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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensory_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sensory organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_modalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_modalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sensory modalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_modalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_receptor_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_receptor_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Structural receptor types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_receptor_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.2</span> <span>Cell type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_receptor_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_receptor_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Functional receptor types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_receptor_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thresholds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thresholds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Thresholds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thresholds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolute_threshold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_threshold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Absolute threshold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_threshold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_threshold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_threshold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Differential threshold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_threshold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signal_detection_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal_detection_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Signal detection theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signal_detection_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_perceptive_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_perceptive_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Private perceptive experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_perceptive_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Sensory adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourier_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourier_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Fourier analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourier_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_neuroscience_and_the_biology_of_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_neuroscience_and_the_biology_of_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Sensory neuroscience and the biology of perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_neuroscience_and_the_biology_of_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensory_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>Sensory nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimodal_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimodal_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Multimodal perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimodal_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_sensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_sensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Human sensation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_sensation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human sensation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_sensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolute_threshold_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_threshold_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Absolute threshold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_threshold_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimodal_perception_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimodal_perception_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Multimodal perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimodal_perception_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>External</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_system_(vision)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_system_(vision)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Visual system (vision)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_system_(vision)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_perception_in_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_perception_in_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1.1</span> <span>Visual perception in psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_perception_in_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auditory_system_(hearing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auditory_system_(hearing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Auditory system (hearing)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auditory_system_(hearing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somatosensory_system_(touch)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somatosensory_system_(touch)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Somatosensory system (touch)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somatosensory_system_(touch)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gustatory_system_(taste)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gustatory_system_(taste)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Gustatory system (taste)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gustatory_system_(taste)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olfactory_system_(smell)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfactory_system_(smell)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Olfactory system (smell)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfactory_system_(smell)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vestibular_system_(balance)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vestibular_system_(balance)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Vestibular system (balance)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vestibular_system_(balance)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Internal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonhuman_animal_sensation_and_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonhuman_animal_sensation_and_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nonhuman animal sensation and perception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nonhuman_animal_sensation_and_perception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nonhuman animal sensation and perception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nonhuman_animal_sensation_and_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_analogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_analogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Human analogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_analogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Smell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vomeronasal_organ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vomeronasal_organ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Vomeronasal organ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vomeronasal_organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Taste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spatial_orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spatial_orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Spatial orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spatial_orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-human_analogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-human_analogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-human analogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-human_analogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnetoception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetoception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Magnetoception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetoception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Echolocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Echolocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Echolocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Echolocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electroreception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electroreception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Electroreception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electroreception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hygroreception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hygroreception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Hygroreception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hygroreception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_sensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_sensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Infrared sensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_sensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_sensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_sensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Plant sensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_sensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_sensation_and_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_sensation_and_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Artificial sensation and perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_sensation_and_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="حاسة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiu_(fisioloch%C3%ADa)" title="Sentiu (fisiolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sentiu (fisiolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%93%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܪܓܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܓܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hissiyyat" title="Hissiyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hissiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1m-kak" title="Kám-kak – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kám-kak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Адчуванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адчуванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сетиво – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сетиво" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Culo" title="Čulo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čulo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiant_(fiziologiezh)" title="Skiant (fiziologiezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skiant (fiziologiezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentit_(percepci%C3%B3)" title="Sentit (percepció) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sentit (percepció)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BD%C4%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Туйнăлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Туйнăлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smysl_(biologie)" title="Smysl (biologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Smysl (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunzwi" title="Hunzwi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hunzwi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans" title="Sans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_(Wahrnehmung)" title="Sinn (Wahrnehmung) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sinn (Wahrnehmung)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeled" title="Meeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Meeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αίσθηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αίσθηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentido_(percepci%C3%B3n)" title="Sentido (percepción) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sentido (percepción)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senso" title="Senso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentzumen" title="Zentzumen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zentzumen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3" title="حس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens_(physiologie)" title="Sens (physiologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sens (physiologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentido_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Sentido (bioloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sentido (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%90%EA%B0%81" title="감각 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="감각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Զգացողություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զգացողություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="संवेद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संवेद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osjeti" title="Osjeti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osjeti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senso" title="Senso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Senso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_(fisiologi)" title="Indra (fisiologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indra (fisiologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senso" title="Senso – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Senso" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynf%C3%A6ri" title="Skynfæri – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skynfæri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organi_di_senso" title="Organi di senso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organi di senso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A9" title="חוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಇಂದ್ರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂದ್ರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გრძნობის ორგანოები და შეგრძნებები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრძნობის ორგანოები და შეგრძნებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Түйсік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түйсік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans" title="Sans – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Сезим – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сезим" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensus_(biologia)" title="Sensus (biologia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sensus (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%86a" title="Maņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ABnn_(Physiologie)" title="Sënn (Physiologie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sënn (Physiologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poj%C5%ABtis" title="Pojūtis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pojūtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensa" title="Sensa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sensa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rz%C3%A9kel%C3%A9s" title="Érzékelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Érzékelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сетилни органи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сетилни органи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ദ്രിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ദ്രിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5" title="जाणीव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जाणीव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deria" title="Deria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Deria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zintuig" title="Zintuig – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zintuig" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%9A" title="感覚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="感覚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens_(Fisiologia)" title="Sens (Fisiologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sens (Fisiologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3" title="حس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmys%C5%82" title="Zmysł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zmysł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_dos_sentidos" title="Órgãos dos sentidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Órgãos dos sentidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C8%9B" title="Simț – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Simț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musyay" title="Musyay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Musyay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%89%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ощущение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ощущение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense" title="Sense – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sense" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shqisa" title="Shqisa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shqisa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حواس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حواس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesn%C3%BD_zmysel" title="Telesný zmysel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Telesný zmysel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%95" title="ھۆشە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھۆشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudska_%C4%8Dula" title="Ljudska čula – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ljudska čula" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cula" title="Čula – Serbo-Croatian" 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Physiological capacity</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the cognitive process of sense together with the sensory systems, sense organs, and sensation. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sense_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sense (disambiguation)">Sense (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Five senses" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Five_senses_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Five senses (disambiguation)">Five senses (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SensoryProcessing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/SensoryProcessing.png/300px-SensoryProcessing.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/SensoryProcessing.png/450px-SensoryProcessing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/SensoryProcessing.png/600px-SensoryProcessing.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption>Sensation consists of signal collection and transduction.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sense</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">biological system</a> used by an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> for <b>sensation</b>, the process of gathering <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> about the surroundings through the detection of <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a>. Although, in some cultures, five human senses<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were traditionally identified as such (namely <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">sight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>), many more are now recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senses used by non-human organisms are even greater in variety and number. During sensation, sense organs<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collect various stimuli (such as a sound or smell) for <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduction</a>, meaning transformation into a form that can be understood by the brain. Sensation and <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> are fundamental to nearly every aspect of an organism's <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a>. </p><p>In organisms, a <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">sensory organ</a> consists of a group of interrelated <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory cells</a> that respond to a specific type of physical stimulus. Via <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">spinal nerves</a> (nerves of the Central and Peripheral nervous systems that relay sensory information to and from the brain and body), the different types of sensory receptor cells (such as <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreceptors">mechanoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoreceptors</a>) in sensory organs transduct sensory information from these organs towards the central nervous system, finally arriving at the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">sensory cortices</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">brain</a>, where sensory signals are processed and interpreted (perceived). </p><p>Sensory systems, or senses, are often divided into external (exteroception) and internal (<a href="/wiki/Interoception" title="Interoception">interoception</a>) sensory systems. Human external senses are based on the sensory organs of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ear">ears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>. Internal sensation detects stimuli from internal organs and tissues. Internal senses possessed by humans include <a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">spatial orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> (body position) and <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception</a> (pain). Further internal senses lead to signals such as <a href="/wiki/Hunger_(physiology)" title="Hunger (physiology)">hunger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">thirst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, or different involuntary behaviors, such as <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsakiris,_Manos,_editor._Preester,_Helena_de,_editor2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsakiris,_Manos,_editor._Preester,_Helena_de,_editor2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khalsa_Lapidus_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalsa_Lapidus_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some animals are able to detect <a href="/wiki/Electrical_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical field">electrical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_moisture" class="mw-redirect" title="Air moisture">air moisture</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a>, while others sense and perceive through alternative systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a>. <a href="#Sensory_modalities">Sensory modalities</a> or sub modalities are different ways sensory information is encoded or transduced. <a href="/wiki/Multisensory_integration" title="Multisensory integration">Multimodality</a> integrates different senses into one unified perceptual experience. For example, information from one sense has the potential to influence how information from another is perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensation and perception are studied by a variety of related fields, most notably <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurobiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_organs">Sensory organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sensory organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">Skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">Nose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">Mouth</a></div> <p>Sensory organs are <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> that sense and <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduce</a> stimuli. Humans have various sensory organs (i.e. eyes, ears, skin, nose, and mouth) that correspond to a respective <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> (sense of vision), <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a> (sense of hearing), <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">somatosensory system</a> (sense of touch), <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory system</a> (sense of smell), and <a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">gustatory system</a> (sense of taste). Those systems, in turn, contribute to <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a>, and the ability to <a href="/wiki/Flavoring#taste" title="Flavoring">taste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internal sensation, or interoception, detects stimuli from internal organs and tissues. Many internal sensory and perceptual systems exist in humans, including the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a> (sense of balance) sensed by the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> and providing the perception of <a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">spatial orientation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a> (body position); and <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception</a> (pain). Further internal <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreception</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">osmoreception</a>-based sensory systems lead to various perceptions, such as <a href="/wiki/Hunger_(physiology)" title="Hunger (physiology)">hunger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">thirst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, or different involuntary behaviors, such as <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsakiris,_Manos,_editor._Preester,_Helena_de,_editor2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsakiris,_Manos,_editor._Preester,_Helena_de,_editor2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khalsa_Lapidus_2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalsa_Lapidus_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonhuman animals experience sensation and perception, with varying levels of similarity to and difference from humans and other animal species. For example, other mammals in general have a stronger sense of smell than humans. Some animal species lack one or more human sensory system analogues and some have sensory systems that are not found in humans, while others process and interpret the same sensory information in very different ways. For example, some animals are able to detect <a href="/wiki/Electrical_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical field">electrical fields</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_moisture" class="mw-redirect" title="Air moisture">air moisture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others sense and perceive through alternative systems such as <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent theory suggests that plants and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial agents">artificial agents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> may be able to detect and interpret environmental information in an analogous manner to animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_modalities">Sensory modalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sensory modalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensory_modalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory modalities">Sensory modalities</a></div> <p>Sensory modality refers to the way that information is encoded, which is similar to the idea of <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduction</a>. The main sensory modalities can be described on the basis of how each is transduced. Listing all the different sensory modalities, which can number as many as 17, involves separating the major senses into more specific categories, or submodalities, of the larger sense. An individual sensory modality represents the sensation of a specific type of stimulus. For example, the general sensation and perception of touch, which is known as somatosensation, can be separated into light pressure, deep pressure, vibration, itch, pain, temperature, or hair movement, while the general sensation and perception of taste can be separated into submodalities of <a href="/wiki/Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet">sweet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltiness">salty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour">sour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitter</a>, spicy, and <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a>, all of which are based on different chemicals binding to <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Receptors">Receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">Sensory receptor</a></div> <p>Sensory receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations. <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Stimuli</a> in the environment activate specialized receptor cells in the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a>. During transduction, physical stimulus is converted into <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> by receptors and transmitted towards the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> for processing.<sup id="cite_ref-mcb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different types of stimuli are sensed by different types of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">receptor cells</a>. Receptor cells can be classified into types on the basis of three different criteria: <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">cell type</a>, position, and function. Receptors can be classified structurally on the basis of cell type and their position in relation to stimuli they sense. Receptors can further be classified functionally on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduction</a> of stimuli, or how the mechanical stimulus, light, or chemical changed the cell <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structural_receptor_types">Structural receptor types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structural receptor types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Location">Location</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One way to classify receptors is based on their location relative to the stimuli. An <a href="/wiki/Exteroception" class="mw-redirect" title="Exteroception">exteroceptor</a> is a receptor that is located near a stimulus of the external environment, such as the somatosensory receptors that are located in the skin. An <a href="/wiki/Interoception" title="Interoception">interoceptor</a> is one that interprets stimuli from internal organs and tissues, such as the receptors that sense the increase in blood pressure in the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carotid_sinus" title="Carotid sinus">carotid sinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cell_type">Cell type</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cell type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cells that interpret information about the environment can be either (1) a <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a> that has a <a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">free nerve ending</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendrites</a> embedded in tissue that would receive a sensation; (2) a neuron that has an encapsulated ending in which the sensory nerve endings are encapsulated in <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> that enhances their sensitivity; or (3) a specialized <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">receptor cell</a>, which has distinct structural components that interpret a specific type of stimulus. The <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">temperature receptors</a> in the dermis of the skin are examples of neurons that have free nerve endings (1). Also located in the dermis of the skin are <a href="/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscle" title="Pacinian corpuscle">lamellated corpuscles</a>, neurons with encapsulated nerve endings that respond to pressure and touch (2). The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a specialized receptor (3), a <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_protein" title="Transmembrane protein">transmembrane protein</a> receptor is a protein in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> that mediates a physiological change in a neuron, most often through the opening of <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a> or changes in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a> processes. Transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a>. For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. Other transmembrane proteins, which are not accurately called receptors, are sensitive to mechanical or thermal changes. Physical changes in these proteins increase ion flow across the membrane, and can generate an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Graded_potential" title="Graded potential">graded potential</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Functional_receptor_types">Functional receptor types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Functional receptor types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A third classification of receptors is by how the receptor <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduces</a> stimuli into <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a> changes. Stimuli are of three general types. Some stimuli are ions and <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a> that affect transmembrane receptor proteins when these chemicals diffuse across the cell membrane. Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment that affect receptor cell membrane potentials. Other stimuli include the electromagnetic radiation from visible light. For humans, the only electromagnetic energy that is perceived by our eyes is visible light. Some other organisms have receptors that humans lack, such as the heat sensors of snakes, the ultraviolet light sensors of bees, or magnetic receptors in migratory birds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Receptor cells can be further categorized on the basis of the type of stimuli they transduce. The different types of functional receptor cell types are <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">osmoreceptor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroreceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreceptor">electroreceptors</a> (in certain mammals and fish), and <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">nociceptors</a>. Physical stimuli, such as pressure and vibration, as well as the sensation of sound and body position (balance), are interpreted through a mechanoreceptor. Photoreceptors convert light (visible <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>) into signals. Chemical stimuli can be interpreted by a chemoreceptor that interprets chemical stimuli, such as an object's taste or smell, while osmoreceptors respond to a chemical solute concentrations of body fluids. Nociception (pain) interprets the presence of tissue damage, from sensory information from mechano-, chemo-, and thermoreceptors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another physical stimulus that has its own type of receptor is temperature, which is sensed through a <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoreceptor</a> that is either sensitive to temperatures above (heat) or below (cold) normal body temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thresholds">Thresholds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Thresholds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absolute_threshold">Absolute threshold</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Absolute threshold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold" title="Absolute threshold">Absolute threshold</a></div> <p>Each <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">sense organ</a> (eyes or nose, for instance) requires a minimal amount of stimulation in order to detect a stimulus. This minimum amount of stimulus is called the absolute threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absolute threshold is defined as the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for the detection of a stimulus 50% of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absolute threshold is measured by using a method called <a href="/wiki/Signal_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal detection">signal detection</a>. This process involves presenting stimuli of varying intensities to a subject in order to determine the level at which the subject can reliably detect stimulation in a given sense.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Differential_threshold">Differential threshold</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Differential threshold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Differential_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential threshold">Differential threshold</a></div> <p>Differential threshold or just noticeable difference (JDS) is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, or the smallest difference in stimuli that can be judged to be different from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Weber%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Weber's Law">Weber's Law</a> is an empirical law that states that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Weber's Law, bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_exponents_and_Steven%27s_Power_Law.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Power_exponents_and_Steven%27s_Power_Law.svg/220px-Power_exponents_and_Steven%27s_Power_Law.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Power_exponents_and_Steven%27s_Power_Law.svg/330px-Power_exponents_and_Steven%27s_Power_Law.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Power_exponents_and_Steven%27s_Power_Law.svg/440px-Power_exponents_and_Steven%27s_Power_Law.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Human power exponents and Steven's Power Law</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics#Magnitude_estimation" title="Psychophysics">Magnitude estimation</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysical</a> method in which subjects assign perceived values of given stimuli. The relationship between stimulus intensity and perceptive intensity is described by <a href="/wiki/Steven%27s_power_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven's power law">Steven's power law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal_detection_theory">Signal detection theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Signal detection theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Signal_detection_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal detection theory">Signal detection theory</a></div> <p>Signal detection theory quantifies the experience of the subject to the presentation of a stimulus in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Noise_(signal_processing)" title="Noise (signal processing)">noise</a>. There is internal noise and there is external noise when it comes to signal detection. The internal noise originates from static in the nervous system. For example, an individual with closed eyes in a dark room still sees something—a blotchy pattern of grey with intermittent brighter flashes—this is internal noise. External noise is the result of noise in the environment that can interfere with the detection of the stimulus of interest. Noise is only a problem if the magnitude of the noise is large enough to interfere with signal collection. The <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> calculates a criterion, or an internal threshold, for the detection of a signal in the presence of noise. If a signal is judged to be above the criterion, thus the signal is differentiated from the noise, the signal is sensed and perceived. Errors in signal detection can potentially lead to <a href="/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives" title="False positives and false negatives">false positives and false negatives</a>. The sensory criterion might be shifted based on the importance of the detecting the signal. Shifting of the criterion may influence the likelihood of false positives and false negatives.<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_perceptive_experience">Private perceptive experience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Private perceptive experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></div> <p>Subjective visual and auditory experiences appear to be similar across humans subjects. The same cannot be said about taste. For example, there is a molecule called <a href="/wiki/Propylthiouracil" title="Propylthiouracil">propylthiouracil</a> (PROP) that some humans experience as bitter, some as almost tasteless, while others experience it as somewhere between tasteless and bitter. There is a genetic basis for this difference between perception given the same sensory stimulus. This subjective difference in taste perception has implications for individuals' food preferences, and consequently, health.<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_adaptation">Sensory adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sensory adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensory_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory adaptation">Sensory adaptation</a></div> <p>When a stimulus is constant and unchanging, perceptual sensory adaptation occurs. During that process, the subject becomes less sensitive to the stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourier_analysis">Fourier analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fourier analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a></div> <p>Biological auditory (hearing), vestibular and spatial, and visual systems (vision) appear to break down real-world complex stimuli into <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a> components, through the mathematical process called Fourier analysis. Many neurons have a strong preference for certain sine <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> components in contrast to others. The way that simpler sounds and images are <a href="/wiki/Code" title="Code">encoded</a> during sensation can provide insight into how perception of real-world objects happens.<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_neuroscience_and_the_biology_of_perception">Sensory neuroscience and the biology of perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sensory neuroscience and the biology of perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience" title="Sensory neuroscience">Sensory neuroscience</a></div> <p>Perception occurs when <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> that lead from the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system">sensory organs</a> (e.g. eye) to the brain are stimulated, even if that stimulation is unrelated to the target signal of the sensory organ. For example, in the case of the eye, it does not matter whether light or something else stimulates the optic nerve, that stimulation will results in visual perception, even if there was no visual stimulus to begin with. (To prove this point to yourself (and if you are a human), close your eyes (preferably in a dark room) and press gently on the outside corner of one eye through the eyelid. You will see a visual spot toward the inside of your visual field, near your nose.)<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sensory_nervous_system">Sensory nervous system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sensory nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system">Sensory nervous system</a></div> <p>All stimuli received by the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">receptors</a> are <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduced</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>, which is carried along one or more afferent <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> towards a specific area (<a href="/wiki/Cortex_(anatomy)" title="Cortex (anatomy)">cortex</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. Just as different nerves are dedicated to sensory and motors tasks, different areas of the brain (cortices) are similarly dedicated to different <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">sensory</a> and perceptual tasks. More complex processing is accomplished across primary cortical regions that spread beyond the primary cortices. Every nerve, <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">sensory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Motor_nerve" title="Motor nerve">motor</a>, has its own signal transmission speed. For example, nerves in the frog's legs have a 90 ft/s (99 km/h) signal transmission speed, while sensory nerves in humans, transmit sensory information at speeds between 165 ft/s (181 km/h) and 330 ft/s (362 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> sensory and perceptual system<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Physical stimulus</a> </th> <th>Sensory organ </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">Cranial nerve(s)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">Cerebral cortex</a> </th> <th>Primary associated perception(s)) </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eyes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Optic_(II)_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic (II) nerve">Optic (II)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Sight (vision)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ears</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear (VIII)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auditory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory perception">Auditory perception</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing (audition)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system</a> </td> <td>Vestibulocochlear (VIII) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">Vestibular cortex</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">Equilibrioception</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">Balance (equilibrium)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">Olfactory system</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory (I)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory cortex">Olfactory cortex</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory perception">Olfactory perception</a>, Gustatory perception (taste or flavor)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Smell (olfaction)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Chemical substance </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">Gustatory system</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial (VII)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal (IX)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">Gustatory cortex</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavor_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor (taste)">Gustatory perception (taste or flavor)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Taste (gustation)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Position_(geometry)" title="Position (geometry)">Position</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">motion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Somatosensory system</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal (V)</a>, Glossopharyngeal (IX) + <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal nerves</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">Somatosensory cortex</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tactile_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactile perception">Tactile perception</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">mechanoreception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">thermoception</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch (tactition)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimodal_perception">Multimodal perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Multimodal perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodal integration">Multimodal integration</a></div> <p>Perceptual experience is often multimodal. Multimodality integrates different senses into one unified perceptual experience. Information from one sense has the potential to influence how information from another is perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multimodal perception is qualitatively different from unimodal perception. There has been a growing body of evidence since the mid-1990s on the neural correlates of multimodal perception.<sup id="cite_ref-cal_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cal-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></div> <p>The <b>philosophy of perception</b> is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of <a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">perceptual data</a>, in particular how they relate to beliefs about, or knowledge of, the world. Historical inquiries into the underlying mechanisms of sensation and perception have led early researchers to subscribe to various philosophical interpretations of perception and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">mind</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Panpsychism" title="Panpsychism">panpsychism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">dualism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>. The majority of modern scientists who study sensation and perception take on a materialistic view of the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_sensation">Human sensation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human sensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absolute_threshold_2">Absolute threshold</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Absolute threshold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some examples of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold" title="Absolute threshold">absolute thresholds</a> for the nine to 21 <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system">external senses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gal_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gal-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Sense </th> <th>Absolute threshold (obsolete system of signal detection used) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a> </td> <td>Ticking of a watch 6 m (20 ft) away, in an otherwise silent environment </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> </td> <td>Stars at night; candlelight 48 km (30 mi) away on a dark and clear night </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular</a> </td> <td>Tilt of less than 30 seconds (3 degrees) of a clock's minute hand </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">Smell</a> </td> <td>A drop of perfume in a volume of the size of three rooms </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Touch</a> </td> <td>A wing of a fly falling on the cheek from a height of 7.6 cm (3 inches) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Taste</a> </td> <td>A teaspoon of sugar in 7.5 liters (2 gallons) of water </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multimodal_perception_2">Multimodal perception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Multimodal perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Humans</a> respond more strongly to <a href="/wiki/Multisensory_integration" title="Multisensory integration">multimodal stimuli</a> compared to the sum of each single modality together, an effect called the <i>superadditive effect of multisensory integration</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurons that respond to both visual and auditory stimuli have been identified in the <a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_sulcus" title="Superior temporal sulcus">superior temporal sulcus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cal_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cal-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, multimodal "what" and "where" pathways have been proposed for auditory and tactile stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-ren_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ren-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External">External</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>External receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Exteroceptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exteroceptor (page does not exist)">exteroceptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human external sensation is based on the sensory organs of the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Human ear">ears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a>, which contribute, respectively, to the sensory perceptions of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">balance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">smell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a>. Smell and taste are both responsible for identifying molecules and thus both are types of <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a>. Both olfaction (smell) and gustation (taste) require the transduction of chemical stimuli into electrical potentials.