CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Stillbirth - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"67869356-de94-4a76-9087-48e3b155ef96","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Stillbirth","wgTitle":"Stillbirth","wgCurRevisionId":1255520765,"wgRevisionId":1255520765,"wgArticleId":226748,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: periodical ignored","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Stillbirth","Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium","Fertility","Medical aspects of death","Midwifery"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Stillbirth","wgRelevantArticleId":226748,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q745832", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1028"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="685"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg/640px-Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="548"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Stillbirth - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Stillbirth rootpage-Stillbirth skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stillbirth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stillbirth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stillbirth" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stillbirth" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constricted_umbilical_cord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constricted_umbilical_cord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Constricted umbilical cord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constricted_umbilical_cord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Legal definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Republic of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.7</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.7.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.7.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.7.3</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stillbirth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ولادة جنين ميت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولادة جنين ميت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC" title="মৃত সন্তান প্রসব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৃত সন্তান প্রসব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Мъртвородено – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъртвородено" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrtvoro%C4%91en%C4%8De" title="Mrtvorođenče – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mrtvorođenče" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_fetal" title="Mort fetal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mort fetal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8df%C3%B8dsel" title="Dødfødsel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dødfødsel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totgeburt" title="Totgeburt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Totgeburt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surnults%C3%BCnd" title="Surnultsünd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Surnultsünd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muerte_fetal" title="Muerte fetal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muerte fetal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مرده‌زایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرده‌زایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortinatalit%C3%A9" title="Mortinatalité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mortinatalité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbh-bhreith" title="Marbh-bhreith – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marbh-bhreith" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natimorto" title="Natimorto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Natimorto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%82%B0" title="사산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեռելածնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեռելածնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%E1%BB%A5_nwa_nw%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5_anw%E1%BB%A5" title="Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahir_mati" title="Lahir mati – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lahir mati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andvana_f%C3%A6%C3%B0ing" title="Andvana fæðing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andvana fæðing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte_endouterina_fetale" title="Morte endouterina fetale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Morte endouterina fetale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%94" title="לידה שקטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לידה שקטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lah%C3%A8r_mat%C3%A8" title="Lahèr matè – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Lahèr matè" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ചാപിള്ള പ്രസവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാപിള്ള പ്രസവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahir_mati" title="Lahir mati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lahir mati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodgeboorte" title="Doodgeboorte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doodgeboorte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E7%94%A3" title="死産 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="死産" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AC" title="ମୃତ ପ୍ରସବ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମୃତ ପ୍ରସବ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="جنینی موت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنینی موت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%93%D8%B2%DB%90%DA%96%D9%88%D9%86" title="مړزېږون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مړزېږون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wewn%C4%85trzmaciczne_obumarcie_p%C5%82odu" title="Wewnątrzmaciczne obumarcie płodu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wewnątrzmaciczne obumarcie płodu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morte_fetal" title="Morte fetal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Morte fetal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Мертворождаемость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мертворождаемость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stillbirth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohtukuolema" title="Kohtukuolema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kohtukuolema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosterd%C3%B6d" title="Fosterdöd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fosterdöd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="செத்துப் பிறப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செத்துப் பிறப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మృతపిండస్రావము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మృతపిండస్రావము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ทารกตายคลอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทารกตายคลอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мертвонародження – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мертвонародження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="جنینی موت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنینی موت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_ch%E1%BA%BFt_l%C6%B0u" title="Thai chết lưu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thai chết lưu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E6%AD%BB%E8%85%B9%E4%B8%AD" title="胎死腹中 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胎死腹中" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E7%94%A2" title="死產 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="死產" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q745832#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Stillbirth" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Stillbirth" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Stillbirth" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&oldid=1255520765" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Stillbirth&id=1255520765&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStillbirth"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStillbirth"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Stillbirth&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stillbirth" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q745832" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Death of a fetus before or during delivery, resulting in delivery of a dead baby in some manner </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stillborn" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stillborn_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stillborn (disambiguation)">Stillborn (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stillbirth (disambiguation)">Stillbirth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Stillbirth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Fetal death, fetal demise<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg/220px-Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg/330px-Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg/440px-Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a> is often used to diagnose stillbirth and medical conditions that raise the risk.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">neonatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal">Fetal</a> death at or after 20 / 28 weeks of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Overview tab">: Overview tab </span></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Often unknown, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_complications" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnancy complications">pregnancy complications</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Cau_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Cau-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mother's age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of <a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">assisted reproductive technology</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Risk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Risk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No fetal movement felt, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Diag_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Induction_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Induction of labor">Induction of labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">dilation and evacuation</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Tx_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">1.9 million (1 for every 72 total births)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stillbirth</b> is typically defined as <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetal</a> death at or after 20 or 28 weeks of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, depending on the source.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Overview tab,">: Overview tab, </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It results in a baby born without <a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">signs of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stillbirth can often result in the feeling of <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">grief</a> in the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Rob2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rob2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, which is an early pregnancy loss,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">sudden infant death syndrome</a>, where the baby dies a short time after being born alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Rob2014_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rob2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often the cause is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Causes may include <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_complications" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnancy complications">pregnancy complications</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth_complications" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth complications">birth complications</a>, problems with the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birth_defects" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth defects">birth defects</a>, infections such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, and poor health in the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Causes tab,">: Causes tab, </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Cau_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Cau-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawn2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawn2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include a mother's age over 35, smoking, drug use, use of <a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">assisted reproductive technology</a>, and first pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Risk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Risk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stillbirth may be suspected when no fetal movement is felt.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Diag_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirmation is by <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Diag_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide prevention of most stillbirths is possible with improved health systems.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Overview tab,">: Overview tab, </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around half of stillbirths occur during <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, with this being more common in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing</a> than <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Info panel,">: Info panel, </span></sup> Otherwise, depending on how far along the pregnancy is, <a href="/wiki/Induction_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Induction of labor">medications may be used to start labor</a> or a type of surgery known as <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">dilation and evacuation</a> may be carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Tx_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a stillbirth, women are at higher risk of another one; however, most subsequent pregnancies do not have similar problems.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pure_economic_loss" title="Pure economic loss">financial loss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marital_breakdown" title="Marital breakdown">family breakdown</a> are known complications.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide in 2021, there were an estimated 1.9 million stillbirths that occurred after 28 weeks of pregnancy (about 1 for every 72 births).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than three-quarters of estimated stillbirths in 2021 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with 47% of the global total in sub-Saharan Africa and 32% in South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stillbirth rates have declined, though more slowly since the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-Dra2016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dra2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to UNICEF, the total number of stillbirths declined by 35%, from 2.9 million in 2000 to 1.9 million in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that if the stillbirth rate for each country stays at the 2021 level, 17,5 million babies will be stillborn by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2016, there is no international classification system for stillbirth causes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The causes of a large percentage of stillbirths is unknown, even in cases where extensive testing and an <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> have been performed. A rarely used term to describe these is "sudden antenatal death syndrome", or SADS, a phrase coined in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11876571_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11876571-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many stillbirths occur at full term to apparently healthy pregnant women, and a postmortem evaluation reveals a cause of death in about 40% of autopsied cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 10% of cases are believed to be due to <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-War2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other risk factors include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial infection">bacterial infection</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lawn2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawn2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lawn2016_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawn2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">birth defects</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypoplasia" title="Pulmonary hypoplasia">pulmonary hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome#Aberrations" title="Chromosome">chromosomal aberrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foetal_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Foetal development">growth restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy</a></li> <li>maternal <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a></li> <li>maternal consumption of <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive drugs">recreational drugs</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, etc.) or <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceutical drugs</a> <a href="/wiki/Contraindicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraindicated">contraindicated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdate_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdate pregnancy">postdate pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_abruption" title="Placental abruption">placental abruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">physical trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">radiation poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_disease" title="Rh disease">Rh disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-SacconeBerghella2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SacconeBerghella2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO_study_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_study-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entanglement_of_cord_in_twins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Entanglement_of_cord_in_twins.jpg/300px-Entanglement_of_cord_in_twins.