this is the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surround recording techniques can be differentiated into those that use single arrays of microphones placed in close proximity, and those treating front and rear channels with separate arrays.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close arrays present more accurate phantom images, whereas separate treatment of rear channels is usually used for ambience.<sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For accurate depiction of an acoustic environment, such as a halls, side reflections are essential. Appropriate microphone techniques should therefore be used, if room impression is important. Although the reproduction of side images are very unstable in the 5.1 surround setup, room impressions can still be accurately presented.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some microphone techniques used for coverage of three front channels, include double-stereo techniques, INA-3 (Ideal Cardioid Arrangement), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decca_Tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decca Tree (page does not exist)">Decca Tree</a> setup and the OCT (Optimum Cardioid Triangle).<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microphone_Book_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microphone_Book-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surround techniques are largely based on 3-channel techniques with additional microphones used for the surround channels. A distinguishing factor for the pickup of the front channels in surround is that less reverberation should be picked up, as the surround microphones will be responsible for the pickup of reverberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardioid, hypercardioid, or supercardioid polar patterns will therefore often replace omnidirectional polar patterns for surround recordings. To compensate for the lost low-end of directional (pressure gradient) microphones, additional omnidirectional (pressure microphones), exhibiting an extended low-end response, can be added. The microphone's output is usually low-pass filtered.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microphone_Book_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microphone_Book-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple surround microphone configuration involves the use of a front array in combination with two backward-facing omnidirectional room microphones placed about 10–15 meters away from the front array. If echoes are notable, the front array can be delayed appropriately. Alternatively, backward facing cardioid microphones can be placed closer to the front array for a similar reverberation pickup.<sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The INA-5 (Ideal Cardioid Arrangement) is a surround microphone array that uses five cardioid microphones resembling the angles of the standardised surround loudspeaker configuration defined by the ITU Rec. 775.<sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dimensions between the front three microphone as well as the polar patterns of the microphones can be changed for different pickup angles and ambient response.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique therefore allows for great flexibility. </p><p>A well established microphone array is the Fukada Tree, which is a modified variant of the Decca Tree stereo technique. The array consists of five spaced cardioid microphones, three front microphones resembling a Decca Tree and two surround microphones. Two additional omnidirectional outriggers can be added to enlarge the perceived size of the orchestra or to better integrate the front and surround channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The L, R, LS and RS microphones should be placed in a square formation, with L/R and LS/RS angled at 45 degrees and 135 degrees from the center microphone respectively. Spacing between these microphones should be about 1.8 meters. This square formation is responsible for the room impressions. The center channel is placed a meter in front of the L and R channels, producing a strong center image. The surround microphones are usually placed at the critical distance (where the direct and reverberant field is equal), with the full array usually situated several meters above and behind the conductor.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NHK (Japanese broadcasting company) developed an alternative technique also involving five cardioid microphones. Here a baffle is used for separation between the front left and right channels, which are 30 cm apart.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outrigger omnidirectional microphones, low-pass filtered at 250 Hz, are spaced 3 meters apart in line with the L and R cardioids. These compensate for the bass roll-off of the cardioid microphones and also add expansiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-On-Location_Recording_Techniques_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On-Location_Recording_Techniques-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 3-meter spaced microphone pair, situated 2–3 meters behind front array, is used for the surround channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre channel is again placed slightly forward, with the L/R and LS/RS again angled at 45 and 135 degrees respectively. </p><p>The OCT-Surround (Optimum Cardioid Triangle-Surround) microphone array is an augmented technique of the stereo OCT technique using the same front array with added surround microphones. The front array is designed for minimum crosstalk, with the front left and right microphones having supercardioid polar patterns and angled at 90 degrees relative to the center microphone.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important that high quality small diaphragm microphones are used for the L and R channels to reduce off-axis coloration.<sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equalization can also be used to flatten the response of the supercardioid microphones to signals coming in at up to about 30 degrees from the front of the array.<sup id="cite_ref-Sound_And_Recording_24-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sound_And_Recording-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center channel is placed slightly forward. The surround microphones are backwards facing cardioid microphones, that are placed 40 cm back from the L and R microphones. The L, R, LS and RS microphones pick up early reflections from both the sides and the back of an acoustic venue, therefore giving significant room impressions.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spacing between the L and R microphones can be varied to obtain the required stereo width.