<sup id="cite_ref-pri_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wol_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wol-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_system_(vision)"><span id="Visual_system_.28vision.29"></span>Visual system (vision)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Visual system (vision)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system</a></div> <p>The visual system, or sense of sight, is based on the transduction of light stimuli received through the eyes and contributes to <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual perception</a>. The visual system detects <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> on <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> of each eye that generates electrical <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">nerve impulses</a> for the perception of varying colors and brightness. There are two types of photoreceptors: <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a>. Rods are very sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors. Cones distinguish colors but are less sensitive to dim light.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the molecular level, visual stimuli cause changes in the photopigment molecule that lead to changes in membrane potential of the photoreceptor cell. A single unit of light is called a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>, which is described in physics as a packet of energy with properties of both a particle and a wave. The <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> of a photon is represented by its <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>, with each wavelength of visible light corresponding to a particular <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>. Visible light is <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> with a wavelength between 380 and 720 nm. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation longer than 720 nm fall into the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> range, whereas wavelengths shorter than 380 nm fall into the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> range. Light with a wavelength of 380 nm is <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> whereas light with a wavelength of 720 nm is dark <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>. All other colors fall between red and blue at various points along the wavelength scale.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three types of cone <a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">opsins</a>, being sensitive to different wavelengths of light, provide us with color vision. By comparing the activity of the three different cones, the brain can extract color information from visual stimuli. For example, a bright blue light that has a wavelength of approximately 450 nm would activate the "red" cones minimally, the "green" cones marginally, and the "blue" cones predominantly. The relative activation of the three different cones is calculated by the brain, which perceives the color as blue. However, cones cannot react to low-intensity light, and rods do not sense the color of light. Therefore, our low-light vision is—in essence—in <a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">grayscale</a>. In other words, in a dark room, everything appears as a shade of <a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">gray</a>. If you think that you can see colors in the dark, it is most likely because your brain knows what color something is and is relying on that memory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some disagreement as to whether the visual system consists of one, two, or three submodalities. Neuroanatomists generally regard it as two submodalities, given that different receptors are responsible for the perception of color and brightness. Some argue<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that <a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">stereopsis</a>, the perception of depth using both eyes, also constitutes a sense, but it is generally regarded as a cognitive (that is, post-sensory) function of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">visual cortex</a> of the brain where patterns and objects in <a href="/wiki/Real_image" title="Real image">images</a> are <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_visual_object_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition">recognized</a> and interpreted based on previously learned information. This is called <a href="/wiki/Visual_memory" title="Visual memory">visual memory</a>. </p><p>The inability to see is called <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>. Blindness may result from damage to the eyeball, especially to the retina, damage to the optic nerve that connects each eye to the brain, and/or from <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Infarct" class="mw-redirect" title="Infarct">infarcts</a> in the brain). Temporary or permanent blindness can be caused by poisons or medications. People who are blind from degradation or damage to the visual cortex, but still have functional eyes, are actually capable of some level of vision and reaction to visual stimuli but not a conscious perception; this is known as <a href="/wiki/Blindsight" title="Blindsight">blindsight</a>. People with blindsight are usually not aware that they are reacting to visual sources, and instead just unconsciously adapt their behavior to the stimulus. </p><p>On February 14, 2013, researchers developed a <a href="/wiki/Neural_implant" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural implant">neural implant</a> that gives <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> the ability to sense <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light which for the first time provides <a href="/wiki/Living_creatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Living creatures">living creatures</a> with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Visual_perception_in_psychology">Visual perception in psychology</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Visual perception in psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt psychology</a></div> <p>According to Gestalt Psychology, people perceive the whole of something even if it is not there. The Gestalt's Law of Organization states that people have seven factors that help to group what is seen into patterns or groups: Common Fate, Similarity, Proximity, Closure, Symmetry, Continuity, and Past Experience.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Law of Common fate says that objects are led along the smoothest path. People follow the trend of motion as the lines/dots flow.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Law of Similarity refers to the grouping of images or objects that are similar to each other in some aspect. This could be due to shade, colour, size, shape, or other qualities you could distinguish.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Law of Proximity states that our minds like to group based on how close objects are to each other. We may see 42 objects in a group, but we can also perceive three groups of two lines with seven objects in each line.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Law of Closure is the idea that we as humans still see a full picture even if there are gaps within that picture. There could be gaps or parts missing from a section of a shape, but we would still perceive the shape as whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Law of Symmetry refers to a person's preference to see symmetry around a central point. An example would be when we use parentheses in writing. We tend to perceive all of the words in the parentheses as one section instead of individual words within the parentheses.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Law of Continuity tells us that objects are grouped together by their elements and then perceived as a whole. This usually happens when we see overlapping objects. We will see the overlapping objects with no interruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Law of Past Experience refers to the tendency humans have to categorize objects according to past experiences under certain circumstances. If two objects are usually perceived together or within close proximity of each other the Law of Past Experience is usually seen.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auditory_system_(hearing)"><span id="Auditory_system_.28hearing.29"></span>Auditory system (hearing)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Auditory system (hearing)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system</a></div> <p>Hearing, or audition, is the transduction of <a href="/wiki/Sound_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound waves">sound waves</a> into a neural signal that is made possible by the structures of the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>. The large, fleshy structure on the lateral aspect of the head is known as the <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">auricle</a>. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory canal">auditory canal</a> is the tympanic membrane, or <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">ear drum</a>, which vibrates after it is struck by sound waves. The auricle, ear canal, and tympanic membrane are often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/External_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="External ear">external ear</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> consists of a space spanned by three small bones called the <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicles</a>. The three ossicles are the <a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">malleus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">incus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a>, which are Latin names that roughly translate to hammer, anvil, and stirrup. The malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane and articulates with the incus. The incus, in turn, articulates with the stapes. The stapes is then attached to the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>, where the sound waves will be <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduced</a> into a neural signal. The middle ear is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Eustachian_tube" title="Eustachian tube">Eustachian tube</a>, which helps equilibrate air pressure across the tympanic membrane. The tube is normally closed but will pop open when the muscles of the pharynx contract during <a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">swallowing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yawn" title="Yawn">yawning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanoreceptors turn motion into electrical nerve pulses, which are located in the inner ear. Since sound is vibration, propagating through a medium such as air, the detection of these vibrations, that is the sense of the hearing, is a mechanical sense because these vibrations are mechanically conducted from the eardrum through a series of tiny bones to hair-like fibers in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>, which detect mechanical motion of the fibers within a range of about 20 to 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with substantial variation between individuals. Hearing at high frequencies declines with an increase in age. Inability to hear is called <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">deafness</a> or hearing impairment. Sound can also be detected as vibrations conducted through the body. Lower frequencies that can be heard are detected this way. Some deaf people are able to determine the direction and location of vibrations picked up through the feet.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies pertaining to audition started to increase in number towards the latter end of the nineteenth century. During this time, many laboratories in the United States began to create new models, diagrams, and instruments that all pertained to the ear.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Auditory cognitive psychology</i> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a> that is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a>. The main point is to understand why humans are able to use sound in thinking outside of actually saying it.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relating to auditory cognitive psychology is <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a>. Psychoacoustics is more directed at people interested in music.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haptic_perception" title="Haptic perception">Haptics</a>, a word used to refer to both taction and kinesthesia, has many parallels with psychoacoustics.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most research around these two are focused on the instrument, the listener, and the player of the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somatosensory_system_(touch)"><span id="Somatosensory_system_.28touch.29"></span>Somatosensory system (touch)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Somatosensory system (touch)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Somatosensory system</a></div> <p>Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the special senses discussed in this section. Somatosensation is the group of sensory modalities that are associated with touch and interoception. The modalities of somatosensation include <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>, light touch, <a href="/wiki/Tickling" title="Tickling">tickle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinesthesia">kinesthesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Somatosensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensation">Somatosensation</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Tactition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactition">tactition</a> (adjectival form: tactile) is a perception resulting from activation of neural <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">receptors</a>, generally in the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> including <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosa</a>. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> receptors respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc.). The touch sense of <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itching</a> caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific neurons in the skin and spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_Zhao_2009_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_Zhao_2009-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched is called tactile <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a> is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or <a href="/wiki/Numbness" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbness">numbness</a> of the skin that may result from nerve damage and may be permanent or temporary. </p><p>Two types of somatosensory signals that are transduced by <a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">free nerve endings</a> are pain and temperature. These two modalities use <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoreceptors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">nociceptors</a> to transduce temperature and pain stimuli, respectively. Temperature receptors are stimulated when local temperatures differ from <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a>. Some thermoreceptors are sensitive to just cold and others to just heat. Nociception is the sensation of potentially damaging stimuli. Mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli beyond a set threshold will elicit painful sensations. Stressed or damaged tissues release chemicals that activate receptor proteins in the nociceptors. For example, the sensation of heat associated with spicy foods involves <a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">capsaicin</a>, the active molecule in hot peppers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low frequency vibrations are sensed by mechanoreceptors called <a href="/wiki/Merkel_cell" title="Merkel cell">Merkel cells</a>, also known as type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Merkel cells are located in the <a href="/wiki/Stratum_basale" title="Stratum basale">stratum basale</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>. Deep pressure and vibration is transduced by lamellated (<a href="/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscle" title="Pacinian corpuscle">Pacinian</a>) corpuscles, which are receptors with encapsulated endings found deep in the dermis, or subcutaneous tissue. Light touch is transduced by the encapsulated endings known as tactile (<a href="/wiki/Meissner_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Meissner corpuscle">Meissner</a>) corpuscles. Follicles are also wrapped in a <a href="/wiki/Plexus" title="Plexus">plexus</a> of nerve endings known as the hair follicle plexus. These nerve endings detect the movement of hair at the surface of the skin, such as when an insect may be walking along the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>. Stretching of the skin is transduced by stretch receptors known as <a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">bulbous corpuscles</a>. Bulbous corpuscles are also known as Ruffini corpuscles, or type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heat receptors are sensitive to infrared radiation and can occur in specialized organs, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Pit_vipers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit vipers">pit vipers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoceptors</a> in the skin are quite different from the <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic</a> thermoceptors in the brain (<a href="/wiki/POAH" class="mw-redirect" title="POAH">hypothalamus</a>), which provide feedback on internal body temperature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gustatory_system_(taste)"><span id="Gustatory_system_.28taste.29"></span>Gustatory system (taste)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Gustatory system (taste)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">Gustatory system</a></div> <p>The gustatory system or the sense of taste is the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sensory system</a> that is partially responsible for the perception of <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste (flavor)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few recognized <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_modality" title="Stimulus modality">submodalities</a> exist within taste: <a href="/wiki/Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet">sweet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltiness">salty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour">sour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Umami" title="Umami">umami</a>. Very recent research has suggested that there may also be a sixth taste submodality for fats, or lipids.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sense of taste is often confused with the perception of flavor, which is the results of the <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodal integration">multimodal integration</a> of gustatory (taste) and olfactory (smell) sensations.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_Mercier_-_The_Sense_of_Taste_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Philippe_Mercier_-_The_Sense_of_Taste_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Philippe_Mercier_-_The_Sense_of_Taste_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Philippe_Mercier_-_The_Sense_of_Taste_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Philippe_Mercier_-_The_Sense_of_Taste_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Philippe_Mercier_-_The_Sense_of_Taste_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Philippe_Mercier_-_The_Sense_of_Taste_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5459" data-file-height="4711" /></a><figcaption>Philippe Mercier - The Sense of Taste - Google Art Project</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Lingual_papillae" title="Lingual papillae">lingual papillae</a> are <a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a> that contain specialized gustatory receptor cells for the <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduction</a> of taste stimuli. These receptor cells are sensitive to the chemicals contained within foods that are ingested, and they release <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> based on the amount of the chemical in the food. Neurotransmitters from the gustatory cells can activate <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory neurons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">facial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">glossopharyngeal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salty and sour taste submodalities are triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Cations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cations">cations</a> <a href="/wiki/Na%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000006E-QINU`"'</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span></a>, respectively. The other taste modalities result from food molecules binding to a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein–coupled receptor</a>. A G protein signal transduction system ultimately leads to <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarization</a> of the gustatory cell. The sweet taste is the sensitivity of gustatory cells to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">sugar substitutes</a>) dissolved in the <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>. Bitter taste is similar to sweet in that food molecules bind to G protein–coupled receptors. The taste known as umami is often referred to as the savory taste. Like sweet and bitter, it is based on the activation of G protein–coupled receptors by a specific molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the gustatory cells are activated by the taste molecules, they release <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> onto the <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendrites</a> of sensory neurons. These neurons are part of the facial and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves, as well as a component within the vagus nerve dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_reflex" title="Pharyngeal reflex">gag reflex</a>. The facial nerve connects to taste buds in the anterior third of the tongue. The glossopharyngeal nerve connects to taste buds in the posterior two thirds of the tongue. The vagus nerve connects to taste buds in the extreme posterior of the tongue, verging on the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, which are more sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Noxious_stimulus" title="Noxious stimulus">noxious stimuli</a> such as bitterness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flavor depends on odor, texture, and temperature as well as on taste. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs called taste buds, or gustatory calyculi, concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue. Other tastes such as calcium<sup id="cite_ref-Tordoff_2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tordoff_2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sciencedaily_2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sciencedaily_2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Free fatty acids">free fatty acids</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mattes_2009_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattes_2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may also be basic tastes but have yet to receive widespread acceptance. The inability to taste is called <a href="/wiki/Ageusia" title="Ageusia">ageusia</a>. </p><p>There is a rare phenomenon when it comes to the Gustatory sense. It is called Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia. Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia is when people can "taste" words.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have reported having flavor sensations they are not actually eating. When they read words, hear words, or even imagine words. They have reported not only simple flavors, but textures, complex flavors, and temperatures as well.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olfactory_system_(smell)"><span id="Olfactory_system_.28smell.29"></span>Olfactory system (smell)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Olfactory system (smell)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">Olfactory system</a></div> <p>Like the sense of taste, the sense of smell, or the olfactory system, is also responsive to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical stimuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike taste, there are hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">olfactory receptors</a> (388 functional ones according to one 2003 study<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), each binding to a particular molecular feature. <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor molecules</a> possess a variety of features and, thus, excite specific receptors more or less strongly. This combination of excitatory signals from different receptors makes up what humans perceive as the molecule's smell.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The olfactory receptor neurons are located in a small region within the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">superior nasal cavity</a>. This region is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_epithelium" title="Olfactory epithelium">olfactory epithelium</a> and contains <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_neuron" title="Bipolar neuron">bipolar sensory neurons</a>. Each olfactory sensory neuron has <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendrites</a> that extend from the <a href="/wiki/Apical_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical surface">apical surface</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> lining the cavity. As airborne molecules are inhaled through the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>, they pass over the olfactory epithelial region and dissolve into the mucus. These odorant molecules bind to proteins that keep them dissolved in the mucus and help transport them to the olfactory dendrites. The odorant–protein complex binds to a receptor protein within the cell membrane of an olfactory dendrite. These receptors are G protein–coupled, and will produce a graded <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron" title="Olfactory receptor neuron">olfactory neurons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_sense_of_smell_Philippe_Mercier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_sense_of_smell_Philippe_Mercier.jpg/220px-The_sense_of_smell_Philippe_Mercier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_sense_of_smell_Philippe_Mercier.jpg/330px-The_sense_of_smell_Philippe_Mercier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_sense_of_smell_Philippe_Mercier.jpg/440px-The_sense_of_smell_Philippe_Mercier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="5070" /></a><figcaption>The sense of smell. Bequest of <a href="/wiki/Mrs_E.G._Elgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrs E.G. Elgar">Mrs E.G. Elgar</a>, 1945 <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa">Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>, olfaction is processed by the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory cortex">olfactory cortex</a>. Olfactory receptor neurons in the nose differ from most other neurons in that they die and regenerate on a regular basis. The inability to smell is called <a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">anosmia</a>. Some neurons in the nose are specialized to detect <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LiveScience_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiveScience-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss of the sense of smell can result in food tasting bland. A person with an impaired sense of smell may require additional <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">seasoning</a> levels for food to be tasted. Anosmia may also be related to some presentations of mild <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, because the loss of enjoyment of food may lead to a general sense of despair. The ability of olfactory neurons to replace themselves decreases with age, leading to age-related anosmia. This explains why some elderly people salt their food more than younger people do.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vestibular_system_(balance)"><span id="Vestibular_system_.28balance.29"></span>Vestibular system (balance)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Vestibular system (balance)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system</a></div> <p>The vestibular sense, or sense of balance (equilibrium), is the sense that contributes to the perception of balance (equilibrium), spatial orientation, direction, or acceleration (<a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">equilibrioception</a>). Along with audition, the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> is responsible for encoding information about equilibrium. A similar <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptor</a>—a hair cell with <a href="/wiki/Stereocilia_(inner_ear)" title="Stereocilia (inner ear)">stereocilia</a>—senses head position, head movement, and whether our bodies are in motion. These cells are located within the <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear" title="Vestibule of the ear">vestibule</a> of the inner ear. Head position is sensed by the <a href="/wiki/Utricle_(ear)" title="Utricle (ear)">utricle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">saccule</a>, whereas head movement is sensed by the <a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canals" title="Semicircular canals">semicircular canals</a>. The neural signals generated in the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_ganglion" title="Vestibular ganglion">vestibular ganglion</a> are transmitted through the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">vestibulocochlear nerve</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brain stem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The semicircular canals are three ring-like extensions of the vestibule. One is oriented in the horizontal plane, whereas the other two are oriented in the vertical plane. The <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">anterior</a> and posterior vertical canals are oriented at approximately 45 degrees relative to the <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">sagittal plane</a>. The base of each semicircular canal, where it meets with the vestibule, connects to an enlarged region known as the <a href="/wiki/Ampullary_cupula" title="Ampullary cupula">ampulla</a>. The ampulla contains the hair cells that respond to rotational movement, such as turning the head while saying "no". The stereocilia of these hair cells extend into the <a href="/wiki/Ampullary_cupula" title="Ampullary cupula">cupula</a>, a membrane that attaches to the top of the ampulla. As the head rotates in a plane parallel to the semicircular canal, the fluid lags, deflecting the cupula in the direction opposite to the head movement. The semicircular canals contain several ampullae, with some oriented horizontally and others oriented vertically. By comparing the relative movements of both the horizontal and vertical ampullae, the vestibular system can detect the direction of most head movements within three-dimensional (<a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a>) space.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">vestibular nerve</a> conducts information from sensory receptors in three <a href="/wiki/Osseous_ampullae" class="mw-redirect" title="Osseous ampullae">ampullae</a> that sense motion of fluid in three <a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular canal">semicircular canals</a> caused by three-dimensional rotation of the head. The vestibular nerve also conducts information from the <a href="/wiki/Utricle_(ear)" title="Utricle (ear)">utricle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">saccule</a>, which contain hair-like sensory receptors that bend under the weight of <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otoliths</a> (which are small crystals of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>) that provide the inertia needed to detect head rotation, linear acceleration, and the direction of gravitational force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal">Internal <span class="anchor" id="Interoception"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Internal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An internal sensation and perception also known as interoception<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_2003_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig_2003-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is "any sense that is normally stimulated from within the body".