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</li> <li id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexually_transmitted_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Sexually transmitted infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Causes of failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Side effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adult_film_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_film_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Adult film industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_film_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sex education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infertility_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infertility_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Infertility treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infertility_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_condom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_condom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Internal condom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_condom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Materials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_latex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_latex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Natural latex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_latex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Synthetic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lambskin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lambskin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Lambskin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lambskin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spermicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spermicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Spermicide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spermicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ribbed_and_studded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ribbed_and_studded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ribbed and studded </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ribbed_and_studded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevalence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Before the 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800_through_1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800_through_1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 1800 through 1920s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800_through_1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rubber_and_manufacturing_advances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rubber_and_manufacturing_advances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Rubber and manufacturing advances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rubber_and_manufacturing_advances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 1930 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_other_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_other_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Etymology and other terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_other_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Religious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_and_environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_and_environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Scientific and environmental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_and_environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_barriers_to_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_barriers_to_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cultural barriers to use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_barriers_to_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Major manufacturers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Condom</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" > 113 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondoom" title="Kondoom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kondoom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84_%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="عازل ذكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عازل ذكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE" title="কণ্ডম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কণ্ডম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservativu" title="Preservativu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Preservativu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezervativ" title="Prezervativ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Prezervativ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="کاندوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاندوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AE" title="কনডম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কনডম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sak-khuh" title="Sak-khuh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sak-khuh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E" title="Прэзерватыў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэзерватыў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E" title="Прэзэрватыў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прэзэрватыў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE" title="कौंडम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कौंडम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Презерватив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Презерватив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སྲུང་ཤུབས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྲུང་ཤུབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevell" title="Stevell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stevell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservatiu" title="Preservatiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Preservatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom" title="Condom – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Condom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondoom" title="Kondoom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kondoom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Προφυλακτικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προφυλακτικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guld%C3%B2un" title="Guldòun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Guldòun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservativo" title="Preservativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Preservativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondomo" title="Kondomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kondomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondoi" title="Kondoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kondoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="کاندوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاندوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9servatif" title="Préservatif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Préservatif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondoom" title="Kondoom – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kondoom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coisc%C3%ADn" title="Coiscín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coiscín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservativo" title="Preservativo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Preservativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A7" title="નિરોધ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિરોધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EB%8F%94" title="콘돔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘돔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararon_roba" title="Kwararon roba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwararon roba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Պահպանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պահպանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="निरोध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निरोध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezervativ" title="Prezervativ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prezervativ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom" title="Condom – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Condom" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservativo" title="Preservativo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Preservativo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokkur" title="Smokkur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Smokkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profilattico" title="Profilattico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Profilattico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קונדום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="პრეზერვატივი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრეზერვატივი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Үрпекқап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үрпекқап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondomu" title="Kondomu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kondomu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapoti" title="Kapoti – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kapoti" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapot" title="Kapot – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kapot" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeservativum_(contraceptivum)" title="Praeservativum (contraceptivum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praeservativum (contraceptivum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezervat%C4%ABvs" title="Prezervatīvs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prezervatīvs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C3%ABttchen" title="Kapëttchen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kapëttchen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezervatyvas" title="Prezervatyvas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prezervatyvas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C9%94%CC%81ti" title="Kapɔ́ti – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kapɔ́ti" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldon" title="Goldon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Goldon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93vszer" title="Óvszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Óvszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Презерватив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Презерватив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="കോണ്ടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോണ്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="निरोध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निरोध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="პრეზერვატივი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პრეზერვატივი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89" title="الواقى الذكرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الواقى الذكرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="کاندوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاندوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" title="ကွန်ဒုံး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ဒုံး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoom" title="Condoom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Condoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="ढाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढाल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="コンドーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンドーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE" title="କଣ୍ଡୋମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଣ୍ଡୋମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezervativ" title="Prezervativ – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prezervativ" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕੰਡੋਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਡੋਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%89%D9%88%D9%85" title="کانډوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کانډوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezerwatywa" title="Prezerwatywa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prezerwatywa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservativo" title="Preservativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Preservativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezervativ" title="Prezervativ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prezervativ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullu_islampu" title="Ullu islampu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ullu islampu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Презерватив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Презерватив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱳᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom" title="Condom – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Condom" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezervativi" title="Prezervativi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Prezervativi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisirvativu" title="Prisirvativu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Prisirvativu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94" title="උපත් පාලන කොපු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උපත් පාලන කොපු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom" title="Condom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Condom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezervat%C3%ADv" title="Prezervatív – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prezervatív" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olik" title="Olik – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Olik" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%85" title="کۆندۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆندۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Кондом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кондом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondomi" title="Kondomi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kondomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panlalaking_kondom" title="Panlalaking kondom – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panlalaking kondom" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="கருத்தடை உறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருத்தடை உறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%82" title="కండోం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కండోం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="ถุงยางอนามัย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถุงยางอนามัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezervatif" title="Prezervatif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Prezervatif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Презерватив – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Презерватив" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%85" title="کنڈوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنڈوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_cao_su" title="Bao cao su – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bao cao su" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservum" title="Preservum – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Preservum" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capote_inglesse" title="Capote inglesse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Capote inglesse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BF%E5%AD%95%E5%A5%97" title="避孕套 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="避孕套" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondom" title="Kondom – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kondom" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BF%E5%AD%95%E5%A5%97" title="避孕套 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="避孕套" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device for birth control and STI prevention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the transmission barrier and contraceptive device. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Condom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Condom (disambiguation)">Condom (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about external (male) condoms, mostly. For condoms used internally, see <a href="/wiki/Internal_condom" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal condom">Internal condom</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lavender">Condom</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kondom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kondom.jpg/240px-Kondom.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Kondom.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="220" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A rolled-up condom</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender">Background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒndəm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KON-dəm</a> or <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒndɒm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KON-dom</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Barrier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First use</th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a> Rubber: 1855<a href="#cite_note-Al2011-2">[2]</a> Latex: 1920s<a href="#cite_note-Mc2000-3">[3]</a> Polyurethane: 1994 Polyisoprene: 2008</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> rates (first year, latex)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perfect use</th><td class="infobox-data">2%<a href="#cite_note-Trussell_2011-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical use</th><td class="infobox-data">18%<a href="#cite_note-Trussell_2011-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reversibility</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">User reminders</th><td class="infobox-data">Latex condoms are damaged by oil-based <a href="/wiki/Personal_lubricant" title="Personal lubricant">lubricants</a><a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:lavender">Advantages and disadvantages</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">STI</a> protection</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Benefits</th><td class="infobox-data">No health care visits required and low cost<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A condom is a sheath-shaped <a href="/wiki/Barrier_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier contraception">barrier device</a> used during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> to reduce the probability of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted infection</a> (STI).<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a> There are both external condoms, also called male condoms, and <a href="/wiki/Internal_condom" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal condom">internal (female) condoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-5">[5]</a> The external condom is rolled onto an <a href="/wiki/Erect_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Erect penis">erect penis</a> before intercourse and works by forming a physical barrier which limits skin-to-skin contact, exposure to <a href="/wiki/Bodily_Fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodily Fluids">fluids</a>, and blocks <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> from entering the body of a sexual partner.<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sp2011-6">[6]</a> External condoms are typically made from <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> and, less commonly, from <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyisoprene" title="Polyisoprene">polyisoprene</a>, or lamb intestine.<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a> External condoms have the advantages of ease of use, ease of access, and few side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a> Individuals with <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">latex allergy</a> should use condoms made from a material other than latex, such as polyurethane.<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a> Internal condoms are typically made from polyurethane and may be used multiple times.<a href="#cite_note-Sp2011-6">[6]</a> With proper use—and use at every act of intercourse—women whose partners use external condoms experience a 2% per-year pregnancy rate.<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a> With typical use, the rate of pregnancy is 18% per-year.<a href="#cite_note-Trussell_2011-4">[4]</a> Their use greatly decreases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">chlamydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">trichomoniasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a> To a lesser extent, they also protect against <a href="/wiki/Genital_herpes" title="Genital herpes">genital herpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV), and <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a> Condoms as a method of preventing STIs have been used since at least 1564.