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specialized microphone arrays have been developed for recording purely the ambience of a space. These arrays are used in combination with suitable front arrays, or can be added to above mentioned surround techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamasaki square (also proposed by NHK) is a well established microphone array used for the pickup of hall ambience. Four figure-eight microphones are arranged in a square, ideally placed far away and high up in the hall. Spacing between the microphones should be between 1–3 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The microphones nulls (zero pickup point) are set to face the main sound source with positive polarities outward facing, therefore very effectively minimizing the direct sound pickup as well as echoes from the back of the hall<sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The back two microphones are mixed to the surround channels, with the front two channels being mixed in combination with the front array into L and R. </p><p>Another ambient technique is the IRT (Institut für Rundfunktechnik) cross. Here, four cardioid microphones, 90 degrees relative to one another, are placed in square formation, separated by 21–25 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microphone_Book_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microphone_Book-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front two microphones should be positioned 45 degrees off axis from the sound source. This technique therefore resembles back to back near-coincident stereo pairs. The microphones outputs are fed to the L, R and LS, RS channels. The disadvantage of this approach is that direct sound pickup is quite significant. </p><p>Many recordings do not require pickup of side reflections. For Live Pop music concerts a more appropriate array for the pickup of ambience is the cardioid trapezium.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All four cardioid microphones are backward facing and angled at 60 degrees from one another, therefore similar to a semi-circle. This is effective for the pickup of audience and ambience. </p><p>All the above-mentioned microphone arrays take up considerable space, making them quite ineffective for field recordings. In this respect, the double MS (Mid Side) technique is quite advantageous. This array uses back to back cardioid microphones, one facing forward, the other backwards, combined with either one or two figure-eight microphone. Different channels are obtained by sum and difference of the figure-eight and cardioid patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-K.G_Saur_25-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.G_Saur-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surround_Sound:_Up_and_Running-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When using only one figure-eight microphone, the double MS technique is extremely compact and therefore also perfectly compatible with monophonic playback. This technique also allows for postproduction changes of the pickup angle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bass_management">Bass management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bass management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bass_management" title="Bass management">Bass management</a></div> <p>Surround replay systems may make use of <i>bass management</i>, the fundamental principle of which is that bass content in the incoming signal, irrespective of channel, should be directed only to loudspeakers capable of handling it, whether the latter are the main system loudspeakers or one or more special low-frequency speakers called <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofers</a>. </p><p>There is a notation difference before and after the bass management system. Before the bass management system there is a Low Frequency Effects (LFE) channel. After the bass management system there is a subwoofer signal. A common misunderstanding is the belief that the LFE channel is the "subwoofer channel". The bass management system may direct bass to one or more subwoofers (if present) from <i>any</i> channel, not just from the LFE channel. Also, if there is no subwoofer speaker present then the bass management system can direct the LFE channel to one or more of the main speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Low_frequency_effects_channel">Low frequency effects channel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Low frequency effects channel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the <a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_effects" title="Low-frequency effects">low-frequency effects</a> (LFE) channel requires only a fraction of the bandwidth of the other audio channels, it is referred to as the <i>.1</i> channel; for example <i>5.1</i> or <i>7.1</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The LFE channel is a source of some confusion in surround sound. It was originally developed to carry extremely low <i>sub-bass</i> cinematic sound effects (e.g., the loud rumble of thunder or explosions) on their own channel. This allowed theaters to control the volume of these effects to suit the particular cinema's acoustic environment and sound reproduction system. Independent control of the sub-bass effects also reduced the problem of <a href="/wiki/Intermodulation_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermodulation distortion">intermodulation distortion</a> in analog movie sound reproduction. </p><p>In the original movie theater implementation, the LFE was a separate channel fed to one or more subwoofers. Home replay systems, however, may not have a separate subwoofer, so modern home surround decoders and systems often include a bass management system that allows bass on any channel (main or LFE) to be fed only to the loudspeakers that can handle low-frequency signals. The salient point here is that the LFE channel is not the <i>subwoofer channel</i>; there may be no subwoofer and, if there is, it may be handling a good deal more than effects.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some record labels such as <a href="/wiki/Telarc" class="mw-redirect" title="Telarc">Telarc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chesky_Records" title="Chesky Records">Chesky</a> have argued that LFE channels are not needed in a modern digital multichannel entertainment system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They argue that, given loudspeakers that have low frequency response to 30 Hz, all available channels have a full-frequency range and, as such, there is no need for an LFE in surround music production, because all the frequencies are available in all the main channels. These labels sometimes use the LFE channel to carry a height channel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The label <a href="/wiki/BIS_Records" title="BIS Records">BIS Records</a> generally uses a 5.0 channel mix. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Channel_notation">Channel notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Channel notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Channel notation indicates the number of discrete channels encoded in the audio signal, not necessarily the number of channels reproduced for playback. The number of playback channels can be increased by using <a href="/wiki/Matrix_decoder" title="Matrix decoder">matrix decoding</a>. The number of playback channels may also differ from the number of speakers used to reproduce them if one or more channels drives a group of speakers. Notation represents the number of channels, not the number of speakers. </p><p>The first digit in "5.1" is the number of full range channels. The ".1" reflects the limited frequency range of the LFE channel. </p><p>For example, two <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound#Common_usage" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a> speakers with no LFE channel = 2.0 <br /> 5 full-range channels + 1 LFE channel = 5.1 </p><p>An alternative notation shows the number of full-range channels in front of the listener, separated by a slash from the number of full-range channels beside or behind the listener, with a decimal point marking the number of limited-range LFE channels. </p><p>E.g. 3 front channels + 2 side channels + an LFE channel = 3/2.1 </p><p>The notation can be expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Matrix_Decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix Decoder">Matrix Decoders</a>. Dolby Digital EX, for example, has a sixth full-range channel incorporated into the two rear channels with a <a href="/wiki/Matrix_decoder" title="Matrix decoder">matrix</a>. This is expressed: </p><p>3 front channels + 2 rear channels + 3 channels reproduced in the rear in total + 1 LFE channel = 3/2:3.1 </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo">stereo</a>, although popularised in reference to two channel audio, historically also referred to surround sound, as it strictly means "solid" (three-dimensional) sound. However this is no longer common usage and "stereo sound" almost exclusively means two channels, left and right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channel_identification">Channel identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Channel identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with ANSI/CEA-863-A<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>ANSI/CEA-863-A identification for surround sound channels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Zero-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-based">Zero-based</a> channel index </th> <th rowspan="2">Channel name </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Color-coding on commercial<br />receiver and cabling </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MP3_Surround" title="MP3 Surround">MP3</a>/<a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a>/<a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Front left </td> <td style="background:white"></td> <td>White </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Front right </td> <td style="background:red"></td> <td>Red </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Center </td> <td style="background:green"></td> <td>Green </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>Subwoofer </td> <td style="background:purple"></td> <td>Purple </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Side left </td> <td style="background:blue"></td> <td>Blue </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>Side right </td> <td style="background:gray"></td> <td>Grey </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>Rear left </td> <td style="background:brown"></td> <td>Brown </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>Rear right </td> <td style="background:khaki"></td> <td>Khaki </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diagram </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:white;color:black">Front left </td> <td style="background:green;color:white">Center </td> <td style="background:red;text-align:right;color:white">Front right </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:blue;color:white">Side left </td> <td style="text-align:center;font-size:200%;" rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Person_at_the_cinema_with_popcorn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Person_at_the_cinema_with_popcorn.svg/40px-Person_at_the_cinema_with_popcorn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Person_at_the_cinema_with_popcorn.svg/60px-Person_at_the_cinema_with_popcorn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Person_at_the_cinema_with_popcorn.svg/80px-Person_at_the_cinema_with_popcorn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="642" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background:gray;text-align:right;color:black">Side right </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:brown;color:white">Rear left </td> <td style="background:khaki;text-align:right;color:black">Rear right </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:purple;text-align:center;color:white" colspan="3">Subwoofer </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Height channels<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Index </th> <th>Channel name </th> <th colspan="2">Color-coding on commercial<br />receiver and cabling </th></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Left height 1 </td> <td style="background:yellow"></td> <td>Yellow </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Right height 1 </td> <td style="background:orange"></td> <td>Orange </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Left height 2 </td> <td style="background:pink"></td> <td>Pink </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Right height 2 </td> <td style="background:magenta"></td> <td>Magenta </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonic_Whole_Overhead_Sound">Sonic Whole Overhead Sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sonic Whole Overhead Sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, Dolby premiered a master of <i><a href="/wiki/We_Were_Soldiers" title="We Were Soldiers">We Were Soldiers</a></i> which featured a Sonic Whole Overhead Sound soundtrack. This mix included a new ceiling-mounted <a href="/wiki/Height_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Height channel">height channel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambisonics">Ambisonics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ambisonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ambisonics" title="Ambisonics">Ambisonics</a></div> <p><b>Ambisonics</b> is a recording and playback technique using multichannel mixing that can be used live or in the studio and which recreates the soundfield as it existed in the space, in contrast to traditional surround systems, which can only create illusion of the soundfield if the listener is located in a very narrow sweetspot between speakers. Any number of speakers in any physical arrangement can be used to recreate a sound field. With 6 or more speakers arranged around a listener, a 3-dimensional ("periphonic", or full-sphere) sound field can be presented. Ambisonics was invented by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerzon" title="Michael Gerzon">Michael Gerzon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binaural_recording">Binaural recording</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Binaural recording"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></div> <p><b>Binaural recording</b> is a method of recording sound that uses two microphones, arranged with the intent to create the 3-D stereo experience of being present in the room with the performers or instruments. The idea of a three dimensional or "internal" form of sound has developed into technology for stethoscopes creating "in-head" acoustics and IMAX movies creating a three dimensional acoustic experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panor-Ambiophonic_(PanAmbio)_4.0/4.1"><span id="Panor-Ambiophonic_.28PanAmbio.29_4.0.2F4.1"></span>Panor-Ambiophonic (PanAmbio) 4.0/4.1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Panor-Ambiophonic (PanAmbio) 4.0/4.