<sup id="cite_ref-Dunn_Galton_2010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_Galton_2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These involve numerous sensory receptors in internal organs. Interoception is thought to be atypical in clinical conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">alexithymia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific receptors include: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(motivational_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger (motivational state)">Hunger</a> is governed by a set of brain structures (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>) that are responsible for <a href="/wiki/Energy_homeostasis" title="Energy homeostasis">energy homeostasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunger_-_CNS_energy_homeostasis_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunger_-_CNS_energy_homeostasis-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_stretch_receptors" title="Pulmonary stretch receptors">Pulmonary stretch receptors</a> are found in the lungs and control the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">respiratory rate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_chemoreceptors" title="Peripheral chemoreceptors">Peripheral chemoreceptors</a> in the brain monitor the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the brain to give a perception of <a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">suffocation</a> if carbon dioxide levels get too high.<sup id="cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_How_Your_Lungs_Work_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowStuffWorks_How_Your_Lungs_Work-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone" title="Chemoreceptor trigger zone">chemoreceptor trigger zone</a> is an area of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> in the brain that receives inputs from <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>-borne <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, and communicates with the <a href="/wiki/Vomiting_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vomiting center">vomiting center</a>.</li> <li>Chemoreceptors in the circulatory system also measure salt levels and prompt thirst if they get too high; they can also respond to high <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> levels in diabetics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_receptor" title="Cutaneous receptor">Cutaneous receptors</a> in the skin not only respond to touch, pressure, temperature and vibration, but also respond to vasodilation in the skin such as <a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">blushing</a>.</li> <li>Stretch receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> sense gas distension that may result in colic pain.</li> <li>Stimulation of sensory receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> result in sensations felt in the throat when <a href="/wiki/Swallowing" title="Swallowing">swallowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, or during <a href="/wiki/Acid_reflux" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid reflux">acid reflux</a>.</li> <li>Sensory receptors in <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> mucosa, similar to touch receptors in the skin, sense foreign objects such as mucus and food that may result in a <a href="/wiki/Gag_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gag reflex">gag reflex</a> and corresponding gagging sensation.</li> <li>Stimulation of sensory receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> may result in perceptions of fullness.</li> <li>Stimulation of stretch sensors that sense dilation of various blood vessels may result in pain, for example headache caused by vasodilation of brain arteries.</li> <li>Cardioception refers to the perception of the activity of the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">Opsins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_DNA_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct DNA damage">direct DNA damage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">melanocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocytes</a> can sense <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation, which plays a role in pigmentation and <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">Baroreceptors</a> relay blood pressure information to the brain and maintain proper homeostatic blood pressure.</li></ol> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">perception of time</a> is also sometimes called a sense, though not tied to a specific receptor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nonhuman_animal_sensation_and_perception">Nonhuman animal sensation and perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Nonhuman animal sensation and perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_analogues">Human analogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Human analogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other living organisms have receptors to sense the world around them, including many of the senses listed above for humans. However, the mechanisms and capabilities vary widely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smell">Smell</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Smell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of smell in non-mammals is that of <a href="/wiki/Sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharks">sharks</a>, which combine their keen sense of smell with timing to determine the direction of a smell. They follow the nostril that first detected the smell.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_Atema_2010_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_Atema_2010-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insects</a> have olfactory receptors on their <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>. Although it is unknown to the degree and magnitude which non-human mammals can smell better than humans,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> humans are known to have far fewer olfactory receptors than <a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a>, and humans have also accumulated more <a href="/wiki/Genetic_mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mutations">genetic mutations</a> in their olfactory receptors than other primates.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vomeronasal_organ">Vomeronasal organ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Vomeronasal organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many animals (<a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>) have a <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">vomeronasal organ</a><sup id="cite_ref-Takami_2002_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takami_2002-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is connected with the mouth cavity. In mammals it is mainly used to detect <a href="/wiki/Pheromones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheromones">pheromones</a> of marked territory, trails, and sexual state. Reptiles like <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizards</a> make extensive use of it as a smelling organ by transferring scent molecules to the vomeronasal organ with the tips of the forked tongue. In reptiles the vomeronasal organ is commonly referred to as Jacobson's organ. In mammals, it is often associated with a special behavior called <a href="/wiki/Flehmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Flehmen">flehmen</a> characterized by uplifting of the lips. The organ is <a href="/wiki/Human_vestigiality" title="Human vestigiality">vestigial in humans</a>, because associated neurons have not been found that give any sensory input in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Frasnelli_2011_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frasnelli_2011-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taste">Taste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Taste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">Flies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterflies</a> have taste organs on their feet, allowing them to taste anything they land on. <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a> have taste organs across their entire bodies, and can taste anything they touch, including chemicals in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vision">Vision</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Cats</a> have the ability to see in low light, which is due to muscles surrounding their <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">irides</a>–which contract and expand their pupils–as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a>, a reflective membrane that optimizes the image. <a href="/wiki/Crotalinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalinae">Pit vipers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">pythons</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">boas</a> have organs that allow them to detect <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light, such that these snakes are able to sense the body heat of their prey. The <a href="/wiki/Common_vampire_bat" title="Common vampire bat">common vampire bat</a> may also have an infrared sensor on its nose.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been found that <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> and some other animals are <a href="/wiki/Tetrachromats" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrachromats">tetrachromats</a> and have the ability to see in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> down to 300 nanometers. <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">Bees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a><sup id="cite_ref-van_Kleef_Berry_2008_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Kleef_Berry_2008-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also able to see in the ultraviolet. <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">Mantis shrimps</a> can perceive both <a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">polarized light</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multispectral" class="mw-redirect" title="Multispectral">multispectral</a> images and have twelve distinct kinds of color receptors, unlike humans which have three kinds and most mammals which have two kinds.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a> have the ability to change color using <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">chromatophores</a> in their skin. Researchers believe that <a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">opsins</a> in the skin can sense different wavelengths of light and help the creatures choose a coloration that camouflages them, in addition to light input from the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers hypothesize that <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">cephalopod eyes</a> in species which only have a single <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">photoreceptor protein</a> may use <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a> to turn monochromatic vision into color vision,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explaining pupils shaped like the letter U, the letter W, or a <a href="/wiki/Dumbbell" title="Dumbbell">dumbbell</a>, as well as explaining the need for colorful mating displays.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cephalopods can distinguish the polarization of light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spatial_orientation">Spatial orientation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Spatial orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many invertebrates have a <a href="/wiki/Statocyst" title="Statocyst">statocyst</a>, which is a sensor for acceleration and orientation that works very differently from the mammalian's semi-circular canals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-human_analogues">Non-human analogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Non-human analogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, some animals have senses that humans lack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetoception">Magnetoception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Magnetoception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnetoception" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoception">Magnetoception</a> (or magnetoreception) is the ability to detect the direction one is facing based on the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>. Directional awareness is most commonly observed in <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, which rely on their magnetic sense to navigate during migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Theoretical_and_Computational_Biophysics_Group_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theoretical_and_Computational_Biophysics_Group-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baylor_College_of_Medicine_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baylor_College_of_Medicine-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Dickman_2012_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Dickman_2012-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cressey2012_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cressey2012-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been observed in insects such as <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>. Cattle make use of magnetoception to align themselves in a north–south direction.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_-_Science/Nature_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_-_Science/Nature-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magnetotactic_bacteria" title="Magnetotactic bacteria">Magnetotactic bacteria</a> build miniature magnets inside themselves and use them to determine their orientation relative to the Earth's magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-Blakemore_1975_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakemore_1975-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Urban_2000_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_2000-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been some recent (tentative) research suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a> in the human eye, which responds particularly well to blue light, can facilitate magnetoception in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Echolocation">Echolocation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Echolocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Animal echolocation</a></div> <p>Certain animals, including <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a>, have the ability to determine orientation to other objects through interpretation of reflected sound (like <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>). They most often use this to navigate through poor lighting conditions or to identify and track prey. There is currently an uncertainty whether this is simply an extremely developed post-sensory interpretation of auditory perceptions or it actually constitutes a separate sense. Resolution of the issue will require brain scans of animals while they actually perform echolocation, a task that has proven difficult in practice. </p><p>Blind people report they are able to navigate and in some cases identify an object by interpreting reflected sounds (especially their own footsteps), a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Human_echolocation" title="Human echolocation">human echolocation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electroreception">Electroreception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Electroreception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a> (or electroception) is the ability to detect <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a>. Several species of fish, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, and rays have the capacity to sense changes in electric fields in their immediate vicinity. For cartilaginous fish this occurs through a specialized organ called the <a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a>. Some fish passively sense changing nearby electric fields; some generate their own weak electric fields, and sense the pattern of field potentials over their body surface; and some use these electric field generating and sensing capacities for social <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>. The mechanisms by which electroceptive fish construct a spatial representation from very small differences in field potentials involve comparisons of spike latencies from different parts of the fish's body. </p><p>The only orders of mammals that are known to demonstrate electroception are the <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monotreme" title="Monotreme">monotreme</a> orders. Among these mammals, the <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Electroreceptive_Mechanisms_in_the_Platypus_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electroreceptive_Mechanisms_in_the_Platypus-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has the most acute sense of electroception. </p><p>A dolphin can detect electric fields in water using electroreceptors in <a href="/wiki/Whisker" class="mw-redirect" title="Whisker">vibrissal crypts</a> arrayed in pairs on its snout and which evolved from whisker motion sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-Drake_2011_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake_2011-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These electroreceptors can detect electric fields as weak as 4.6 microvolts per centimeter, such as those generated by contracting muscles and pumping gills of potential prey. This permits the dolphin to locate prey from the seafloor where sediment limits visibility and echolocation. </p><p>Spiders have been shown to detect electric fields to determine a suitable time to extend web for 'ballooning'.