<a href="#cite_note-Hat2007-1">[1]</a> Rubber condoms became available in 1855, followed by latex condoms in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Al2011-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mc2000-3">[3]</a> It is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_List_of_Essential_Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO23rd-7">[7]</a> As of 2019, globally around 21% of those using <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> use the condom, making it the second-most common method after <a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">female sterilization</a> (24%).<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Rates of condom use are highest in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> About six to nine billion are sold a year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_control">Birth control</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods#Effectiveness_of_various_methods" title="Comparison of birth control methods">Comparison of birth control methods: Effectiveness of various methods</a></div> The effectiveness of condoms, as of most forms of <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, can be assessed two ways. Perfect use or method effectiveness rates only include people who use condoms properly and consistently. Actual use, or typical use effectiveness rates are of all condom users, including those who use condoms incorrectly or do not use condoms at every act of intercourse. Rates are generally presented for the first year of use.<a href="#cite_note-hatcher-9">[9]</a> Most commonly the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Index" title="Pearl Index">Pearl Index</a> is used to calculate effectiveness rates, but some studies use <a href="/wiki/Decrement_table" title="Decrement table">decrement tables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kippley-10">[10]</a>: 141  The typical use pregnancy rate among condom users varies depending on the population being studied, ranging from 10 to 18% per year.<a href="#cite_note-Kippley1996-11">[11]</a> The perfect use pregnancy rate of condoms is 2% per year.<a href="#cite_note-hatcher-9">[9]</a> Condoms may be combined with other forms of contraception (such as <a href="/wiki/Spermicide" title="Spermicide">spermicide</a>) for greater protection.<a href="#cite_note-simultaneous-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexually_transmitted_infections">Sexually transmitted infections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condom_on_Obelisk,_Buenos_Aires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Condom_on_Obelisk%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg/170px-Condom_on_Obelisk%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Condom_on_Obelisk%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg/255px-Condom_on_Obelisk%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Condom_on_Obelisk%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg/340px-Condom_on_Obelisk%2C_Buenos_Aires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A giant replica of a condom on the <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Obelisk of Buenos Aires">Obelisk of Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina, part of an awareness campaign for the 2005 <a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></figcaption></figure> Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a> (STIs). They have been shown to be effective in reducing infection rates in both men and women. While not perfect, the condom is effective at reducing the transmission of organisms that cause <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genital_herpes" title="Genital herpes">genital herpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genital_wart" title="Genital wart">genital warts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">chlamydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>, and other diseases.<a href="#cite_note-planned_parenthood-13">[13]</a> Condoms are often recommended as an adjunct to more effective birth control methods (such as <a href="/wiki/IUD" class="mw-redirect" title="IUD">IUD</a>) in situations where STI protection is also desired.<a href="#cite_note-DualProtection-14">[14]</a> For this reason, condoms are frequently used by those in the <a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">swinging</a> community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to a 2000 report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH), consistent use of latex condoms reduces the risk of <a href="/wiki/HIV_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV transmission">HIV transmission</a> by approximately 85% relative to risk when unprotected, putting the seroconversion rate (infection rate) at 0.9 per 100 person-years with condom, down from 6.7 per 100 person-years.<a href="#cite_note-workshop-15">[15]</a> Analysis published in 2007 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" title="University of Texas Medical Branch">University of Texas Medical Branch</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> found similar risk reductions of 80–95%. The 2000 NIH review concluded that condom use significantly reduces the risk of gonorrhea for men.<a href="#cite_note-workshop-15">[15]</a> A 2006 study reports that proper condom use decreases the risk of transmission of <a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">human papillomavirus</a> (HPV) to women by approximately 70%.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Another study in the same year found consistent condom use was effective at reducing transmission of <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex virus-2">herpes simplex virus-2</a>, also known as genital herpes, in both men and women.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Although a condom is effective in limiting exposure, some disease transmission may occur even with a condom. Infectious areas of the genitals, especially when symptoms are present, may not be covered by a condom, and as a result, some diseases like HPV and herpes may be transmitted by direct contact.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The primary effectiveness issue with using condoms to prevent STIs, however, is inconsistent use.<a href="#cite_note-badnews-21">[21]</a> Condoms may also be useful in treating potentially <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">precancerous cervical changes</a>. Exposure to human papillomavirus, even in individuals already infected with the virus, appears to increase the risk of precancerous changes. The use of condoms helps promote regression of these changes.<a href="#cite_note-Hogewoning2003-22">[22]</a> In addition, researchers in the UK suggest that a hormone in semen can aggravate existing cervical cancer, condom use during sex can prevent exposure to the hormone.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_failure">Causes of failure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condom_on_penis_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Condom_on_penis_1.jpg/220px-Condom_on_penis_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Condom_on_penis_1.jpg/330px-Condom_on_penis_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Condom_on_penis_1.jpg/440px-Condom_on_penis_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>Condom fitting in size over a silicone dildo</figcaption></figure> Condoms may slip off the penis after <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> break due to improper application or physical damage (such as tears caused when opening the package), or break or slip due to latex degradation (typically from usage past the expiration date, improper storage, or exposure to oils). The rate of breakage is between 0.4% and 2.3%, while the rate of slippage is between 0.6% and 1.3%.<a href="#cite_note-workshop-15">[15]</a> Even if no breakage or slippage is observed, 1–3% of women will test positive for semen residue after intercourse with a condom.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pinhole-26">[26]</a> Failure rates are higher for <a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal sex</a>, and until 2022, condoms were only approved by the FDA for <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal sex">vaginal sex</a>. The <a href="/wiki/One_Male_Condom" title="One Male Condom">One Male Condom</a> received FDA approval for anal sex on 23 February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_releases-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Hill_approves-28">[28]</a> Different modes of condom failure result in different levels of semen exposure. If a failure occurs during application, the damaged condom may be disposed of and a new condom applied before intercourse begins – such failures generally pose no risk to the user.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> One study found that semen exposure from a broken condom was about half that of unprotected intercourse; semen exposure from a slipped condom was about one-fifth that of unprotected intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Standard condoms will <a href="/wiki/Human_penis_size" title="Human penis size">fit almost any penis</a>, with varying degrees of comfort or risk of slippage. Many condom manufacturers offer "snug" or "magnum" sizes. Some manufacturers also offer custom sized-to-fit condoms, with claims that they are more reliable and offer improved sensation/comfort.<a href="#cite_note-cbstheyfit-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Some studies have associated larger penises and smaller condoms with increased breakage and decreased slippage rates (and vice versa), but other studies have been inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-fhi3-34">[34]</a> It is recommended for condoms manufacturers to avoid very thick or very thin condoms, because they are both considered less effective.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Some authors encourage users to choose thinner condoms "for greater durability, sensation, and comfort",<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> but others warn that "the thinner the condom, the smaller the force required to break it".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Experienced condom users are significantly less likely to have a condom slip or break compared to first-time users, although users who experience one slippage or breakage are more likely to suffer a second such failure.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> An article in Population Reports suggests that education on condom use reduces behaviors that increase the risk of breakage and slippage.