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Entanglement_of_cord_in_twins.jpg/450px-Entanglement_of_cord_in_twins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Entanglement_of_cord_in_twins.jpg/600px-Entanglement_of_cord_in_twins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Entanglement of cord in twin pregnancy at the time of Caesarean section</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord#Problems_and_abnormalities" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord accidents</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse" title="Umbilical cord prolapse">Prolapsed umbilical cord</a></i> – Prolapse of the umbilical cord happens when the foetus is not in a correct position in the pelvis. Membranes rupture and the cord is pushed out through the cervix. When the fetus pushes on the cervix, the cord is compressed and blocks blood and oxygen flow to the fetus. The pregnant woman has approximately 10 minutes to get to a doctor before there is any harm done to the fetus.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monoamniotic_twins" title="Monoamniotic twins">Monoamniotic twins</a></i> – These twins share the same placenta and the same amniotic sac and therefore can interfere with each other's umbilical cords. When entanglement of the cords is detected, it is highly recommended to deliver the foetuses as early as 31 weeks.</li> <li><i>Umbilical cord length</i> – A short umbilical cord (<30 cm) can affect the foetus in that foetal movements can cause cord compression, constriction, and rupture. A long umbilical cord (>72 cm) can affect the foetus depending on the way the foetus interacts with the cord.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some foetuses grasp the umbilical cord but it is yet unknown as to whether a foetus is strong enough to compress and stop blood flow through the cord. Also, an active foetus, one that frequently repositions itself in the uterus can accidentally entangle itself with the cord. A hyperactive foetus should be evaluated with ultrasound to rule out cord entanglement.</li> <li><i>Cord entanglement</i> – The umbilical cord can wrap around an extremity, the body or the neck of the foetus. When the cord is wrapped around the neck of the fetus, it is called a <a href="/wiki/Nuchal_cord" title="Nuchal cord">nuchal cord</a>. These entanglements can cause constriction of blood flow to the fetus. These entanglements can be visualized with ultrasound.</li> <li><i>Torsion</i> – This term refers to the twisting of the umbilical around itself. Torsion of the umbilical cord is very common (especially in equine stillbirths) but it is not a natural state of the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord can be untwisted at delivery. The average cord has three twists.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_inhalation" title="Smoke inhalation">Smoke inhalation</a> – If a pregnant woman gets trapped in a building fire, the smoke and fumes can kill a foetus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>A pregnant woman sleeping on <a href="/wiki/Supine_position" title="Supine position">her back</a> after 28 weeks of pregnancy may be a risk factor for stillbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-War2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-War2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a stillbirth there is a 2.5% risk of another stillbirth in the next pregnancy (an increase from 0.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, highest rates of stillbirths happen in pregnant women who:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>are of low socioeconomic status</li> <li>are aged 35 years or older</li> <li>have chronic medical conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, etc.</li> <li>are African-American</li> <li>have previously lost a pregnancy</li> <li>have multiple children at a time (twins, triplets, etc.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is unknown how much time is needed for a fetus to die. Fetal behavior is consistent and a change in the fetus' movements or sleep-wake cycles can indicate fetal distress.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decrease or cessation in sensations of fetal activity may be an indication of <a href="/wiki/Fetal_distress" title="Fetal distress">fetal distress</a> or death,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is not entirely uncommon for a healthy fetus to exhibit such changes, particularly near the end of a <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> when there is considerably less space in the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> than earlier in pregnancy for the fetus to move about.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, <a href="/wiki/Medical_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical examination">medical examination</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">nonstress test</a>, is recommended in the event of any type of any change in the strength or <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> of fetal movement, especially a complete cease; most <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obstetrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrician">obstetricians</a> recommend the use of a <a href="/wiki/Kick_chart" title="Kick chart">kick chart</a> to assist in detecting any changes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fetal distress or death can be confirmed or ruled out via <a href="/wiki/Fetoscopy" title="Fetoscopy">fetoscopy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Doptone" class="mw-redirect" title="Doptone">doptone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">ultrasound</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_fetal_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic fetal monitoring">electronic fetal monitoring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the fetus is alive but inactive, extra attention will be given to the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a> during ultrasound examination to ensure that there is no compromise of oxygen and nutrient delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers have tried to develop <a href="/wiki/Predictive_modelling" title="Predictive modelling">models</a> to identify, early on, pregnant women who may be at high risk of having a stillbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-KayodeGrobbee2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KayodeGrobbee2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of definitions for stillbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my.clevelandclinic.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To allow comparison, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> uses the ICD-10 definitions and recommends that any baby born without <a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">signs of life</a> at greater than or equal to 28 completed weeks' gestation be classified as a stillbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Overview tab">: Overview tab </span></sup> The WHO uses the ICD-10 definitions of "late fetal deaths" as their definition of stillbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-Dra2016_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dra2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other organisations recommend that any combination of greater than 16, 20, 22, 24 or 28 weeks gestational age or 350 g, 400 g, 500 g or 1000 g birth weight may be considered a stillbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is often used in distinction to <a href="/wiki/Live_birth_(human)" title="Live birth (human)">live birth</a> (the baby was born alive, even if they died shortly thereafter) or <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a> (early pregnancy loss<sup id="cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my.clevelandclinic.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The word miscarriage is often used incorrectly to describe stillbirths.<sup id="cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my.clevelandclinic.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is mostly used in a human context; however, the same phenomenon can occur in all species of <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammal">placental mammals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constricted_umbilical_cord">Constricted umbilical cord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constricted umbilical cord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the umbilical cord is constricted (q.v. "accidents" above), the fetus experiences periods of <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, and may respond by unusually high periods of kicking or struggling, to free the umbilical cord.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are sporadic if constriction is due to a change in the fetus' or mother's position, and may become worse or more frequent as the fetus grows.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extra attention should be given if mothers experience large increases in kicking from previous childbirths, especially when increases correspond to position changes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regulating <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a> and drug use may reduce the risk of a stillbirth. Umbilical cord constriction may be identified and observed by <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, if requested.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some maternal factors are associated with stillbirth, including being age 35 or older, having diabetes, having a history of addiction to illegal drugs, being overweight or obese, and smoking cigarettes in the three months before getting pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6rbchen_f%C3%BCr_Fehl-und_Totgeburten.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%C3%B6rbchen_f%C3%BCr_Fehl-und_Totgeburten.JPG/220px-K%C3%B6rbchen_f%C3%BCr_Fehl-und_Totgeburten.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%C3%B6rbchen_f%C3%BCr_Fehl-und_Totgeburten.JPG/330px-K%C3%B6rbchen_f%C3%BCr_Fehl-und_Totgeburten.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/K%C3%B6rbchen_f%C3%BCr_Fehl-und_Totgeburten.JPG/440px-K%C3%B6rbchen_f%C3%BCr_Fehl-und_Totgeburten.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>A cuddle cot</figcaption></figure> <p>Fetal death <i><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">in utero</a></i> does not present an immediate health risk to the pregnant woman, and labour will usually begin <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous abortion">spontaneously</a> after two weeks, so the pregnant woman may choose to wait and bear the fetal remains <a href="/wiki/Childbirth#Second_stage:_fetal_expulsion" title="Childbirth">vaginally</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattingly_2022_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattingly_2022-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two weeks, the pregnant woman is at risk of developing blood <a href="/wiki/Clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clot">clotting</a> problems, and <a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">labor induction</a> is recommended at this point.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, the pregnant woman will find the idea of carrying the dead fetus <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatizing</a> and will elect to have labor induced. <a href="/wiki/Caesarean" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarean">Caesarean</a> birth is not recommended unless complications develop during <a href="/wiki/Childbirth#Second_stage:_fetal_expulsion" title="Childbirth">vaginal birth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How the diagnosis of stillbirth is communicated by healthcare workers may have a long-lasting and deep impact on parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuzum_2017_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuzum_2017-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People need to heal physically after a stillbirth just as they do emotionally. In Ireland, for example, people are offered a 'cuddle cot', a cooled cot which allows them to spend a number of days with their child before burial or cremation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delivery">Delivery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In single stillbirths, common practice is to induce labor for the health of the mother due to possible complications such as exsanguination. Induction and labor can take 48 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my.clevelandclinic.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of various complications such as preclampsia, infections, multiples (twins), emergency Cesarean may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average stillbirth <a href="/wiki/Rate_(mathematics)" title="Rate (mathematics)">rate</a> in the United States is approximately 1 in 160 births, which is roughly 26,000 stillbirths each year.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-Aust-stat_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aust-stat-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> England, Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Northern Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-Maternal_and_fetal_risk_factors_for_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maternal_and_fetal_risk_factors_for-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rate is approximately 1 in every 200 births; in Scotland, 1 in 167.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rates of stillbirth in the United States have decreased by about two-thirds since the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014Epi_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Epi-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vast majority of stillbirths worldwide (98%) occur in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal,_Atlas_method)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal, Atlas method) per capita">low- and middle-income countries</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a> care can be of low quality or unavailable. Reliable estimates calculate that, yearly, about 2.6 million stillbirths occur worldwide during the <a href="/wiki/Third_trimester" class="mw-redirect" title="Third trimester">third trimester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawn2016_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawn2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stillbirths were previously not included in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Burden_of_Disease_Study" title="Global Burden of Disease Study">Global Burden of Disease Study</a> which records worldwide deaths from various causes until 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The way people view stillbirths has changed dramatically over time; however, its economic and <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> impact is often underestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-HeazellSiassakos2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeazellSiassakos2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, when a stillbirth occurred, the baby was taken and discarded and the parents were expected to immediately let go of the attachment and try for another baby.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In many countries, parents are expected by friends and family members to recover from the loss of an unborn baby very soon after it happens.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Societally-mediated complications such as financial hardship and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(differential_diagnoses)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (differential diagnoses)">depression</a> are among the more common results.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stillbirth can have significant psychological effects on the parents, notably causing feelings of <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> in the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Rob2014_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rob2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further psycho-social effects on parents include apprehension, anger, feelings of worthlessness and not wanting to interact with other people, with these reactions sometimes carried over into pregnancies that occur after the stillbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men also suffer psychologically after stillbirth, although they are more likely to hide their grief and feelings and try to act strong, with the focus on supporting their partner.