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ambiophonics" title="Ambiophonics">Ambiophonics</a></div> <p><b>PanAmbio</b> combines a stereo dipole and crosstalk cancellation in front and a second set behind the listener (total of four speakers) for 360° 2D surround reproduction. Four channel recordings, especially those containing binaural cues, create speaker-binaural surround sound. 5.1 channel recordings, including movie DVDs, are compatible by mixing C-channel content to the front speaker pair. 6.1 can be played by mixing SC to the back pair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_speaker_channels">Standard speaker channels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Standard speaker channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surround_channels" title="Surround channels">Surround channels</a></div> <p>Several speaker configurations are commonly used for consumer equipment. The order and identifiers are those specified for the channel mask in the standard uncompressed <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> file format (which contains a raw multichannel <a href="/wiki/PCM" class="mw-redirect" title="PCM">PCM</a> stream) and are used according to the same specification for most PC connectible digital sound hardware and PC operating systems capable of handling multiple channels.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is possible to build any speaker configuration, there is little commercial movie or music content for alternative speaker configurations. However, source channels can be remixed for the speaker channels using a matrix table specifying how much of each content channel is played through each speaker channel. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Standard speaker channels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Channel name</th> <th>ID</th> <th>Identifier</th> <th>Index</th> <th>Flag </th></tr> <tr> <th>Front Left </th> <td>FL</td> <td>SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT </td> <td>0</td> <td>0x00000001 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Front Right </th> <td>FR</td> <td>SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT </td> <td>1</td> <td>0x00000002 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Front Center </th> <td>FC</td> <td>SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER </td> <td>2</td> <td>0x00000004 </td></tr> <tr> <th title="Subwoofer">Low Frequency </th> <td>LFE</td> <td>SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY </td> <td>3</td> <td>0x00000008 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Back Left </th> <td>BL</td> <td>SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT </td> <td>4</td> <td>0x00000010 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Back Right </th> <td>BR</td> <td>SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT </td> <td>5</td> <td>0x00000020 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Front Left of Center </th> <td>FLC</td> <td>SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT_OF_CENTER </td> <td>6</td> <td>0x00000040 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Front Right of Center </th> <td>FRC</td> <td>SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT_OF_CENTER </td> <td>7</td> <td>0x00000080 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Back Center </th> <td>BC</td> <td>SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER </td> <td>8</td> <td>0x00000100 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Side Left </th> <td>SL</td> <td>SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT </td> <td>9</td> <td>0x00000200 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Side Right </th> <td>SR</td> <td>SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT </td> <td>10</td> <td>0x00000400 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Top Center </th> <td>TC</td> <td>SPEAKER_TOP_CENTER </td> <td>11</td> <td>0x00000800 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Front Left Height </th> <td>TFL</td> <td>SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_LEFT </td> <td>12</td> <td>0x00001000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Front Center Height </th> <td>TFC</td> <td>SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_CENTER </td> <td>13</td> <td>0x00002000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Front Right Height </th> <td>TFR</td> <td>SPEAKER_TOP_FRONT_RIGHT </td> <td>14</td> <td>0x00004000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rear Left Height </th> <td>TBL</td> <td>SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_LEFT </td> <td>15</td> <td>0x00008000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rear Center Height </th> <td>TBC</td> <td>SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_CENTER </td> <td>16</td> <td>0x00010000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rear Right Height </th> <td>TBR</td> <td>SPEAKER_TOP_BACK_RIGHT </td> <td>17</td> <td>0x00020000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most channel configuration may include a <a href="/wiki/Low_frequency_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Low frequency effects">low frequency effects</a> (LFE) channel (the channel played through the <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofer</a>.) This makes the configuration ".1" instead of ".0". Most modern multichannel mixes contain one LFE, some use two. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Standard speaker channel layouts </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Icon</th> <th rowspan="2">System</th> <th rowspan="2">Channels</th> <th rowspan="2">LFE </th> <th colspan="4">Front</th> <th colspan="1">Sides</th> <th colspan="3" title="Rear">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>FL+FR</th> <th>FC</th> <th>FLC+FRC</th> <th>TFL+TFR </th> <th>SL+SR</th> <th>BL+BR</th> <th>BC</th> <th>TBL+TBR </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_0_channels_(mono)_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1_0_channels_%28mono%29_label.svg/30px-1_0_channels_%28mono%29_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1_0_channels_%28mono%29_label.svg/45px-1_0_channels_%28mono%29_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1_0_channels_%28mono%29_label.svg/60px-1_0_channels_%28mono%29_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Mono<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>1.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2_1_channels_(stereo_subwoofer)_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2_1_channels_%28stereo_subwoofer%29_label.svg/30px-2_1_channels_%28stereo_subwoofer%29_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2_1_channels_%28stereo_subwoofer%29_label.svg/45px-2_1_channels_%28stereo_subwoofer%29_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2_1_channels_%28stereo_subwoofer%29_label.svg/60px-2_1_channels_%28stereo_subwoofer%29_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Stereo<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>2.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">2.