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Family_Health_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Health International">Family Health International</a> publication also offers the view that education can reduce the risk of breakage and slippage, but emphasizes that more research needs to be done to determine all of the causes of breakage and slippage.<a href="#cite_note-fhi3-34">[34]</a> Among people who intend condoms to be their form of birth control, pregnancy may occur when the user has sex without a condom. The person may have run out of condoms, or be traveling and not have a condom with them, or dislike the feel of condoms and decide to "take a chance". This behavior is the primary cause of typical use failure (as opposed to method or perfect use failure).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Another possible cause of condom failure is <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control sabotage">sabotage</a>. One motive is to have a child against a partner's wishes or consent.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Some commercial sex workers from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> reported clients sabotaging condoms in retaliation for being coerced into condom use.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Using a fine needle to make several pinholes at the tip of the condom is believed to significantly impact on their effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-kippley-10">[10]</a>: 306–307 <a href="#cite_note-pinhole-26">[26]</a> Cases of such condom sabotage have occurred.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2></div> The use of latex condoms by people with an <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">allergy to latex</a> can cause allergic symptoms, such as skin irritation.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In people with severe latex allergies, using a latex condom can potentially be life-threatening.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Repeated use of latex condoms can also cause the development of a latex allergy in some people.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Irritation may also occur due to <a href="/wiki/Spermicide" title="Spermicide">spermicides</a> that may be present.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CondomUse2_alternative.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CondomUse2_alternative.jpg/220px-CondomUse2_alternative.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="603" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CondomUse2_alternative.jpg/330px-CondomUse2_alternative.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CondomUse2_alternative.jpg/440px-CondomUse2_alternative.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Illustrations showing how to put on a condom</figcaption></figure> External condoms are usually packaged inside a foil or plastic wrapper, in a rolled-up form, and are designed to be applied to the tip of the penis and then unrolled over the <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erect</a> penis. It is important that the closed end or the teat of the condom is pinched when the condom is placed on the tip of the penis. This will ensure that air is not trapped inside the condom which could cause it to burst during intercourse. In addition, this leaves space for the semen to collect which reduces the risk of it being forced out of the base of the device. Most condoms have a teat end for this purpose. Soon after ejaculating, the male should withdraw from his partner's body. The condom should then be carefully removed from the penis away from the other partner. It is recommended that the condom be wrapped in tissue or tied in a knot, then disposed of in a trash receptacle.<a href="#cite_note-AliceDisposal-49">[49]</a> Condoms are used to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy during intercourse and to reduce the likelihood of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Condoms are also used during fellatio to reduce the likelihood of contracting STIs. Some couples find that putting on a condom interrupts sex, although others incorporate condom application as part of their foreplay. Some men and women find the physical barrier of a condom dulls sensation. Advantages of dulled sensation can include prolonged erection and delayed ejaculation; disadvantages might include a loss of some sexual excitement.<a href="#cite_note-planned_parenthood-13">[13]</a> Advocates of condom use also cite their advantages of being inexpensive, easy to use, and having few side effects.<a href="#cite_note-planned_parenthood-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-fwhc-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adult_film_industry">Adult film industry</h3></div> In 2012 proponents gathered 372,000 voter signatures through a <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">citizens' initiative</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County</a> to put <a href="/wiki/Measure_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure B">Measure B</a> on the 2012 ballot. As a result, Measure B, a law requiring the use of condoms in the production of <a href="/wiki/Pornographic_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornographic films">pornographic films</a>, was passed.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> This requirement has received much criticism and is said by some to be counter-productive, merely forcing companies that make pornographic films to relocate to other places without this requirement.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Producers claim that condom use depresses sales.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_education">Sex education</h3></div> Condoms are often used in <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> programs, because they have the capability to reduce the chances of pregnancy and the spread of some sexually transmitted infections when used correctly. A recent <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA) press release supported the inclusion of information about condoms in sex education, saying "comprehensive sexuality education programs ... discuss the appropriate use of condoms", and "promote condom use for those who are sexually active."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In the United States, teaching about condoms in public schools is opposed by some religious organizations.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>, which advocates <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> and sex education, argues that no studies have shown abstinence-only programs to result in delayed intercourse, and cites surveys showing that 76% of American parents want their children to receive comprehensive sexuality education including condom use.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infertility_treatment">Infertility treatment</h3></div> Common procedures in <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a> treatment such as <a href="/wiki/Semen_analysis" title="Semen analysis">semen analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">intrauterine insemination</a> (IUI) require collection of semen samples. These are most commonly obtained through <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, but an alternative to masturbation is use of a special collection condom to collect semen during sexual intercourse. Collection condoms are made from <a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">silicone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, as latex is somewhat harmful to sperm.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_masturbation" title="Religious views on masturbation">Some religions prohibit masturbation entirely</a>. Also, compared with samples obtained from masturbation, semen samples from collection condoms have higher total sperm counts, sperm motility, and percentage of sperm with normal morphology. For this reason, they are believed to give more accurate results when used for semen analysis, and to improve the chances of pregnancy when used in procedures such as intracervical or intrauterine <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">insemination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Adherents of religions that prohibit contraception, such as <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, may use collection condoms with holes pricked in them.<a href="#cite_note-kippley-10">[10]</a>: 306–307  For fertility treatments, a collection condom may be used to collect semen during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> where the semen is provided by the woman's partner. Private <a href="/wiki/Sperm_donors" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm donors">sperm donors</a> may also use a collection condom to obtain samples through masturbation or by sexual intercourse with a partner and will transfer the ejaculate from the collection condom to a specially designed container. The sperm is transported in such containers, in the case of a donor, to a recipient woman to be used for insemination, and in the case of a woman's partner, to a fertility clinic for processing and use. However, transportation may reduce the fecundity of the sperm. Collection condoms may also be used where semen is produced at a sperm bank or fertility clinic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Condom therapy is sometimes prescribed to infertile couples when the female has high levels of <a href="/wiki/Antisperm_antibodies" title="Antisperm antibodies">antisperm antibodies</a>. The theory is that preventing exposure to her partner's semen will lower her level of antisperm antibodies, and thus increase her chances of pregnancy when condom therapy is discontinued. However, condom therapy has not been shown to increase subsequent pregnancy rates.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3></div> Condoms excel as multipurpose containers and barriers because they are waterproof, elastic, durable, and (for military and espionage uses) will not arouse suspicion if found. Ongoing military utilization began during World War II, and includes covering the muzzles of rifle barrels to prevent fouling,<a href="#cite_note-dday-63">[63]</a> the waterproofing of firing assemblies in underwater demolitions,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and storage of corrosive materials and garrotes by paramilitary agencies.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Condoms have also been used to <a href="/wiki/Drug_smuggling" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug smuggling">smuggle</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, and other drugs across borders and into prisons by filling the condom with drugs, tying it in a knot and then either swallowing it or inserting it into the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>. These methods are very dangerous and potentially lethal; if the condom breaks, the drugs inside become absorbed into the bloodstream and can cause an overdose.