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_definitions">Legal definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:050210zojoji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/050210zojoji.jpg/220px-050210zojoji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/050210zojoji.jpg/330px-050210zojoji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/050210zojoji.jpg/440px-050210zojoji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>In Japan, statues of <a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Jizō</a>, a Buddhist patron deity of children, <a href="/wiki/Mizuko_kuy%C5%8D" title="Mizuko kuyō">memorialize stillborn babies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, stillbirth is defined as a baby born with no signs of life that weighs more than 400 grams, or more than 20 weeks in gestation. They legally must have their birth registered.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, a stillbirth is defined as a birth of a child of at least 500g weight without <a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">vital signs</a>, e.g. blood circulation, breath or muscle movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1959, "the definition of a stillbirth was revised to conform, in substance, to the definition of fetal death recommended by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of "fetal death" promulgated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> in 1950 is as follows: </p> <dl><dd>"Fetal death" means death prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of human conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy and which is not an induced termination of pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death is indicated by the fact that after such expulsion or extraction, the fetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattingly_2022_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattingly_2022-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heartbeats are to be distinguished from transient cardiac contractions; respirations are to be distinguished from fleeting respiratory efforts or gasps.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC-def_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-def-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenkstaette_Totgeborene_Kinder_Neu-Bottenbroich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gedenkstaette_Totgeborene_Kinder_Neu-Bottenbroich.jpg/220px-Gedenkstaette_Totgeborene_Kinder_Neu-Bottenbroich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gedenkstaette_Totgeborene_Kinder_Neu-Bottenbroich.jpg/330px-Gedenkstaette_Totgeborene_Kinder_Neu-Bottenbroich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gedenkstaette_Totgeborene_Kinder_Neu-Bottenbroich.jpg/440px-Gedenkstaette_Totgeborene_Kinder_Neu-Bottenbroich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Monument to stillborn babies in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>In Germany, a stillbirth is defined as the birth of a child of at least 500g weight without blood circulation or breath. Details for burial vary amongst the federal states.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Republic of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasnevin_is_one_of_the_few_cemeteries_that_allowed_stillborn_babies_to_be_buried_in_consecrated_ground_and_contains_an_area_called_the_Angels_Plot._(6905938656).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Glasnevin_is_one_of_the_few_cemeteries_that_allowed_stillborn_babies_to_be_buried_in_consecrated_ground_and_contains_an_area_called_the_Angels_Plot._%286905938656%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Glasnevin_is_one_of_the_few_cemeteries_that_allowed_stillborn_babies_to_be_buried_in_consecrated_ground_and_contains_an_area_called_the_Angels_Plot._%286905938656%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Glasnevin_is_one_of_the_few_cemeteries_that_allowed_stillborn_babies_to_be_buried_in_consecrated_ground_and_contains_an_area_called_the_Angels_Plot._%286905938656%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>At one time, this Angels' Plot was one of the few burial grounds for stillborn babies that was consecrated by the Catholic Church in Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1 January 1995, stillbirths occurring in the Republic of Ireland must be registered; stillbirths that occurred before that date can also be registered but evidence is required.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the purposes of civil registration, s.1 of the Stillbirths Registration Act 1994 refers to "...a child weighing at least 500 grammes, or having reached a gestational age of at least 24 weeks who shows no signs of life." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Netherlands, stillbirth is defined differently by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) and the Dutch Perinatal Registry (Stichting PRN<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The birth and mortality numbers from the CBS include all livebirths, regardless of gestational duration, and all stillbirths from 24 weeks of gestation and onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Perinatal Registry, gestational duration of both liveborn and stillborn children is available.<sup id="cite_ref-Elferink-Stinkens_2001_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elferink-Stinkens_2001-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They register all liveborn and stillborn children from 22, 24 or 28 weeks of gestation and onwards (dependent on the report: fetal, neonatal or perinatal mortality).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, data from these institutions on (still)births cannot be compared simply one-on-one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The registration of stillbirths has been required in England and Wales from 1927 and in Scotland from 1939 but is not required in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-nidirect_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nidirect-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes a pregnancy is terminated deliberately during a late phase, for example due to congenital anomaly.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK law requires these procedures to be registered as "stillbirths".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> For the purposes of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Births_and_Deaths_Registration_Act_1926&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Births and Deaths Registration Act 1926 (page does not exist)">Births and Deaths Registration Act 1926</a> (as amended), section 12 contains the definition:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"still-born" and "still-birth" shall apply to any child which has issued forth from its mother after the twenty fourth week of pregnancy and which did not at any time after being completely expelled from its mother, breathe or show any other signs of life.</p></blockquote><p>A similar definition is applied within the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Births_and_Deaths_Registration_Act_1953&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953 (page does not exist)">Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953</a> (as amended), contained in s.41. </p><p>The above definitions apply within those Acts thus other legislation will not necessarily be in identical terms. </p><p>s.2 of the 1953 Act requires that registration of a birth takes place within 42 days of the birth except where an inquest takes place or the child has been "found exposed" in which latter case the time limit runs from the time of finding. </p><p>Extracts from the register of stillbirths are restricted to those who have obtained consent from the <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_for_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar General for England and Wales">Registrar General for England and Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Scotland">Scotland</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Section 56(1) of the <a href="/wiki/Registration_of_Births,_Deaths_and_Marriages_(Scotland)_Act_1965" title="Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965">Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965</a> (as amended) contains the definition:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"still-born child" means a child which has issued forth from its mother after the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy and which did not at any time after being completely expelled from its mother breathe or show any other signs of life, and the expression "still-birth" shall be construed accordingly</p></blockquote><p>s.21(1) of the same Act requires that:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Except so far as otherwise provided by this section or as may be prescribed, the provisions of this Part of this Act shall, so far as applicable, apply to still-births in like manner as they apply to births of children born alive.</p></blockquote><p>In the general case, s.14 of the Act requires that a birth has to be registered within 21 days of the birth or of the child being found. </p><p>Unlike the registers for births, marriages, civil partnerships and deaths, the register of still-births is not open to public access and issue of extracts requires the permission of the <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_for_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar General for Scotland">Registrar General for Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In Northern Ireland, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Births_and_Deaths_Registration_(Northern_Ireland)_Order_1976&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Births and Deaths Registration (Northern Ireland) Order 1976 (page does not exist)">Births and Deaths Registration (Northern Ireland) Order 1976</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as amended contains the definition:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"still-birth" means the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother after the twenty-fourth week of pregnancy of a child which did not at any time after being completely expelled or extracted breathe or show any other evidence of life.</p></blockquote><p>Registration of stillbirths can be made by a relative or certain other persons involved with the stillbirth but it is not compulsory to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registration takes place with the District Registrar for the Registration District where the still-birth occurred or for the District in which the mother is resident.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stillbirth certificate will be issued to the registrant with further copies only available to those obtaining official consent for their issue.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registration may be made within three months of the still-birth.<sup id="cite_ref-nidirect_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nidirect-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, there is no standard definition of the term 'stillbirth'.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC-def_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-def-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Born-Alive_Infants_Protection_Act" title="Born-Alive Infants Protection Act">Born-Alive Infants Protection Act</a> of 2002 specifies that any breathing, heartbeat, pulsating umbilical cord or confirmed voluntary muscle movement indicate live birth rather than stillbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> collects statistical information on "live births, fetal deaths, and induced termination of pregnancy" from 57 reporting areas in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each reporting area has different guidelines and definitions for what is being reported; many do not use the term "stillbirth" at all.<sup id="cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-my.clevelandclinic.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal guidelines suggest (at page 1) that fetal death and stillbirth can be interchangeable terms. The CDC definition of "fetal death" is based on the definition promulgated by the World Health Organization in 1950 (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Canada">section above on Canada</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers are learning more about the long term psychiatric sequelae of traumatic birth and believe the effects may be intergenerational<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CDC states that, in the US, a stillbirth is typically defined as the loss of a fetus during or after the 20th week of pregnancy. Stillbirths can further be classified as early (occurring between week 20 and week 27 of pregnancy), late (occurring between week 28 and week 36 of pregnancy), and term (occurring during or after week 37 of pregnancy). In the US, approximately 21,000 babies are stillborn annually, and stillbirth affects around 1 in 175 births.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal guidelines recommend reporting those fetal deaths whose birth weight is over 12.5 oz (350 g), or those more than 20 weeks gestation.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty-one areas use a definition very similar to the federal definition, thirteen areas use a shortened definition of fetal death, and three areas have no formal definition of fetal death. Only 11 areas specifically use the term 'stillbirth', often synonymously with late fetal death; however, they are split between whether stillbirths are "irrespective of the duration of pregnancy", or whether some age or weight constraint is applied. A movement in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has changed the way that stillbirths are documented through vital records. Previously, only the deaths were reported. However, 27 states have enacted legislation that offers some variation of a birth certificate as an option for parents who choose to pay for one.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents may not claim a tax exemption for stillborn infants, even if a birth certificate is offered. To claim an exemption, the birth must be certified as live, even if the infant only lives for a very brief period.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i>, some states restricted women's access to abortion, even when the pregnancy is nonviable.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal restrictions on medications and procedures that have been used for abortions may also impact treatment options for women undergoing a miscarriage or stillbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal death">Perinatal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sands_(charity)" title="Sands (charity)">Sands (charity)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NIH2014Def-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Def_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx">"Stillbirth: Overview"</a>. <i>NICHD</i>. 23 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NICHD&rft.atitle=Stillbirth%3A+Overview&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichd.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Ftopics%2Fstillbirth%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2016_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth">"Stillbirth"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019060412/https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Stillbirth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhealth-topics%2Fstillbirth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2014Cau-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Cau_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Cau_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx">"What are possible causes of stillbirth?"</a>. <i>NICHD</i>. 23 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005123557/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/causes.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NICHD&rft.atitle=What+are+possible+causes+of+stillbirth%3F&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichd.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Ftopics%2Fstillbirth%2Ftopicinfo%2FPages%2Fcauses.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2014Risk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Risk_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Risk_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx">"What are the risk factors for stillbirth?"</a>. <i>NICHD</i>. 23 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005132231/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/risk.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NICHD&rft.atitle=What+are+the+risk+factors+for+stillbirth%3F&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichd.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Ftopics%2Fstillbirth%2Ftopicinfo%2FPages%2Frisk.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2014Diag-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Diag_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Diag_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Diag_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx">"How is stillbirth diagnosed?"</a>. <i>NICHD</i>. 23 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131840/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NICHD&rft.atitle=How+is+stillbirth+diagnosed%3F&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichd.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Ftopics%2Fstillbirth%2Ftopicinfo%2FPages%2Fdiagnosed.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2014Tx-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Tx_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Tx_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx">"How do health care providers manage stillbirth?"</a>. <i>NICHD</i>. 23 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133645/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/managed.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NICHD&rft.atitle=How+do+health+care+providers+manage+stillbirth%3F&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichd.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Ftopics%2Fstillbirth%2Ftopicinfo%2FPages%2Fmanaged.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/stillbirths/">"Stillbirth (UNICEF Data)"</a>. <i>UNICEF Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF+Data&rft.atitle=Stillbirth+%28UNICEF+Data%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unicef.org%2Ftopic%2Fchild-survival%2Fstillbirths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html">"What is Stillbirth?"