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3_0_channels_(stereo_front-center)_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/3_0_channels_%28stereo_front-center%29_label.svg/30px-3_0_channels_%28stereo_front-center%29_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/3_0_channels_%28stereo_front-center%29_label.svg/45px-3_0_channels_%28stereo_front-center%29_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/3_0_channels_%28stereo_front-center%29_label.svg/60px-3_0_channels_%28stereo_front-center%29_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Stereo </th> <td>3.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">3.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2_0-1_channels_(dolby_surround)_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2_0-1_channels_%28dolby_surround%29_label.svg/30px-2_0-1_channels_%28dolby_surround%29_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2_0-1_channels_%28dolby_surround%29_label.svg/45px-2_0-1_channels_%28dolby_surround%29_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2_0-1_channels_%28dolby_surround%29_label.svg/60px-2_0-1_channels_%28dolby_surround%29_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Surround </th> <td>3.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4_0_channels_(quadrophonic)(quadrophonie)_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/4_0_channels_%28quadrophonic%29%28quadrophonie%29_label.svg/30px-4_0_channels_%28quadrophonic%29%28quadrophonie%29_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/4_0_channels_%28quadrophonic%29%28quadrophonie%29_label.svg/45px-4_0_channels_%28quadrophonic%29%28quadrophonie%29_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/4_0_channels_%28quadrophonic%29%28quadrophonie%29_label.svg/60px-4_0_channels_%28quadrophonic%29%28quadrophonie%29_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Quad </th> <td>4.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4_0_channels_side_quad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/4_0_channels_side_quad.svg/30px-4_0_channels_side_quad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/4_0_channels_side_quad.svg/45px-4_0_channels_side_quad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/4_0_channels_side_quad.svg/60px-4_0_channels_side_quad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Side Quad </th> <td>4.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4_1channel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/4_1channel.svg/30px-4_1channel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/4_1channel.svg/45px-4_1channel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/4_1channel.svg/60px-4_1channel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Surround </th> <td>4.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">4.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5_1_channels_(surround_sound)_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/5_1_channels_%28surround_sound%29_label.svg/30px-5_1_channels_%28surround_sound%29_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/5_1_channels_%28surround_sound%29_label.svg/45px-5_1_channels_%28surround_sound%29_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/5_1_channels_%28surround_sound%29_label.svg/60px-5_1_channels_%28surround_sound%29_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>(Front) </th> <td>5.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">5.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5_1_channels_side.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/5_1_channels_side.svg/30px-5_1_channels_side.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/5_1_channels_side.svg/45px-5_1_channels_side.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/5_1_channels_side.svg/60px-5_1_channels_side.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Side<sup id="cite_ref-DTS_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>5.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">5.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5_1_4_channels_atmos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/5_1_4_channels_atmos.svg/30px-5_1_4_channels_atmos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/5_1_4_channels_atmos.svg/45px-5_1_4_channels_atmos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/5_1_4_channels_atmos.svg/60px-5_1_4_channels_atmos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Atmos<sup id="cite_ref-ATMOS_SETUP_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATMOS_SETUP-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td title="9.1">5.1.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:6_1_channels_(extended_surround_sound)_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/6_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound%29_label.svg/30px-6_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound%29_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/6_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound%29_label.svg/45px-6_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound%29_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/6_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound%29_label.svg/60px-6_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound%29_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Hexagonal (Back) </th> <td>6.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">6.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th>Front </th> <td>6.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">6.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:6_1_channels_surround_sound.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/6_1_channels_surround_sound.svg/30px-6_1_channels_surround_sound.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/6_1_channels_surround_sound.svg/45px-6_1_channels_surround_sound.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/6_1_channels_surround_sound.svg/60px-6_1_channels_surround_sound.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>(Side) </th> <td>6.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">6.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7_1_channels_(extended_surround_sound_SDDS)_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/7_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound_SDDS%29_label.svg/30px-7_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound_SDDS%29_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/7_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound_SDDS%29_label.svg/45px-7_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound_SDDS%29_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/7_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound_SDDS%29_label.svg/60px-7_1_channels_%28extended_surround_sound_SDDS%29_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="463" /></a></span> </td> <th>Wide </th> <td>7.1</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7_1_channels_surround_sound_sides.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/7_1_channels_surround_sound_sides.svg/30px-7_1_channels_surround_sound_sides.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/7_1_channels_surround_sound_sides.svg/45px-7_1_channels_surround_sound_sides.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/7_1_channels_surround_sound_sides.svg/60px-7_1_channels_surround_sound_sides.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th title="Front / Wide-Side">Side<sup id="cite_ref-DTS_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTS-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>7.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">7.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7_1_channels_surround_sound.