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Medically, condoms can be used to cover <a href="/wiki/Endovaginal_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Endovaginal ultrasound">endovaginal ultrasound</a> probes,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> or in field chest needle decompressions they can be used to make a one-way valve.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Condoms have also been used to protect scientific samples from the environment,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and to waterproof microphones for underwater recording.<a href="#cite_note-adams-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> Most condoms have a reservoir tip or teat end, making it easier to accommodate the man's ejaculate. Condoms come in different sizes and shapes.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> They also come in a variety of surfaces intended to stimulate the user's partner.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-73">[73]</a> Condoms are usually supplied with a <a href="/wiki/Personal_lubricant" title="Personal lubricant">lubricant</a> coating to facilitate penetration, while <a href="/wiki/Flavored_condom" title="Flavored condom">flavored condoms</a> are principally used for oral sex.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-73">[73]</a> As mentioned above, most condoms are made of latex, but <a href="#Synthetic">polyurethane</a> and <a href="#Lambskin">lambskin</a> condoms also exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_condom">Internal condom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_condom" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal condom">Internal condom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg/220px-Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg/330px-Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg/440px-Pr%C3%A9servatif_f%C3%A9minin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>An internal condom</figcaption></figure> External condoms have a tight ring to form a seal around the penis, while internal condoms usually have a large stiff ring to prevent them from slipping into the <a href="/wiki/Body_orifice" title="Body orifice">body orifice</a>. The Female Health Company produced an internal condom that was initially made of polyurethane, but newer versions are made of <a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">nitrile rubber</a>. Medtech Products produces an internal condom made of latex.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_latex">Natural latex</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg/375px-Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg/563px-Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg/750px-Condom_unrolled_durex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>An unrolled latex condom</figcaption></figure> Latex has outstanding elastic properties: Its <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> exceeds 30 MPa, and latex condoms may be stretched in excess of 800% before breaking.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 1990 the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> set standards for condom production (ISO 4074, Natural latex rubber condoms), and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> followed suit with its <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a> standard (Directive 93/42/EEC concerning medical devices). Every latex condom is tested for holes with an electric current. If the condom passes, it is rolled and packaged. In addition, a portion of each batch of condoms is subject to water leak and air burst testing.<a href="#cite_note-badnews-21">[21]</a> While the advantages of latex have made it the most popular condom material, it does have some drawbacks. Latex condoms are damaged when used with oil-based substances as <a href="/wiki/Personal_lubricant" title="Personal lubricant">lubricants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">petroleum jelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baby_oil" title="Baby oil">baby oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_lotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin lotion">skin lotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">suntan lotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_cream" title="Cold cream">cold creams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Contact with oil makes latex condoms more likely to break or slip off due to loss of elasticity caused by the oils.<a href="#cite_note-fhi3-34">[34]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">latex allergy</a> precludes use of latex condoms and is one of the principal reasons for the use of other materials. In May 2009, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) granted approval for the production of condoms composed of <a href="/wiki/Vytex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytex">Vytex</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> latex that has been treated to remove 90% of the <a href="/wiki/Antibody_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody generator">proteins responsible for allergic reactions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> An allergen-free condom made of synthetic latex (polyisoprene) is also available.<a href="#cite_note-isoprenepr-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthetic">Synthetic</h4></div> The most common non-latex condoms are made from <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>. Condoms may also be made from other synthetic materials, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=AT-10_resin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AT-10 resin (page does not exist)">AT-10 resin</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Polyisoprene" title="Polyisoprene">polyisoprene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isoprenepr-80">[80]</a> Polyurethane condoms tend to be the same width and thickness as latex condoms, with most polyurethane condoms between 0.04 mm and 0.07 mm thick.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Polyurethane can be considered better than latex in several ways: it conducts heat better than latex, is not as sensitive to temperature and ultraviolet light (and so has less rigid storage requirements and a longer shelf life), can be used with oil-based <a href="/wiki/Personal_lubricant" title="Personal lubricant">lubricants</a>, is less allergenic than latex, and does not have an odor.<a href="#cite_note-nonlatex-82">[82]</a> Polyurethane condoms have gained FDA approval for sale in the United States as an effective method of contraception and HIV prevention, and under laboratory conditions have been shown to be just as effective as latex for these purposes.<a href="#cite_note-AlicePolyLatex-83">[83]</a> However, polyurethane condoms are less elastic than latex ones, and may be more likely to slip or break than latex,<a href="#cite_note-nonlatex-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlicePoly-84">[84]</a> lose their shape or bunch up more than latex,<a href="#cite_note-PPAA-85">[85]</a> and are more expensive. Polyisoprene is a synthetic version of natural rubber latex. While significantly more expensive,<a href="#cite_note-isopreneglove-86">[86]</a> it has the advantages of latex (such as being softer and more elastic than polyurethane condoms)<a href="#cite_note-isoprenepr-80">[80]</a> without the protein which is responsible for latex allergies.<a href="#cite_note-isopreneglove-86">[86]</a> Unlike polyurethane condoms, they cannot be used with an oil-based lubricant.<a href="#cite_note-PPAA-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lambskin">Lambskin</h4></div> Condoms made from <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a>, labeled "lambskin", are also available. Although they are generally effective as a contraceptive by blocking sperm, studies have found that they are less effective than latex in preventing the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">sexually transmitted infections</a> because of pores in the material.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> This is because intestines, by their nature, are porous, permeable membranes, and while sperm are too large to pass through the pores, viruses—such as <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">herpes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genital_warts" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital warts">genital warts</a>—are small enough to pass.<a href="#cite_note-PPAA-85">[85]</a> As a result of laboratory data on condom porosity, in 1989, the FDA began requiring lambskin condom manufacturers to indicate that the products were not to be used for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-88">[88]</a> The FDA cautions that while lambskin condoms "provide good birth control and a varying degree of protection against some, but not all, sexually transmitted diseases", people do not know what STIs a partner might have, and thus cannot assume that a lambskin condom will protect them.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-88">[88]</a> While lambskin condoms avoid triggering <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex allergies">latex allergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> condoms do as well, while also protecting more reliably against STIs.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a> As slaughter by-products, lambskin condoms are also not <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>. Pharmacist advice prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pharmaceutical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal">Canadian Pharmaceutical Journal</a> says that lambskin condoms "are generally not recommended" due to limited STI prevention.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> An article in Adolescent Medicine advises that they "should be used only for pregnancy prevention".<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spermicide">Spermicide</h3></div> Some latex condoms are lubricated at the manufacturer with a small amount of a <a href="/wiki/Nonoxynol-9" title="Nonoxynol-9">nonoxynol-9</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spermicide" title="Spermicide">spermicidal chemical</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a>, condoms lubricated with spermicide have no additional benefit in preventing pregnancy, have a shorter shelf life, and may cause <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infections</a> in women.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In contrast, application of separately packaged spermicide is believed to increase the contraceptive efficacy of condoms.