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">Body modification</a> enthusiasts have experimented with magnetic implants to attempt to replicate this sense.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in general humans (and it is presumed other mammals) can detect electric fields only indirectly by detecting the effect they have on hairs. An electrically charged balloon, for instance, will exert a force on human arm hairs, which can be felt through tactition and identified as coming from a static charge (and not from wind or the like). This is not electroreception, as it is a post-sensory cognitive action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hygroreception">Hygroreception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Hygroreception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hygroreception" title="Hygroreception">Hygroreception</a> is the ability to detect changes in the moisture content of the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrared_sensing">Infrared sensing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Infrared sensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></div> <p>The ability to sense <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> thermal radiation evolved independently in various families of <a href="/wiki/Snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes">snakes</a>. Essentially, it allows these reptiles to "see" radiant heat at <a href="/wiki/Wavelengths" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelengths">wavelengths</a> between 5 and 30 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> to a degree of accuracy such that a blind <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnake</a> can target vulnerable body parts of the prey at which it strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was previously thought that the organs evolved primarily as prey detectors, but it is now believed that it may also be used in thermoregulatory decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facial pit underwent <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallel evolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pitvipers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitvipers">pitvipers</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">boas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythons">pythons</a>, having evolved once in pitvipers and multiple times in boas and pythons.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (March 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">electrophysiology</a> of the structure is similar between the two lineages, but they differ in gross structural <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>. Most superficially, pitvipers possess one large pit organ on either side of the head, between the eye and the nostril (<a href="/wiki/Loreal_pit" title="Loreal pit">Loreal pit</a>), while boas and pythons have three or more comparatively smaller pits lining the upper and sometimes the lower lip, in or between the scales. Those of the pitvipers are the more advanced, having a suspended sensory membrane as opposed to a simple pit structure. Within the family <a href="/wiki/Viperidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Viperidae">Viperidae</a>, the pit organ is seen only in the subfamily Crotalinae: the pitvipers. The organ is used extensively to detect and target <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endothermic</a> prey such as rodents and birds, and it was previously assumed that the organ evolved specifically for that purpose. However, recent evidence shows that the pit organ may also be used for thermoregulation. According to Krochmal et al., pitvipers can use their pits for thermoregulatory decision-making while true vipers (vipers who do not contain heat-sensing pits) cannot. </p><p>In spite of its detection of IR light, the pits' IR detection mechanism is not similar to photoreceptors – while photoreceptors detect light via photochemical reactions, the protein in the pits of snakes is in fact a temperature-sensitive ion channel. It senses infrared signals through a mechanism involving warming of the pit organ, rather than a chemical reaction to light.<sup id="cite_ref-Gracheva_et_al._2010_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gracheva_et_al._2010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is consistent with the thin pit membrane, which allows incoming IR radiation to quickly and precisely warm a given ion channel and trigger a nerve impulse, as well as vascularize the pit membrane in order to rapidly cool the ion channel back to its original "resting" or "inactive" temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Gracheva_et_al._2010_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gracheva_et_al._2010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sense" title="Special:EditPage/Sense">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pressure detection uses the organ of Weber, a system consisting of three appendages of vertebrae transferring changes in shape of the <a href="/wiki/Gas_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas bladder">gas bladder</a> to the middle ear. It can be used to regulate the buoyancy of the fish. Fish like the <a href="/wiki/Weather_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather fish">weather fish</a> and other loaches are also known to respond to low pressure areas but they lack a swim bladder. </p><p>Current detection is a detection system of water currents, consisting mostly of <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortices</a>, found in the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> of fish and aquatic forms of amphibians. The lateral line is also sensitive to low-frequency vibrations. The mechanoreceptors are <a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">hair cells</a>, the same mechanoreceptors for vestibular sense and hearing. It is used primarily for navigation, hunting, and schooling. The receptors of the <a href="/wiki/Electroception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroception">electrical sense</a> are modified hair cells of the lateral line system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polarized_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarized light">Polarized light</a> direction/detection is used by <a href="/wiki/Bees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bees">bees</a> to orient themselves, especially on cloudy days. <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beetles">beetles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">mantis shrimp</a> can also perceive the polarization of light. Most sighted humans can in fact learn to roughly detect large areas of polarization by an effect called <a href="/wiki/Haidinger%27s_brush" title="Haidinger's brush">Haidinger's brush</a>; however, this is considered an <a href="/wiki/Entoptic_phenomenon" title="Entoptic phenomenon">entoptic phenomenon</a> rather than a separate sense. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slit_sensilla" title="Slit sensilla">Slit sensillae</a> of spiders detect mechanical strain in the exoskeleton, providing information on force and vibrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_sensation">Plant sensation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Plant sensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant perception (physiology)</a></div> <p>By using a variety of sense receptors, plants sense light, temperature, humidity, chemical substances, chemical gradients, reorientation, magnetic fields, infections, tissue damage and mechanical pressure. The absence of a nervous system notwithstanding, plants interpret and respond to these stimuli by a variety of hormonal and cell-to-cell communication pathways that result in movement, morphological changes and physiological state alterations at the organism level, that is, result in plant behavior. Such physiological and cognitive functions are generally not believed to give rise to mental phenomena or qualia, however, as these are typically considered the product of nervous system activity. The emergence of mental phenomena from the activity of systems functionally or computationally analogous to that of nervous systems is, however, a hypothetical possibility explored by some schools of thought in the philosophy of mind field, such as <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">functionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">computationalism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, plants can perceive the world around them,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and might be able to emit airborne sounds similar to "screaming" when <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stressed</a>. Those noises could not be detectable by human ears, but organisms with a <a href="/wiki/Hearing_range" title="Hearing range">hearing range</a> that can hear <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic frequencies</a>—like mice, bats or perhaps other plants—could hear the plants' cries from as far as 15 feet (4.6 m) away.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_sensation_and_perception">Artificial sensation and perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Artificial sensation and perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">Machine perception</a></div> <p>Machine perception is the capability of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer System">computer system</a> to interpret <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> in a manner that is similar to the way humans use their senses to relate to the world around them.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computers take in and respond to their environment through attached <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>. Until recently, input was limited to a keyboard, joystick or a mouse, but advances in technology, both in hardware and software, have allowed computers to take in <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">sensory input</a> in a way similar to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Five_wits" title="Five wits">Five wits</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80yatana" title="Āyatana">Āyatana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>This section may contain original research. Additional citations are needed.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sense" title="Special:EditPage/Sense">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the time of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, there were commonly reckoned to be five wits or five senses.<sup id="cite_ref-Furness1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furness1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the words "sense" and "wit" were synonyms,<sup id="cite_ref-Furness1_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furness1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the senses were known as the five outward wits.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This traditional concept of five senses is common today. </p><p>The traditional five senses are enumerated as the "five material faculties" (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pañcannaṃ indriyānaṃ avakanti</i></span></i>) in Hindu literature. They appear in allegorical representation as early as in the <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a> (roughly 6th century BC), as five horses drawing the "<a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>" of the body, guided by the mind as "chariot driver". </p><p>Depictions of the five traditional senses as <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> became a popular subject for seventeenth-century artists, especially among <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Baroque painter">Flemish Baroque painters</a>. A typical example is <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérard de Lairesse">Gérard de Lairesse</a>'s <i>Allegory of the Five Senses</i> (1668), in which each of the figures in the main group alludes to a sense: Sight is the reclining boy with a <a href="/wiki/Convex_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Convex mirror">convex mirror</a>, hearing is the <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">cupid</a>-like boy with a <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, smell is represented by the girl with flowers, taste is represented by the woman with the fruit, and touch is represented by the woman holding the bird. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatana">Ayatana</a> or "sense-base" includes the mind as a sense organ, in addition to the traditional five. This addition to the commonly acknowledged senses may arise from the psychological orientation involved in Buddhist thought and practice. The mind considered by itself is seen as the principal gateway to a different spectrum of phenomena that differ from the physical sense data. This way of viewing the human sense system indicates the importance of internal sources of sensation and perception that complements our experience of the external world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1668_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lairesse's Allegory of the Five Senses"><img alt="Lairesse's Allegory of the Five Senses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1668_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses.jpg/200px-1668_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1668_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses.jpg/300px-1668_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/1668_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses.jpg/400px-1668_G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Lairesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gérard de Lairesse">Lairesse's <i>Allegory of the Five Senses</i></a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_(detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste,_Hearing_and_Touch).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of The Senses of Hearing, Touch and Taste, Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1618"><img alt="Detail of The Senses of Hearing, Touch and Taste, Jan Brueghel the Elder, 1618" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg/200px-Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg/300px-Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg/400px-Peacock_served_in_full_plumage_%28detail_of_BRUEGHEL_Taste%2C_Hearing_and_Touch%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of <i>The Senses of Hearing, Touch and Taste</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a>, 1618</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Paolini_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses_-_Walters_372768.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In this painting by Pietro Paolini, each individual represents one of the five senses.[87]"><img alt="In this painting by Pietro Paolini, each individual represents one of the five senses.[87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pietro_Paolini_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses_-_Walters_372768.jpg/200px-Pietro_Paolini_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses_-_Walters_372768.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pietro_Paolini_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses_-_Walters_372768.jpg/300px-Pietro_Paolini_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses_-_Walters_372768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pietro_Paolini_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses_-_Walters_372768.jpg/400px-Pietro_Paolini_-_Allegory_of_the_Five_Senses_-_Walters_372768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In this painting by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Paolini" title="Pietro Paolini">Pietro Paolini</a>, each individual represents one of the five senses.