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computer screen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_color_theory_and_on_a_computer_screen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_of_sunset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_of_sunset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Color of sunset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_of_sunset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lasers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lasers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lasers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lasers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigments_and_dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigments_and_dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Pigments and dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigments_and_dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_coloring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_coloring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Food coloring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_coloring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autumn_leaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autumn_leaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Autumn leaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autumn_leaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_and_other_reds_in_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_and_other_reds_in_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Blood and other reds in nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_and_other_reds_in_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hair_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hair_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Hair color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hair_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_animal_and_human_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_animal_and_human_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>In animal and human behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_animal_and_human_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History and art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_prehistory_and_the_ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_prehistory_and_the_ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In prehistory and the ancient world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_prehistory_and_the_ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reds_from_the_New_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reds_from_the_New_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Reds from the New World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reds_from_the_New_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_to_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_to_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>18th to 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_to_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Courage_and_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courage_and_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Courage and sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courage_and_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hatred,_anger,_aggression,_passion,_heat_and_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatred,_anger,_aggression,_passion,_heat_and_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hatred, anger, aggression, passion, heat and war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatred,_anger,_aggression,_passion,_heat_and_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warning_and_danger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warning_and_danger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Warning and danger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warning_and_danger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_color_that_attracts_attention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_color_that_attracts_attention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The color that attracts attention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_color_that_attracts_attention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seduction,_sexuality_and_sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seduction,_sexuality_and_sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Seduction, sexuality and sin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seduction,_sexuality_and_sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Military uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_uniform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_uniform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Red uniform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_uniform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>On flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socialism_and_communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism_and_communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Socialism and communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism_and_communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_special_interest_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_special_interest_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Social and special interest groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_special_interest_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idioms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idioms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Idioms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idioms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_and_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Notes and citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Red</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 181 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">181 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooi" title="Rooi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%8B%AD" title="ቀይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቀይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="लाल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लाल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%93ad" title="Rēad – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rēad" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="أحمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royo" title="Royo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Royo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܣܘܡܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܘܡܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_(%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%B6)" title="Կարմիր (գոյն) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կարմիր (գոյն)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro%C8%99u" title="Aroșu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aroșu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermeyu" title="Bermeyu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bermeyu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="लाल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लाल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyt%C3%A3" title="Pytã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pytã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupika" title="Chupika – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chupika" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1" title="Qırmızı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırmızı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="قیرمیزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیرمیزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang" title="Bang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="লাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habang" title="Habang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Habang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-sek" title="Âng-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abang" title="Abang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%AB" title="Ҡыҙыл төҫ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡыҙыл төҫ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чырвоны колер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чырвоны колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Чырвоны колер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чырвоны колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="लाल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लाल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula" title="Pula – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pula" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Червен цвят – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червен цвят" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roud" title="Roud – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Roud" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="དམར་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དམར་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena" title="Crvena – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crvena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruz_(liv)" title="Ruz (liv) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ruz (liv)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roig" title="Roig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95_%D1%82%C4%95%D1%81" title="Хĕрлĕ тĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕрлĕ тĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula" title="Pula – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pula" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A1" title="Červená – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Červená" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaga%27" title="Agaga' – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Agaga'" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsvuku" title="Tsvuku – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsvuku" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coch" title="Coch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8d" title="Rød – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rød" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot" title="Rot – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Rot" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot" title="Rot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="रातो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="रातो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punane" title="Punane – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punane" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Κόκκινο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόκκινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Якстере – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Якстере" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojo" title="Rojo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rojo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da" title="Ruĝa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxu" title="Roxu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Roxu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorri" title="Gorri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gorri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="سرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laal" title="Laal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Laal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge" title="Rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read" title="Read – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Read" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros" title="Ros – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ros" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearg" title="Dearg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermello" title="Vermello – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vermello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85" title="紅 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="紅" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B9ng-set" title="Fùng-set – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fùng-set" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%A8%EA%B0%95" title="빨강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빨강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBula%CA%BBula" title="ʻulaʻula – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻulaʻula" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_(%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6)" title="Կարմիր (գույն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմիր (գույն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="लाल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crvena" title="Crvena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crvena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reda" title="Reda – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Reda" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAfie" title="Ūfie – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ūfie" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merah" title="Merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviqsaaq" title="Kaviqsaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kaviqsaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%85" title="Сырх – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сырх" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0ur" title="Rauður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosso" title="Rosso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rosso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אדום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abang" title="Abang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%9Bm%C9%A9%C5%8B" title="Sɛmɩŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sɛmɩŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81" title="ಕೆಂಪು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೆಂಪು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malutu" title="Malutu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Malutu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="წითელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%84%D8%B2%D9%8F%D9%84" title="وۄزُل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وۄزُل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Қызыл түс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қызыл түс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyekundu" title="Nyekundu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyekundu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouj" title="Rouj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rouj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor" title="Sor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9cen" title="Chécen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Chécen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorado" title="Kolorado – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kolorado" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="ЯтӀулсса – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЯтӀулсса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruber" title="Ruber – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ruber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkan%C4%81_kr%C4%81sa" title="Sarkanā krāsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanā krāsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rout" title="Rout – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rout" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudona" title="Raudona – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudona" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3la_(mot%C3%A1n%C3%A9)" title="Ngóla (motáné) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngóla (motáné)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roja" title="Roja – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Roja" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskei" title="Ruskei – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ruskei" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xunre" title="xunre – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xunre" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_(culur)" title="Russ (culur) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Russ (culur)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s" title="Vörös – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vörös" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Црвена боја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвена боја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ചുവപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചുവപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%A7mar" title="Aħmar – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Aħmar" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="लाल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="ჭითა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭითა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86)" title="احمر (لون) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="احمر (لون)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84_(%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="آل (رنگ) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آل (رنگ)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merah" title="Merah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%89%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%95" title="ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88%CC%A4ng-s%C3%A1ik" title="È̤ng-sáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="È̤ng-sáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmeilho" title="Burmeilho – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Burmeilho" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Якстерь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Якстерь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Улаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အနီရောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနီရောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood_(kleur)" title="Rood (kleur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rood (kleur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="रातो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रातो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%81" title="ह्याउँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्याउँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4" title="赤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="ЦӀен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruad" title="Ruad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dt_(farge)" title="Rødt (farge) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rødt (farge)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouoge" title="Rouoge – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rouoge" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roge" title="Roge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Roge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizil" title="Qizil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qizil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਲਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="لال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="سور (رنگ) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سور (رنگ)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%98" title="ពណ៌ក្រហម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពណ៌ក្រហម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouche" title="Rouche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Rouche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/qudjilj" title="qudjilj – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="qudjilj" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ret_(kala)" title="Ret (kala) – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ret (kala)" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa_czerwona" title="Barwa czerwona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwa czerwona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermelho" title="Vermelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vermelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1" title="Qırmızı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qırmızı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C8%99u" title="Roșu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roșu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puka" title="Puka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Красный цвет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красный цвет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB_(%D3%A9%D2%A5)" title="Кыһыл (өҥ) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кыһыл (өҥ)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sumanahay" title="sumanahay – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sumanahay" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83" title="रक्तः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रक्तः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid" title="Reid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Reid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood" title="Rood – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Rood" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwibidu" title="Hwibidu – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Hwibidu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngjyra_e_kuqe" title="Ngjyra e kuqe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngjyra e kuqe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russu" title="Russu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Russu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="රතු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රතු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red" title="Red – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%B3%D8%A7%DA%99%D9%87%D9%88" title="ڳاڙهو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڳاڙهو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A1" title="Červená – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červená" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Da" title="Rdeča – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guduud" title="Guduud – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Guduud" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Црвена боја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвена боја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveno" title="Crveno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crveno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beureum" title="Beureum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beureum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punainen" title="Punainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6d" title="Röd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula" title="Pula – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சிவப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிவப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Кызыл төс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кызыл төс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81" title="ఎరుపు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎరుపు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="สีแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สีแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85" title="Сурх – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сурх" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1" title="Kırmızı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırmızı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celak" title="Celak – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Celak" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80" title="Червоний колір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Червоний колір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="سرخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%AD" title="قىزىل رەڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قىزىل رەڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saekhoengz" title="Saekhoengz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saekhoengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roso" title="Roso – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Roso" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusked_muju" title="Rusked muju – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Rusked muju" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8F" title="Đỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrev" title="Verrev – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Verrev" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodje" title="Rodje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rodje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishos%C3%BC" title="Ishosü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ishosü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4" title="赤 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="赤" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula" title="Pula – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pula" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xonq" title="Xonq – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xonq" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85" title="紅 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="紅" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tshwuka" title="Tshwuka – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tshwuka" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98" title="רויט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רויט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85" title="紅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauduona" title="Rauduona – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rauduona" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2" title="红色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="红色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragang" title="Aragang – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Aragang" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirah" title="Mirah – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mirah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaw" title="Siyaw – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Siyaw" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3142#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Red_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Red (disambiguation)">Red (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Red</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#FF0000!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:243px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Strawberries.jpg/121px-Strawberries.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Strawberries.jpg/182px-Strawberries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Strawberries.jpg/242px-Strawberries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1796" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cardinal.jpg/121px-Cardinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cardinal.jpg/182px-Cardinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cardinal.jpg/242px-Cardinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG/121px-Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="121" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG/182px-Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG/242px-Cardinal_Th%C3%A9odore_Adrien_Sarr_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg/121px-Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg/182px-Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg/242px-Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG/243px-Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG" decoding="async" width="243" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG/365px-Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG/486px-Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="1756" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise, from top left: fresh <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>; <a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">Northern cardinal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Fr%C4%85ckowiak" title="Magdalena Frąckowiak">Magdalena Frąckowiak</a> wearing a red dress at <a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris Fashion Week</a>; Honor guard of Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flags</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore-Adrien_Sarr" title="Théodore-Adrien Sarr">Théodore-Adrien Sarr</a>, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral coordinates</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Approx. 625–740<sup id="cite_ref-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Frequency</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~480–400 <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terahertz (unit)">THz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#FF0000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(255, 0, 0)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a><sup><b>H</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">c</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">m</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">y</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">k</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(0, 100, 100, 0)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(0°, 100%, 100%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(53, 179, 12°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X11_color_names" title="X11 color names">X11</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /><b>H</b>: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Red</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> at the long wavelength end of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> of light, next to <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a> and opposite <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Dominant_wavelength" title="Dominant wavelength">dominant wavelength</a> of approximately 625–750 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a primary color in the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a> and a secondary color (made from <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a>, and is the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complementary color</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>. Reds range from the brilliant yellow-tinged <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">scarlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermillion</a> to bluish-red <a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">crimson</a>, and vary in shade from the pale red <a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">pink</a> to the dark red <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(color)" title="Burgundy (color)">burgundy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red pigment made from <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> was one of the first colors used in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">prehistoric art</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayan_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan civilization">Mayans</a> colored their faces red in ceremonies; <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> generals had their bodies colored red to celebrate victories. It was also an important color in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, where it was used to color early pottery and later the gates and walls of palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–61">: 60–61 </span></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the brilliant red costumes for the nobility and wealthy were dyed with <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a>. The 19th century brought the introduction of the first synthetic red dyes, which replaced the traditional dyes. Red became <a href="/wiki/Red_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (politics)">a symbolic color</a> of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> adopted a <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">red flag</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in 1917. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Soviet red banner</a> would subsequently be used throughout the entire history of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. China adopted <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">its own red flag</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>. A red flag <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vietnam" title="Flag of Vietnam">was also adopted</a> by <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> in 1954, and by all of Vietnam in 1975. </p><p>Since red is the color of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, and courage. Modern surveys in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love, and joy. In China, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and many other Asian countries it is the color symbolizing happiness and good fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–63">: 39–63 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shades_and_variations">Shades and variations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Shades of red</a></div> <p>Varieties of the color red may differ in <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">chroma</a> (also called saturation, intensity, or colorfulness), or <a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">lightness</a> (or value, tone, or <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a>), or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called <a href="/wiki/Tints_and_shades" class="mw-redirect" title="Tints and shades">tints and shades</a>, a tint being a red or other hue mixed with white, a shade being mixed with black. Four examples are shown below. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:512px;max-width:512px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cardinal.jpg/238px-Cardinal.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cardinal.jpg/357px-Cardinal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Cardinal.jpg/476px-Cardinal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">cardinal</a> takes its name from the color worn by Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:268px;max-width:268px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherry_blossoms_in_the_Tsutsujigaoka_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cherry_blossoms_in_the_Tsutsujigaoka_Park.jpg/266px-Cherry_blossoms_in_the_Tsutsujigaoka_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cherry_blossoms_in_the_Tsutsujigaoka_Park.jpg/399px-Cherry_blossoms_in_the_Tsutsujigaoka_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cherry_blossoms_in_the_Tsutsujigaoka_Park.jpg/532px-Cherry_blossoms_in_the_Tsutsujigaoka_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a> is a pale shade of red. <a href="/wiki/Cherry_blossoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry blossoms">Cherry blossoms</a> in the Tsutsujigaoka Park, <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture" title="Miyagi Prefecture">Miyagi</a>, Japan.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_tikka_powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_tikka_powder.jpg/252px-Red_tikka_powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_tikka_powder.jpg/378px-Red_tikka_powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_tikka_powder.jpg/504px-Red_tikka_powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">Vermilion</a> is similar to scarlet, but slightly more orange. This is <a href="/wiki/Sindoor" title="Sindoor">sindoor</a>, a red cosmetic powder used in India; some <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> women put a stripe of sindoor along their hair parting to show they are married.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruby_gem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ruby_gem.JPG/252px-Ruby_gem.JPG" decoding="async" width="252" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Ruby_gem.JPG/378px-Ruby_gem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Ruby_gem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(color)" title="Ruby (color)">Ruby</a> is the color of a cut and polished <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> gemstone.</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_science_and_nature">In science and nature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seeing_red">Seeing red</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_Bullfight.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Madrid_Bullfight.JPG/220px-Madrid_Bullfight.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Madrid_Bullfight.JPG/330px-Madrid_Bullfight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Madrid_Bullfight.JPG/440px-Madrid_Bullfight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bulls, like dogs and many other animals, have <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromacy</a>, which means they cannot distinguish the color red. They charge the matador's cape because of its motion, not its color.</figcaption></figure> <p>The human eye sees red when it looks at light with a wavelength between approximately 625 and 740 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a primary color in the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a> and the light just past this range is called infrared, or below red, and cannot be seen by human eyes, although it can be sensed as heat.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the language of optics, red is the color evoked by light that stimulates neither the S or the M (short and medium wavelength) cone cells of the retina, combined with a fading stimulation of the L (long-wavelength) cone cells.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a> can distinguish the full range of the colors of the spectrum visible to humans, but many kinds of mammals, such as dogs and cattle, have <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromacy</a>, which means they can see blues and yellows, but cannot distinguish red and green (both are seen as gray). Bulls, for instance, cannot see the red color of the cape of a bullfighter, but they are agitated by its movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a>). </p><p>One theory for why primates developed sensitivity to red is that it allowed ripe fruit to be distinguished from unripe fruit and inedible vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have driven further adaptations by species taking advantage of this new ability, such as the emergence of red faces.<sup id="cite_ref-scidaily_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidaily-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red light is used to help adapt <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)" title="Adaptation (eye)">night vision</a> in low-light or night time, as the <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod cells</a> in the human eye are not sensitive to red.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_color_theory_and_on_a_computer_screen">In color theory and on a computer screen</h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB color model</a>, which is the basis of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_color_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional color theory">traditional color theory</a>, red is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colors</a>, along with blue and yellow. Painters in the Renaissance mixed red and blue to make violet: <a href="/wiki/Cennino_Cennini" title="Cennino Cennini">Cennino Cennini</a>, in his 15th-century manual on painting, wrote, "If you want to make a lovely violet colour, take fine lac (<a href="/wiki/Lake_pigments#History_and_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake pigments">red lake</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramarine blue">ultramarine blue</a> (the same amount of the one as of the other) with a binder"; he noted that it could also be made by mixing blue <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> and red <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the CMY and <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</a> color models, red is a secondary color subtractively mixed from magenta and yellow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a>, red, green and blue are <a href="/wiki/Additive_primary_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive primary colors">additive primary colors</a>. Red, green and blue light combined makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This principle is used to generate colors on such as computer monitors and televisions. For example, magenta on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to that used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive colors</a> and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.<sup id="cite_ref-huevaluechroma1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huevaluechroma1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boutet_1708_color_circles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In a traditional color wheel from 1708, red, yellow and blue are primary colors. Red and yellow make orange; red and blue make violet."><img alt="In a traditional color wheel from 1708, red, yellow and blue are primary colors. Red and yellow make orange; red and blue make violet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Boutet_1708_color_circles.jpg/293px-Boutet_1708_color_circles.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Boutet_1708_color_circles.jpg/440px-Boutet_1708_color_circles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Boutet_1708_color_circles.jpg/586px-Boutet_1708_color_circles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In a traditional <a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">color wheel</a> from 1708, red, yellow and blue are primary colors. Red and yellow make orange; red and blue make violet.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_combination_on_wall.png" class="mw-file-description" title="In modern color theory, red, green and blue are the additive primary colors, and together they make white. A combination of red, green and blue light in varying proportions makes all the colors on your computer screen and television screen."><img alt="In modern color theory, red, green and blue are the additive primary colors, and together they make white. A combination of red, green and blue light in varying proportions makes all the colors on your computer screen and television screen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RGB_combination_on_wall.png/225px-RGB_combination_on_wall.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RGB_combination_on_wall.png/338px-RGB_combination_on_wall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RGB_combination_on_wall.png/450px-RGB_combination_on_wall.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In modern color theory, red, green and blue are the additive primary colors, and together they make white. A combination of red, green and blue light in varying proportions makes all the colors on your computer screen and television screen.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_pixels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiny Red, green and blue sub-pixels (enlarged on left side of image) create the colors you see on your computer screen and TV."><img alt="Tiny Red, green and blue sub-pixels (enlarged on left side of image) create the colors you see on your computer screen and TV." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RGB_pixels.jpg/280px-RGB_pixels.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RGB_pixels.jpg/421px-RGB_pixels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RGB_pixels.jpg/560px-RGB_pixels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tiny Red, green and blue <a href="/wiki/Sub-pixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-pixel">sub-pixels</a> (enlarged on left side of image) create the colors you see on your computer screen and TV. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_of_sunset">Color of sunset</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sunset#Colors" title="Sunset">Sunset § Colors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimson_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Crimson_sunset.jpg/220px-Crimson_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Crimson_sunset.jpg/330px-Crimson_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Crimson_sunset.jpg/440px-Crimson_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Sunsets and sunrises are often red because of an optical effect called <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">airborne particles</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-saha_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saha-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">sunset</a>, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow.<sup id="cite_ref-guenther_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guenther-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lasers">Lasers</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a> emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">ruby laser</a> in 1960. In 1962 the red <a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">helium–neon laser</a> was invented,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a>, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> players. The use of red <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diodes</a> became widespread with the commercial success of modern <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">laser pointers</a>. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications.<sup id="cite_ref-laserglow_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laserglow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (<a href="/wiki/DPSS" class="mw-redirect" title="DPSS">DPSS</a>) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, <a href="/wiki/Particle_image_velocimetry" title="Particle image velocimetry">particle image velocimetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a>, and holography.<sup id="cite_ref-laserglow2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laserglow2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red's wavelength has been an important factor in laser technologies; red lasers, used in early <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> technologies, are being replaced by blue lasers, as red's longer wavelength causes the laser's recordings to take up more space on the disc than would blue-laser recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> is called the Red Planet because of the reddish color imparted to its surface by the abundant <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> present there.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Astronomical objects that are moving away from the observer exhibit a Doppler <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">red shift</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s surface displays a <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a> caused by an oval-shaped mega storm south of the planet's <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red giants</a> are stars that have exhausted the supply of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> in their cores and switched to <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">thermonuclear fusion</a> of hydrogen in a shell that surrounds its core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. However, their outer envelope is much lower in temperature, giving them an orange hue. Despite the lower energy density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun due to their large size.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red supergiants</a> like <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">Antares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu_Cephei" title="Mu Cephei">Mu Cephei</a>, <a href="/wiki/VV_Cephei" title="VV Cephei">VV Cephei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VY_Canis_Majoris" title="VY Canis Majoris">VY Canis Majoris</a> one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">biggest stars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a>, are the biggest variety of red giants. They are huge in size, with radii 200 to 1700 times greater than the Sun, but relatively cool in temperature (3000–4500 K), causing their distinct red tint. Because they are shrinking rapidly in size, they are surrounded by an envelope or skin much bigger than the star itself. The envelope of Betelgeuse is 250 times bigger than the star inside.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> is a small and relatively <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">cool</a> <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>, which has a mass of less than half that of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and a surface temperature of less than 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>. Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Galaxy, but due to their low luminosity, from Earth, none are visible to the naked eye.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_reddening" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar reddening">Interstellar reddening</a> is caused by the extinction of radiation by dust and gas</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars appears to be red because of iron oxide on its surface."><img alt="Mars appears to be red because of iron oxide on its surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mars_atmosphere.jpg/201px-Mars_atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mars_atmosphere.jpg/302px-Mars_atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mars_atmosphere.jpg/402px-Mars_atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> appears to be red because of <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> on its surface.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mira_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mira, a red giant"><img alt="Mira, a red giant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/225px-Mira_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/338px-Mira_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/450px-Mira_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mira" title="Mira">Mira</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RedDwarfNASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artist's impression of a red dwarf, a small, relatively cool star that appears red due to its temperature"><img alt="Artist's impression of a red dwarf, a small, relatively cool star that appears red due to its temperature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RedDwarfNASA.jpg/291px-RedDwarfNASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RedDwarfNASA.jpg/438px-RedDwarfNASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RedDwarfNASA.jpg/583px-RedDwarfNASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1687" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Artist's impression of a <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a>, a small, relatively cool star that appears red due to its temperature</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigments_and_dyes">Pigments and dyes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Red_pigments" title="Red pigments">Red pigments</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Red ochre cliffs near Roussillon in France. Red ochre is composed of clay tinted with hematite. Ochre was the first pigment used by man in prehistoric cave paintings."><img alt="Red ochre cliffs near Roussillon in France. Red ochre is composed of clay tinted with hematite. Ochre was the first pigment used by man in prehistoric cave paintings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG/336px-Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG" decoding="async" width="224" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG/505px-Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG/672px-Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> cliffs near <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a> in France. Red ochre is composed of clay tinted with hematite. Ochre was the first pigment used by man in prehistoric cave paintings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermillon_pigment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vermilion pigment, made from cinnabar. This was the pigment used in the murals of Pompeii and to color Chinese lacquerware beginning in the Song dynasty."><img alt="Vermilion pigment, made from cinnabar. This was the pigment used in the murals of Pompeii and to color Chinese lacquerware beginning in the Song dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vermillon_pigment.jpg/207px-Vermillon_pigment.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vermillon_pigment.jpg/312px-Vermillon_pigment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vermillon_pigment.jpg/415px-Vermillon_pigment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vermilion pigment, made from cinnabar. This was the pigment used in the murals of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and to color Chinese <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">lacquerware</a> beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_lead.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red lead, also known as minium, has been used since the time of the ancient Greeks. Chemically it is known as lead tetroxide. The Romans prepared it by the roasting of lead white pigment. It was commonly used in the Middle Ages for the headings and decoration of illuminated manuscripts."><img alt="Red lead, also known as minium, has been used since the time of the ancient Greeks. Chemically it is known as lead tetroxide. The Romans prepared it by the roasting of lead white pigment. It was commonly used in the Middle Ages for the headings and decoration of illuminated manuscripts." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Red_lead.jpg/300px-Red_lead.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Red_lead.jpg/451px-Red_lead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Red_lead.jpg/600px-Red_lead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Red_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Red lead">Red lead</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Minium_(pigment)" title="Minium (pigment)">minium</a>, has been used since the time of the ancient Greeks. Chemically it is known as <a href="/wiki/Lead_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead tetroxide">lead tetroxide</a>. The Romans prepared it by the roasting of lead white pigment. It was commonly used in the Middle Ages for the headings and decoration of illuminated manuscripts.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubia_tinctorum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-123.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The roots of the Rubia tinctorum, or madder plant, produced the most common red dye used from ancient times until the 19th century."><img alt="The roots of the Rubia tinctorum, or madder plant, produced the most common red dye used from ancient times until the 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rubia_tinctorum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-123.jpg/173px-Rubia_tinctorum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-123.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rubia_tinctorum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-123.jpg/260px-Rubia_tinctorum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Rubia_tinctorum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-123.jpg/346px-Rubia_tinctorum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The roots of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rubia_tinctorum" title="Rubia tinctorum">Rubia tinctorum</a></i>, or madder plant, produced the most common red dye used from ancient times until the 19th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alizarin-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alizarin was the first synthetic red dye, created by German chemists in 1868. It duplicated the colorant in the madder plant, but was cheaper and longer lasting. After its introduction, the production of natural dyes from the madder plant virtually ceased."><img alt="Alizarin was the first synthetic red dye, created by German chemists in 1868. It duplicated the colorant in the madder plant, but was cheaper and longer lasting. After its introduction, the production of natural dyes from the madder plant virtually ceased." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alizarin-sample.jpg/300px-Alizarin-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alizarin-sample.jpg/451px-Alizarin-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alizarin-sample.jpg/600px-Alizarin-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">Alizarin</a> was the first synthetic red dye, created by German chemists in 1868. It duplicated the colorant in the madder plant, but was cheaper and longer lasting. After its introduction, the production of natural dyes from the madder plant virtually ceased.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_coloring">Food coloring</h3></div> <p>The most common synthetic food coloring today is <a href="/wiki/Allura_Red_AC" title="Allura Red AC">Allura Red AC</a>, a red <a href="/wiki/Azo_dye" title="Azo dye">azo dye</a> that goes by several names including: <b>Allura Red</b>, <b>Food Red 17</b>, <b>C.I. 16035</b>, <b>FD&C Red 40</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shampoo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shampoo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Food_Colour_Facts_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_Colour_Facts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally manufactured from coal tar, but now is mostly made from petroleum.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, Allura Red AC is not recommended for consumption by children. It is banned in Denmark, Belgium, France and Switzerland, and was also banned in Sweden until the country joined the European Union in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Food_Colour_Facts_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_Colour_Facts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> approves Allura Red AC as a food colorant, but EU countries' local laws banning food colorants are preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, Allura Red AC is approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) for use in <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, and food. It is used in some tattoo inks and is used in many products, such as <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drinks</a>, children's medications, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">cotton candy</a>. On June 30, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Center for Science in the Public Interest">Center for Science in the Public Interest</a> (CSPI) called for the FDA to ban Red 40.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of public concerns about possible health risks associated with synthetic dyes, many companies have switched to using natural pigments such as <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a>, made from crushing the tiny female <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> insect. This insect, originating in Mexico and Central America, was used to make the brilliant <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">scarlet</a> dyes of the European Renaissance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autumn_leaves">Autumn leaves</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red" title="Special:EditPage/Red">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red%22">"Red"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The red of autumn leaves is produced by pigments called <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>. They are not present in the leaf throughout the growing season, but are actively produced towards the end of summer.<sup id="cite_ref-tree1044_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tree1044-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They develop in late summer in the <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a> of the cells of the leaf, and this development is the result of complex interactions of many influences—both inside and outside the plant. Their formation depends on the breakdown of sugars in the presence of bright light as the level of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> in the leaf is reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop. </p><p>Anthocyanins temporarily color the edges of some of the very young <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> as they unfold from the <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">buds</a> in early spring. They also give the familiar color to such common fruits as <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Delicious" title="Red Delicious">red apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>. </p><p>Anthocyanins are present in about 10% of tree species in temperate regions, although in certain areas—a <a href="/wiki/Autumn_in_New_England" title="Autumn in New England">famous example being New England</a>—up to 70% of tree species may produce the pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-tree1044_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tree1044-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In autumn forests they appear vivid in the <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sourwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourwood">sourwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquidambar" title="Liquidambar">sweetgums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogwood">dogwoods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupelo_(tree)" title="Tupelo (tree)">tupelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherry</a> trees and <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmons</a>. These same pigments often combine with the carotenoids' colors to create the deeper orange, fiery reds, and bronzes typical of many hardwood species. (See <a href="/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color" title="Autumn leaf color">Autumn leaf color</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_and_other_reds_in_nature">Blood and other reds in nature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red" title="Special:EditPage/Red">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red%22">"Red"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Oxygenated blood is red due to the presence of oxygenated <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> that contains iron molecules, with the iron components reflecting red light.