<a href="#cite_note-simultaneous-12">[12]</a> Nonoxynol-9 was once believed to offer additional protection against STIs (including HIV) but recent studies have shown that, with frequent use, nonoxynol-9 may increase the risk of HIV transmission.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> says that spermicidally lubricated condoms should no longer be promoted. However, it recommends using a <a href="/wiki/Nonoxynol-9" title="Nonoxynol-9">nonoxynol-9</a> lubricated condom over no condom at all.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condom&action=edit">[update]</a>, nine condom manufacturers have stopped manufacturing condoms with nonoxynol-9 and <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a> has discontinued the distribution of condoms so lubricated.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ribbed_and_studded">Ribbed and studded</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kondom_-_abgerollt_-_h%C3%A4ngend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kondom_-_abgerollt_-_h%C3%A4ngend.jpg/30px-Kondom_-_abgerollt_-_h%C3%A4ngend.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kondom_-_abgerollt_-_h%C3%A4ngend.jpg/45px-Kondom_-_abgerollt_-_h%C3%A4ngend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kondom_-_abgerollt_-_h%C3%A4ngend.jpg/60px-Kondom_-_abgerollt_-_h%C3%A4ngend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>A ribbed condom</figcaption></figure> Textured condoms include studded and ribbed condoms which can provide extra sensations to both partners. The studs or ribs can be located on the inside, outside, or both; alternatively, they are located in specific sections to provide directed stimulation to either the <a href="/wiki/G-spot" title="G-spot">G-spot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_prepuce_of_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenulum of prepuce of penis">frenulum</a>. Many textured condoms which advertise "mutual pleasure" also are bulb-shaped at the top, to provide extra stimulation to the penis.<a href="#cite_note-about-96">[96]</a> Some women experience irritation during <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vaginal</a> intercourse with studded condoms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_condom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-rape condom">anti-rape condom</a> is another variation designed to be worn by women. It is designed to cause pain to the attacker, hopefully allowing the victim a chance to escape.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A <a href="#Infertility_treatment">collection condom</a> is used to collect semen for fertility treatments or sperm analysis. These condoms are designed to maximize sperm life. In February 2022, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved the first condoms specifically <a href="/wiki/Indicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicated">indicated</a> to help reduce transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) during anal intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2></div> The prevalence of condom use varies greatly between countries. Most surveys of contraceptive use are among married women, or women in informal unions. Japan has the highest rate of condom usage in the world: in that country, condoms account for almost 80% of contraceptive use by married women. On average, in developed countries, condoms are the most popular method of birth control: 28% of married contraceptive users rely on condoms. In the average less-developed country, condoms are less common: only 6–8% of married contraceptive users choose condoms.<a href="#cite_note-factsheet-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_condoms" title="History of condoms">History of condoms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Morbo_Gallico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/De_Morbo_Gallico.jpg/260px-De_Morbo_Gallico.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/De_Morbo_Gallico.jpg/390px-De_Morbo_Gallico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/De_Morbo_Gallico.jpg/520px-De_Morbo_Gallico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>A page from De Morbo Gallico ('On the French Disease'), <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Falloppio" title="Gabriele Falloppio">Gabriele Falloppio</a>'s treatise on syphilis. Published in 1564, it describes what is possibly the first use of condoms.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_19th_century">Before the 19th century</h3></div> Whether condoms were used in ancient civilizations is debated by archaeologists and historians.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 11  In ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome, pregnancy prevention was generally seen as a woman's responsibility, and the only well documented contraception methods were female-controlled devices.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 17, 23  In Asia before the 15th century, some use of <a href="/wiki/Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">glans</a> condoms (devices covering only the head of the penis) is recorded. Condoms seem to have been used for contraception, and to have been known only by members of the upper classes. In China, glans condoms may have been made of oiled silk paper, or of lamb intestines. In Japan, condoms called Kabuto-gata (甲形) were made of tortoise shell or animal horn.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 60–1 <a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shun-_Kabuto-gata,_yoroi-gata_%E6%98%A5-_%E7%94%B2%E5%BD%A2,_%E9%8E%A7%E5%BD%A2_(Spring-_Helmet,_Armour)_(BM_2012,3051.1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Shun-_Kabuto-gata%2C_yoroi-gata_%E6%98%A5-_%E7%94%B2%E5%BD%A2%2C_%E9%8E%A7%E5%BD%A2_%28Spring-_Helmet%2C_Armour%29_%28BM_2012%2C3051.1%29.jpg/260px-Shun-_Kabuto-gata%2C_yoroi-gata_%E6%98%A5-_%E7%94%B2%E5%BD%A2%2C_%E9%8E%A7%E5%BD%A2_%28Spring-_Helmet%2C_Armour%29_%28BM_2012%2C3051.1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Shun-_Kabuto-gata%2C_yoroi-gata_%E6%98%A5-_%E7%94%B2%E5%BD%A2%2C_%E9%8E%A7%E5%BD%A2_%28Spring-_Helmet%2C_Armour%29_%28BM_2012%2C3051.1%29.jpg/390px-Shun-_Kabuto-gata%2C_yoroi-gata_%E6%98%A5-_%E7%94%B2%E5%BD%A2%2C_%E9%8E%A7%E5%BD%A2_%28Spring-_Helmet%2C_Armour%29_%28BM_2012%2C3051.1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Shun-_Kabuto-gata%2C_yoroi-gata_%E6%98%A5-_%E7%94%B2%E5%BD%A2%2C_%E9%8E%A7%E5%BD%A2_%28Spring-_Helmet%2C_Armour%29_%28BM_2012%2C3051.1%29.jpg/520px-Shun-_Kabuto-gata%2C_yoroi-gata_%E6%98%A5-_%E7%94%B2%E5%BD%A2%2C_%E9%8E%A7%E5%BD%A2_%28Spring-_Helmet%2C_Armour%29_%28BM_2012%2C3051.1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shunga" title="Shunga">Shunga</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukiyoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukiyoe">Ukiyoe</a> from the 19th century depicting Kabuto-gata among its sex toys used among women, stored by the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In 16th-century Italy, anatomist and physician <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Falloppio" title="Gabriele Falloppio">Gabriele Falloppio</a> wrote a treatise on <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 51, 54–5  The earliest documented strain of syphilis, first appearing in Europe in a 1490s outbreak, caused severe symptoms and often death within a few months of contracting the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Scars_of_Venus-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diamond1-103">[103]</a> Falloppio's treatise is the earliest uncontested description of condom use: it describes linen sheaths soaked in a chemical solution and allowed to dry before use. The cloths he described were sized to cover the glans of the penis, and were held on with a ribbon.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 51, 54–5 <a href="#cite_note-pai-104">[104]</a> Falloppio claimed that an experimental trial of the linen sheath demonstrated protection against syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-youssef-105">[105]</a> After this, the use of penis coverings to protect from disease is described in a wide variety of literature throughout Europe. The first indication that these devices were used for birth control, rather than disease prevention, is the 1605 theological publication De iustitia et iure (On justice and law) by Catholic theologian <a href="/wiki/Leonardus_Lessius" title="Leonardus Lessius">Leonardus Lessius</a>, who condemned them as immoral.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 56  In 1666, the English Birth Rate Commission attributed a recent downward fertility rate to use of "condons", the first documented use of that word or any similar spelling.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 66–8  Other early spellings include "condam" and "quondam", from which the Italian derivation guantone has been suggested, from guanto, "a glove".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condom_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Condom_1900.jpg/220px-Condom_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Condom_1900.jpg/330px-Condom_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Condom_1900.jpg/440px-Condom_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>A condom made from animal intestine circa 1900</figcaption></figure> In addition to linen, condoms during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> were made out of intestines and bladder. In the late 16th century, Dutch traders introduced condoms made from "fine leather" to Japan. Unlike the horn condoms used previously, these leather condoms covered the entire penis.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 61  <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condoomgebruik_in_de_19e_eeuw.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Condoomgebruik_in_de_19e_eeuw.png/170px-Condoomgebruik_in_de_19e_eeuw.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Condoomgebruik_in_de_19e_eeuw.png/255px-Condoomgebruik_in_de_19e_eeuw.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Condoomgebruik_in_de_19e_eeuw.png/340px-Condoomgebruik_in_de_19e_eeuw.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Giacomo Casanova</a> tests his condom for holes by inflating it</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Casanova</a> in the 18th century was one of the first reported using "assurance caps" to prevent impregnating his mistresses.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> From at least the 18th century, condom use was opposed in some legal, religious, and medical circles for essentially the same reasons that are given today: condoms reduce the likelihood of pregnancy, which some thought immoral or undesirable for the nation; they do not provide full protection against sexually transmitted infections, while belief in their protective powers was thought to encourage sexual promiscuity; and, they are not used consistently due to inconvenience, expense, or loss of sensation.