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/7_1_channels_surround_sound.svg/30px-7_1_channels_surround_sound.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/7_1_channels_surround_sound.svg/45px-7_1_channels_surround_sound.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/7_1_channels_surround_sound.svg/60px-7_1_channels_surround_sound.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Surround<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>7.0</td> <td style="background: #DFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;">7.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7_1_4_channels_atmos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/7_1_4_channels_atmos.svg/30px-7_1_4_channels_atmos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/7_1_4_channels_atmos.svg/45px-7_1_4_channels_atmos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/7_1_4_channels_atmos.svg/60px-7_1_4_channels_atmos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Atmos<sup id="cite_ref-ATMOS_SETUP_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATMOS_SETUP-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td title="11.1">7.1.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:8_0_channels_surround_sound.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/8_0_channels_surround_sound.svg/30px-8_0_channels_surround_sound.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/8_0_channels_surround_sound.svg/45px-8_0_channels_surround_sound.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/8_0_channels_surround_sound.svg/60px-8_0_channels_surround_sound.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Octagonal </th> <td>8.0</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:9_1_channels_surround_sound_alternate_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/9_1_channels_surround_sound_alternate_2.svg/30px-9_1_channels_surround_sound_alternate_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/9_1_channels_surround_sound_alternate_2.svg/45px-9_1_channels_surround_sound_alternate_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/9_1_channels_surround_sound_alternate_2.svg/60px-9_1_channels_surround_sound_alternate_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Surround </th> <td title="7.0.2">9.0</td> <td title="7.1.2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">9.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th>Surround </th> <td title="9.0.2">11.0</td> <td title="9.1.2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">11.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11_1_4_channels_atmos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="resize"><img alt="resize" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11_1_4_channels_atmos.svg/30px-11_1_4_channels_atmos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11_1_4_channels_atmos.svg/45px-11_1_4_channels_atmos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/11_1_4_channels_atmos.svg/60px-11_1_4_channels_atmos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <th>Atmos<sup id="cite_ref-ATMOS_SETUP_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATMOS_SETUP-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td title="9.0.2">11.1.4</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Two per side</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Two per side</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7.1_surround_sound">7.1 surround sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 7.1 surround sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/7.1_surround_sound" title="7.1 surround sound">7.1 surround sound</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/7.1_surround_sound" title="7.1 surround sound">7.1 surround sound</a> is a popular format in theaters & Home cinema including Blu-rays with Dolby and DTS being major players.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7.1.2/7.1.4_immersive_sound"><span id="7.1.2.2F7.1.4_immersive_sound"></span>7.1.2/7.1.4 immersive sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 7.1.2/7.1.4 immersive sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Atmos" title="Dolby Atmos">Dolby Atmos</a></div> <p>7.1.2 and 7.1.4 immersive sound along with 5.1.2 and 5.1.4 format adds either 2 or 4 overhead speakers to enable sound objects and special effect sounds to be <a href="/wiki/Panning_(audio)" title="Panning (audio)">panned</a> overhead for the listener. Introduced for theatrical film releases in 2012 by <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a> under the trademark name <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Atmos" title="Dolby Atmos">Dolby Atmos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dolby Atmos (and other <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Spatial_Sound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft Spatial Sound (page does not exist)">Microsoft Spatial Sound</a> engines; see <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">AudioObjectType</code> in <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SpatialAudioClient.h</code>) additionally support a virtual "8.1.4.4" configuration, to be rendered by a <a href="/wiki/HRTF" class="mw-redirect" title="HRTF">HRTF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The configuration adds to 7.1.4 with a center speaker behind the listener and 4 speakers below.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10.2_surround_sound">10.2 surround sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 10.2 surround sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/10.2_surround_sound" title="10.2 surround sound">10.2 surround sound</a></div> <p><b>10.2</b> is the surround sound format developed by <a href="/wiki/THX" title="THX">THX</a> creator <a href="/wiki/Tomlinson_Holman" title="Tomlinson Holman">Tomlinson Holman</a> of TMH Labs and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> (schools of Cinema/Television and Engineering). Developed along with <a href="/wiki/Chris_Kyriakakis" title="Chris Kyriakakis">Chris Kyriakakis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USC_Viterbi_School_of_Engineering" title="USC Viterbi School of Engineering">USC Viterbi School of Engineering</a>, <i>10.2</i> refers to the format's promotional slogan: "Twice as good as 5.1". Advocates of 10.2 argue that it is the audio equivalent of <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (January 2015)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11.1_surround_sound">11.1 surround sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 11.1 surround sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>11.1</b> sound is supported by BARCO with installations in theaters worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="22.2_surround_sound">22.2 surround sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 22.2 surround sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/22.2_surround_sound" title="22.2 surround sound">22.2 surround sound</a></div> <p><b>22.2</b> is the surround sound component of <a href="/wiki/Ultra_High_Definition_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra High Definition Television">Ultra High Definition Television</a>, developed by NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories. As its name suggests, it uses 24 speakers. These are arranged