<sup id="cite_ref-UCSBblood_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCSBblood-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red meat gets its color from the iron found in the <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> and hemoglobin in the muscles and residual blood.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plants like <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garden_strawberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden strawberry">strawberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">peppers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a> are often colored by forms of <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, red pigments that also assist <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red blood cell agar. Blood appears red due to the iron molecules in blood cells."><img alt="Red blood cell agar. Blood appears red due to the iron molecules in blood cells." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg/355px-Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg/533px-Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg/710px-Agarplate_redbloodcells_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red blood cell <a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">agar</a>. Blood appears red due to the iron molecules in blood cells.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Can_Setter_dog_GFDL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A red setter or Irish setter"><img alt="A red setter or Irish setter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Can_Setter_dog_GFDL.jpg/300px-Can_Setter_dog_GFDL.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Can_Setter_dog_GFDL.jpg/451px-Can_Setter_dog_GFDL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Can_Setter_dog_GFDL.jpg/600px-Can_Setter_dog_GFDL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Red_setter" class="mw-redirect" title="Red setter">red setter</a> or Irish setter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Fox_(Vulpes_vulpes)_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pair of European red foxes"><img alt="A pair of European red foxes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg/339px-Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg/509px-Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg/677px-Red_Fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_-British_Wildlife_Centre-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pair of European <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erithacus-rubecula-melophilus_Dublin-Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The European robin or robin redbreast"><img alt="The European robin or robin redbreast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erithacus-rubecula-melophilus_Dublin-Ireland.jpg/139px-Erithacus-rubecula-melophilus_Dublin-Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erithacus-rubecula-melophilus_Dublin-Ireland.jpg/209px-Erithacus-rubecula-melophilus_Dublin-Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erithacus-rubecula-melophilus_Dublin-Ireland.jpg/279px-Erithacus-rubecula-melophilus_Dublin-Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/European_robin" title="European robin">European robin</a> or robin redbreast</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hair_color">Hair color</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_hair" title="Red hair">Red hair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_redhead_natural_portrait_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Woman_redhead_natural_portrait_1.jpg/220px-Woman_redhead_natural_portrait_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Woman_redhead_natural_portrait_1.jpg/330px-Woman_redhead_natural_portrait_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Woman_redhead_natural_portrait_1.jpg/440px-Woman_redhead_natural_portrait_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>Red hair only occurs in 1–2% of the human population.</figcaption></figure> <p>Red hair occurs naturally on approximately 1–2% of the human population.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs more frequently (2–6%) in people of northern or western European ancestry, and less frequently in other populations. Red hair appears in people with two copies of a <a href="/wiki/Dominance_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance relationship">recessive gene</a> on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_16" title="Chromosome 16">chromosome 16</a> which causes a mutation in the <a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">MC1R</a> protein.<sup id="cite_ref-thetech_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetech-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red hair varies from a deep <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(color)" title="Burgundy (color)">burgundy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Orange_(color)#Burnt_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (color)">burnt orange</a> to bright <a href="/wiki/Copper_(color)" title="Copper (color)">copper</a>. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment <a href="/wiki/Pheomelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheomelanin">pheomelanin</a> (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment <a href="/wiki/Eumelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelanin">eumelanin</a>. The term "redhead" (originally <i>redd hede</i>) has been in use since at least 1510.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_animal_and_human_behavior">In animal and human behavior</h3></div> <p>Red is associated with <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance</a> in a number of animal species.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_&_Hill_2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_&_Hill_2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Mandrill" title="Mandrill">mandrills</a>, red coloration of the face is greatest in <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">alpha</a> males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_success" title="Reproductive success">reproductive success</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">parental investment</a> between individuals displaying red and those not.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer video games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges of <a href="/wiki/Tae_kwon_do" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae kwon do">tae kwon do</a> have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_&_Hill_2007_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little_&_Hill_2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an <a href="/wiki/IQ_test" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ test">IQ test</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_art">History and art</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_red" title="History of red">History of red</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_prehistory_and_the_ancient_world">In prehistory and the ancient world</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:9_Bisonte_Magdaleniense_pol%C3%ADcromo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bison in red ochre in the Cave of Altamira, Spain, from upper Paleolithic era (36,000 BC)"><img alt="Bison in red ochre in the Cave of Altamira, Spain, from upper Paleolithic era (36,000 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/9_Bisonte_Magdaleniense_pol%C3%ADcromo.jpg/337px-9_Bisonte_Magdaleniense_pol%C3%ADcromo.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/9_Bisonte_Magdaleniense_pol%C3%ADcromo.jpg/506px-9_Bisonte_Magdaleniense_pol%C3%ADcromo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/9_Bisonte_Magdaleniense_pol%C3%ADcromo.jpg/674px-9_Bisonte_Magdaleniense_pol%C3%ADcromo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bison in red ochre in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Cave of Altamira</a>, Spain, from upper Paleolithic era (36,000 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pech_Merle_main.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of a human hand created with red ochre in Pech Merle cave, France (Gravettian era, 25,000 BC)"><img alt="Image of a human hand created with red ochre in Pech Merle cave, France (Gravettian era, 25,000 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pech_Merle_main.jpg/161px-Pech_Merle_main.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pech_Merle_main.jpg/242px-Pech_Merle_main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pech_Merle_main.jpg/322px-Pech_Merle_main.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="839" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image of a human hand created with red <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pech_Merle" title="Pech Merle">Pech Merle</a> cave, France (<a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a> era, 25,000 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KnossosFrescoRepro06827.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Prince of Lilies, from the Bronze Age Palace of Minos at Knossos on Crete"><img alt="The Prince of Lilies, from the Bronze Age Palace of Minos at Knossos on Crete" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KnossosFrescoRepro06827.jpg/151px-KnossosFrescoRepro06827.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KnossosFrescoRepro06827.jpg/227px-KnossosFrescoRepro06827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/KnossosFrescoRepro06827.jpg/303px-KnossosFrescoRepro06827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Prince of Lilies</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> Palace of Minos at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_2_-_MAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman wall painting showing a dye shop, Pompeii (40 BC)"><img alt="Roman wall painting showing a dye shop, Pompeii (40 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_2_-_MAN.jpg/208px-Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_2_-_MAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_2_-_MAN.jpg/312px-Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_2_-_MAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_2_-_MAN.jpg/416px-Pompeii_-_Fullonica_of_Veranius_Hypsaeus_2_-_MAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman wall painting showing a dye shop, Pompeii (40 BC) </div> </li> </ul> <p>Inside cave 13B at <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Pinnacle Point</a>, an archeological site found on the coast of South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoanthropologists">paleoanthropologists</a> in 2000 found evidence that, between 170,000 and 40,000 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Late_Stone_Age" title="Late Stone Age">Late Stone Age</a> people were scraping and grinding <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, a clay colored red by <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a>, probably with the intention of using it to color their bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Marean_2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marean_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> powder was also found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a <a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a> cave complex near <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. The site has evidence of habitation as early as 700,000 years ago. The hematite might have been used to symbolize blood in an offering to the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>Red, black and white were the first colors used by artists in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> age, probably because natural pigments such as red ochre and iron oxide were readily available where early people lived. <a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">Madder</a>, a plant whose root could be made into a red dye, grew widely in Europe, Africa and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">cave of Altamira</a> in Spain has a painting of a bison colored with red ochre that dates to between 15,000 and 16,500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A red dye called <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a> was made beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Period">Neolithic Period</a> by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insect</a> in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(insect)" title="Kermes (insect)">Kermes</a></i>, primarily <i><a href="/wiki/Kermes_vermilio" title="Kermes vermilio">Kermes vermilio</a></i>. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially <a href="/wiki/Kermes_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermes oak">Kermes oak</a> trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, <a href="/wiki/Bouches-du-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Bouches-du-Rhône">Bouches-du-Rhône</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 230–31">: 230–31 </span></sup> Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal"><i>Porphyrophora hamelii</i> (Armenian cochineal)</a> scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> </p><p>In ancient Egypt, red was associated with life, health, and victory. Egyptians would color themselves with red ochre during celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian women used red ochre as a <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a> to redden cheeks and lips<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also used <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a> to color their hair and paint their nails.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Romans wore <a href="/wiki/Togas" class="mw-redirect" title="Togas">togas</a> with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a <i>flammeum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a <a href="/wiki/Paludamentum" title="Paludamentum">paludamentum</a> which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">scarlet</a> or purple. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a> red is associated with the god of war, <a href="/wiki/Mars_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (god)">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vexilloid" title="Vexilloid">vexilloid</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> had a red background with the letters <a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">gold</a>. A Roman general receiving a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans liked bright colors, and many <a href="/wiki/Roman_villas" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman villas">Roman villas</a> were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a>, and it came from the mineral <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, a common ore of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near <a href="/wiki/Almad%C3%A9n" title="Almadén">Almadén</a>, southwest of <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Innozenz3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman Catholic Popes wear red as the symbol of the blood of Christ. This is Pope Innocent III, in about 1219."><img alt="Roman Catholic Popes wear red as the symbol of the blood of Christ. This is Pope Innocent III, in about 1219." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/179px-Innozenz3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/268px-Innozenz3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Innozenz3.jpg/358px-Innozenz3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman Catholic Popes wear red as the symbol of the blood of Christ. This is <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, in about 1219.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S.George_(Novgorod,_mid._14_c,_GTG).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red was the traditional color of martyrs. A Russian icon of Saint George (14th c.)."><img alt="Red was the traditional color of martyrs. A Russian icon of Saint George (14th c.)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/S.George_%28Novgorod%2C_mid._14_c%2C_GTG%29.jpg/150px-S.George_%28Novgorod%2C_mid._14_c%2C_GTG%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/S.George_%28Novgorod%2C_mid._14_c%2C_GTG%29.jpg/225px-S.George_%28Novgorod%2C_mid._14_c%2C_GTG%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/S.George_%28Novgorod%2C_mid._14_c%2C_GTG%29.jpg/299px-S.George_%28Novgorod%2C_mid._14_c%2C_GTG%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1202" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red was the traditional color of <a href="/wiki/Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs">martyrs</a>. A Russian icon of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> (14th c.).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Domschatz_Halberstadt_Karlsteppich.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The color of majesty - portrait of Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor, Netherlands (14th c.)"><img alt="The color of majesty - portrait of Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor, Netherlands (14th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Domschatz_Halberstadt_Karlsteppich.png/238px-Domschatz_Halberstadt_Karlsteppich.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Domschatz_Halberstadt_Karlsteppich.png/357px-Domschatz_Halberstadt_Karlsteppich.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Domschatz_Halberstadt_Karlsteppich.png/476px-Domschatz_Halberstadt_Karlsteppich.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The color of majesty - portrait of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor, Netherlands (14th c.)</div> </li> </ul> <p>After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, red was adopted as a color of majesty and authority by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and the princes of Europe. It also played an important part in the rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, symbolizing the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Western Europe, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36–37">: 36–37 </span></sup> Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red colored <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habitus</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Abbe_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbe Suger">Abbe Suger</a> rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a> outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> were commonly painted wearing red mantles. </p><p>In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> was a red cross on a white field, the <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Cross">St. George's Cross</a>. According to Christian tradition, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">Flag of England</a> in the 16th century, and now is part of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_Steven_Van_Der_Meulen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The young Queen Elizabeth I (here in about 1563)"><img alt="The young Queen Elizabeth I (here in about 1563)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Elizabeth_I_Steven_Van_Der_Meulen.jpg/159px-Elizabeth_I_Steven_Van_Der_Meulen.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Elizabeth_I_Steven_Van_Der_Meulen.jpg/239px-Elizabeth_I_Steven_Van_Der_Meulen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Elizabeth_I_Steven_Van_Der_Meulen.jpg/318px-Elizabeth_I_Steven_Van_Der_Meulen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2123" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The young Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> (here in about 1563) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 199.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 197.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wedding Dance (1566), by Pieter Bruegel the Elder"><img alt="The Wedding Dance (1566), by Pieter Bruegel the Elder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/296px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/445px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/593px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Wedding Dance</i> (1566), by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Girl with the Wine Glass, by Johannes Vermeer (1659–60)"><img alt="The Girl with the Wine Glass, by Johannes Vermeer (1659–60)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_006.jpg/198px-Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_006.jpg/297px-Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_006.jpg/396px-Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Girl with the Wine Glass</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> (1659–60) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_Wissing_and_Jan_van_der_Vaardt_-_Queen_Anne,_when_Princess_of_Denmark,_1665_%E2%80%93_1714_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princess Anne of Denmark (later Queen Anne of Great Britain) (1685)"><img alt="Princess Anne of Denmark (later Queen Anne of Great Britain) (1685)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Willem_Wissing_and_Jan_van_der_Vaardt_-_Queen_Anne%2C_when_Princess_of_Denmark%2C_1665_%E2%80%93_1714_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/144px-Willem_Wissing_and_Jan_van_der_Vaardt_-_Queen_Anne%2C_when_Princess_of_Denmark%2C_1665_%E2%80%93_1714_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Willem_Wissing_and_Jan_van_der_Vaardt_-_Queen_Anne%2C_when_Princess_of_Denmark%2C_1665_%E2%80%93_1714_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/216px-Willem_Wissing_and_Jan_van_der_Vaardt_-_Queen_Anne%2C_when_Princess_of_Denmark%2C_1665_%E2%80%93_1714_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Willem_Wissing_and_Jan_van_der_Vaardt_-_Queen_Anne%2C_when_Princess_of_Denmark%2C_1665_%E2%80%93_1714_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/288px-Willem_Wissing_and_Jan_van_der_Vaardt_-_Queen_Anne%2C_when_Princess_of_Denmark%2C_1665_%E2%80%93_1714_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="4001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princess Anne of Denmark (later Queen <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne of Great Britain</a>) (1685)</div> </li> </ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> painting, red was used to draw the attention of the viewer; it was often used as the color of the cloak or costume of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, or another central figure. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> was the master of fine reds, particularly <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a>; he used many layers of pigment mixed with a semi-transparent glaze, which let the light pass through, to create a more luminous color. The figures of God, the Virgin Mary and two apostles are highlighted by their vermilion red costumes. </p><p>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> of England liked to wear bright reds, before she adopted the more sober image of the "Virgin Queen". </p><p>Red costumes were not limited to the upper classes. In Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, people of all social classes wore red at celebrations. One such celebration was captured in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Dance" title="The Wedding Dance">The Wedding Dance</a></i> (1566) by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>. </p><p>The painter <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> skilfully used different shades and tints of vermilion to paint the red skirt in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_with_the_Wine_Glass" title="The Girl with the Wine Glass">The Girl with the Wine Glass</a></i>, then glazed it with madder lake to make a more luminous color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reds_from_the_New_World">Reds from the New World</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paracas_textile,_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Textiles dyed red from the Paracas culture of Peru (about 200 BC), in the British Museum"><img alt="Textiles dyed red from the Paracas culture of Peru (about 200 BC), in the British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Paracas_textile%2C_British_Museum.jpg/214px-Paracas_textile%2C_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Paracas_textile%2C_British_Museum.jpg/321px-Paracas_textile%2C_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Paracas_textile%2C_British_Museum.jpg/427px-Paracas_textile%2C_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2251" data-file-height="2371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Textiles dyed red from the <a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> (about 200 BC), in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aztecheaddress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feather headdress from the Aztec people of Mexico and Central America, dyed with cochineal"><img alt="Feather headdress from the Aztec people of Mexico and Central America, dyed with cochineal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aztecheaddress.jpg/341px-Aztecheaddress.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aztecheaddress.jpg/513px-Aztecheaddress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Aztecheaddress.jpg/683px-Aztecheaddress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feather headdress from the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> people of Mexico and Central America, dyed with <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A native of Central America collecting cochineal insects from a cactus to make red dye (1777)"><img alt="A native of Central America collecting cochineal insects from a cactus to make red dye (1777)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg/152px-Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg/228px-Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg/304px-Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A native of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> collecting cochineal insects from a <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cactus</a> to make red dye (1777)</div> </li> </ul> <p>In Latin America, the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec people">Aztec people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas culture</a> and other societies used <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a>, a vivid scarlet dye made from insects. From the 16th until the 19th century, cochineal became a highly profitable export from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish Mexico</a> to Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_to_20th_century">18th to 20th century</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel,_King_of_Portugal_(1773)_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png" class="mw-file-description" title="King Joseph I of Portugal (1773)"><img alt="King Joseph I of Portugal (1773)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png/135px-Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png/202px-Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png/269px-Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I of Portugal</a> (1773)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II,_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas,_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina,_1857.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Brazilian imperial family (1857)"><img alt="The Brazilian imperial family (1857)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II%2C_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas%2C_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina%2C_1857.JPG/227px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II%2C_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas%2C_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina%2C_1857.JPG" decoding="async" width="152" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II%2C_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas%2C_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina%2C_1857.JPG/341px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II%2C_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas%2C_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina%2C_1857.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II%2C_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas%2C_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina%2C_1857.JPG/454px-Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_Moreaux_-_O_imperador_D._Pedro_II%2C_sua_esposa_Teresa_Cristina_e_suas_filhas%2C_princesas_Isabel_e_Leopoldina%2C_1857.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">Brazilian imperial family</a> (1857)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1901)"><img alt="King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (1901)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg/160px-Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg/240px-Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg/319px-Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII of the United Kingdom</a> (1901)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red flag of the Bolsheviks, by Boris Kustodiev (1920)"><img alt="Red flag of the Bolsheviks, by Boris Kustodiev (1920)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg/317px-Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg/477px-Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg/634px-Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red flag of the Bolsheviks, by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a> (1920)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 368.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 366.