</a>. Center of Disease Control and Prevention<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 Sep</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Stillbirth%3F&rft.pub=Center+of+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncbddd%2Fstillbirth%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamber2022" class="citation book cs1">Bamber AR (2022). "Macerated Stillbirth". In Khong TY, Malcomson RD (eds.). <i>Keeling's Fetal and Neonatal Pathology</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 345–368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-84168-3_15">10.1007/978-3-030-84168-3_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-84168-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-84168-3"><bdi>978-3-030-84168-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245649279">245649279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macerated+Stillbirth&rft.btitle=Keeling%27s+Fetal+and+Neonatal+Pathology&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=345-368&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245649279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-84168-3_15&rft.isbn=978-3-030-84168-3&rft.aulast=Bamber&rft.aufirst=AR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rob2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rob2014_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rob2014_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rob2014_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson GE (January 2014). "Pregnancy loss". <i>Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 169–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2013.08.012">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24047642">24047642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32998899">32998899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+Practice+%26+Research.+Clinical+Obstetrics+%26+Gynaecology&rft.atitle=Pregnancy+loss&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-178&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32998899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24047642&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2013.08.012&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevallMeloCoomarasamy2022" class="citation journal cs1">Devall AJ, Melo P, Coomarasamy A (2022-03-01). "Progesterone for the prevention of threatened miscarriage". <i>Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 44–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ogrm.2022.01.005">10.1016/j.ogrm.2022.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246689049">246689049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics%2C+Gynaecology+and+Reproductive+Medicine&rft.atitle=Progesterone+for+the+prevention+of+threatened+miscarriage&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=44-47&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ogrm.2022.01.005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246689049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Devall&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Melo%2C+P&rft.au=Coomarasamy%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdeib2022" class="citation news cs1">Edeib D (29 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.propublica.org/article/stillbirths-autopsy-placenta-exams-pregnancy">"After a Stillbirth, an Autopsy Can Provide Answers. Too Few of Them Are Being Performed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ProPublica&rft.atitle=After+a+Stillbirth%2C+an+Autopsy+Can+Provide+Answers.+Too+Few+of+Them+Are+Being+Performed.&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft.aulast=Edeib&rft.aufirst=Duaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.propublica.org%2Farticle%2Fstillbirths-autopsy-placenta-exams-pregnancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawn2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawn2016_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawn2016_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawn2016_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawn2016_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawnBlencoweWaiswaAmouzou2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, et al. (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2900837-5">"Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>387</b> (10018): 587–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2900837-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26794078">26794078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Stillbirths%3A+rates%2C+risk+factors%2C+and+acceleration+towards+2030&rft.volume=387&rft.issue=10018&rft.pages=587-603&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2900837-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26794078&rft.aulast=Lawn&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Blencowe%2C+H&rft.au=Waiswa%2C+P&rft.au=Amouzou%2C+A&rft.au=Mathers%2C+C&rft.au=Hogan%2C+D&rft.au=Flenady%2C+V&rft.au=Fr%C3%B8en%2C+JF&rft.au=Qureshi%2C+ZU&rft.au=Calderwood%2C+C&rft.au=Shiekh%2C+S&rft.au=Jassir%2C+FB&rft.au=You%2C+D&rft.au=McClure%2C+EM&rft.au=Mathai%2C+M&rft.au=Cousens%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252815%252900837-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet2016-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2016_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2016_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/stories/series/stillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf">"Ending preventable stillbirths An Executive Summary for The Lancet's Series"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Lancet</i>. Jan 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Ending+preventable+stillbirths+An+Executive+Summary+for+The+Lancet%27s+Series&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fpb%2Fassets%2Fraw%2FLancet%2Fstories%2Fseries%2Fstillbirths2016-exec-summ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx">"Stillbirth: Other FAQs"</a>. <i>NICHD</i>. 23 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005133552/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/questions.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NICHD&rft.atitle=Stillbirth%3A+Other+FAQs&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichd.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Ftopics%2Fstillbirth%2Ftopicinfo%2FPages%2Fquestions.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/stillbirths/">"Stillbirths"</a>. <i>UNICEF Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF+Data&rft.atitle=Stillbirths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unicef.org%2Ftopic%2Fchild-survival%2Fstillbirths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/stillbirths/">"Stillbirths and stillbirth rates"</a>. <i>UNICEF DATA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF+DATA&rft.atitle=Stillbirths+and+stillbirth+rates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unicef.org%2Ftopic%2Fchild-survival%2Fstillbirths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dra2016-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dra2016_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dra2016_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawnBlencoweWaiswaAmouzou2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Waiswa P, Amouzou A, Mathers C, Hogan D, et al. (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2900837-5">"Stillbirths: rates, risk factors, and acceleration towards 2030"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>387</b> (10018): 587–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2900837-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00837-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26794078">26794078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Stillbirths%3A+rates%2C+risk+factors%2C+and+acceleration+towards+2030&rft.volume=387&rft.issue=10018&rft.pages=587-603&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2900837-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26794078&rft.aulast=Lawn&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Blencowe%2C+H&rft.au=Waiswa%2C+P&rft.au=Amouzou%2C+A&rft.au=Mathers%2C+C&rft.au=Hogan%2C+D&rft.au=Flenady%2C+V&rft.au=Fr%C3%B8en%2C+JF&rft.au=Qureshi%2C+ZU&rft.au=Calderwood%2C+C&rft.au=Shiekh%2C+S&rft.au=Jassir%2C+FB&rft.au=You%2C+D&rft.au=McClure%2C+EM&rft.au=Mathai%2C+M&rft.au=Cousens%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252815%252900837-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeisherTeohReinebrantAllanson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Leisher SH, Teoh Z, Reinebrant H, Allanson E, Blencowe H, Erwich JJ, et al. (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5025539">"Classification systems for causes of stillbirth and neonatal death, 2009–2014: an assessment of alignment with characteristics for an effective global system"</a>. <i>BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth</i>. <b>16</b>: 269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12884-016-1040-7">10.1186/s12884-016-1040-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5025539">5025539</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27634615">27634615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Pregnancy+and+Childbirth&rft.atitle=Classification+systems+for+causes+of+stillbirth+and+neonatal+death%2C+2009%E2%80%932014%3A+an+assessment+of+alignment+with+characteristics+for+an+effective+global+system&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=269&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5025539%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27634615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12884-016-1040-7&rft.aulast=Leisher&rft.aufirst=SH&rft.au=Teoh%2C+Z&rft.au=Reinebrant%2C+H&rft.au=Allanson%2C+E&rft.au=Blencowe%2C+H&rft.au=Erwich%2C+JJ&rft.au=Fr%C3%B8en%2C+JF&rft.au=Gardosi%2C+J&rft.au=Gordijn%2C+S&rft.au=G%C3%BClmezoglu%2C+AM&rft.au=Heazell%2C+AE&rft.au=Korteweg%2C+F&rft.au=Lawn%2C+J&rft.au=McClure%2C+EM&rft.au=Pattinson%2C+R&rft.au=Smith%2C+GC&rft.au=Tun%C3%A7alp%2C+%C3%96&rft.au=Wojcieszek%2C+AM&rft.au=Flenady%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5025539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11876571-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11876571_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2002" class="citation journal cs1">Collins JH (February 2002). "Umbilical cord accidents: human studies". <i>Seminars in Perinatology</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 79–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fsper.2002.29860">10.1053/sper.2002.29860</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11876571">11876571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Perinatology&rft.atitle=Umbilical+cord+accidents%3A+human+studies&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-82&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fsper.2002.29860&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11876571&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCacciatore2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Cacciatore J (2007-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI3293887/"><i>A phenomenological exploration of stillbirth and the effects of ritualization on maternal anxiety and depression</i></a> (Thesis). University of Nebraska - Lincoln. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018234817/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI3293887/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+phenomenological+exploration+of+stillbirth+and+the+effects+of+ritualization+on+maternal+anxiety+and+depression&rft.inst=University+of+Nebraska+-+Lincoln&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.aulast=Cacciatore&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fdissertations%2FAAI3293887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-War2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-War2017_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-War2017_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarlandMitchellO'Brien2017" class="citation journal cs1">Warland J, Mitchell EA, O'Brien LM (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unisa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12146787690001831">"Novel strategies to prevent stillbirth"</a>. <i>Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 146–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.siny.2017.01.005">10.1016/j.siny.2017.01.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28162972">28162972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Fetal+%26+Neonatal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Novel+strategies+to+prevent+stillbirth&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=146-152&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.siny.2017.01.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28162972&rft.aulast=Warland&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+EA&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+LM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funisa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com%2Fview%2Fdelivery%2F61USOUTHAUS_INST%2F12146787690001831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2018" class="citation web cs1">Rice A (2018-03-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familydoctor.org/tobacco-alcohol-drugs-pregnancy/">"Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs During Pregnancy"</a>. <i>familydoctor.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=familydoctor.org&rft.atitle=Tobacco%2C+Alcohol%2C+and+Drugs+During+Pregnancy&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilydoctor.org%2Ftobacco-alcohol-drugs-pregnancy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SacconeBerghella2015-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SacconeBerghella2015_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacconeBerghellaSarnoMaruotti2016" class="citation journal cs1">Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, et al. (February 2016). "Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis". <i>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</i>. <b>214</b> (2): 225–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2015.09.080">10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11369%2F330101">11369/330101</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26432464">26432464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Celiac+disease+and+obstetric+complications%3A+a+systematic+review+and+metaanalysis&rft.volume=214&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-234&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11369%2F330101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26432464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2015.09.080&rft.aulast=Saccone&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Berghella%2C+V&rft.au=Sarno%2C+L&rft.au=Maruotti%2C+GM&rft.au=Cetin%2C+I&rft.au=Greco%2C+L&rft.au=Khashan%2C+AS&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+F&rft.au=Martinelli%2C+D&rft.au=Fortunato%2C+F&rft.au=Martinelli%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_study-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_study_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanksMeirikFarleyAkande2006" class="citation journal cs1">Banks E, Meirik O, Farley T, Akande O, Bathija H, Ali M, et al. (WHO study group on female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome) (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312063041/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/fgm-obstetric-study-en.pdf">"Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>367</b> (9525). London: 1835–1841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2968805-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68805-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16753486">16753486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1077505">1077505</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/fgm/fgm-obstetric-study-en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Female+genital+mutilation+and+obstetric+outcome%3A+WHO+collaborative+prospective+study+in+six+African+countries&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=9525&rft.pages=1835-1841&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1077505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16753486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2806%2968805-3&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Meirik%2C+O&rft.au=Farley%2C+T&rft.au=Akande%2C+O&rft.au=Bathija%2C+H&rft.au=Ali%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Freproductivehealth%2Fpublications%2Ffgm%2Ffgm-obstetric-study-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2021" class="citation web cs1">Brennan D (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/parenting/what-is-umbilical-cord-prolapse">"What Is Umbilical Cord Prolapse?"</a>. <i>WebMD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=What+Is+Umbilical+Cord+Prolapse%3F&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fparenting%2Fwhat-is-umbilical-cord-prolapse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroninLiThompsonGordon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cronin RS, Li M, Thompson JM, Gordon A, Raynes-Greenow CH, Heazell AE, et al. (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6543252">"An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis of Maternal Going-to-Sleep Position, Interactions with Fetal Vulnerability, and the Risk of Late Stillbirth"</a>. <i>eClinicalMedicine</i>. <b>10</b>: 49–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eclinm.2019.03.014">10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.03.