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 73, 86–8, 92  Despite some opposition, the condom market grew rapidly. In the 18th century, condoms were available in a variety of qualities and sizes, made from either linen treated with chemicals, or "skin" (bladder or intestine softened by treatment with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">lye</a>).<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 94–5  They were sold at pubs, barbershops, chemist shops, open-air markets, and at the theater throughout Europe and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 90–2, 97, 104  They later spread to America, although in every place there were generally used only by the middle and upper classes, due to both expense and lack of sex education.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 116–21  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800_through_1920s">1800 through 1920s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Paral%C2%B7lel_1894-1939-_exhibit_at_CCCB_in_Barcelona_(78).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/El_Paral%C2%B7lel_1894-1939-_exhibit_at_CCCB_in_Barcelona_%2878%29.JPG/220px-El_Paral%C2%B7lel_1894-1939-_exhibit_at_CCCB_in_Barcelona_%2878%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/El_Paral%C2%B7lel_1894-1939-_exhibit_at_CCCB_in_Barcelona_%2878%29.JPG/330px-El_Paral%C2%B7lel_1894-1939-_exhibit_at_CCCB_in_Barcelona_%2878%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/El_Paral%C2%B7lel_1894-1939-_exhibit_at_CCCB_in_Barcelona_%2878%29.JPG/440px-El_Paral%C2%B7lel_1894-1939-_exhibit_at_CCCB_in_Barcelona_%2878%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>An old-fashioned condom package</figcaption></figure> The early 19th century saw contraceptives promoted to the poorer classes for the first time. Writers on contraception tended to prefer other birth control methods to the condom. By the late 19th century, many feminists expressed distrust of the condom as a contraceptive, as its use was controlled and decided upon by men alone. They advocated instead for methods controlled by women, such as diaphragms and spermicidal douches.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 152–3  Other writers cited both the expense of condoms and their unreliability (they were often riddled with holes and often fell off or tore). Still, they discussed condoms as a good option for some and the only contraceptive that protects from disease.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 88, 90, 125, 129–30  Many countries passed laws impeding the manufacture and promotion of contraceptives.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 144, 163–4, 168–71, 193  In spite of these restrictions, condoms were promoted by traveling lecturers and in newspaper advertisements, using euphemisms in places where such ads were illegal.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 127, 130–2, 138, 146–7  Instructions on how to make condoms at home were distributed in the United States and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 126, 136  Despite social and legal opposition, at the end of the 19th century the condom was the Western world's most popular birth control method.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 173–4  <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surgeon_Sage_Says.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Surgeon_Sage_Says.jpg/200px-Surgeon_Sage_Says.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Surgeon_Sage_Says.jpg/300px-Surgeon_Sage_Says.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Surgeon_Sage_Says.jpg/400px-Surgeon_Sage_Says.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>During World War I, the U.S. military was the only one that did not promote condom use. Posters such as these were intended to promote abstinence.</figcaption></figure> Beginning in the second half of the 19th century, American rates of sexually transmitted infections skyrocketed. Causes cited by historians include the effects of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and the ignorance of prevention methods promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock laws">Comstock laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 137–8, 159  To fight the growing epidemic, sex education classes were introduced to public schools for the first time, teaching about venereal diseases and how they were transmitted. They generally taught abstinence was the only way to avoid sexually transmitted infections.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 179–80  Condoms were not promoted for disease prevention because the medical community and moral watchdogs considered STIs to be punishment for sexual misbehavior. The stigma against people with these diseases was so significant that many hospitals refused to treat people with syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 176  <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condom_with_manual_from_1813.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Condom_with_manual_from_1813.jpg/400px-Condom_with_manual_from_1813.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Condom_with_manual_from_1813.jpg/600px-Condom_with_manual_from_1813.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Condom_with_manual_from_1813.jpg/800px-Condom_with_manual_from_1813.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3468" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>Condom (and manual) from 1813</figcaption></figure> The German military was the first to promote condom use among its soldiers in the later 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 169, 181  Early 20th century experiments by the American military concluded that providing condoms to soldiers significantly lowered rates of sexually transmitted infections.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 180–3  During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the United States and (at the beginning of the war only) Britain were the only countries with soldiers in Europe who did not provide condoms and promote their use.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 187–90  In the decades after World War I, there remained social and legal obstacles to condom use throughout the U.S. and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 208–10  Founder of psychoanalysis <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> opposed all methods of birth control because their failure rates were too high. Freud was especially opposed to the condom because he thought it cut down on sexual pleasure. Some feminists continued to oppose male-controlled contraceptives such as condoms. In 1920 the Church of England's <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conferences#Sixth_Conference_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambeth Conferences">Lambeth Conference</a> condemned all "unnatural means of conception avoidance". The Bishop of London, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Winnington-Ingram" title="Arthur Winnington-Ingram">Arthur Winnington-Ingram</a>, complained of the huge number of condoms discarded in alleyways and parks, especially after weekends and holidays.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 211–2  However, European militaries continued to provide condoms to their members for disease protection, even in countries where they were illegal for the general population.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 213–4  Through the 1920s, catchy names and slick packaging became an increasingly important marketing technique for many consumer items, including condoms and cigarettes.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 197  Quality testing became more common, involving filling each condom with air followed by one of several methods intended to detect loss of pressure.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 204, 206, 221–2  Worldwide, condom sales doubled in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 210  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rubber_and_manufacturing_advances">Rubber and manufacturing advances</h3></div> In 1839, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Charles Goodyear</a> discovered a way of processing natural <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, which is too stiff when cold and too soft when warm, in such a way as to make it elastic. This proved to have advantages for the manufacture of condoms; unlike the sheep's gut condoms, they could stretch and did not tear quickly when used. The <a href="/wiki/Vulcanized_rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanized rubber">rubber vulcanization</a> process was patented by Goodyear in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The first rubber condom was produced in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-billy-110">[110]</a> The earliest rubber condoms had a seam and were as thick as a bicycle inner tube. Besides this type, small rubber condoms covering only the <a href="/wiki/Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">glans</a> were often used in England and the United States. There was more risk of losing them and if the rubber ring was too tight, it would constrict the penis. This type of condom was the original "capote" (French for condom), perhaps because of its resemblance to a woman's bonnet worn at that time, also called a <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">capote</a>. For many decades, rubber condoms were manufactured by wrapping strips of raw rubber around penis-shaped molds, then dipping the wrapped molds in a chemical solution to cure the rubber.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 148  In 1912, Polish-born inventor <a href="/wiki/Julius_Fromm" title="Julius Fromm">Julius Fromm</a> developed a new, improved manufacturing technique for condoms: dipping glass molds into a raw rubber solution.<a href="#cite_note-billy-110">[110]</a> Called cement dipping, this method required adding gasoline or benzene to the rubber to make it liquid.