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese honour guard, Beijing, 2007"><img alt="Chinese honour guard, Beijing, 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG/550px-Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG" decoding="async" width="367" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG/826px-Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG/1099px-Chinese_honor_guard_in_column_070322-F-0193C-014.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="1756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese <a href="/wiki/Honour_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour guard">honour guard</a>, Beijing, 2007</div> </li> </ul> <p>In the 18th century, red began to take on a new identity as the color of resistance and revolution. It was already associated with blood, and with danger; a red flag hoisted before a battle meant that no prisoners would be taken. In 1793–94, red became the color of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. A red <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>, or "liberty cap", was part of the uniform of the <a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a>, the most militant faction of the revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 18th century, during a strike English dock workers carried red flags, and it thereafter became closely associated with the new labour movement, and later with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> in the United Kingdom, founded in 1900. </p><p>In Paris in 1832, a red flag was carried by working-class demonstrators in the failed <a href="/wiki/June_Rebellion" title="June Rebellion">June Rebellion</a> (an event immortalised in <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i>), and later in the <a href="/wiki/1848_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 French Revolution">1848 French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marh_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marh-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The red flag was proposed as the new national French flag during the 1848 revolution, but was rejected by at the urging of the poet and statesman <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Lamartine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse Lamartine">Alphonse Lamartine</a> in favour of the tricolor flag. It appeared again as the flag of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> in 1871. It was then adopted by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and the new European movements of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> adopted a red flag following the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in 1917. The People's Republic of China adopted the red flag following the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>. It was adopted by <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> in 1954, and by all of Vietnam in 1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courage_and_sacrifice">Courage and sacrifice</h3></div> <p>Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> was a red cross on a white field, the <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Cross">St. George's Cross</a>. According to Christian tradition, <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">Flag of England</a> in the 16th century, and now is part of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 304.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 302.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Gibb's 1881 painting, The Thin Red Line, depicting The Thin Red Line at the Battle of Balaclava (1854), when a line of the Scottish Highland infantry repulsed a Russian cavalry charge. The name was given by the British press as a symbol of courage against the odds."><img alt="Robert Gibb's 1881 painting, The Thin Red Line, depicting The Thin Red Line at the Battle of Balaclava (1854), when a line of the Scottish Highland infantry repulsed a Russian cavalry charge. The name was given by the British press as a symbol of courage against the odds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg/454px-Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg/682px-Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg/908px-Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gibb_(painter)" title="Robert Gibb (painter)">Robert Gibb</a>'s 1881 painting, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(painting)" title="The Thin Red Line (painting)">The Thin Red Line</a></i>, depicting <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(Battle_of_Balaclava)" title="The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)">The Thin Red Line</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava" title="Battle of Balaclava">Battle of Balaclava</a> (1854), when a line of the Scottish Highland infantry repulsed a Russian cavalry charge. The name was given by the British press as a symbol of courage against the odds.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poppies_in_the_Sunset_on_Lake_Geneva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The red poppy flower is worn on Remembrance Day in Commonwealth countries to honor soldiers who died in the First World War."><img alt="The red poppy flower is worn on Remembrance Day in Commonwealth countries to honor soldiers who died in the First World War." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Poppies_in_the_Sunset_on_Lake_Geneva.jpg/168px-Poppies_in_the_Sunset_on_Lake_Geneva.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Poppies_in_the_Sunset_on_Lake_Geneva.jpg/252px-Poppies_in_the_Sunset_on_Lake_Geneva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Poppies_in_the_Sunset_on_Lake_Geneva.jpg/336px-Poppies_in_the_Sunset_on_Lake_Geneva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2062" data-file-height="2764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The red <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppy</a> flower is worn on <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries to honor soldiers who died in the First World War.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hatred,_anger,_aggression,_passion,_heat_and_war"><span id="Hatred.2C_anger.2C_aggression.2C_passion.2C_heat_and_war"></span>Hatred, anger, aggression, passion, heat and war</h3></div> <p>While red is the color most associated with love, it also the color most frequently associated with <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> and war. People who are angry are said to "<i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/see_red#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:see red">see red</a></i>." Red is the color most commonly associated with passion and heat. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, red was the color of <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/God_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="God of war">god of war</a>—the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> was named for him because of its red color.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42, 53">: 42, 53 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warning_and_danger">Warning and danger</h3></div> <p>Red is the traditional color of warning and danger, and is therefore often used on flags. In the Middle Ages up through the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(signal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red flag (signal)">red flag</a> shown in warfare indicated the intent to take no prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a red flag hoisted by a <a href="/wiki/Pirate_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate ship">pirate ship</a> meant no mercy would be shown to their target.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the <a href="/wiki/Locomotives_on_Highways_Act_1896" title="Locomotives on Highways Act 1896">Locomotives on Highways Act 1896</a> abolished this law.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red <a href="/wiki/Penalty_card" title="Penalty card">penalty card</a> and ejected from the game.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several studies have indicated that red carries the strongest reaction of all the colors, with the level of reaction decreasing gradually with the colors orange, yellow, and white, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, red is generally used as the highest level of warning, such as threat level of terrorist attack in the United States. In fact, teachers at a primary school in the UK have been told not to mark children's work in <a href="/wiki/Red_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ink">red ink</a> because it encourages a "negative approach".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standardized as the international color at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals</a> of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> The 1968 <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals</a> of 1968 uses red color also for the margin of danger warning sign, give way signs and prohibitory signs, following the previous German-type signage (established by Verordnung über Warnungstafeln für den Kraftfahrzeugverkehr in 1927). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vienna_Convention_road_sign_B2a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The standard international stop sign, following the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968"><img alt="The standard international stop sign, following the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vienna_Convention_road_sign_B2a.svg/225px-Vienna_Convention_road_sign_B2a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vienna_Convention_road_sign_B2a.svg/338px-Vienna_Convention_road_sign_B2a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vienna_Convention_road_sign_B2a.svg/450px-Vienna_Convention_road_sign_B2a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="3224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The standard international stop sign, following the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals</a> of 1968</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SM-PAOK_(18).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A footballer is shown a red card and ejected from a soccer match."><img alt="A footballer is shown a red card and ejected from a soccer match." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SM-PAOK_%2818%29.jpg/356px-SM-PAOK_%2818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SM-PAOK_%2818%29.jpg/534px-SM-PAOK_%2818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/SM-PAOK_%2818%29.jpg/711px-SM-PAOK_%2818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A footballer is shown a red card and ejected from a soccer match.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_typhoon_alert.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A red Chinese typhoon alert sign"><img alt="A red Chinese typhoon alert sign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Red_typhoon_alert.png/265px-Red_typhoon_alert.png" decoding="async" width="177" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Red_typhoon_alert.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A red Chinese typhoon alert sign</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hsas-chart_with_header.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red is the color of a severe terrorist threat level in the United States, under the Homeland Security Advisory System."><img alt="Red is the color of a severe terrorist threat level in the United States, under the Homeland Security Advisory System." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hsas-chart_with_header.svg/150px-Hsas-chart_with_header.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hsas-chart_with_header.svg/226px-Hsas-chart_with_header.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hsas-chart_with_header.svg/301px-Hsas-chart_with_header.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red is the color of a severe terrorist threat level in the United States, under the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Advisory_System" title="Homeland Security Advisory System">Homeland Security Advisory System</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AU_Fire_Danger_Indicator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red is the color of extreme fire danger in Australia; new black/red stripes are an even more catastrophic hazard."><img alt="Red is the color of extreme fire danger in Australia; new black/red stripes are an even more catastrophic hazard." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AU_Fire_Danger_Indicator.jpg/337px-AU_Fire_Danger_Indicator.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/AU_Fire_Danger_Indicator.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red is the color of extreme fire danger in Australia; new black/red stripes are an even more catastrophic hazard.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_color_that_attracts_attention">The color that attracts attention</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg/170px-Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg/255px-Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg/340px-Magdalena_Frackowiak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Fashion model <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Frackowiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalena Frackowiak">Magdalena Frackowiak</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris Fashion Week</a> (Fall 2011)</figcaption></figure> <p>Red is the color that most attracts attention. Surveys show it is the color most frequently associated with visibility, proximity, and extroverts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also the color most associated with dynamism and activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48, 58">: 48, 58 </span></sup> </p><p>Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48, 58">: 48, 58 </span></sup> Monarchs, wives of presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because red attracts attention, it is frequently used in advertising, though studies show that people are less likely to read something printed in red because they know it is advertising, and because it is more difficult visually to read than black and white text.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seduction,_sexuality_and_sin"><span id="Seduction.2C_sexuality_and_sin"></span>Seduction, sexuality and sin</h3></div> <p>Red by a large margin is the color most commonly associated with seduction, sexuality, eroticism and immorality, possibly because of its close connection with passion and with danger.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> </p><p>Red was long seen as having a dark side, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> theology. It was associated with sexual passion, anger, sin, and the devil.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StClair_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> said: "Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be white as snow."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, the Antichrist appears as a red monster, ridden by a woman dressed in scarlet, known as the <a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> is often depicted as colored red and/or wearing a red costume in both iconography and <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 20th century, the devil in red had become a folk character in legends and stories. The devil in red appears more often in cartoons and movies than in religious art.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 17th-century New England, red was associated with <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. In the 1850 novel by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Letter" title="The Scarlet Letter">The Scarlet Letter</a></i>, set in a <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> community, a woman is punished for adultery with ostracism, her sin represented by a red letter 'A' sewn onto her clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StClair_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red is still commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>. At various points in history, prostitutes were required to wear red to announce their profession.<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houses of prostitution displayed a red light. Beginning in the early 20th century, houses of prostitution were allowed only in certain specified neighborhoods, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Red-light_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-light districts">red-light districts</a>. Large red-light districts are found today in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">handkerchief code</a>, the color red signifies interest in the sexual act of <a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">fisting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both Christian and Hebrew tradition, red is also sometimes associated with murder or guilt, with "having blood on one's hands", or "being caught red-handed.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whore_of_Babylon_(XIV).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Whore of Babylon, depicted in a 14th-century French illuminated manuscript. The woman appears attractive, but is wearing red under her blue garment."><img alt="The Whore of Babylon, depicted in a 14th-century French illuminated manuscript. The woman appears attractive, but is wearing red under her blue garment." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Whore_of_Babylon_%28XIV%29.jpg/241px-Whore_of_Babylon_%28XIV%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Whore_of_Babylon_%28XIV%29.jpg/362px-Whore_of_Babylon_%28XIV%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Whore_of_Babylon_%28XIV%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a>, depicted in a 14th-century French illuminated manuscript. The woman appears attractive, but is wearing red under her blue garment.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_057.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reine de joie, (Queen of Joy), a book cover illustration by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1892) about a Paris prostitute"><img alt="Reine de joie, (Queen of Joy), a book cover illustration by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1892) about a Paris prostitute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_057.jpg/150px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_057.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_057.jpg/225px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_057.jpg/299px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3809" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Reine de joie</i>, (<i>Queen of Joy</i>), a book cover illustration by <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a> (1892) about a Paris prostitute</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At_the_Devil%27s_Ball_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheet music for "At the Devil's Ball", by Irving Berlin, United States, 1915"><img alt="Sheet music for "At the Devil's Ball", by Irving Berlin, United States, 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/At_the_Devil%27s_Ball_1.jpg/180px-At_the_Devil%27s_Ball_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/At_the_Devil%27s_Ball_1.jpg/270px-At_the_Devil%27s_Ball_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/At_the_Devil%27s_Ball_1.jpg/359px-At_the_Devil%27s_Ball_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sheet music for "At the Devil's Ball", by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a>, United States, 1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_red_light_district_24-7-2003.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The red-light district in Amsterdam (2003). Red is the sex industry's preferred color in many cultures, due to being strongly associated with passion, love and sexuality.[4]: 39–63 "><img alt="The red-light district in Amsterdam (2003). Red is the sex industry's preferred color in many cultures, due to being strongly associated with passion, love and sexuality.: 39–63" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Amsterdam_red_light_district_24-7-2003.JPG/300px-Amsterdam_red_light_district_24-7-2003.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Amsterdam_red_light_district_24-7-2003.JPG/451px-Amsterdam_red_light_district_24-7-2003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Amsterdam_red_light_district_24-7-2003.JPG/600px-Amsterdam_red_light_district_24-7-2003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">red-light district</a> in Amsterdam (2003). Red is the <a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">sex industry</a>'s preferred color in many cultures, due to being strongly associated with passion, love and sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–63">: 39–63 </span></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_lipstick_(photo_by_weglet).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red lipstick has been worn by women as a cosmetic since ancient times. It was worn by Cleopatra, Queen Elizabeth I, and film stars such as Elizabeth Taylor and Marilyn Monroe."><img alt="Red lipstick has been worn by women as a cosmetic since ancient times. It was worn by Cleopatra, Queen Elizabeth I, and film stars such as Elizabeth Taylor and Marilyn Monroe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Red_lipstick_%28photo_by_weglet%29.jpg/259px-Red_lipstick_%28photo_by_weglet%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Red_lipstick_%28photo_by_weglet%29.jpg/390px-Red_lipstick_%28photo_by_weglet%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Red_lipstick_%28photo_by_weglet%29.jpg/519px-Red_lipstick_%28photo_by_weglet%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="2420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red <a href="/wiki/Lipstick" title="Lipstick">lipstick</a> has been worn by women as a cosmetic since ancient times. It was worn by <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, and film stars such as <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, red is associated with the blood of Christ and the sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs">martyrs</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> it is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">pentecost</a> and the Holy Spirit. Since 1295, it is the color worn by Cardinals, the senior clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. Red is the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical color">liturgical color</a> for the feasts of martyrs, representing the blood of those who suffered death for their faith. It is sometimes used as the liturgical color for <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>, although this is a modern (20th-century) development. In Catholic practice, it is also the liturgical color used to commemorate the Holy Spirit (for this reason it is worn at Pentecost and during Confirmation masses). Because of its association with martyrdom and the Spirit, it is also the color used to commemorate saints who were martyred, such as St. George and all the Apostles (except for the Apostle St. John, who was not martyred, where white is used). As such, it is used to commemorate bishops, who are the successors of the Apostles (for this reason, when funeral masses are held for bishops, cardinals, or popes, red is used instead of the white that would ordinarily be used).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, red is one of the five colors which are said to have emanated from the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> when he attained enlightenment, or <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>. It is particularly associated with the benefits of the practice of Buddhism; achievement, wisdom, virtue, fortune and dignity. It was also believed to have the power to resist evil. In China red was commonly used for the walls, pillars, and gates of temples.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> religion of Japan, the gateways of temples, called <a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a>, are traditionally painted vermilion red and black. The torii symbolizes the passage from the profane world to a sacred place. The bridges in the gardens of Japanese temples are also painted red (and usually only temple bridges are red, not bridges in ordinary gardens), since they are also passages to sacred places. Red was also considered a color which could expel evil and disease.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, red is sometimes used to symbolize <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, red is also sometimes used to symbolize yang in the context of the creator <a href="/wiki/Pangu" title="Pangu">Pangu</a>, who hatched out of a <a href="/wiki/World_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="World egg">cosmic egg</a> colored like a <i><a href="/wiki/Taijitu" title="Taijitu">taijitu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some art of Pangu colored yang as red.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, red is also an auspicious color according to Chinese beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Itsukushima_torii_angle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Shinto torii at Itsukushima, Japan"><img alt="A Shinto torii at Itsukushima, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Itsukushima_torii_angle.jpg/265px-Itsukushima_torii_angle.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Itsukushima_torii_angle.jpg/399px-Itsukushima_torii_angle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Itsukushima_torii_angle.jpg/531px-Itsukushima_torii_angle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">torii</a> at <a href="/wiki/Itsukushima" title="Itsukushima">Itsukushima</a>, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church at the funeral of Pope John Paul II"><img alt="Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church at the funeral of Pope John Paul II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg/300px-John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg/451px-John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg/600px-John_Paul_II_funeral_long_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church at the funeral of Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debating_Monks.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddhist monks in Tibet"><img alt="Buddhist monks in Tibet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/169px-Debating_Monks.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/253px-Debating_Monks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/337px-Debating_Monks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monks in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravi_Varma-Lakshmi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In Hinduism, red is associated with Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and embodiment of beauty."><img alt="In Hinduism, red is associated with Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and embodiment of beauty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ravi_Varma-Lakshmi.jpg/159px-Ravi_Varma-Lakshmi.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ravi_Varma-Lakshmi.jpg/239px-Ravi_Varma-Lakshmi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ravi_Varma-Lakshmi.jpg/318px-Ravi_Varma-Lakshmi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, red is associated with <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the goddess of wealth and embodiment of beauty.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muharram_in_cities_and_villages_of_Iran-342_16_(160).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red flags in a celebration of Muharram in Iran"><img alt="Red flags in a celebration of Muharram in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Muharram_in_cities_and_villages_of_Iran-342_16_%28160%29.jpg/338px-Muharram_in_cities_and_villages_of_Iran-342_16_%28160%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Muharram_in_cities_and_villages_of_Iran-342_16_%28160%29.jpg/507px-Muharram_in_cities_and_villages_of_Iran-342_16_%28160%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Muharram_in_cities_and_villages_of_Iran-342_16_%28160%29.jpg/675px-Muharram_in_cities_and_villages_of_Iran-342_16_%28160%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red flags in a celebration of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_uses">Military uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_uniform">Red uniform</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red" title="Special:EditPage/Red">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red%22">"Red"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The red military uniform was adopted by the English Parliament's <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> in 1645, and was still worn as a dress uniform by the British Army until the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. Ordinary soldiers wore red coats dyed with <a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">madder</a>, while officers wore scarlet coats dyed with the more expensive <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168–69">: 168–69 </span></sup> This led to British soldiers being known as <a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(British_army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red coat (British army)">red coats</a>. </p><p>In the modern British army, scarlet is still worn by the <a href="/wiki/Foot_Guards#British_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot Guards">Foot Guards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Life_Guards_(British_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Guards (British Army)">Life Guards</a>, and by some regimental bands or <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drummers</a> for ceremonial purposes. <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned Officer">Officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-Commissioned_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Commissioned Officer">NCOs</a> of those regiments which previously wore red retain scarlet as the color of their "mess" or formal evening jackets. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Regiment" title="Royal Gibraltar Regiment">Royal Gibraltar Regiment</a> has a scarlet tunic in its winter dress. </p><p>Scarlet is worn for some full dress, military band or mess uniforms in the modern armies of a number of the countries that made up the former British Empire. These include the Australian, Jamaican, New Zealand, Fijian, Canadian, Kenyan, Ghanaian, Indian, Singaporean, Sri Lankan and Pakistani armies.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The musicians of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marine Corps Band">United States Marine Corps Band</a> wear red, following an 18th-century military tradition that the uniforms of band members are the reverse of the uniforms of the other soldiers in their unit. Since the US Marine uniform is blue with red facings, the band wears the reverse. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_Serge" title="Red Serge">Red Serge</a> is the uniform of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>, created in 1873 as the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a>, and given its present name in 1920. The uniform was adapted from the tunic of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>. Cadets at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> also wear red dress uniforms. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Marine_Corps" title="Brazilian Marine Corps">Brazilian Marine Corps</a> wears a red dress uniform. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Officer_and_Private,_40th_Foot,_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Officer and soldier of the British Army, 1815"><img alt="Officer and soldier of the British Army, 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg/138px-Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg/208px-Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg/276px-Officer_and_Private%2C_40th_Foot%2C_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Officer and soldier of the British Army, 1815</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garde_nationale_bulgare.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The scarlet uniform of the National Guards Unit of Bulgaria"><img alt="The scarlet uniform of the National Guards Unit of Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Garde_nationale_bulgare.jpg/229px-Garde_nationale_bulgare.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Garde_nationale_bulgare.jpg/344px-Garde_nationale_bulgare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Garde_nationale_bulgare.jpg/458px-Garde_nationale_bulgare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The scarlet uniform of the <a href="/wiki/National_Guards_Unit_of_Bulgaria" title="National Guards Unit of Bulgaria">National Guards Unit of Bulgaria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 193.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 191.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PlateVII_Band.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Musicians of the United States Marine Corps Band"><img alt="Musicians of the United States Marine Corps Band" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PlateVII_Band.jpg/287px-PlateVII_Band.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/PlateVII_Band.jpg/432px-PlateVII_Band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/PlateVII_Band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Musicians of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marine Corps Band">United States Marine Corps Band</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RCMP_officer_on_a_horse.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police"><img alt="Officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RCMP_officer_on_a_horse.JPG/206px-RCMP_officer_on_a_horse.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RCMP_officer_on_a_horse.JPG/309px-RCMP_officer_on_a_horse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/RCMP_officer_on_a_horse.JPG/411px-RCMP_officer_on_a_horse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="2224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Forma-2g.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Brazilian Marine Corps wears a dress uniform called A Garança."><img alt="The Brazilian Marine Corps wears a dress uniform called A Garança." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Forma-2g.jpg/332px-Forma-2g.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Forma-2g.jpg/499px-Forma-2g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Forma-2g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Marine_Corps" title="Brazilian Marine Corps">Brazilian Marine Corps</a> wears a dress uniform called <i>A Garança</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 267.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 265.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Army-Rajput_regiment.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soldiers of the Rajput Regiment of the Indian Army"><img alt="Soldiers of the Rajput Regiment of the Indian Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Indian_Army-Rajput_regiment.jpeg/398px-Indian_Army-Rajput_regiment.jpeg" decoding="async" width="266" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Indian_Army-Rajput_regiment.jpeg/597px-Indian_Army-Rajput_regiment.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Indian_Army-Rajput_regiment.jpeg/795px-Indian_Army-Rajput_regiment.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Rajput_Regiment" title="Rajput Regiment">Rajput Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/NATO_Military_Symbols_for_Land_Based_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems">NATO Military Symbols for Land Based Systems</a> uses red to denote hostile forces, hence the terms "<a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">red team</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Red_Cell" title="Red Cell">Red Cell</a>" to denote challengers during exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_sports">In sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red" title="Special:EditPage/Red">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red%22">"Red"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first known team sport to feature red uniforms was <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot racing</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The earliest races were between two chariots, one driver wearing red, the other white. Later, the number of teams was increased to four, including drivers in light green and sky blue. Twenty-five races were run in a day, with a total of one hundred chariots participating.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today many sports teams throughout the world feature red on their uniforms. Along with <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>, red is the most commonly used non-white color in sports. Numerous national sports teams wear red, often through association with their national flags. A few of these teams feature the color as part of their nickname such as Spain (with their <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> (soccer) national team nicknamed <i>La Furia Roja</i> or "The Red Fury") and Belgium (whose <a href="/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team" title="Belgium national football team">football team</a> bears the nickname <i>Rode Duivels</i> or "Red Devils"). </p><p>In club <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> (soccer), red is a commonly used color throughout the world. Among European notable club teams most often playing at home in red shirts include <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">Bayern Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/S.L._Benfica" title="S.L. Benfica">Benfica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> and <a href="/wiki/A.S._Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Roma">Roma</a>. Furthermore, many prominent teams play in partially red color schemes, involving different-colored sleeves or stripes. A number of teams' nicknames feature the color. A red <a href="/wiki/Penalty_card" title="Penalty card">penalty card</a> is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one fewer player for the game's duration. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rosso_Corsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosso Corsa">Rosso Corsa</a> is the red international motor racing color of cars entered by teams from Italy. Since the 1920s Italian race cars of <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abarth" title="Abarth">Abarth</a> have been painted with a color known as <i>rosso corsa</i> ("racing red"). National colors were mostly replaced in <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> by commercial sponsor liveries in 1968, but unlike most other teams, Ferrari always kept the traditional red, although the shade of the color varies. <a href="/wiki/Ducati_Corse" title="Ducati Corse">Ducati</a> traditionally run red factory bikes in motorcycle <a href="/wiki/MotoGP" class="mw-redirect" title="MotoGP">World Championship</a> racing. </p><p>The color is commonly used for professional sports teams in Canada and the United States with eleven <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> teams, eleven <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> teams, seven <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> teams and eleven <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> teams prominently featuring some shade of the color. The color is also featured in the league logos of Major League Baseball, the National Football League and the National Basketball Association.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the National Football League, a red flag is thrown by the head coach to challenge a referee's decision during the game. During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in the United States, the modern <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a> team was known as the "Redlegs" and the term was used on baseball cards. After the red scare faded, the team was known as the "Reds" again.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, red is often the color used on a fighter's gloves. <a href="/wiki/George_Foreman" title="George Foreman">George Foreman</a> wore the same red trunks he used during his loss to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> when he defeated <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorer" title="Michael Moorer">Michael Moorer</a> 20 years later to regain the title he lost. Boxers named or nicknamed "red" include <a href="/wiki/Red_Burman" title="Red Burman">Red Burman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Lopez" title="Ernie Lopez">Ernie "Red" Lopez</a>, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Danny_Lopez_(boxer)" title="Danny Lopez (boxer)">Danny "Little Red" Lopez</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winner_of_a_Roman_chariot_race.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Roman mosaic of the winner of a chariot race, wearing the colors of the red team"><img alt="Ancient Roman mosaic of the winner of a chariot race, wearing the colors of the red team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Winner_of_a_Roman_chariot_race.jpg/235px-Winner_of_a_Roman_chariot_race.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Winner_of_a_Roman_chariot_race.jpg/353px-Winner_of_a_Roman_chariot_race.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Winner_of_a_Roman_chariot_race.jpg/470px-Winner_of_a_Roman_chariot_race.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Roman mosaic of the winner of a chariot race, wearing the colors of the red team</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RS_Redz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Both the Cleveland Guardians and the Boston Red Sox wear red."><img alt="Both the Cleveland Guardians and the Boston Red Sox wear red." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/07/RS_Redz.png/315px-RS_Redz.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/07/RS_Redz.png 1.5x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Both the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians" title="Cleveland Guardians">Cleveland Guardians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> wear red.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamashiro-kata-Tampere-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In martial arts, a red belt shows a high degree of proficiency, second only, in some schools, to the black belt."><img alt="In martial arts, a red belt shows a high degree of proficiency, second only, in some schools, to the black belt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tamashiro-kata-Tampere-2006.jpg/150px-Tamashiro-kata-Tampere-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tamashiro-kata-Tampere-2006.jpg/225px-Tamashiro-kata-Tampere-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tamashiro-kata-Tampere-2006.jpg/300px-Tamashiro-kata-Tampere-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In martial arts, a <a href="/wiki/Red_belt_(martial_arts)" title="Red belt (martial arts)">red belt</a> shows a high degree of proficiency, second only, in some schools, to the black belt.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 248.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 246.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_33_SC_12_Sovralimentata_1977_red_vr_TCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Alfa Romeo Sports Racing car in 1977, painted Rosso Corsa ("racing red"), the traditional racing color of Italy from the 1920s until the late 1960s."><img alt="An Alfa Romeo Sports Racing car in 1977, painted Rosso Corsa ("racing red"), the traditional racing color of Italy from the 1920s until the late 1960s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alfa_Romeo_33_SC_12_Sovralimentata_1977_red_vr_TCE.jpg/370px-Alfa_Romeo_33_SC_12_Sovralimentata_1977_red_vr_TCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alfa_Romeo_33_SC_12_Sovralimentata_1977_red_vr_TCE.jpg/556px-Alfa_Romeo_33_SC_12_Sovralimentata_1977_red_vr_TCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alfa_Romeo_33_SC_12_Sovralimentata_1977_red_vr_TCE.jpg/740px-Alfa_Romeo_33_SC_12_Sovralimentata_1977_red_vr_TCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a> Sports Racing car in 1977, painted <a href="/wiki/Rosso_Corsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosso Corsa">Rosso Corsa</a> ("racing red"), the traditional racing color of Italy from the 1920s until the late 1960s.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_flags">On flags</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red" title="Special:EditPage/Red">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red%22">"Red"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_with_red_on_their_flags.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Countries_with_red_on_their_flags.svg/220px-Countries_with_red_on_their_flags.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Countries_with_red_on_their_flags.svg/330px-Countries_with_red_on_their_flags.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Countries_with_red_on_their_flags.svg/440px-Countries_with_red_on_their_flags.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Countries with red on their flags; the shades of red correspond to those on their respective flags.</figcaption></figure> <p>Red is the most common color found in national flags, found on the flags of 77 percent of the 210 countries listed as independent in 2016; far ahead of white (58 percent); green (40 percent) and blue (37 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">British flag</a> bears the colors red, white and blue; it includes the <a href="/wiki/Cross_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross (heraldry)">cross</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, patron saint of England, and the <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Patrick's Flag">Saint Patrick</a>, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">flag of the United States</a> bears the colors of Britain,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the colors of the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">tricolore</a></i></span> include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" title="Flag of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Fiji" title="Flag of Fiji">Fiji</a>, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13–20">: 13–20 </span></sup> Many former colonies of Spain, such as <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. </p><p>The red on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nepal" title="Flag of Nepal">flag of Nepal</a> represents the <a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">floral emblem</a> of the country, the <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron" title="Rhododendron">rhododendron</a>. </p><p>Red, blue, and white are also the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_colors" title="Pan-Slavic colors">Pan-Slavic colors</a> adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>. The flags of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Poland</a> use red for historic heraldic reasons (see <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Poland" title="Coat of arms of Poland">Coat of arms of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Czech Republic">Coat of arms of the Czech Republic</a>) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> adopted a new white <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">flag</a>, which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides. </p><p>Red, white, and black were the colors of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> flag. In <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention – Hitler wrote: "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red, white, green and black are the colors of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> and are used by many Arab countries.<sup id="cite_ref-flags_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flags-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red, gold, green, and black are the colors of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a>. Several African countries thus use the color on their flags, including South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colors</a> are borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">flag of Ethiopia</a>, one of the oldest independent African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-flags_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flags-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rwanda, notably, removed red from <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rwanda" title="Flag of Rwanda">its flag</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> because of red's association with blood.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flags of Japan and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> both have a red circle in the middle of different colored backgrounds. The flag of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> has a red trapezoid on the bottom signifying blood, courage, and valor (also, if the flag is inverted so that the red trapezoid is on top and the blue at the bottom, it indicates a state of war). The flag of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> has a red rectangle on the top. The field of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">flag of Portugal</a> is green and red. The Ottoman Empire adopted several different red flags during the six centuries of its rule, with the successor <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> continuing the 1844 Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">flag</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_imperial_flag,_14th_century,_square.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flag of the Byzantine Empire from 1260 to its fall in 1453"><img alt="The flag of the Byzantine Empire from 1260 to its fall in 1453" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/150px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/225px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/300px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The flag of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> from 1260 to its fall in 1453</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The St George's cross was the banner of the First Crusade, then, beginning in the 13th century, the flag of England. It is the red color (along with that of the Cross of Saint Patrick) in the flag of the United Kingdom, and, by adoption, of the red in the flag of the United States."><img alt="The St George's cross was the banner of the First Crusade, then, beginning in the 13th century, the flag of England. It is the red color (along with that of the Cross of Saint Patrick) in the flag of the United Kingdom, and, by adoption, of the red in the flag of the United States." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/250px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="167" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/375px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/500px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's cross">St George's cross</a> was the banner of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, then, beginning in the 13th century, the flag of England. It is the red color (along with that of the Cross of Saint Patrick) in the flag of the United Kingdom, and, by adoption, of the red in the flag of the United States.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931777).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The red stripes in the flag of the United States were adapted from the flag of the British East India Company. This is the Grand Union Flag, the first U.S. flag established by the Continental Congress."><img alt="The red stripes in the flag of the United States were adapted from the flag of the British East India Company. This is the Grand Union Flag, the first U.S. flag established by the Continental Congress." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/338px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/450px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The red stripes in the flag of the United States were adapted from the flag of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. This is the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Grand Union Flag</a>, the first U.S. flag established by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Flag of Georgia also features the Saint George's Cross. It dates back to the banner of Medieval Georgia in the 5th century."><img alt="The Flag of Georgia also features the Saint George's Cross. It dates back to the banner of Medieval Georgia in the 5th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/225px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/338px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/450px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag of Georgia</a> also features the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">Saint George's Cross</a>. It dates back to the banner of Medieval Georgia in the 5th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The maple leaf flag of Canada, adopted in 1965. The red color comes from the Saint George's Cross of England."><img alt="The maple leaf flag of Canada, adopted in 1965. The red color comes from the Saint George's Cross of England." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/300px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/450px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/600px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The maple leaf flag of Canada, adopted in 1965. The red color comes from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">Saint George's Cross</a> of England.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_politics">In politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Red" title="Special:EditPage/Red">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Red%22">"Red"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Red%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Red%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Red%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Red%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sansculottes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sansculottes.jpg/170px-Sansculottes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sansculottes.jpg/255px-Sansculottes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sansculottes.jpg/340px-Sansculottes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The red <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a> worn by <i><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a></i> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands,_Logo_um_2000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands%2C_Logo_um_2000.svg/170px-Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands%2C_Logo_um_2000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands%2C_Logo_um_2000.svg/255px-Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands%2C_Logo_um_2000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands%2C_Logo_um_2000.svg/340px-Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands%2C_Logo_um_2000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Social Democratic Party">German Social Democratic Party</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 18th-century Europe, red was usually associated with the monarchy and with those in power. The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> wore red, as did the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guards" title="Swiss Guards">Swiss Guards</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of France">Kings of France</a>, the soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Army">Danish Army</a>. </p><p>In the Roman Empire, freed slaves were given a red <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a> as an emblem of their liberation. Because of this symbolism, the red "Liberty cap" became a symbol of the American patriots fighting for independence from England. During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> also adapted the red <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>, and forced the deposed King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> to wear one after his arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism_and_communism">Socialism and communism</h3></div> <p>In the 19th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the rise of worker's movements, red became the color of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism (Marxism)">variant</a>), and, with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1871, of revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-marh_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marh-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, red was the color first of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and then, after the success of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, of <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">communist parties</a> around the world. However, after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia went back to the pre-revolutionary blue, white and red flag. </p><p>Red also became the color of many <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> parties in Europe, including the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> in Britain (founded 1900); the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (whose roots went back to 1863) and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">French Socialist Party</a>, which dated back under different names, to 1879. The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> (1901–1972) and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> (1919) both also chose red as their color. </p><p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Christian-Social_People%27s_Party_(Liechtenstein)" title="Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)">Christian-Social People's Party</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (founded 1918) advocated an expansion of democracy and progressive social policies, and were often referred to disparagingly as "Reds" for their social liberal leanings and party colors.<sup id="cite_ref-NA_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, the Party anthem became "<a href="/wiki/The_East_Is_Red_(song)" title="The East Is Red (song)">The East Is Red</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a "red sun".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in China, Party ideology was enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">sayings of Mao Zedong</a> were published as a little red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Chinese Communist Party claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1960s and the 1970s, paramilitary extremist groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> in Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> Maoist movement in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> used red as their color. But in the 1980s, some European socialist and social democratic parties, such as the Labour Party in Britain and the Socialist Party in France, moved away from the symbolism of the far left, keeping the red color but changing their symbol to a less-threatening red rose. </p><p>Red is used around the world by political parties of the left or center-left. In the United States, it is the color of the Communist Party USA, and of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008,_2012,_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg/220px-Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg/330px-Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg/440px-Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>A map of the U.S. showing the <a href="/wiki/Blue_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue states">blue states</a>, which voted for the Democratic candidate in the 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Red states">red states</a>, which voted for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which voted for Republican candidates in the last four presidential elections, and "blue states", which voted for Democrats. This convention is relatively recent: before the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of <a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">"red states" versus "blue states"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> States which voted for different parties in two of the last four presidential elections are called "Swing States", and are usually colored purple, a mix of red and blue.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_special_interest_groups">Social and special interest groups</h2></div> <p>Such names as Red Club (a bar), Red Carpet (a discothèque) or Red Cottbus and Club Red (event locations) suggest liveliness and excitement. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Society" title="Red Hat Society">Red Hat Society</a> is a social group founded in 1998 for women 50 and over. Use of the color red to call attention to an emergency situation is evident in the names of such organizations as the Red Cross (humanitarian aid), Red Hot Organization (AIDS support), and the Red List of Threatened Species (of <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>). In reference to humans, term "red" is often used in the West to describe the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idioms">Idioms</h2></div> <p>Many idiomatic expressions exploit the various connotations of red: <b>Expressing emotion</b> </p> <ul><li>"to see red" (to be angry or aggressive)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"to have red ears / a red face" (to be embarrassed)<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"to paint the town red" (to have an enjoyable evening, usually with a generous amount of eating, drinking, dancing)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Giving warning</b> </p> <ul><li>"to raise a red flag" (to signal that something is problematic)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"like a red rag to a bull" (to cause someone to be enraged)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"to be in the red" (to be losing money, from the accounting convention of writing deficits and losses in <a href="/wiki/Red_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ink">red ink</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Calling attention</b> </p> <ul><li>"a <a href="/wiki/Red_letter_day" title="Red letter day">red letter day</a>" (a special or important event, from the medieval custom of printing the dates of saints' days and holy days in red ink.)