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6543252">6543252</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31193832">31193832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eClinicalMedicine&rft.atitle=An+Individual+Participant+Data+Meta-analysis+of+Maternal+Going-to-Sleep+Position%2C+Interactions+with+Fetal+Vulnerability%2C+and+the+Risk+of+Late+Stillbirth&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=49-57&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6543252%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31193832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eclinm.2019.03.014&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.au=Li%2C+M&rft.au=Thompson%2C+JM&rft.au=Gordon%2C+A&rft.au=Raynes-Greenow%2C+CH&rft.au=Heazell%2C+AE&rft.au=Stacey%2C+T&rft.au=Culling%2C+VM&rft.au=Bowring%2C+V&rft.au=Anderson%2C+NH&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+LM&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+EA&rft.au=Askie%2C+LM&rft.au=McCowan%2C+LM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6543252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamontScottJonesBhattacharya2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lamont K, Scott NW, Jones GT, Bhattacharya S (June 2015). "Risk of recurrent stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis". <i>BMJ</i>. <b>350</b>: h3080. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.h3080">10.1136/bmj.h3080</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F4642">2164/4642</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26109551">26109551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17095693">17095693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Risk+of+recurrent+stillbirth%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=350&rft.pages=h3080&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F4642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17095693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26109551&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.h3080&rft.aulast=Lamont&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Scott%2C+NW&rft.au=Jones%2C+GT&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html">"What is Stillbirth?"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>. 2019-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=What+is+Stillbirth%3F&rft.date=2019-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncbddd%2Fstillbirth%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeazellStaceyO'BrienMitchell2018" class="citation journal cs1">Heazell AE, Stacey T, O'Brien LM, Mitchell EA, Warland J (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/125347/8/YMEHY_2017_982_Original_V0.pdf">"Excessive fetal movements are a sign of fetal compromise which merits further examination"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Medical Hypotheses</i>. <b>111</b>: 19–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2017.12.024">10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29406989">29406989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Hypotheses&rft.atitle=Excessive+fetal+movements+are+a+sign+of+fetal+compromise+which+merits+further+examination&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=19-23&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2017.12.024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29406989&rft.aulast=Heazell&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Stacey%2C+T&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+LM&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+EA&rft.au=Warland%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F125347%2F8%2FYMEHY_2017_982_Original_V0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-medical.net/health/Fetal-Movements-in-Pregnancy.aspx">"Fetal Movements in Pregnancy"</a>. <i>News-Medical.net</i>. 2015-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News-Medical.net&rft.atitle=Fetal+Movements+in+Pregnancy&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-medical.net%2Fhealth%2FFetal-Movements-in-Pregnancy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/7247-fetal-development-stages-of-growth">"Fetal development: Month-By-Month Stages of Pregnancy"</a>. <i>Cleveland Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Clinic&rft.atitle=Fetal+development%3A+Month-By-Month+Stages+of+Pregnancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Farticles%2F7247-fetal-development-stages-of-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawsYakoobSoomroMenezes2009" class="citation journal cs1">Haws RA, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, Menezes EV, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679411">"Reducing stillbirths: screening and monitoring during pregnancy and labour"</a>. <i>BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth</i>. <b>9</b> (Suppl 1): S5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2393-9-S1-S5">10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679411">2679411</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19426468">19426468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Pregnancy+and+Childbirth&rft.atitle=Reducing+stillbirths%3A+screening+and+monitoring+during+pregnancy+and+labour&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S5&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2679411%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19426468&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2393-9-S1-S5&rft.aulast=Haws&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Yakoob%2C+MY&rft.au=Soomro%2C+T&rft.au=Menezes%2C+EV&rft.au=Darmstadt%2C+GL&rft.au=Bhutta%2C+ZA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2679411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravettEckertGravettDudley2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gravett C, Eckert LO, Gravett MG, Dudley DJ, Stringer EM, Mujobu TB, et al. (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139811">"Non-reassuring fetal status: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data"</a>. <i>Vaccine</i>. <b>34</b> (49): 6084–6092. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2016.03.043">10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139811">5139811</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27461459">27461459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.atitle=Non-reassuring+fetal+status%3A+Case+definition+%26+guidelines+for+data+collection%2C+analysis%2C+and+presentation+of+immunization+safety+data&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=6084-6092&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5139811%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27461459&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2016.03.043&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Eckert%2C+LO&rft.au=Gravett%2C+MG&rft.au=Dudley%2C+DJ&rft.au=Stringer%2C+EM&rft.au=Mujobu%2C+TB&rft.au=Lyabis%2C+O&rft.au=Kochhar%2C+S&rft.au=Swamy%2C+GK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5139811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinare2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kinare A (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2747450">"Fetal environment"</a>. <i>The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 326–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0971-3026.43848">10.4103/0971-3026.43848</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2747450">2747450</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19774194">19774194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Radiology+%26+Imaging&rft.atitle=Fetal+environment&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=326-344&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2747450%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19774194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0971-3026.43848&rft.aulast=Kinare&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2747450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KayodeGrobbee2016-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KayodeGrobbee2016_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayodeGrobbeeAmoakoh-ColemanAdeleke2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kayode GA, Grobbee DE, Amoakoh-Coleman M, Adeleke IT, Ansah E, de Groot JA, Klipstein-Grobusch K (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5029011">"Predicting stillbirth in a low resource setting"</a>. <i>BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12884-016-1061-2">10.1186/s12884-016-1061-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5029011">5029011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27649795">27649795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Pregnancy+and+Childbirth&rft.atitle=Predicting+stillbirth+in+a+low+resource+setting&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=274&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5029011%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27649795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12884-016-1061-2&rft.aulast=Kayode&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.au=Grobbee%2C+DE&rft.au=Amoakoh-Coleman%2C+M&rft.au=Adeleke%2C+IT&rft.au=Ansah%2C+E&rft.au=de+Groot%2C+JA&rft.au=Klipstein-Grobusch%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5029011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-my.clevelandclinic.org-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-my.clevelandclinic.org_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9685-stillbirth">"Stillbirth: Definition, Causes & Prevention"</a>. <i>Cleveland Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Clinic&rft.atitle=Stillbirth%3A+Definition%2C+Causes+%26+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fhealth%2Fdiseases%2F9685-stillbirth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyenWilcox2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen RH, Wilcox AJ (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732966">"Terms in reproductive and perinatal epidemiology: 2. Perinatal terms"</a>. <i>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</i>. <b>59</b> (12): 1019–1021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjech.2004.023465">10.1136/jech.2004.023465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732966">1732966</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16286486">16286486</a>. <q>There is probably no health outcome with a greater number of conflicting, authoritative, legally mandated definitions. The basic WHO definition of fetal death is the intrauterine death of any conceptus at any time during pregnancy. However, for practical purposes, legal definitions usually require recorded fetal deaths to attain some gestational age (16, 20, 22, 24, or 28 weeks) or birth weight (350, 400, 500, or 1000 g). In the US states, there are eight different definitions by combinations of gestational age and weight, and at least as many in Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Epidemiology+and+Community+Health&rft.atitle=Terms+in+reproductive+and+perinatal+epidemiology%3A+2.+Perinatal+terms&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1019-1021&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1732966%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16286486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjech.2004.023465&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=RH&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1732966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.gov/topicpages/h/halden+fgr+experiments">"halden fgr experiments: Topics by Science.gov"</a>. <i>www.science.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.science.gov&rft.atitle=halden+fgr+experiments%3A+Topics+by+Science.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.gov%2Ftopicpages%2Fh%2Fhalden%2Bfgr%2Bexperiments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainesCooper2022" class="citation book cs1">Raines DA, Cooper DB (2022). "Braxton Hicks Contractions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470546/"><i>StatPearls</i></a>. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262073">29262073</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Braxton+Hicks+Contractions&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.place=Treasure+Island+%28FL%29&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29262073&rft.aulast=Raines&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Cooper%2C+DB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK470546%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeallRoss2021" class="citation journal cs1">Beall MH, Ross MG (2021-10-16). Talavera F (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/262470-overview">"Umbilical Cord Complications: Overview, Cord Length, Single Umbilical Artery"</a>. <i>Medscape</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medscape&rft.atitle=Umbilical+Cord+Complications%3A+Overview%2C+Cord+Length%2C+Single+Umbilical+Artery&rft.date=2021-10-16&rft.aulast=Beall&rft.aufirst=MH&rft.au=Ross%2C+MG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F262470-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenezesYakoobSoomroHaws2009" class="citation journal cs1">Menezes EV, Yakoob MY, Soomro T, Haws RA, Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679410">"Reducing stillbirths: prevention and management of medical disorders and infections during pregnancy"</a>. <i>BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth</i>. <b>9</b> (Suppl 1): S4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2393-9-S1-S4">10.1186/1471-2393-9-S1-S4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679410">2679410</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19426467">19426467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Pregnancy+and+Childbirth&rft.atitle=Reducing+stillbirths%3A+prevention+and+management+of+medical+disorders+and+infections+during+pregnancy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S4&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2679410%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19426467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2393-9-S1-S4&rft.aulast=Menezes&rft.aufirst=EV&rft.au=Yakoob%2C+MY&rft.au=Soomro%2C+T&rft.au=Haws%2C+RA&rft.au=Darmstadt%2C+GL&rft.au=Bhutta%2C+ZA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2679410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebMD2011" class="citation news cs1">WebMD (December 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/studies-identify-stillbirth-risk-factors-causes/">"Studies identify stillbirth risk factors, causes"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524214319/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-500368_162-57342588/studies-identify-stillbirth-risk-factors-causes/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Studies+identify+stillbirth+risk+factors%2C+causes&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.au=WebMD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fstudies-identify-stillbirth-risk-factors-causes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mattingly_2022-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mattingly_2022_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mattingly_2022_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattinglyJoy2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mattingly PJ, Joy S (2022-02-15). Talavera F (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/259165-overview">"Evaluation of Fetal Death: Definition of Fetal Death, Frequency of Fetal Death, Diagnosis of Fetal Death"</a>. <i>Medscape</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medscape&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Fetal+Death%3A+Definition+of+Fetal+Death%2C+Frequency+of+Fetal+Death%2C+Diagnosis+of+Fetal+Death&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Joy%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F259165-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunceHeine2021" class="citation web cs1">Bunce EE, Heine RP (June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/women-s-health-issues/symptoms-during-pregnancy/vaginal-bleeding-during-late-pregnancy">"Vaginal Bleeding During Late Pregnancy - Women's Health Issues"</a>. <i>MSD Manual Consumer Version</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSD+Manual+Consumer+Version&rft.atitle=Vaginal+Bleeding+During+Late+Pregnancy+-+Women%27s+Health+Issues&rft.date=2021-06&rft.aulast=Bunce&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Heine%2C+RP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msdmanuals.com%2Fhome%2Fwomen-s-health-issues%2Fsymptoms-during-pregnancy%2Fvaginal-bleeding-during-late-pregnancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/baby/vaginal-birth-after-c-section">"Vaginal Birth: Is It Possible After a C-Section?"</a>. <i>WebMD</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebMD&rft.atitle=Vaginal+Birth%3A+Is+It+Possible+After+a+C-Section%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fbaby%2Fvaginal-birth-after-c-section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuzum_2017-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nuzum_2017_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuzumMeaneyO'Donohue2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nuzum D, Meaney S, O'Donohue K (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301191206/http://imj.ie/communication-skills-in-obstetrics-what-can-we-learn-from-bereaved-parents/">"Communication skills in Obstetrics: what can we learn from bereaved parents?"</a>. <i>Irish Medical Journal</i>. <b>110</b> (2): 512. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28657257">28657257</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imj.ie/communication-skills-in-obstetrics-what-can-we-learn-from-bereaved-parents/">the original</a> on 1 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Communication+skills+in+Obstetrics%3A+what+can+we+learn+from+bereaved+parents%3F&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=512&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28657257&rft.aulast=Nuzum&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Meaney%2C+S&rft.au=O%27Donohue%2C+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimj.ie%2Fcommunication-skills-in-obstetrics-what-can-we-learn-from-bereaved-parents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2016" class="citation news cs1">McAuliffe NI (9 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/parenting/cooling-cuddle-cot-allows-extra-time-with-stillborn-babies-1.2634818">"Cooling 'cuddle cot' allows extra time with stillborn babies"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. Dublin, Ireland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Cooling+%27cuddle+cot%27+allows+extra+time+with+stillborn+babies&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft.aulast=McAuliffe&rft.aufirst=NI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fhealth-family%2Fparenting%2Fcooling-cuddle-cot-allows-extra-time-with-stillborn-babies-1.2634818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tommys.org/baby-loss-support/stillbirth-information-and-support/giving-birth-stillborn-baby">"Preparing for labour and birth with a stillborn baby"</a>. <i>Tommy's</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tommy%27s&rft.atitle=Preparing+for+labour+and+birth+with+a+stillborn+baby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tommys.org%2Fbaby-loss-support%2Fstillbirth-information-and-support%2Fgiving-birth-stillborn-baby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801120802/http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2011/nichd-13.htm">"Placental, pregnancy conditions account for most stillbirths"</a>. <i>NIH News</i>. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 13 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2011/nichd-13.htm">the original</a> on 2013-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIH+News&rft.atitle=Placental%2C+pregnancy+conditions+account+for+most+stillbirths&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nih.gov%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Fdec2011%2Fnichd-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aust-stat-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aust-stat_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon" class="citation web cs1">Gordon A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/RPA/neonatal/html/Newprot/stillbirths.html">"Department of Neonatal Medicine Protocol Book: Royal Prince Alfred Hospital"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520101300/http://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/rpa/neonatal/html/newprot/stillbirths.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Neonatal+Medicine+Protocol+Book%3A+Royal+Prince+Alfred+Hospital&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sswahs.nsw.gov.au%2FRPA%2Fneonatal%2Fhtml%2FNewprot%2Fstillbirths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-cohort-tables--england-and-wales/2009/stb-bct-2009.html">"Statistical bulletin: Live Births, Stillbirths and Infant Deaths, Babies Born in 2009 in England and Wales"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 21 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130210040632/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-cohort-tables--england-and-wales/2009/stb-bct-2009.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+bulletin%3A+Live+Births%2C+Stillbirths+and+Infant+Deaths%2C+Babies+Born+in+2009+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fvsob1%2Fbirth-cohort-tables--england-and-wales%2F2009%2Fstb-bct-2009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/characteristics-of-birth-1--england-and-wales/2011/index.html">"Release: Characteristics of Birth 1, England and Wales, 2011"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 31 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130912201723/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/characteristics-of-birth-1--england-and-wales/2011/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2013. <q>Stillbirths per 1,000 live births have increased from 5.1 in 2010 to 5.2 in 2011</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release%3A+Characteristics+of+Birth+1%2C+England+and+Wales%2C+2011&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fvsob1%2Fcharacteristics-of-birth-1--england-and-wales%2F2011%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maternal_and_fetal_risk_factors_for-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maternal_and_fetal_risk_factors_for_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuwaMwanamsanguBrownMsuya2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chuwa FS, Mwanamsangu AH, Brown BG, Msuya SE, Senkoro EE, Mnali OP, et al. (2017-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5557599">"Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth in Northern Tanzania: A registry-based retrospective cohort study"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>12</b> (8): e0182250. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1282250C">2017PLoSO..1282250C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0182250">10.1371/journal.pone.0182250</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5557599">5557599</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28813528">28813528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Maternal+and+fetal+risk+factors+for+stillbirth+in+Northern+Tanzania%3A+A+registry-based+retrospective+cohort+study&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e0182250&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5557599%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28813528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0182250&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1282250C&rft.aulast=Chuwa&rft.aufirst=FS&rft.au=Mwanamsangu%2C+AH&rft.au=Brown%2C+BG&rft.au=Msuya%2C+SE&rft.au=Senkoro%2C+EE&rft.au=Mnali%2C+OP&rft.au=Mazuguni%2C+F&rft.au=Mahande%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5557599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5615235">"Meeting abstracts from the International Stillbirth Alliance Conference 2017"</a>. <i>BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 1–47. 2017-09-01. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12884-017-1457-7">10.1186/s12884-017-1457-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2393">1471-2393</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5615235">5615235</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Pregnancy+and+Childbirth&rft.atitle=Meeting+abstracts+from+the+International+Stillbirth+Alliance+Conference+2017&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-47&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5615235%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-2393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12884-017-1457-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5615235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2014Epi-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIH2014Epi_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/how-common.aspx">"How common is stillbirth?"</a>. <i>NICHD</i>. 23 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005131327/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo/Pages/how-common.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NICHD&rft.atitle=How+common+is+stillbirth%3F&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichd.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Ftopics%2Fstillbirth%2Ftopicinfo%2FPages%2Fhow-common.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangBhuttaCoatesCoggeshall2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang H, Bhutta ZA, Coates MM, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Diallo K, et al. (GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collaborators) (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5224696">"Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>388</b> (10053): 1725–1774. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931575-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31575-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5224696">5224696</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733285">27733285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+national%2C+and+selected+subnational+levels+of+stillbirths%2C+neonatal%2C+infant%2C+and+under-5+mortality%2C+1980%E2%80%932015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=10053&rft.pages=1725-1774&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5224696%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733285&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931575-6&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Bhutta%2C+ZA&rft.au=Coates%2C+MM&rft.au=Coggeshall%2C+M&rft.au=Dandona%2C+L&rft.au=Diallo%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5224696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeazellSiassakos2016-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeazellSiassakos2016_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeazellSiassakosBlencoweBurden2016" class="citation journal cs1">Heazell AE, Siassakos D, Blencowe H, Burden C, Bhutta ZA, Cacciatore J, et al. (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/HEASEA">"Stillbirths: economic and psychosocial consequences"</a>. <i>Lancet</i>. <b>387</b> (10018): 604–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2900836-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00836-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F4be97bfc-b656-4731-ac50-d7ba35fb9efc">1983/4be97bfc-b656-4731-ac50-d7ba35fb9efc</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26794073">26794073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205976905">205976905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Stillbirths%3A+economic+and+psychosocial+consequences&rft.volume=387&rft.issue=10018&rft.pages=604-616&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F4be97bfc-b656-4731-ac50-d7ba35fb9efc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205976905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26794073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2900836-3&rft.aulast=Heazell&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Siassakos%2C+D&rft.au=Blencowe%2C+H&rft.au=Burden%2C+C&rft.au=Bhutta%2C+ZA&rft.au=Cacciatore%2C+J&rft.au=Dang%2C+N&rft.au=Das%2C+J&rft.au=Flenady%2C+V&rft.au=Gold%2C+KJ&rft.au=Mensah%2C+OK&rft.au=Millum%2C+J&rft.au=Nuzum%2C+D&rft.au=O%27Donoghue%2C+K&rft.au=Redshaw%2C+M&rft.au=Rizvi%2C+A&rft.au=Roberts%2C+T&rft.au=Toyin+Saraki%2C+HE&rft.au=Storey%2C+C&rft.au=Wojcieszek%2C+AM&rft.au=Downe%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FHEASEA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1980" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper JD (1980). "Parental Reactions to Stillbirth". <i>The British Journal of Social Work</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 55–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjsw.a054495">10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a054495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Social+Work&rft.atitle=Parental+Reactions+to+Stillbirth&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-69&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.bjsw.a054495&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarleKomaromyLayne2012" class="citation book cs1">Earle S, Komaromy C, Layne L, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kR2ZbeGWXIwC"><i>Understanding reproductive loss: perspectives on life, death and fertility</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2810-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2810-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-2810-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319022919/https://books.google.com/books?id=kR2ZbeGWXIwC">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+reproductive+loss%3A+perspectives+on+life%2C+death+and+fertility&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-2810-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkR2ZbeGWXIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurdenBradleyStoreyEllis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Burden C, Bradley S, Storey C, Ellis A, Heazell AE, Downe S, et al. (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4719709">"From grief, guilt pain and stigma to hope and pride - a systematic review and meta-analysis of mixed-method research of the psychosocial impact of stillbirth"</a>. <i>BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12884-016-0800-8">10.1186/s12884-016-0800-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4719709">4719709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26785915">26785915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Pregnancy+and+Childbirth&rft.atitle=From+grief%2C+guilt+pain+and+stigma+to+hope+and+pride+-+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+mixed-method+research+of+the+psychosocial+impact+of+stillbirth&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4719709%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26785915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12884-016-0800-8&rft.aulast=Burden&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Bradley%2C+S&rft.au=Storey%2C+C&rft.au=Ellis%2C+A&rft.au=Heazell%2C+AE&rft.au=Downe%2C+S&rft.au=Cacciatore%2C+J&rft.au=Siassakos%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4719709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDueChiarolliRiggs2017" class="citation journal cs1">Due C, Chiarolli S, Riggs DW (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5688642">"The impact of pregnancy loss on men's health and wellbeing: a systematic review"</a>. <i>BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12884-017-1560-9">10.1186/s12884-017-1560-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5688642">5688642</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29141591">29141591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Pregnancy+and+Childbirth&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+pregnancy+loss+on+men%27s+health+and+wellbeing%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=380&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5688642%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29141591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12884-017-1560-9&rft.aulast=Due&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Chiarolli%2C+S&rft.au=Riggs%2C+DW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5688642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahraGordonJeffery2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lahra MM, Gordon A, Jeffery HE (March 2007). "Chorioamnionitis and fetal response in stillbirth". <i>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</i>. <b>196</b> (3): 229.e1–229.e4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2006.10.900">10.1016/j.ajog.2006.10.900</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17346531">17346531</a>. <q>Stillbirth is defined within Australia as fetal death (no signs of life), whether antepartum or intrapartum, at ≥20 weeks of gestation or ≥400 g birthweight, if gestational age is unknown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Chorioamnionitis+and+fetal+response+in+stillbirth&rft.volume=196&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229.e1-229.e4&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajog.2006.10.900&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17346531&rft.aulast=Lahra&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Gordon%2C+A&rft.au=Jeffery%2C+HE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stillbirth:_Case_definition_and_gui_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavares_Da_SilvaGonikMcMillanKeech2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tavares Da Silva F, Gonik B, McMillan M, Keech C, Dellicour S, Bhange S, et al. (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139804">"Stillbirth: Case definition and guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data"</a>. <i>Vaccine</i>. <b>34</b> (49): 6057–6068. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2016.03.044">10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5139804">5139804</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27431422">27431422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.atitle=Stillbirth%3A+Case+definition+and+guidelines+for+data+collection%2C+analysis%2C+and+presentation+of+maternal+immunization+safety+data&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=6057-6068&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5139804%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27431422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2016.03.044&rft.aulast=Tavares+Da+Silva&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Gonik%2C+B&rft.au=McMillan%2C+M&rft.au=Keech%2C+C&rft.au=Dellicour%2C+S&rft.au=Bhange%2C+S&rft.au=Tila%2C+M&rft.au=Harper%2C+DM&rft.au=Woods%2C+C&rft.au=Kawai%2C+AT&rft.au=Kochhar%2C+S&rft.au=Munoz%2C+FM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5139804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040801004236/http://www.statcan.ca/english/sdds/document/3234_D2_T9_V1_E.pdf">"History, Vital Statistics – Stillbirth Database (Survey number 3234)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Statistics Canada (Canada's National Statistical Agency)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statcan.ca/english/sdds/document/3234_D2_T9_V1_E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada+%28Canada%27s+National+Statistical+Agency%29&rft.atitle=History%2C+Vital+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Stillbirth+Database+%28Survey+number+3234%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fsdds%2Fdocument%2F3234_D2_T9_V1_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC-def-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC-def_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC-def_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/itop97.pdf"><i>State Definitions and Reporting Requirements</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1997 Revision ed.). National Center for Health Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829171429/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/itop97.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Definitions+and+Reporting+Requirements&rft.edition=1997+Revision&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Health+Statistics&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fmisc%2Fitop97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713083603/http://www.initiative-regenbogen.de/gesetze.htm">"Gesetze"</a>. Initiative-regenbogen.