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthesis">Aesthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apperception" title="Apperception">Apperception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemesthesis" title="Chemesthesis">Chemesthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoptic_phenomenon" title="Entoptic phenomenon">Entoptic phenomenon</a></li> <li>Increased sensitivity: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperacusis" title="Hyperacusis">Hyperacusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">Hyperesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supertaster" title="Supertaster">Supertaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch illusion">Touch illusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multisensory_integration" title="Multisensory integration">Multisensory integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">Phantom limb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensation_and_perception_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation and perception psychology">Sensation and perception psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_direction" title="Sense of direction">Sense of direction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitivity (human)">Sensitivity (human)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorium" title="Sensorium">Sensorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">Synesthesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ideasthesia" title="Ideasthesia">Ideasthesia</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaas.org/news/surroundings-and-evolution-shape-human-sight-smell-and-taste">"Surroundings and Evolution Shape Human Sight, Smell and Taste | American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)"</a>. <i>www.aaas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aaas.org&rft.atitle=Surroundings+and+Evolution+Shape+Human+Sight%2C+Smell+and+Taste+%7C+American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science+%28AAAS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fnews%2Fsurroundings-and-evolution-shape-human-sight-smell-and-taste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2017" class="citation web cs1">Bradford A (23 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/60752-human-senses.html">"The Five (and More) Senses"</a>. Live Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Five+%28and+More%29+Senses&rft.pub=Live+Science&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Alina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F60752-human-senses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyupdated2022" class="citation web cs1">Harvey A, updated AB (2022-11-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/60752-human-senses.html">"The Five (and More) Senses"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1006–1011. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.464.1006G">2010Natur.464.1006G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08943">10.1038/nature08943</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855400">2855400</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20228791">20228791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Molecular+basis+of+infrared+detection+by+snakes&rft.volume=464&rft.issue=7291&rft.pages=1006-1011&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2855400%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.464.1006G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20228791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08943&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Gracheva&rft.aufirst=Elena+O.&rft.au=Ingolia%2C+Nicholas+T.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Yvonne+M.&rft.au=Cordero-Morales%2C+Julio+F.&rft.au=Hollopeter%2C+Gunther&rft.au=Chesler%2C+Alexander+T.&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+Elda+E.&rft.au=Perez%2C+John+C.&rft.au=Weissman%2C+Jonathan+S.&rft.au=Julius%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2855400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense" class="Z3988"></span><span class="" style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color: #555;"> (Erratum:  <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08943#change-history">[1]</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhairLewis-EpsteinSharonSaban" class="citation biorxiv cs1">Khair I, Lewis-Epstein O, Sharon R, Saban K, Perelman R, Boonman A, Yovel Y, Hadany L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccs.fau.edu&rft.atitle=Machine+Perception+%26+Cognitive+Robotics+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccs.fau.edu%2F~hahn%2Fmpcr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furness1-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furness1_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furness1_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorace_Howard_Furness1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Howard_Furness" title="Horace Howard Furness">Horace Howard Furness</a> (1880). "King Lear". <i>Shakespeare</i>. Vol. 5 (7th ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1932507">1932507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King+Lear&rft.btitle=Shakespeare&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=187&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+Co.&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1932507&rft.au=Horace+Howard+Furness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"wit". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/508"><i>The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. 1991. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/508">508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-603-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-603-9"><bdi>978-0-87779-603-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24246335">24246335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=wit&rft.btitle=The+Merriam-Webster+new+book+of+word+histories&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24246335&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-603-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerriamwebsterne00merr%2Fpage%2F508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClive_Staples_Lewis1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Clive Staples Lewis</a> (1990). "Sense". <i>Studies in Words</i> (2nd (republished) ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39831-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39831-2"><bdi>978-0-521-39831-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489987083">489987083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sense&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Words&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=2nd+%28republished%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489987083&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39831-2&rft.au=Clive+Staples+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.thewalters.org/detail/15244">"Allegory of the Five Senses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Walters_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walters Art Museum">The Walters Art Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allegory+of+the+Five+Senses&rft.pub=The+Walters+Art+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F15244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASense" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sense&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/What_is_the_sixth_sense" class="extiw" title="v:What is the sixth sense">What is the sixth sense</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Senses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Senses">Senses</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>The 2004 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/2004/index.html">announced</a> 4 October 2004) was won by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Buck" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda Buck">Linda Buck</a> for their work explaining olfaction, published first in a joint paper in 1991 that described the very large family of about one thousand genes for odorant receptors and how the receptors link to the brain.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/32909/Sensing-or-feeling/">Answers to several questions related to senses and human feeling from curious kids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213152258/http://www.scribd.com/doc/32909/Sensing-or-Feeling">Archived</a> 2013-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070520084243/http://www.physpharm.fmd.uwo.ca/undergrad/sensesweb/">The Physiology of the Senses tutorial</a>—12 animated chapters on vision, hearing, touch, balance and memory.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Sensation_and_perception" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sensation_and_perception" title="Template:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sensation_and_perception" title="Template talk:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sensation_and_perception" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sensation_and_perception" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sensation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive process">Processes <br />and <br />concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Stimulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">Sensory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">Transduction (physiology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing" title="Sensory processing">Sensory processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Active sensory system">Active sensory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodal integration">Multimodal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_perception" title="Motion perception">Motion perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exteroception" class="mw-redirect" title="Exteroception">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">Sensory organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system (sense of vision)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system (sense of hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system (sense of balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">Olfactory system (sense of smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">Gustatory system (sense of taste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Somatosensory system (sense of touch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">spinal nerves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear (VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal (IX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal (V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">Cerebral cortices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">Vestibular cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory cortex">Olfactory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">Gustatory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">Somatosensory cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception (vision)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory perception">Auditory perception (hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">Equilibrioception (balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">Olfaction (smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Gustation (taste or flavor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">mechanoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception (pain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">thermoception</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interoception" title="Interoception">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(physiology)" title="Hunger (physiology)">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">Suffocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_pain" title="Visceral pain">Visceral pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonhuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonhuman">Nonhuman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_vampire_bats" title="Infrared sensing in vampire bats">Infrared sensing in vampire bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave detection">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frog hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toad vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photomorphogenesis" title="Photomorphogenesis">Photomorphogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">Gravitropism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">Artificial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_sensing" title="Robotic sensing">Robotic sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine hearing">Machine hearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br /><a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">Baroreceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">Mechanotransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Lamellar corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Tactile corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Bulbous corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaniform_sensilla" title="Campaniform sensilla">Campaniform sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_sensilla" title="Slit sensilla">Slit sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_receptor" title="Stretch receptor">Stretch receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photoreceptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IpRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IpRGC">ipRGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopigment" title="Photopigment">Photopigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureochromes" title="Aureochromes">Aureochrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">Chemoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">Osmoreceptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">Thermoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilium#Sensing_the_extracellular_environment" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRP_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="TRP channels">TRP channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor#Pain_circuitry" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtacapillary_receptors" title="Juxtacapillary receptors">Juxtacapillary receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vision_disorder" title="Vision disorder">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaurosis" title="Amaurosis">Amaurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anopsia" title="Anopsia">Anopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemeralopia" title="Hemeralopia">Hemeralopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">Nyctalopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuropathy" title="Optic neuropathy">Optic neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillopsia" title="Oscillopsia">Oscillopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">Papilledema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">Photophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopsia" title="Photopsia">Photopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_polyopia" title="Cerebral polyopia">Polyopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotoma" title="Scotoma">Scotoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual snow">Visual snow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblyaudia" title="Amblyaudia">Amblyaudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_agnosia" title="Auditory agnosia">Auditory agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">Auditory hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_verbal_agnosia" title="Auditory verbal agnosia">Auditory verbal agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_deafness" title="Cortical deafness">Cortical deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect" title="Microwave auditory effect">Microwave auditory effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_hearing_loss" title="Spatial hearing loss">Spatial hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">Vestibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPPV" class="mw-redirect" title="BPPV">BPPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthine_fistula" title="Labyrinthine fistula">Labyrinthine fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">Labyrinthitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olfaction#Disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfactory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">Anosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysosmia" title="Dysosmia">Dysosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperosmia" title="Hyperosmia">Hyperosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyposmia" title="Hyposmia">Hyposmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_reference_syndrome" title="Olfactory reference syndrome">Olfactory reference syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parosmia" title="Parosmia">Parosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantosmia" title="Phantosmia">Phantosmia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taste_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste disorder">Gustatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageusia" title="Ageusia">Ageusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergeusia" title="Hypergeusia">Hypergeusia</a></li> <li><a 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hallucination">Tactile hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nociception (pain)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain dissociation">Pain dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_pain" title="Phantom pain">Phantom pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprioception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomatognosia" title="Asomatognosia">Asomatognosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">Phantom limb syndrome</a></li> <li><a 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