<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"to roll out the <a href="/wiki/Red_carpet" title="Red carpet">red carpet</a>" (to formally welcome an important guest)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"to give red-carpet treatment" (to treat someone as important or special)<sup id="cite_ref-:4_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"to catch someone red-handed" (to catch or discover someone doing something bad or wrong)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Other idioms</b> </p> <ul><li>"to tie up in <a href="/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape">red tape</a>". In England red tape was used by lawyers and government officials to identify important documents. It became a term for excessive bureaucratic regulation. It was popularized in the 19th century by the writer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, who complained about "red-tapism".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">red herring</a>". A false clue that leads investigators off the track. Refers to the practice of using a fragrant smoked fish to distract hunting or tracking dogs from the track they are meant to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"red ink" (to show a business loss)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists of colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_pigments" title="Red pigments">Red pigments</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_and_citations">Notes and citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeorgia_State_University_Department_of_Physics_and_Astronomy" class="citation web cs1">Georgia State University Department of Physics and Astronomy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027012933/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/specol.html">"Spectral Colors"</a>. <i>HyperPhysics site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/specol.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HyperPhysics+site&rft.atitle=Spectral+Colors&rft.au=Georgia+State+University+Department+of+Physics+and+Astronomy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fvision%2Fspecol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaerzPaul1930" class="citation book cs1">Maerz, A; Paul, M. R. (1930). <i>A dictionary of color</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150631">1150631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+color&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Co.&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150631&rft.aulast=Maerz&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Paul%2C+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChunling2008" class="citation book cs1">Chunling, Y. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesered0000yanc"><i>Chinese red</i></a></span>. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787119045313" title="Special:BookSources/9787119045313"><bdi>9787119045313</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319395390">319395390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+red&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319395390&rft.isbn=9787119045313&rft.aulast=Chunling&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesered0000yanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller1948" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Eva (1948). <i>Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques</i>. Paris: Pyramid. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782350171562" title="Special:BookSources/9782350171562"><bdi>9782350171562</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470802996">470802996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychologie+de+la+couleur%3A+effets+et+symboliques&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Pyramid&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470802996&rft.isbn=9782350171562&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhearn,_Laura_M2001" class="citation book cs1">Ahearn, Laura M (2001). <i>Invitation to love: Literacy, Love Letters, & Social Change in Nepal</i>. Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invitation+to+love%3A+Literacy%2C+Love+Letters%2C+%26+Social+Change+in+Nepal&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Ahearn%2C+Laura+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwyn,_Tom1979" class="citation journal cs1">Selwyn, Tom (December 1979). "Images of Reproduction: An Analysis of a Hindu Marriage Ceremony". <i>Man</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">684–</span>698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2802154">10.2307/2802154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1496">0025-1496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2802154">2802154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=Images+of+Reproduction%3A+An+Analysis+of+a+Hindu+Marriage+Ceremony&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E684-%3C%2Fspan%3E698&rft.date=1979-12&rft.issn=0025-1496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2802154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2802154&rft.au=Selwyn%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720105431/http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html">"What Wavelength Goes With a Color?"</a>. <i>Atmospheric Science Data Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Science+Data+Center&rft.atitle=What+Wavelength+Goes+With+a+Color%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience-edu.larc.nasa.gov%2FEDDOCS%2FWavelengths_for_Colors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalat2005" class="citation book cs1">Kalat, J. W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_053462460x/page/105"><i>Introduction to psychology</i></a> (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_053462460x/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0534624606" title="Special:BookSources/978-0534624606"><bdi>978-0534624606</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56799330">56799330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+psychology&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Thomson%2FWadsworth&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56799330&rft.isbn=978-0534624606&rft.aulast=Kalat&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_053462460x%2Fpage%2F105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali&Klyne1985-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ali&Klyne1985_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliKlyne1985" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Mohamed Ather; Klyne, M.A. (1985). <i>Vision in Vertebrates</i>. New York: Plenum Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">174–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-42065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-42065-8"><bdi>978-0-306-42065-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+in+Vertebrates&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-306-42065-8&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Ather&rft.au=Klyne%2C+M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil2010" class="citation web cs1">O'Neil, Dennis (March 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/color.htm">"Primate Color Vision"</a>. <i>Primates</i>. San Marcos, California: Palomar Community College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720024858/http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/color.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Primates&rft.atitle=Primate+Color+Vision&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthro.palomar.edu%2Fprimate%2Fcolor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scidaily-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scidaily_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoganHogan2007" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, Dan; Hogan, Michele (May 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070524155313.htm">"Color Vision Drove Primates To Develop Red Skin And Hair, Study Finds"</a>. <i>Science News</i>. Rockville, Maryland: ScienceDaily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100507093408/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070524155313.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Color+Vision+Drove+Primates+To+Develop+Red+Skin+And+Hair%2C+Study+Finds&rft.date=2007-05-25&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Hogan%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F05%2F070524155313.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705094711/http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html">"Human Vision and Color Perception"</a>. <i>Olympus Microscopy Resource Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html">the original</a> on July 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Nov 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympus+Microscopy+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Human+Vision+and+Color+Perception&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympusmicro.com%2Fprimer%2Flightandcolor%2Fhumanvisionintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worlds/stargazer.html#Sensitize%20Your%20Eyes">"Be a Stargazer"</a>. <i>Sensitize Your Eyes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003807/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worlds/stargazer.html#Sensitize%20Your%20Eyes">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sensitize+Your+Eyes&rft.atitle=Be+a+Stargazer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fworlds%2Fstargazer.html%23Sensitize%2520Your%2520Eyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroecke2015" class="citation book cs1">Broecke, Lara, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archetype.co.uk/our-titles/cennino-cenninis-i-il-libro-dellarte-i/?id=224"><i>Cennino Cennini's Il libro dell'arte: a new English translation and commentary with Italian transcription</i></a>. London: Archetype. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909492288" title="Special:BookSources/9781909492288"><bdi>9781909492288</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910400601">910400601</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102156/https://archetype.co.uk/our-titles/cennino-cenninis-i-il-libro-dellarte-i/?id=224">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bath: Paragon Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt0000hami/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405486439" title="Special:BookSources/9781405486439"><bdi>9781405486439</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/144618068">144618068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+The+Kingdom+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.place=Bath&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Paragon+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F144618068&rft.isbn=9781405486439&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientegypt0000hami%2Fpage%2F62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManniche1999" class="citation book cs1">Manniche, Lise (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann/page/127"><i>Sacred luxuries</i></a>. New York: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann/page/127">127–43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801437205" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801437205"><bdi>978-0801437205</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41319991">41319991</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+luxuries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127-43&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41319991&rft.isbn=978-0801437205&rft.aulast=Manniche&rft.aufirst=Lise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacredluxuriesfr0000mann%2Fpage%2F127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeisner2006" class="citation book cs1">Feisner, Edith A. (2006). <i>Colour</i> (2nd ed.). London: Laurence King. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1856694414" title="Special:BookSources/978-1856694414"><bdi>978-1856694414</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62259546">62259546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=127&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Laurence+King&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62259546&rft.isbn=978-1856694414&rft.aulast=Feisner&rft.aufirst=Edith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay1875" class="citation web cs1">Ramsay, William (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Triumphus.html">"Triumphus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606044526/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA%2A/Triumphus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triumphus&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FTriumphus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes,_A._W.2008" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, A. W. (2008). <i>Principles and Methods of Toxicology</i> (5th ed.). New York: Informa Healthcare. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3778-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3778-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-3778-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+and+Methods+of+Toxicology&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Informa+Healthcare&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-3778-9&rft.au=Hayes%2C+A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.org/clife/lcolors.php">"Liturgical Colors"</a>. <i>Catholic Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191008055940/https://www.catholic.org/clife/lcolors.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Online&rft.atitle=Liturgical+Colors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fclife%2Flcolors.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerald" class="citation web cs1">Herald, Catholic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicherald.com/Faith/What_do_liturgical_colors_mean_/">"What do liturgical colors mean?- The Arlington Catholic Herald"</a>. <i>catholicherald.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191008055940/https://www.catholicherald.com/Faith/What_do_liturgical_colors_mean_/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholicherald.com&rft.atitle=What+do+liturgical+colors+mean%3F-+The+Arlington+Catholic+Herald&rft.aulast=Herald&rft.aufirst=Catholic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicherald.com%2FFaith%2FWhat_do_liturgical_colors_mean_%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pastoureau, Michel, "Rouge - Histoire d'une couleur" (2019), p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marh-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marh_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marh_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraugott2010" class="citation book cs1">Traugott, Mark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isK7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21"><i>The Insurgent Barricade</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94773-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94773-3"><bdi>978-0-520-94773-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606044526/https://books.google.com/books?id=isK7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insurgent+Barricade&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94773-3&rft.aulast=Traugott&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisK7AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowd2019" class="citation book cs1">Bowd, Stephen D. (2019-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNB0DwAAQBAJ&q=%22red+flag%22+%22middle+ages%22+siege&pg=PA11"><i>Renaissance Mass Murder: Civilians and Soldiers During the Italian Wars</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198832614" title="Special:BookSources/9780198832614"><bdi>9780198832614</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102146/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNB0DwAAQBAJ&q=%22red+flag%22+%22middle+ages%22+siege&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Mass+Murder%3A+Civilians+and+Soldiers+During+the+Italian+Wars&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft.isbn=9780198832614&rft.aulast=Bowd&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNB0DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522red%2Bflag%2522%2B%2522middle%2Bages%2522%2Bsiege%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE0C5TFnN5IC&q=%22red+flag%22+%22middle+ages%22+siege&pg=RA1-PA106"><i>Naval War College Review</i></a>. Naval War College. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102157/https://books.google.com/books?id=kE0C5TFnN5IC&q=%22red+flag%22+%22middle+ages%22+siege&pg=RA1-PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.pub=Naval+War+College&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkE0C5TFnN5IC%26q%3D%2522red%2Bflag%2522%2B%2522middle%2Bages%2522%2Bsiege%26pg%3DRA1-PA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogoziński2001" class="citation book cs1">Rogoziński, Jan (2001-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28d0Pap9l2wC&q=%22red+flag%22+mercy"><i>Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Story of Pirate Island</i></a>. Conway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851777924" title="Special:BookSources/9780851777924"><bdi>9780851777924</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102147/https://books.google.com/books?id=28d0Pap9l2wC&q=%22red+flag%22+mercy">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honor+Among+Thieves%3A+Captain+Kidd%2C+Henry+Every%2C+and+the+Story+of+Pirate+Island&rft.pub=Conway&rft.date=2001-04-01&rft.isbn=9780851777924&rft.aulast=Rogozi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28d0Pap9l2wC%26q%3D%2522red%2Bflag%2522%2Bmercy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cordingly, p. 117. Cordingly cites only one source for pages 116–119 of his text: <i>Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, America and West Indies</i>, volumes 1719–20, no. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlinJolliffe2016" class="citation book cs1">Conlin, Michael V.; Jolliffe, Lee (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzIlDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Locomotives+on+Highways+Act+1896%22+flag&pg=PA92"><i>Automobile Heritage and Tourism</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315436203" title="Special:BookSources/9781315436203"><bdi>9781315436203</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102147/https://books.google.com/books?id=rzIlDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Locomotives+on+Highways+Act+1896%22+flag&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automobile+Heritage+and+Tourism&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-12&rft.isbn=9781315436203&rft.aulast=Conlin&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rft.au=Jolliffe%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrzIlDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Locomotives%2Bon%2BHighways%2BAct%2B1896%2522%2Bflag%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/flags_guide/default.stm#targetText=The%20race%20has%20been%20stopped,for%20racing%20to%20be%20safe.&targetText=Indicates%20danger%20ahead%20and%20overtaking%20is%20prohibited.">"BBC SPORT | Motorsport | Formula One | Flags guide"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102034845/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/flags_guide/default.stm#targetText=The%20race%20has%20been%20stopped,for%20racing%20to%20be%20safe.&targetText=Indicates%20danger%20ahead%20and%20overtaking%20is%20prohibited.">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+SPORT+%7C+Motorsport+%7C+Formula+One+%7C+Flags+guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport2%2Fhi%2Fmotorsport%2Fformula_one%2Fflags_guide%2Fdefault.stm%23targetText%3DThe%2520race%2520has%2520been%2520stopped%2Cfor%2520racing%2520to%2520be%2520safe.%26targetText%3DIndicates%2520danger%2520ahead%2520and%2520overtaking%2520is%2520prohibited.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/3f3e15cc1ab8977b/original/datdz0pms85gbnqy4j3k-pdf.pdf">"Laws of The Game"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>fifa.com</i>. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. pp. 39, 72, <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311174803/https://img.fifa.com/image/upload/datdz0pms85gbnqy4j3k.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fifa.com&rft.atitle=Laws+of+The+Game&rft.pages=39%2C+72%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalhub.fifa.com%2Fm%2F3f3e15cc1ab8977b%2Foriginal%2Fdatdz0pms85gbnqy4j3k-pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1996" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, S. A., ed. (1996). <i>Contemporary ergonomics 1996</i>. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">148–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748405497" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748405497"><bdi>978-0748405497</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34731604">34731604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+ergonomics+1996&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34731604&rft.isbn=978-0748405497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarwowski2006" class="citation book cs1">Karwowski, Waldemar (2006). <i>International encyclopedia of ergonomics and human factors</i> (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC. p. 1518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415304306" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415304306"><bdi>978-0415304306</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251383265">251383265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+encyclopedia+of+ergonomics+and+human+factors&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=1518&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F251383265&rft.isbn=978-0415304306&rft.aulast=Karwowski&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2688623.stm">"Red ink banned from primary books"</a>. <i>BBC News World Edition</i>. Jan 23, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730024918/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/2688623.stm">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Aug 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+World+Edition&rft.atitle=Red+ink+banned+from+primary+books&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Feducation%2F2688623.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsays2017" class="citation web cs1">says, fred Wright (2017-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kiefer.com/blog/why-do-lifeguards-wear-red">"Why Do Lifeguards Wear Red?"</a>. <i>Kiefer Swim Shop Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101102148/https://www.kiefer.com/blog/why-do-lifeguards-wear-red">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kiefer+Swim+Shop+Blog&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Lifeguards+Wear+Red%3F&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft.aulast=says&rft.aufirst=fred+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiefer.com%2Fblog%2Fwhy-do-lifeguards-wear-red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilsf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/LPS-05-2006-Uniforms.pdf">"Lifesaver and Lifeguard Uniforms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Life Saving Federation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203133737/https://www.ilsf.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/LPS-05-2006-Uniforms.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Life+Saving+Federation&rft.atitle=Lifesaver+and+Lifeguard+Uniforms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilsf.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2FLPS-05-2006-Uniforms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOehler2015" class="citation book cs1">Oehler, Gustav Friedrich (2015). Day, George E. (ed.). <i>Theology of the Old Testament</i>. Arkose Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781345212341" title="Special:BookSources/9781345212341"><bdi>9781345212341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Arkose+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781345212341&rft.aulast=Oehler&rft.aufirst=Gustav+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StClair-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StClair_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StClair_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StClair_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StClair_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. London: John Murray. pp. <span class="nowrap">136–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah+1:18&version=KJV">"Isaiah 1:18 - King James Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127022423/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=isaiah+1:18&version=KJV">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Nov 26,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Come now, and let us reason together, saith the Lord: though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Isaiah+1%3A18+-+King+James+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3Disaiah%2B1%3A18%26version%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+17&version=KJV">"Revelation 17 - King James Version"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221622/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+17&version=KJV">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Nov 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Revelation+17+-+King+James+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DRevelation%2B17%26version%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffler2002" class="citation book cs1">Steffler, Alva W. (2002). <i>Symbols of the Christian faith</i>. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802846761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802846761"><bdi>978-0802846761</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48557619">48557619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+the+Christian+faith&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans+Pub&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48557619&rft.isbn=978-0802846761&rft.aulast=Steffler&rft.aufirst=Alva+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawthorne2004" class="citation book cs1">Hawthorne, Nathaniel (2004). Brantley, Margaret (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scarletletter0000hawt_p9a6/page/136"><i>The scarlet letter</i></a>. New York: Pocket. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scarletletter0000hawt_p9a6/page/136">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743487566" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743487566"><bdi>978-0743487566</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55483830">55483830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+scarlet+letter&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Pocket&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55483830&rft.isbn=978-0743487566&rft.aulast=Hawthorne&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscarletletter0000hawt_p9a6%2Fpage%2F136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amsterdam.info/red-light-district/">"Red Light District Amsterdam | Amsterdam.info"</a>. <i>www.amsterdam.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326202309/https://www.amsterdam.info/red-light-district/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Raúl (2019-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyproject.org/news/2019-04/hanky-panky-abridged-history-hanky-code-0">"Hanky Panky: An Abridged History of the Hanky Code"</a>. <i>The History Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606044528/https://historyproject.org/news/2019-04/hanky-panky-abridged-history-hanky-code-0">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Project&rft.atitle=Hanky+Panky%3A+An+Abridged+History+of+the+Hanky+Code&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.aulast=Cornier&rft.aufirst=J.+Ra%C3%BAl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryproject.org%2Fnews%2F2019-04%2Fhanky-panky-abridged-history-hanky-code-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/red-handed">"red-handed"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726212711/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/red-handed">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=red-handed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fred-handed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50204221"><i>The World Book Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 19. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Fetzer_Company" title="Scott Fetzer Company">Scott Fetzer Company</a>. 2003. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7166-0103-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7166-0103-6"><bdi>0-7166-0103-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50204221">50204221</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727022855/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50204221">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Scott+Fetzer+Company&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50204221&rft.isbn=0-7166-0103-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50204221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNi2023" class="citation book cs1">Ni, Xueting C. (2023). <i>Chinese Myths: From Cosmology and Folklore to Gods and Immortals</i>. London: Amber Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83886-263-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83886-263-3"><bdi>978-1-83886-263-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Myths%3A+From+Cosmology+and+Folklore+to+Gods+and+Immortals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-83886-263-3&rft.aulast=Ni&rft.aufirst=Xueting+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnansakranon2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anansakranon, Yuthachai (2024-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mgronline.com/china/detail/9640000013049">"ไขปริศนา ทำไมคนจีนอะไรๆก็ "สีแดง"?