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.initiative-regenbogen.de/gesetze.htm">the original</a> on 2013-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesetze&rft.pub=Initiative-regenbogen.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.initiative-regenbogen.de%2Fgesetze.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/birth-family-relationships/miscarriage-and-stillbirth/registering_stillbirth">"Registering a stillbirth"</a>. <i>citizensinformation.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207053354/http://citizensinformation.ie/categories/birth-family-relationships/miscarriage-and-stillbirth/registering_stillbirth">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=citizensinformation.ie&rft.atitle=Registering+a+stillbirth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizensinformation.ie%2Fcategories%2Fbirth-family-relationships%2Fmiscarriage-and-stillbirth%2Fregistering_stillbirth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavelliTrompEskesDroog2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ravelli AC, Tromp M, Eskes M, Droog JC, van der Post JA, Jager KJ, et al. (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3129515">"Ethnic differences in stillbirth and early neonatal mortality in The Netherlands"</a>. <i>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</i>. <b>65</b> (8): 696–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjech.2009.095406">10.1136/jech.2009.095406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3129515">3129515</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20719806">20719806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Epidemiology+and+Community+Health&rft.atitle=Ethnic+differences+in+stillbirth+and+early+neonatal+mortality+in+The+Netherlands&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=696-701&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3129515%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20719806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjech.2009.095406&rft.aulast=Ravelli&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Tromp%2C+M&rft.au=Eskes%2C+M&rft.au=Droog%2C+JC&rft.au=van+der+Post%2C+JA&rft.au=Jager%2C+KJ&rft.au=Mol%2C+BW&rft.au=Reitsma%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3129515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuleimanIbrahimAbdulkarim2015" class="citation journal cs1">Suleiman BM, Ibrahim HM, Abdulkarim N (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387327">"Determinants of stillbirths in katsina, Nigeria: a hospital-based study"</a>. <i>Pediatric Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 5615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fpr.2015.5615">10.4081/pr.2015.5615</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387327">4387327</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25918622">25918622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Reports&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+stillbirths+in+katsina%2C+Nigeria%3A+a+hospital-based+study&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5615&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4387327%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25918622&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4081%2Fpr.2015.5615&rft.aulast=Suleiman&rft.aufirst=BM&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+HM&rft.au=Abdulkarim%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4387327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elferink-Stinkens_2001-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elferink-Stinkens_2001_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElferink-StinkensVan_HemelBrandMerkus2001" class="citation journal cs1">Elferink-Stinkens PM, Van Hemel OJ, Brand R, Merkus JM (January 2001). "The Perinatal Database of the Netherlands". <i>European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology</i>. <b>94</b> (1): 125–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0301-2115%2800%2900295-5">10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00295-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11134838">11134838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Obstetrics%2C+Gynecology%2C+and+Reproductive+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Perinatal+Database+of+the+Netherlands&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-138&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0301-2115%2800%2900295-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11134838&rft.aulast=Elferink-Stinkens&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Van+Hemel%2C+OJ&rft.au=Brand%2C+R&rft.au=Merkus%2C+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakketeigBergsjø208" class="citation book cs1">Bakketeig LS, Bergsjø P (208). "Perinatal epidemiology.". <i>International Encyclopedia of Public Health</i>. Elsevier. pp. 45–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-012373960-5.00199-4">10.1016/B978-012373960-5.00199-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373960-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373960-5"><bdi>978-0-12-373960-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perinatal+epidemiology.&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Public+Health&rft.pages=45-53&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-012373960-5.00199-4&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373960-5&rft.aulast=Bakketeig&rft.aufirst=LS&rft.au=Bergsj%C3%B8%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nidirect-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nidirect_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nidirect_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327200619/http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/information-and-services/government-citizens-and-rights/births-and-registration/registering-a-still-birth.htm">"Registering a still-birth"</a>. <i>www.nidirect.gov.uk</i>. Belfast, Northern Ireland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/information-and-services/government-citizens-and-rights/births-and-registration/registering-a-still-birth.htm">the original</a> on 2012-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nidirect.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Registering+a+still-birth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidirect.gov.uk%2Findex%2Finformation-and-services%2Fgovernment-citizens-and-rights%2Fbirths-and-registration%2Fregistering-a-still-birth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_ElHenneman2018" class="citation book cs1">van El C, Henneman L (January 2018). "Cell-Free DNA-Based Noninvasive Prenatal Testing and Society.". <i>Noninvasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)</i>. Academic Press. pp. 235–249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-814189-2.00014-1">10.1016/B978-0-12-814189-2.00014-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128141892" title="Special:BookSources/9780128141892"><bdi>9780128141892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cell-Free+DNA-Based+Noninvasive+Prenatal+Testing+and+Society.&rft.btitle=Noninvasive+Prenatal+Testing+%28NIPT%29&rft.pages=235-249&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-814189-2.00014-1&rft.isbn=9780128141892&rft.aulast=van+El&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Henneman%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBythellBellTaylorZalewski2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bythell M, Bell R, Taylor R, Zalewski S, Wright C, Rankin J, Ward Platt MP (April 2008). "The contribution of late termination of pregnancy to stillbirth rates in Northern England, 1994-2005". <i>BJOG</i>. <b>115</b> (5): 664–666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.2008.01668.x">10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01668.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18333949">18333949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41058738">41058738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJOG&rft.atitle=The+contribution+of+late+termination+of+pregnancy+to+stillbirth+rates+in+Northern+England%2C+1994-2005&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=664-666&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41058738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18333949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-0528.2008.01668.x&rft.aulast=Bythell&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Bell%2C+R&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R&rft.au=Zalewski%2C+S&rft.au=Wright%2C+C&rft.au=Rankin%2C+J&rft.au=Ward+Platt%2C+MP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2009" class="citation journal cs1">Davis G (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808697">"Stillbirth registration and perceptions of infant death, 1900-60: the Scottish case in national context"</a>. <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>62</b> (3): 629–654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2009.00478.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00478.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2808697">2808697</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20098665">20098665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Stillbirth+registration+and+perceptions+of+infant+death%2C+1900-60%3A+the+Scottish+case+in+national+context&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=629-654&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2808697%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20098665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2009.00478.x&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2808697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/registration/about-registration-in-scotland">"National Records of Scotland"</a>. <i>National Records of Scotland</i>. 2013-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft.date=2013-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrscotland.gov.uk%2Fregistration%2Fabout-registration-in-scotland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1976/1041">"Births and Deaths Registration (Northern Ireland) Order 1976"</a>. Legislation.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523140543/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1976/1041">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Births+and+Deaths+Registration+%28Northern+Ireland%29+Order+1976&rft.pub=Legislation.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fnisi%2F1976%2F1041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/stillbirth">"Stillbirth"</a>. <i>www.who.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Stillbirth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fhealth-topics%2Fstillbirth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/stories/what-birth-registration-and-why-does-it-matter">"What is birth registration and why does it matter?"</a>. <i>www.unicef.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=What+is+birth+registration+and+why+does+it+matter%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fstories%2Fwhat-birth-registration-and-why-does-it-matter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/registering-stillbirth">"Registering a stillbirth"</a>. <i>www.nidirect.gov.uk</i>. 2015-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nidirect.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Registering+a+stillbirth&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidirect.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Fregistering-stillbirth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_reports&docid=f:hr186.107">"House Report 107-186 – Born-Alive Infants Protection Act of 2001"</a>. <i>gpo.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016205334/http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_reports">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gpo.gov&rft.atitle=House+Report+107-186+%E2%80%93+Born-Alive+Infants+Protection+Act+of+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D107_cong_reports%26docid%3Df%3Ahr186.107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/itop97.pdf"><i>State Definitions and Reporting Requirements</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1997 Revision ed.). National Center for Health Statistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Definitions+and+Reporting+Requirements&rft.edition=1997+Revision&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Health+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fmisc%2Fitop97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(US)_Committee_on_National_Statistics2009" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (US) Committee on National Statistics (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK219884/"><i>The U.S. Vital Statistics System: A National Perspective</i></a>. National Academies Press (US).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Vital+Statistics+System%3A+A+National+Perspective&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2009&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28US%29+Committee+on+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK219884%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCacciatore2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cacciatore J (2010). "The unique experiences of women and their families after the death of a baby". <i>Social Work in Health Care</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 134–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00981380903158078">10.1080/00981380903158078</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2286%2FR.I.28317">2286/R.I.28317</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20175019">20175019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39669213">39669213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Work+in+Health+Care&rft.atitle=The+unique+experiences+of+women+and+their+families+after+the+death+of+a+baby&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=134-148&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2286%2FR.I.28317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39669213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20175019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00981380903158078&rft.aulast=Cacciatore&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/stillbirth/facts.html">"What is Stillbirth?"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>. 29 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=What+is+Stillbirth%3F&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncbddd%2Fstillbirth%2Ffacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/convention-text">"Convention on the Rights of the Child text"</a>. <i>www.unicef.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Convention+on+the+Rights+of+the+Child+text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fchild-rights-convention%2Fconvention-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauptHansenJanzenFirsching2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haupt WF, Hansen HC, Janzen RW, Firsching R, Galldiks N (2015-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424227">"Coma and cerebral imaging"</a>. <i>SpringerPlus</i>. <b>4</b>: 180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40064-015-0869-y">10.1186/s40064-015-0869-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424227">4424227</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25984436">25984436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpringerPlus&rft.atitle=Coma+and+cerebral+imaging&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=180&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4424227%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25984436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40064-015-0869-y&rft.aulast=Haupt&rft.aufirst=WF&rft.au=Hansen%2C+HC&rft.au=Janzen%2C+RW&rft.au=Firsching%2C+R&rft.au=Galldiks%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4424227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTawfik" class="citation web cs1">Tawfik N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65935189">"She was denied an abortion in Texas - then she almost died"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=She+was+denied+an+abortion+in+Texas+-+then+she+almost+died&rft.aulast=Tawfik&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-65935189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjiSalganicoffSobel" class="citation web cs1">Ranji U, Salganicoff A, Sobel L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/dobbs-era-abortion-bans-and-restrictions-early-insights-about-implications-for-pregnancy-loss/">"Dobbs-era Abortion Bans and Restrictions: Early Insights about Implications for Pregnancy Loss"</a>. <i>KFF</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KFF&rft.atitle=Dobbs-era+Abortion+Bans+and+Restrictions%3A+Early+Insights+about+Implications+for+Pregnancy+Loss&rft.aulast=Ranji&rft.aufirst=Usha&rft.au=Salganicoff%2C+Alina&rft.au=Sobel%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kff.org%2Fwomens-health-policy%2Fissue-brief%2Fdobbs-era-abortion-bans-and-restrictions-early-insights-about-implications-for-pregnancy-loss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStillbirth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745832" class="extiw" title="d:Q745832">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: fetal: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#505744734">KD3B</a>; maternal: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#460488781">QA46</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: fetal: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/P95">P95</a>; maternal: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Z37.1">Z37.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Z37.3">Z37.3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Z37.4">Z37.4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Z37.7">Z37.7</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/614389">614389</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D050497">D050497</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb6890.htm">6890</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002304.htm">002304</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/search/Stillbirth-overview">search/Stillbirth</a></li><li><b>Scholia</b>: <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/topic/Q745832">Q745832</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li>G. J. Barker-Benfield, "Stillbirth and Sensibility The Case of Abigail and John Adams", <i>Early American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal,</i> Spring 2012, Vol. 10 Issue 1, pp 2–29.