in three layers: A middle layer of ten speakers, an upper layer of nine speakers, and a lower layer of three speakers and two sub-woofers. The system was demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/Expo_2005" title="Expo 2005">Expo 2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi">Aichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NAB_Show" title="NAB Show">NAB Shows</a> 2006 and 2009, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Broadcasting_Convention" title="International Broadcasting Convention">IBC</a> trade shows 2006 and 2008, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_audio_effect" title="3D audio effect">3D audio effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Surround" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Surround">Dolby Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duophonic" title="Duophonic">Duophonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-channel_Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio">Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holophonics" title="Holophonics">Holophonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedence_effect" title="Precedence effect">Precedence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundfield_microphone" title="Soundfield microphone">Soundfield microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_surround" title="Virtual surround">Virtual surround</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For historical reasons, when using (1.0) mono sound, often in technical implementations the first (left) channel is used, instead of the center speaker channel, in many other cases when playing back multichannel content on a device with a mono speaker configuration all channels are downmixed into one channel. The way standard mono and stereo plugs used for common audio devices are designed ensures this as well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stereo (2.0) is still the most common format for music, as most computers, television sets and portable audio players only feature two speakers, and the red book Audio CD standard used for retail distribution of music only allows for two channels. A 2.1 speaker set does generally not have a separate physical channel for the low-frequency effects, as the speaker set downmixes the low-frequency components of the two stereo channels into one channel for the subwoofer.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audiogurus.com/learn/news/glossary-home-theater-terms-terminology/245#C">"Home Theater Glossary of Terms and Terminology"</a>. <i>Audiogurus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Audiogurus&rft.atitle=Home+Theater+Glossary+of+Terms+and+Terminology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.audiogurus.com%2Flearn%2Fnews%2Fglossary-home-theater-terms-terminology%2F245%23C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.775-1-199407-S!!PDF-E.pdf"><i>RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BS.775-1 - Multichannel stereophonic sound system with and without accompanying picture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ITU-R. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RECOMMENDATION+ITU-R+BS.775-1+-+Multichannel+stereophonic+sound+system+with+and+without+accompanying+picture&rft.pub=ITU-R&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fbs%2FR-REC-BS.775-1-199407-S%21%21PDF-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawaguchiFukada1999" class="citation web cs1">Sawaguchi, Mick M; Fukada, Akira (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091219063632/http://iberalp.es/files/producto/multichannel_mixin.pdf">"Multichannel sound mixing practice for broadcasting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBC Conference, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iberalp.es/files/producto/multichannel_mixin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-12-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multichannel+sound+mixing+practice+for+broadcasting&rft.pub=IBC+Conference%2C+1999&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sawaguchi&rft.aufirst=Mick+M&rft.au=Fukada%2C+Akira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiberalp.es%2Ffiles%2Fproducto%2Fmultichannel_mixin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealySmeaton2009" class="citation book cs1">Healy, Graham; Smeaton, Alan F. (2009-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doras.dcu.ie/2968/1/isa2009.pdf">"Spatially Augmented Audio Delivery: Applications of Spatial Sound Awareness in Sensor-Equipped Indoor Environments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2009 Tenth International Conference on Mobile Data Management: Systems, Services and Middleware</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=windows.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Windows+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fwindows%2Fwindowsmedia%2Fhowto%2Farticles%2Fcreating71audio.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hardware/gg463006.aspx">"Multiple channel audio data and WAVE files"</a>. Microsoft. June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiple+channel+audio+data+and+WAVE+files&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fhardware%2Fgg463006.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Coalson" class="citation web cs1">Josh Coalson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flac.sourceforge.net/format.html#frame_header">"FLAC - format"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FLAC+-+format&rft.au=Josh+Coalson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflac.sourceforge.net%2Fformat.html%23frame_header&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618092609/http://www.hydrogenaud.io/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t16033.html">"Hydrogenaudio, 5.1 Channel Mappings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogenaud.io/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t16033.html">the original</a> on 2015-06-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrogenaudio%2C+5.1+Channel+Mappings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogenaud.io%2Fforums%2Flofiversion%2Findex.php%2Ft16033.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xiph.org/vorbis/doc/Vorbis_I_spec.html#x1-810004.3.9">"Vorbis I specification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xiph.Org_Foundation" title="Xiph.Org Foundation">Xiph.Org Foundation</a>. 2015-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vorbis+I+specification&rft.pub=Xiph.Org+Foundation&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xiph.org%2Fvorbis%2Fdoc%2FVorbis_I_spec.html%23x1-810004.3.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerriberryLeeGiles2016" class="citation cs1">Terriberry, T.; Lee, R.; Giles, R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7845#section-5.1.1.2">"Channel Mapping Family 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7845"><i>Ogg Encapsulation for the Opus Audio Codec</i></a>. p. 18. sec. 5.1.1.2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7845">10.17487/RFC7845</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7845">7845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Channel+Mapping+Family+1&rft.btitle=Ogg+Encapsulation+for+the+Opus+Audio+Codec&rft.pages=p.-18.-sec.