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ASTV_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTV Manager">ASTV Manager</a></i> (in Thai)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASTV+Manager&rft.atitle=%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%86%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87+%22%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87%22%3F&rft.date=2024-08-17&rft.aulast=Anansakranon&rft.aufirst=Yuthachai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmgronline.com%2Fchina%2Fdetail%2F9640000013049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Ami1968" class="citation book cs1">d'Ami, Rinaldo (1968). <i>World uniforms in colour: Vol. 2: Nations of America, Africa, Asia and Oceania</i>. London: Patrick Stephens Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0850590319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0850590319"><bdi>978-0850590319</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14994">14994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+uniforms+in+colour%3A+Vol.+2%3A+Nations+of+America%2C+Africa%2C+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens+Ltd&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14994&rft.isbn=978-0850590319&rft.aulast=d%27Ami&rft.aufirst=Rinaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorkolis1986" class="citation web cs1">Korkolis, M. (July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alternatewars.com/BBOW/NATO_Symbols/APP-6.pdf">"APP-6 Military Symbols For Land Based Symbols"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>alternatewars.com</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619134420/http://www.alternatewars.com/BBOW/NATO_Symbols/APP-6.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alternatewars.com&rft.atitle=APP-6+Military+Symbols+For+Land+Based+Symbols&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1986-07&rft.aulast=Korkolis&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternatewars.com%2FBBOW%2FNATO_Symbols%2FAPP-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1960" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (1960). Low, M. D. (ed.). <i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>. New York: Harcourt. p. 554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0151355372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0151355372"><bdi>978-0151355372</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/402038">402038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F402038&rft.isbn=978-0151355372&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDart2008" class="citation news cs1">Dart, Tom (Mar 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629133533/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3533300.ece">"Teams with red shirts have a head start"</a>. <i>Times Online</i>. London: News International Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article3533300.ece">the original</a> on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Online&rft.atitle=Teams+with+red+shirts+have+a+head+start&rft.date=2008-03-12&rft.aulast=Dart&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Farticle3533300.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuordileone2005" class="citation book cs1">Cuordileone, Kyle A. (2005). <i>Manhood and American Political Culture in the Cold War</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415925990" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415925990"><bdi>978-0415925990</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56535047">56535047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhood+and+American+Political+Culture+in+the+Cold+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56535047&rft.isbn=978-0415925990&rft.aulast=Cuordileone&rft.aufirst=Kyle+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pastoureau, "Rouge - Histoire d'un couleur" (2019), p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrabazon2000" class="citation book cs1">Brabazon, Tara (2000). <i>Tracking the jack</i>. Sydney: UNSW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0868406992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0868406992"><bdi>978-0868406992</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50382088">50382088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracking+the+jack&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50382088&rft.isbn=978-0868406992&rft.aulast=Brabazon&rft.aufirst=Tara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231081100/http://www1.va.gov/opa/feature/celebrate/Flag.asp">"The United States Flag – Public and Intergovernmental Affairs"</a>. <i>United States Department of Veterans Affairs</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 7,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Veterans+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Flag+%E2%80%93+Public+and+Intergovernmental+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.va.gov%2Fopa%2Ffeature%2Fcelebrate%2FFlag.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/pimpfhitler.htm">"The Life of the Führer"</a>. <i>German Propaganda Archive</i>. Calvin.edu. 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007075549/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/pimpfhitler.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Propaganda+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+the+F%C3%BChrer&rft.date=1938&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calvin.edu%2Facademic%2Fcas%2Fgpa%2Fpimpfhitler.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitler1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler, Adolf</a> (1926). 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Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chantingdownbaby0000unse/page/135">135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1566395830" title="Special:BookSources/978-1566395830"><bdi>978-1566395830</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37115199">37115199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chanting+Down+Babylon&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37115199&rft.isbn=978-1566395830&rft.aulast=Murrell&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+S.&rft.au=Spencer%2C+William+D.&rft.au=McFarlane%2C+Adrian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchantingdownbaby0000unse%2Fpage%2F135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913164945/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/rw-ad01.html#var">"Rwandan: Adoption of the new flag"</a>. <i>Crwflags.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Dec 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crwflags.com&rft.atitle=Rwandan%3A+Adoption+of+the+new+flag&rft.date=2005-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Frw-ad01.html%23var&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NA-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NA_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-archiv.li/koerperschaftDetail.aspx?backurl=auto&koerperID=3396">"Christlich-soziale Volkspartei"</a>. <i>e-archiv.li</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-archiv.li&rft.atitle=Christlich-soziale+Volkspartei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-archiv.li%2FkoerperschaftDetail.aspx%3Fbackurl%3Dauto%26koerperID%3D3396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211084929/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943793,00.html">"The East Is Red"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TIME_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME (magazine)">TIME</a></i>. 1970-05-04. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=The+East+Is+Red&rft.date=1970-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C943793%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morningsun.org/red/redfamily_cp_69.html">"The Reddest Red Sun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morning_Sun_(documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Sun (documentary)">Morning Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820024710/http://www.morningsun.org/red/redfamily_cp_69.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reddest+Red+Sun&rft.pub=Morning+Sun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morningsun.org%2Fred%2Fredfamily_cp_69.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929111323/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/24/c_13947698.htm">"China's Communist Party members exceed 80 million"</a>. News.xinhuanet.com. 2011-06-24. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Communist+Party+members+exceed+80+million&rft.pub=News.xinhuanet.com&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish2010%2Fchina%2F2011-06%2F24%2Fc_13947698.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhi2004" class="citation news cs1">Farhi, Paul (Nov 2, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819102044/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html">"Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Apr 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Elephants+Are+Red%2C+Donkeys+Are+Blue&rft.date=2004-11-02&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA17079-2004Nov1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/swing-states-presidential-elections">"What Are Swing States and How Did They Become a Key Factor in US Elections?"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 7 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126085129/https://www.history.com/news/swing-states-presidential-elections">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=What+Are+Swing+States+and+How+Did+They+Become+a+Key+Factor+in+US+Elections%3F&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fswing-states-presidential-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1995" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Nick (1995). <i>The Canadian Criminal Justice System</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=see+red&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fsee-red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFettermanRobinsonGordonElliot2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fetterman, Adam K.; Robinson, Michael D.; Gordon, Robert D.; Elliot, Andrew J. (November 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399410">"Anger as Seeing Red: Perceptual Sources of Evidence"</a>. <i>Social Psychological and Personality Science</i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">311–</span>316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1948550610390051">10.1177/1948550610390051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1948-5506">1948-5506</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399410">3399410</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22822418">22822418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychological+and+Personality+Science&rft.atitle=Anger+as+Seeing+Red%3A+Perceptual+Sources+of+Evidence&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399410%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1948-5506&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22822418&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1948550610390051&rft.aulast=Fetterman&rft.aufirst=Adam+K.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Elliot%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFServices" class="citation web cs1">Services, Department of Health & Human. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/blushing-and-flushing">"Blushing and flushing"</a>. <i>www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606045032/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/blushing-and-flushing">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Blushing+and+flushing&rft.aulast=Services&rft.aufirst=Department+of+Health+%26+Human&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.betterhealth.vic.gov.au%2Fhealth%2Fconditionsandtreatments%2Fblushing-and-flushing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/paint-the-town-red">"paint the town red"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326071912/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/paint-the-town-red">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=paint+the+town+red&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fpaint-the-town-red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-flag">"Definition of RED-FLAG"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129203850/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-flag">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+RED-FLAG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fred-flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/red-rag-to-a-bull.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A red rag to a bull' - the meaning and origin of this phrase"</a>. <i>Phrasefinder</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129203850/https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/red-rag-to-a-bull.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phrasefinder&rft.atitle=%27A+red+rag+to+a+bull%27+-+the+meaning+and+origin+of+this+phrase&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phrases.org.uk%2Fmeanings%2Fred-rag-to-a-bull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a+red+rag+to+a+bull">"Definition of A RED RAG TO A BULL"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819094720/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/a+red+rag+to+a+bull">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+A+RED+RAG+TO+A+BULL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fa%2Bred%2Brag%2Bto%2Ba%2Bbull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Gary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/in-the-red.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'In the red' - the meaning and origin of this phrase"</a>. <i>Phrasefinder</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129203850/https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/in-the-red.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phrasefinder&rft.atitle=%27In+the+red%27+-+the+meaning+and+origin+of+this+phrase&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phrases.org.uk%2Fmeanings%2Fin-the-red.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in+the+red">"Definition of IN THE RED"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606045032/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/in%20the%20red">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+IN+THE+RED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fin%2Bthe%2Bred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-letter+day">"Definition of RED-LETTER DAY"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240606045033/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red-letter%20day">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+RED-LETTER+DAY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fred-letter%2Bday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/medieval-english-french-manuscripts/articles/medieval-calendars">"British Library"</a>. <i>www.bl.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128185112/https://www.bl.uk/medieval-english-french-manuscripts/articles/medieval-calendars">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bl.uk&rft.atitle=British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fmedieval-english-french-manuscripts%2Farticles%2Fmedieval-calendars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/roll+out+the+red+carpet">"Definition of roll out the red carpet"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+roll+out+the+red+carpet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Froll%2Bout%2Bthe%2Bred%2Bcarpet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grammarist.com/phrase/red-carpet/">"Red carpet Idiom Definition"</a>. 2018-03-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129203852/https://grammarist.com/phrase/red-carpet/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+carpet+Idiom+Definition&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrammarist.com%2Fphrase%2Fred-carpet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/catch-red-handed">"catch someone red-handed"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326071912/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/catch-red-handed">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=catch+someone+red-handed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcatch-red-handed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson2008" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickson, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_The%20Facts%20on%20File%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Word%20and%20Phrase%20Origins.pdf"><i>The Facts on File encyclopedia of word and phrase origins</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4th ed.). New York: Facts On File, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816069668" title="Special:BookSources/9780816069668"><bdi>9780816069668</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/166383622">166383622</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205457/http://npu.edu.ua/!e-book/book/djvu/A/iif_kgpm_The%20Facts%20on%20File%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Word%20and%20Phrase%20Origins.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+encyclopedia+of+word+and+phrase+origins&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166383622&rft.isbn=9780816069668&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpu.edu.ua%2F%21e-book%2Fbook%2Fdjvu%2FA%2Fiif_kgpm_The%2520Facts%2520on%2520File%2520Encyclopedia%2520of%2520Word%2520and%2520Phrase%2520Origins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRed-Herring2019" class="citation web cs1">Red-Herring (2019-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.txst.edu/philosophy/resources/fallacy-definitions/Red-Herring.html">"Red Herring"</a>. <i>www.txst.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529193932/https://www.txst.edu/philosophy/resources/fallacy-definitions/Red-Herring.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.txst.edu&rft.atitle=Red+Herring&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft.au=Red-Herring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.txst.edu%2Fphilosophy%2Fresources%2Ffallacy-definitions%2FRed-Herring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=D810A0D29704544E1B932C5258AA3603?authRejection=true&url=%252Fview%252FEntry%252F160314">"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.oed.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125145158/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=D810A0D29704544E1B932C5258AA3603?authRejection=true&url=%252Fview%252FEntry%252F160314">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oed.com&rft.atitle=Home+%3A+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fstart%3Bjsessionid%3DD810A0D29704544E1B932C5258AA3603%3FauthRejection%3Dtrue%26url%3D%25252Fview%25252FEntry%25252F160314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red+ink">"Definition of RED INK"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230153822/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/red%20ink">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+RED+INK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fred%2Bink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroecke2015" class="citation book cs1">Broecke, Lara (2015). <i>Cennino Cennini's </i>Il Libro dell'Arte<i>: a New English Translation and Commentary with italian Transcription</i>. Archetype. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909492-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909492-28-8"><bdi>978-1-909492-28-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cennino+Cennini%27s+Il+Libro+dell%27Arte%3A+a+New+English+Translation+and+Commentary+with+italian+Transcription&rft.pub=Archetype&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-909492-28-8&rft.aulast=Broecke&rft.aufirst=Lara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1991" class="citation book cs1">Barber, E. j. w. (1991). <i>Prehistoric Textiles</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00224-8"><bdi>978-0-691-00224-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Textiles&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00224-8&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=E.+j.+w.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2005" class="citation book cs1">Greenfield, Amy Butler (2005). <i>A Perfect Red</i>. Editions Autrement (French translation). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7467-1094-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7467-1094-8"><bdi>978-2-7467-1094-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Perfect+Red&rft.pub=Editions+Autrement+%28French+translation%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-7467-1094-8&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Amy+Butler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2001" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Philip (2001). <i>Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour</i>. Hazan (French translation). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-0503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-0503-3"><bdi>978-2-7541-0503-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Earth%2C+Art+and+the+Invention+of+Colour&rft.pub=Hazan+%28French+translation%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2009" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Eva (2009). <i>Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques</i>. Pyramyd (French translation). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2"><bdi>978-2-35017-156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychologie+de+la+couleur+%E2%80%93+Effets+et+symboliques&rft.pub=Pyramyd+%28French+translation%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35017-156-2&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChunling2008" class="citation book cs1">Chunling, Yan (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesered0000yanc"><i>China Red</i></a></span>. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-04531-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-04531-3"><bdi>978-7-119-04531-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Red&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-7-119-04531-3&rft.aulast=Chunling&rft.aufirst=Yan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesered0000yanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastoureau2019" class="citation book cs1">Pastoureau, Michel (2019). <i>Rouge - Histoire d'une couleur</i>. Éditions du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7578-7820-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7578-7820-0"><bdi>978-2-7578-7820-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rouge+-+Histoire+d%27une+couleur&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-7578-7820-0&rft.aulast=Pastoureau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastoureau2005" class="citation book cs1">Pastoureau, Michel (2005). <i>Le petit livre des couleurs</i>. Editions du Panama. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7578-0310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7578-0310-3"><bdi>978-2-7578-0310-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+petit+livre+des+couleurs&rft.pub=Editions+du+Panama&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-7578-0310-3&rft.aulast=Pastoureau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPikeHoffmann,_D._L.Garcia-Diez,_M.Pettitt,_P._B.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; Garcia-Diez, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbin, R.; Gonzalez-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Montes, R.; Zilhao, J. (14 June 2012). "U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain". <i>Science</i>. <b>336</b> (6087): <span class="nowrap">1409–</span>1413. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336.1409P">2012Sci...336.1409P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1219957">10.1126/science.1219957</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22700921">22700921</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7807664">7807664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=U-Series+Dating+of+Paleolithic+Art+in+11+Caves+in+Spain&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=6087&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1409-%3C%2Fspan%3E1413&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1219957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7807664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22700921&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...336.1409P&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.aufirst=A.+W.+G.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Garcia-Diez%2C+M.&rft.au=Pettitt%2C+P.+B.&rft.au=Alcolea%2C+J.&rft.au=De+Balbin%2C+R.&rft.au=Gonzalez-Sainz%2C+C.&rft.au=de+las+Heras%2C+C.&rft.au=Lasheras%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Montes%2C+R.&rft.au=Zilhao%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage1993" class="citation book cs1">Gage, John (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colourculturepra0000gage"><i>Colour and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction</i></a></span>. Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87811-295-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87811-295-5"><bdi>978-2-87811-295-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour+and+Culture%3A+Practice+and+Meaning+from+Antiquity+to+Abstraction&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson+%28Page+numbers+cited+from+French+translation%29&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-87811-295-5&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolourculturepra0000gage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarichon2000" class="citation book cs1">Varichon, Anne (2000). <i>Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i>. Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4"><bdi>978-2-02-084697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Couleurs+%E2%80%93+pigments+et+teintures+dans+les+mains+des+peuples&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-02-084697-4&rft.aulast=Varichon&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2004" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Kevin M. (2004). <i>Plant pigments and their manipulation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1737-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1737-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-1737-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+pigments+and+their+manipulation&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1737-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson1999" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickson, Robert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsonfileencyc00hend/page/6"><i>Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins</i></a>. Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/factsonfileencyc00hend/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-3266-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-3266-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Word+and+Phrase+Origins&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-3266-2&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffactsonfileencyc00hend%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins,_David2003" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, David, ed. (2003). <i>The Cambridge History of Western Textiles</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34107-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34107-3"><bdi>978-0-521-34107-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Western+Textiles&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34107-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1956" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Daniel (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialstechniq00thom"><i>The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting</i></a>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20327-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20327-0"><bdi>978-0-486-20327-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Materials+and+Techniques+of+Medieval+Painting&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20327-0&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialstechniq00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomford2000" class="citation book cs1">Bomford, David (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colour0000bomf"><i>A Closer Look – Colour</i></a></span>. National Gallery Company, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-442-8"><bdi>978-1-85709-442-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Closer+Look+%E2%80%93+Colour&rft.pub=National+Gallery+Company%2C+London&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85709-442-8&rft.aulast=Bomford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolour0000bomf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shades_of_red" title="Template:Shades of red"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shades_of_red" title="Template talk:Shades of red"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shades_of_red" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shades of red"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shades_of_red233" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Shades of red</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0"><table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth_purple" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaranth purple">Amaranth purple</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Barn_red" title="Shades of red">Barn red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Bittersweet" title="Shades of red">Bittersweet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Bittersweet_shimmer" title="Shades of red">Bittersweet shimmer</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_red" title="Blood red">Blood red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Bright_pink" title="Shades of red">Bright pink (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(color)" title="Burgundy (color)">Burgundy</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Candy_apple_red" title="Candy apple red">Candy apple red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cantaloupe_melon" title="Shades of red">Cantaloupe melon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cardinal" title="Shades of red">Cardinal</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#AB274F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7C0902!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FE6F5E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BF4F51!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#660000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FB607F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#800020!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF0800!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FDBCB4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C51E3A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Carmine" title="Shades of red">Carmine</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cerise_(color)" title="Cerise (color)">Cerise</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Chili_red" title="Shades of red">Chili red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Chocolate_cosmos" title="Shades of red">Chocolate cosmos</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cinnabar" title="Shades of red">Cinnabar</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_(color)#Claret" title="Wine (color)">Claret</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coquelicot" title="Coquelicot">Coquelicot</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coral_(color)" title="Coral (color)">Coral pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cordovan" title="Shades of red">Cordovan</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Cornell_red" title="Shades of red">Cornell red</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#960018!