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/series/ending-preventable-stillbirths">Lancet series on stillbirth 2016</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x18px_Women&#039;s_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women%27s_health" title="Template:Women's health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women%27s_health" title="Template talk:Women's health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women%27s_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women's health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x18px_Women&#039;s_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_health_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/12px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/18px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Women%27s_health_icon.svg/24px-Women%27s_health_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="412" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Reproductive <br />health</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Reproductive <br />tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">External female genitalia (vulva)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal <br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenatal care">Antenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolescent pregnancy">Adolescent pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Complications of pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">Preeclampsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_births" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple births">Multiple births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstructed labor">Obstructed labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesarian_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesarian section">Cesarian section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retained_placenta" title="Retained placenta">Retained placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_fistulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrical fistulae">Obstetrical fistulae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episiotomy" title="Episiotomy">Episiotomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal deaths">Maternal deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirths" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillbirths">Stillbirths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother-to-child_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-to-child transmission">Mother-to-child transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">Sterilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_and_mental_health" title="Breastfeeding and mental health">Breastfeeding and mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_life_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive life plan">Reproductive <br />life plan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childlessness" title="Childlessness">Childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">In vitro fertilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fostering">Fostering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">Contraception</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Oral contraceptive pill">Oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_prevalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive prevalence">Contraceptive prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_security" title="Contraceptive security">Contraceptive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_parenthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned parenthood">Planned parenthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_aids" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual aids">Menstrual aids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary pad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">Amenorrhoea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone replacement therapy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sexual <br />health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexually_transmittedinfections" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">Sexually transmitted<br />infections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">Human papilloma virus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoridectomy" title="Clitoridectomy">Clitoridectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_binding" title="Breast binding">Breast binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast health">Breast health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological disorders">Gynaecological disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">Sex differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Non-reproductive<br /> health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Violence_against_women" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence <br />against women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">Gender discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-communicable diseases">Non-communicable <br />diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancer" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Papanicolaou test">Papanicolaou test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_health" title="Bone health">Bone health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">Anaemia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">Urinary tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Urinary incontinence</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Sociocultural <br />factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare inequality">Healthcare inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">Gender disparities in health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Politics, research<br />and advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_elimination_of_violence_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the elimination of violence against women">Declaration on the elimination of violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">International Day of the Girl Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurses%27_Health_Study" title="Nurses' Health Study">Nurses' Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Women%27s_Health_Study" title="Black Women's Health Study">Black Women's Health Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright_Inquiry" title="Cartwright Inquiry">Cartwright Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Women%27s_Health_Research" title="Society for Women's Health Research">Society for Women's Health Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2D4CE;;width:1%">Women's health<br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_India" title="Family planning in India">Family planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_Russia" title="Women's reproductive health in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control in the United States</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2D4CE;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" title="Category:Women's health">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Women%27s_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Women's health">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women%27s_Health" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Women's Health">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template talk:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conditions originating in the <a href="/wiki/Perinatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal">perinatal</a> period / <a href="/wiki/Fetal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal disease">fetal disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal factors <br /> complicating pregnancy,<br /> labour or delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Placental_disease" title="Placental disease">placenta</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_praevia" title="Placenta praevia">Placenta praevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_insufficiency" title="Placental insufficiency">Placental insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-to-twin_transfusion_syndrome" title="Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome">Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">Chorioamnionitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord#Problems_and_abnormalities" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse" title="Umbilical cord prolapse">Umbilical cord prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_cord" title="Nuchal cord">Nuchal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_umbilical_artery" title="Single umbilical artery">Single umbilical artery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">presentation</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">Breech birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynclitic_birth" title="Asynclitic birth">Asynclitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">Shoulder presentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_for_gestational_age" title="Small for gestational age">Small for gestational age</a> / <a href="/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age" title="Large for gestational age">Large for gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">Intrauterine growth restriction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birth_trauma_(physical)" title="Birth trauma (physical)">Birth trauma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalohematoma" title="Cephalohematoma">Cephalohematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chignon_(medical_term)" title="Chignon (medical term)">Chignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caput_succedaneum" title="Caput succedaneum">Caput succedaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgaleal_hemorrhage" title="Subgaleal hemorrhage">Subgaleal hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury" title="Brachial plexus injury">Brachial plexus injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erb%27s_palsy" title="Erb's palsy">Erb's palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klumpke_paralysis" title="Klumpke paralysis">Klumpke paralysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affected systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_hypoxia" title="Intrauterine hypoxia">Intrauterine hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_tachypnea_of_the_newborn" title="Transient tachypnea of the newborn">Transient tachypnea of the newborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_aspiration_syndrome" title="Meconium aspiration syndrome">Meconium aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Pneumomediastinum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Mikity_syndrome" title="Wilson–Mikity syndrome">Wilson–Mikity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia" title="Bronchopulmonary dysplasia">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumopericardium" title="Pneumopericardium">Pneumopericardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_fetal_circulation" title="Persistent fetal circulation">Persistent fetal circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">Bleeding</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">hematologic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency_bleeding" title="Vitamin K deficiency bleeding">Vitamin K deficiency bleeding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">HDN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)">ABO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Kell)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell)">Anti-Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Rhc)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)">Rh c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_disease" title="Rh disease">Rh D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-RhE)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)">Rh E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis" title="Hydrops fetalis">Hydrops fetalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinemia">Hyperbilirubinemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">Kernicterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velamentous_cord_insertion" title="Velamentous cord insertion">Velamentous cord insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage" title="Intraventricular hemorrhage">Intraventricular hemorrhage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_matrix_hemorrhage" title="Germinal matrix hemorrhage">Germinal matrix hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_of_prematurity" title="Anemia of prematurity">Anemia of prematurity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing enterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_peritonitis" title="Meconium peritonitis">Meconium peritonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integument</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Erythema toxicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerema_neonatorum" title="Sclerema neonatorum">Sclerema neonatorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_asphyxia" title="Perinatal asphyxia">Perinatal asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periventricular_leukomalacia" title="Periventricular leukomalacia">Periventricular leukomalacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder" title="Musculoskeletal disorder">Musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_baby_syndrome" title="Gray baby syndrome">Gray baby syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">Congenital hypertonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">Congenital hypotonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertically transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">Neonatal infection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis_infection" title="Mycoplasma hominis infection">mycoplasma hominis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum infection">ureaplasma urealyticum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Omphalitis">Omphalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_sepsis" title="Neonatal sepsis">Neonatal sepsis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis" title="Neonatal conjunctivitis">Neonatal conjunctivitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stillbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_Alcohol_Spectrum_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder">Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745832#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4140081-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stillbirth"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85128116">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Foetus -- Mort"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119712123">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Foetus -- Mort"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119712123">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571313">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536428105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&oldid=1255520765">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&oldid=1255520765</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stillbirth" title="Category:Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth_and_the_puerperium" title="Category:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium">Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fertility" title="Category:Fertility">Fertility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_aspects_of_death" title="Category:Medical aspects of death">Medical aspects of death</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Midwifery" title="Category:Midwifery">Midwifery</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 10:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stillbirth&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-68pwz","wgBackendResponseTime":173,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.151","walltime":"1.333","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8555,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":314137,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8479,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":376678,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1134.705 1 -total"," 45.24% 513.388 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.53% 221.634 11 Template:Navbox"," 18.82% 213.569 40 Template:Cite_web"," 15.28% 173.389 38 Template:Cite_journal"," 13.84% 157.030 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 10.73% 121.725 2 Template:Hlist"," 7.69% 87.269 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 7.05% 80.002 2 Template:Short_description"," 6.26% 71.050 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.692","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22622082,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nhjc4","timestamp":"20241122140558","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Stillbirth","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stillbirth","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q745832","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q745832","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-14T03:17:57Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T10:09:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1a\/Nuchal_edema_in_Down_Syndrome_Dr._W._Moroder.jpg","headline":"death of a fetus before or during delivery"}</script> </body> </html>