-5.1.1.2&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7845&rft.aulast=Terriberry&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Lee%2C+R.&rft.au=Giles%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7845%26%23035%3Bsection-5.1.1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff537083.aspx">"KSAUDIO_CHANNEL_CONFIG structure"</a>. Microsoft. 13 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KSAUDIO_CHANNEL_CONFIG+structure&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2023-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fff537083.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khronos.org/registry/sles/api/1.0.1/OpenSLES.h">"Header file for OpenSL, containing various identifier definitions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Header+file+for+OpenSL%2C+containing+various+identifier+definitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khronos.org%2Fregistry%2Fsles%2Fapi%2F1.0.1%2FOpenSLES.h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DTS-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DTS_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DTS_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528142936/http://www.thx.com/consumer/home-entertainment/home-theater/surround-sound-speaker-set-up/">"THX 5.1 Surround Sound Speaker set-up"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thx.com/consumer/home-entertainment/home-theater/surround-sound-speaker-set-up/">the original</a> on 2010-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THX+5.1+Surround+Sound+Speaker+set-up&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thx.com%2Fconsumer%2Fhome-entertainment%2Fhome-theater%2Fsurround-sound-speaker-set-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span>. This is the correct speaker placement for 5.0/6.0/7.0 channel sound reproduction for <a href="/wiki/Dolby" title="Dolby">Dolby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Theater_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Theater Systems">Digital Theater Systems</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATMOS_SETUP-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ATMOS_SETUP_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATMOS_SETUP_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ATMOS_SETUP_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dolby.com/about/support/guide/speaker-setup-guides/">"Dolby Atmos Speaker Setup Guides"</a>. <i>www.dolby.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dolby.com&rft.atitle=Dolby+Atmos+Speaker+Setup+Guides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolby.com%2Fabout%2Fsupport%2Fguide%2Fspeaker-setup-guides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307204151/http://www.sdds.com/pdfs/SDDSPrintMaster.PDF">"Sony Print Master Guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdds.com/pdfs/SDDSPrintMaster.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-07This plus an LFE is the correct speaker placement for 8-track <a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">Sony Dynamic Digital Sound</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony+Print+Master+Guidelines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdds.com%2Fpdfs%2FSDDSPrintMaster.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techhive.com/article/2999543/home-theater/the-next-big-things-in-home-theater-dolby-atmos-and-dtsx-explained.html">"The next big things in home-theater: Dolby Atmos and DTS:X explained"</a>. 2015-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+next+big+things+in+home-theater%3A+Dolby+Atmos+and+DTS%3AX+explained&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techhive.com%2Farticle%2F2999543%2Fhome-theater%2Fthe-next-big-things-in-home-theater-dolby-atmos-and-dtsx-explained.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dolby.com/us/en/technologies/home/dolby-atmos.html">"Dolby Atmos for Home"</a>. <i>www.dolby.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dolby.com&rft.atitle=Dolby+Atmos+for+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolby.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Ftechnologies%2Fhome%2Fdolby-atmos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/coreaudio/spatial-sound">"Spatial Sound for app developers for Windows, Xbox, and Hololens 2 - Win32 apps"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i>. 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=learn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Spatial+Sound+for+app+developers+for+Windows%2C+Xbox%2C+and+Hololens+2+-+Win32+apps&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fwin32%2Fcoreaudio%2Fspatial-sound&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://games.dolby.com/news/deeply-immersive-game-audio-with-spatial-sound/">"Deeply Immersive Game Audio with Spatial Sound"</a>. <i>games.dolby.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=games.dolby.com&rft.atitle=Deeply+Immersive+Game+Audio+with+Spatial+Sound&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgames.dolby.com%2Fnews%2Fdeeply-immersive-game-audio-with-spatial-sound%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118231628/http://www.barco.com/en/Auro11-1/exhibitors-tab-1">"How Does Immersive Sound from Barco Work?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barco.com/en/Auro11-1/exhibitors-tab-1">the original</a> on 2015-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Does+Immersive+Sound+from+Barco+Work%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barco.com%2Fen%2FAuro11-1%2Fexhibitors-tab-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurround+sound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_(HD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-definition" title="Template:High-definition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-definition" title="Template talk:High-definition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-definition_(HD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition (HD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High-definition video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p (HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p (Quad HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">2160p (4K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">4320p (8K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16K_resolution" title="16K resolution">8640p (16K Ultra HD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog broadcast</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(All defunct)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819 line system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">HD MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE (Hi-Vision)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DMB-T/H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surround sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_eXtreme_Definition" title="Digital eXtreme Definition">DXD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filming and storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">HD media and<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">HD VMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#MUSE_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">MUSE LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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