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DE3163!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E23D28!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#58111A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E44D2E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7F1734!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF3800!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F88379!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#893F45!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B31B1B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">Crimson</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Dark_red" title="Shades of red">Dark red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Falu_red" title="Falu red">Falu red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)#Fire_brick" title="Scarlet (color)">Fire brick</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Fire_engine_red" title="Fire engine red">Fire engine red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Folly" title="Shades of rose">Folly</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Garnet" title="Shades of red">Garnet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Imperial_red" title="Shades of red">Imperial red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian red">Indian red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Jasper" title="Shades of red">Jasper</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#DC143C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8B0000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#801818!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B22222!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CE2029!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF004F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#733635!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ED2939!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CD5C5C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D05340!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Light_coral" title="Shades of red">Light coral</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Light_red" title="Shades of red">Light red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Madder" title="Shades of red">Madder</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(color)" title="Mahogany (color)">Mahogany</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">Maroon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Misty_rose" title="Shades of red">Misty rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(RGB)" title="Shades of red">Off-red (RGB)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Old_rose" title="Shades of red">Old rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#OU_crimson" title="Shades of red">OU crimson</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Penn_red" title="Shades of red">Penn red</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#F08080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7F7F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A50021!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C04000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#800000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFE4E1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FE0000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C08081!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#841617!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#990000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_red" title="Persian red">Persian red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Poppy_red" title="Shades of red">Poppy</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown#Red-brown_(web_color_"brown")" title="Shades of brown">Red-brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(CMYK)_(pigment_red)" title="Shades of red">Red (CMYK)<br />(pigment red)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(Crayola)" title="Shades of red">Red (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(Munsell)" title="Shades of red">Red (Munsell)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(NCS)" title="Shades of red">Red (NCS)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Red_(Pantone)" title="Shades of red">Red (Pantone)</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#CC3333!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFC0CB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DC343B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF0000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A52A2A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ED1B24!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EE204E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F2003C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C40234!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ED2839!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Redwood" title="Shades of red">Redwood</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rojo" title="Shades of red">Rojo</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)" title="Rose (color)">Rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rose_ebony" title="Shades of red">Rose ebony</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Rose_red" title="Shades of rose">Rose red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rose_taupe" title="Shades of red">Rose taupe</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rose_vale" title="Shades of red">Rose vale</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rosewood" title="Shades of red">Rosewood</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rosy_brown" title="Shades of red">Rosy brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rust_(color)" title="Rust (color)">Rust</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#AB4E52!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E60026!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF0080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#674846!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C21E56!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#905D5D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#AB4E52!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#65000B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BC8F8F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B7410E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Rusty_red" title="Shades of red">Rusty red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)" title="Salmon (color)">Salmon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)#Salmon_pink" title="Salmon (color)">Salmon pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">Scarlet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Syracuse_Orange" title="Shades of red">Syracuse red-orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Tea_rose" title="Shades of red">Tea rose (red)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Tomato" title="Shades of red">Tomato</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Turkey_red" title="Shades of red">Turkey red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">Vermilion</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_(color)" title="Wine (color)">Wine</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#DA2C43!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FA8072!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF91A4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF2400!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D44500!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F4C2C2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF6347!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A91101!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E34234!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#722F37!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #B60000;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shades_of_pink235" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC0CB; color:black; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shades_of_pink" title="Template:Shades of pink"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shades_of_pink" title="Template talk:Shades of pink"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shades_of_pink" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shades of pink"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shades_of_pink235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: black; text-decoration: inherit;">Shades of pink</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0"><table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Construction_Paper_Crayons" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">#FFA3B1</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth_(color)" title="Amaranth (color)">Amaranth</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth_(color)#Amaranth_pink" title="Amaranth (color)">Amaranth pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Baker-Miller_pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker-Miller pink">Baker-Miller pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Barbie_Pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbie Pink">Barbie Pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Blush_(color)" title="Blush (color)">Blush</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)#Brilliant_rose" title="Rose (color)">Brilliant rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Brink_pink" title="Shades of pink">Brink pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Carnation_pink" title="Shades of pink">Carnation pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Cameo_pink" title="Shades of pink">Cameo Pink</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FFA3B1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E52B50!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F19CBB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF91AF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DA1884!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DE5D83!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F653A6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FB607F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFA6C9!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EFBBCC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cerise_(color)" title="Cerise (color)">Cerise</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Champagne_pink" title="Shades of pink">Champagne pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Cherry_blossom_pink" title="Shades of pink">Cherry blossom pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/China_rose_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="China rose (color)">China rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coral_(color)" title="Coral (color)">Coral</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coral_(color)#Coral_pink" title="Coral (color)">Coral pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cordovan_(color)" title="Cordovan (color)">Cordovan</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclamen_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclamen (color)">Cyclamen</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Deep_pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep pink">Deep pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Dogwood_rose" title="Shades of rose">Dogwood rose</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#DE3163!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F1DDCF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFB7C5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A8516E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7F50!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F88379!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#893F45!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F56FA1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF1493!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D71868!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#English_lavender" title="Lavender (color)">English lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Fairy_Tale" title="Shades of pink">Fairy Tale</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)#French_rose" title="Rose (color)">French rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(color)" title="Fuchsia (color)">Fuchsia</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Fuchsia_rose" title="Shades of rose">Fuchsia rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Folly" title="Shades of rose">Folly</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Heliotrope_(color)" title="Heliotrope (color)">Heliotrope</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cerise_(color)#Hollywood_cerise" title="Cerise (color)">Hollywood cerise</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta#Hot_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Hot magenta</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Hot_pink" title="Shades of pink">Hot pink</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#B48395!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F2C1D1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F64A8A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF00FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C74375!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF004F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DF73FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F400A1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF00CC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF69B4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Lavender_blush" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender blush</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Crayons_with_Glitter" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Lavender Glitter</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Lavender_pink" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lilac_(color)" title="Lilac (color)">Lilac</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Lilac_Luster" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Lilac luster</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lusty_gallant" title="Lusty gallant">Lusty gallant</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">Magenta</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Mauvelous" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Mauvelous</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Colors_of_the_World_Crayons" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Medium Deep Rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_pink" title="Mexican pink">Mexican pink</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FFF0F5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FCB4D5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FBAED2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C8A2C8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#AE98AA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFCCCC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF0090!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F091A9!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EE8E99!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E4007C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Melon" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Melon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Mimi_Pink" title="Shades of pink">Mimi Pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)#Misty_rose" title="Rose (color)">Misty rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_pink" title="Mountbatten pink">Mountbatten pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Pearl_Brite_Crayons" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Mystic Pearl</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Old_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Old rose">Old rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Orchid_pink" title="Shades of pink">Orchid pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Pale_Dogwood" title="Shades of pink">Pale Dogwood</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple#Pale_purple" title="Shades of purple">Pale purple</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Peach_(color)" title="Peach (color)">Peach</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FEBAAD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFDAE9!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFE4E1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#997A8D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D65282!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C08081!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F2BDCD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EDCDC2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FAE6FA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFCBA4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)#Persian_rose" title="Rose (color)">Persian rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian pink">Persian pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple#Psychedelic_purple_(phlox)" title="Shades of purple">Phlox</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Piggy_pink" title="Shades of pink">Piggy pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Pink Flamingo</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Pink_lavender" title="Lavender (color)">Pink lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Pink_lace" title="Shades of pink">Pink lace</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Pink_Sherbert" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Pink Sherbert</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Rose_Pompadour" title="Shades of pink">Rose Pompadour</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FE28A2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F77FBE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DF00FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FDDDE6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFC0CB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FC74FD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DBB2D1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFDDF4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F7A38E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ED7A9B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Puce" title="Puce">Puce</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_(color)" title="Raspberry (color)">Raspberry</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Razzle_dazzle_rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Razzle dazzle rose">Razzle dazzle rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Razzmatazz_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Razzmatazz (color)">Razzmatazz</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Red-violet" title="Red-violet">Red-violet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Raspberry_rose" title="Shades of rose">Raspberry rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)" title="Rose (color)">Rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Rose_bonbon" title="Shades of rose">Rose Bonbon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_ebony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose ebony">Rose ebony</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_pink" title="Rose pink">Rose pink</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#CC8899!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E30B5C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF33CC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E3256B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C71585!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B3446C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF0080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F9429E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#674846!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF66CC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Quartz#Rose_quartz" title="Quartz">Rose quartz</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose#Rose_red" title="Shades of rose">Rose red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_vale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose vale">Rose taupe</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_vale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose vale">Rose vale</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rosewood_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosewood (color)">Rosewood</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rosy_brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosy brown">Rosy brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Salmon" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Salmon (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)#Salmon_pink" title="Salmon (color)">Salmon pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Seashell_(color)" title="Seashell (color)">Seashell</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Shocking_pink" title="Shades of pink">Shocking pink</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#AA98A9!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C21E56!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#905D5D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#65000B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#65000B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BC8F8F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF91A4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF91A4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFF5EE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FC0FC0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tea_rose_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea rose (color)">Tea rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Tickle_me_pink" title="Shades of pink">Tickle me pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Telemagenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemagenta">Telemagenta</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)#Thulian_pink" title="Rose (color)">Thulian pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink#Ultra_pink" title="Shades of pink">Ultra pink</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Colors_of_the_World_Crayons" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Very Light Rose</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Wild_Strawberry" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Wild Strawberry</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#F4C2C2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FC89AC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CF3476!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DE6FA1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF6FFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F7E1E3!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF3399!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #FFC0CB;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colour_topics424" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colour_topics424" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Colour</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Colour science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural colouration">Structural colouration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal colouration">Animal colouration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_of_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour of chemicals">Colour of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Colour perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour blindness">Colour blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_calibration" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour calibration">Colour calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_constancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour constancy">Colour constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_task" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour task">Colour task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour code">Colour code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour temperature">Colour temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_vision_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision test">Colour vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of colour vision">Evolution of colour vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Impossible colour">Impossible colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour psychology">Colour psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour symbolism">Colour symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour preferences">Colour preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_colour_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüscher colour test">Lüscher colour test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour reproduction">Colour reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour photography">Colour photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour balance">Colour balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Colour cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour management">Colour management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">Colour printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_colour_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-primary colour display">Multi-primary colour display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour model">Colour model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour space">Colour space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mapping">Colour mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Colour<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour scheme">Colour scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Colour tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colours">Monochromatic colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary colours">Complementary colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogous colours">Analogous colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colours (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Web colours">Web colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour theory">Colour theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mixing">Colour mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colour">Primary colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary colour">Secondary colour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour solid">Colour solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour wheel">Colour wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour triangle">Colour triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour analysis">Colour analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_realism_(art_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour realism (art style)">Colour realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour term">Colour terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_colour_naming_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Colour history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_in_Chinese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour in Chinese culture">Colour in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colours_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional colours of Japan">Traditional colours of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skin colour">Human skin colour</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colourfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colourfulness">Colourfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Colour Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_A%E2%80%93F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: A–F">List of colours: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_G%E2%80%93M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: G–M">List of colours: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_N%E2%80%93Z" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: N–Z">List of colours: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours (compact)">List of colours (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_by_shade" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours by shade">List of colours by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colour_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colour palettes">List of colour palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of colour spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crayola crayon colours">List of Crayola crayon colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour chart">Colour chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colours" title="List of RAL colours">List of RAL colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electromagnetic_spectrum675" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template:Electromagnetic 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title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/750px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/1000px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="nobold"><i><span style="font-size:120%">←</span> higher <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a><span class="nowrap">       </span>longer <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Very-high-energy gamma ray">Very-high-energy gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy gamma ray">Ultra-high-energy gamma ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray">Soft X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">Hard X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">Vacuum ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha" title="Lyman-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">FUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ultraviolet">MUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">NUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet B">UVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible (optical)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/L_band_(infrared)" title="L band (infrared)">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_band_(infrared)" title="M band (infrared)">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N_band" title="N band">N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">LWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">FIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a 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