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 200  Around 1920 patent lawyer and vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Rubber_Company" title="United States Rubber Company">United States Rubber Company</a> Ernest Hopkinson<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> invented<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> a new technique of converting <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> into rubber without a coagulant (<a href="/wiki/Demulsifier" title="Demulsifier">demulsifier</a>), which featured using water as a solvent and warm air to dry the solution, as well as optionally preserving liquid latex with ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Condoms made this way, commonly called "latex" ones, required less labor to produce than cement-dipped rubber condoms, which had to be smoothed by rubbing and trimming. The use of water to suspend the rubber instead of <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> eliminated the fire hazard previously associated with all condom factories. Latex condoms also performed better for the consumer: they were stronger and thinner than rubber condoms, and had a shelf life of five years (compared to three months for rubber).<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 199–200  Until the twenties, all condoms were individually hand-dipped by semi-skilled workers. Throughout the decade of the 1920s, advances in the automation of the condom assembly line were made. The first fully automated line was patented in 1930. Major condom manufacturers bought or leased conveyor systems, and small manufacturers were driven out of business.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 201–3  The skin condom, now significantly more expensive than the latex variety, became restricted to a niche high-end market.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 220  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930_to_present">1930 to present</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%223_Merry_Widows%22_tin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%223_Merry_Widows%22_tin.jpg/220px-%223_Merry_Widows%22_tin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%223_Merry_Widows%22_tin.jpg/330px-%223_Merry_Widows%22_tin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%223_Merry_Widows%22_tin.jpg/440px-%223_Merry_Widows%22_tin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Condom tin, "3 Merry Widows" brand, circa 1930.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Packet_of_%22Anti-baby%22_condoms,_German.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shows purple packet of "Anti-baby" condoms from Germany. c1980s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Packet_of_%22Anti-baby%22_condoms%2C_German.jpg/220px-Packet_of_%22Anti-baby%22_condoms%2C_German.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Packet_of_%22Anti-baby%22_condoms%2C_German.jpg/330px-Packet_of_%22Anti-baby%22_condoms%2C_German.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Packet_of_%22Anti-baby%22_condoms%2C_German.jpg/440px-Packet_of_%22Anti-baby%22_condoms%2C_German.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1151" /></a><figcaption>A packet of "Anti-baby" condoms from Germany. c1980s.</figcaption></figure> In 1930 the Anglican Church's <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conferences#Seventh:_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambeth Conferences">Lambeth Conference</a> sanctioned the use of birth control by married couples. In 1931 the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">Federal Council of Churches</a> in the U.S. issued a similar statement.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 227  The Roman Catholic Church responded by issuing the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Casti_connubii" title="Casti connubii">Casti connubii</a> affirming its opposition to all contraceptives, a stance it has never reversed.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 228–9  In the 1930s, legal restrictions on condoms began to be relaxed.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 216, 226, 234 <a href="#cite_note-note-114">[114]</a> However, during this period <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> increased restrictions on condoms (limited sales as disease preventatives were still allowed).<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 252, 254–5  During the Depression, condom lines by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schmid_(manufacturer)" title="Julius Schmid (manufacturer)">Schmid</a> gained in popularity. Schmid still used the cement-dipping method of manufacture which had two advantages over the latex variety. Firstly, cement-dipped condoms could be safely used with oil-based <a href="/wiki/Personal_lubricant" title="Personal lubricant">lubricants</a>. Secondly, while less comfortable, these older-style rubber condoms could be reused and so were more economical, a valued feature in hard times.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 217–9  More attention was brought to quality issues in the 1930s, and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> began to regulate the quality of condoms sold in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 223–5  Throughout <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, condoms were not only distributed to male U.S. military members, but also heavily promoted with films, posters, and lectures.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 236–8, 259  European and Asian militaries on both sides of the conflict also provided condoms to their troops throughout the war, even Germany which outlawed all civilian use of condoms in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 252–4, 257–8  In part because condoms were readily available, soldiers found a number of <a href="#Other_uses">non-sexual uses</a> for the devices, many of which continue to this day. After the war, condom sales continued to grow. From 1955 to 1965, 42% of Americans of reproductive age relied on condoms for birth control. In Britain from 1950 to 1960, 60% of married couples used condoms. The <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">birth control pill</a> became the world's most popular method of birth control in the years after its 1960 début, but condoms remained a strong second. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">Agency for International Development</a> pushed condom use in developing countries to help solve the "world population crises": by 1970 hundreds of millions of condoms were being used each year in India alone.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 267–9, 272–5 (This number has grown in recent decades: in 2004, the government of India purchased 1.9 billion condoms for distribution at family planning clinics.)<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_condom_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NYC_condom_2019.jpg/220px-NYC_condom_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NYC_condom_2019.jpg/330px-NYC_condom_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/NYC_condom_2019.jpg/440px-NYC_condom_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="2866" /></a><figcaption>A condom given out by NYC Health Department during the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_50_%E2%80%93_WorldPride_NYC_2019" title="Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019">Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019</a> celebrations.</figcaption></figure> In the 1960s and 1970s quality regulations tightened,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and more legal barriers to condom use were removed.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 276–9  In Ireland, legal condom sales were allowed for the first time in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 329–30  Advertising, however was one area that continued to have legal restrictions. In the late 1950s, the American <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a> banned condom advertisements from national television; this policy remained in place until 1979.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 273–4, 285  After it was discovered in the early 1980s that <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> can be a sexually transmitted infection,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> the use of condoms was encouraged to prevent transmission of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>. Despite opposition by some political, religious, and other figures, national condom promotion campaigns occurred in the U.S. and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 299, 301, 306–7, 312–8  These campaigns increased condom use significantly.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 309–17  Due to increased demand and greater social acceptance, condoms began to be sold in a wider variety of retail outlets, including in supermarkets and in discount department stores such as <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 305  Condom sales increased every year until 1994, when media attention to the AIDS pandemic began to decline.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 303–4  The phenomenon of decreasing use of condoms as disease preventatives has been called prevention fatigue or <a href="/wiki/Condom_fatigue" title="Condom fatigue">condom fatigue</a>. Observers have cited condom fatigue in both Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> As one response, manufacturers have changed the tone of their advertisements from scary to humorous.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 303–4  New developments continued to occur in the condom market, with the first polyurethane condom—branded Avanti and produced by the manufacturer of Durex—introduced in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 32–5  Worldwide condom use is expected to continue to grow: one study predicted that developing nations would need 18.6 billion condoms by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 342  As of September 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condom&action=edit">[update]</a>, condoms are available inside prisons in Canada, most of the European Union, Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, South Africa, and the US states of Vermont (on 17 September 2013, the Californian Senate approved a bill for condom distribution inside the state's prisons, but the bill was not yet law at the time of approval).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The global condom market was estimated at US$9.2 billion in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_other_terms">Etymology and other terms</h3></div> The term condom first appears in the early 18th century: early forms include condum (1706 and 1717), condon (1708) and cundum (1744).<a href="#cite_note-oed-123">[123]</a> The word's etymology is unknown. In popular tradition, the invention and naming of the condom came to be attributed to an associate of England's <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a>, one "Dr. Condom" or "Earl of Condom". There is however no evidence of the existence of such a person, and condoms had been used for over one hundred years before King Charles II acceded to the throne in 1660.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 54, 68  A variety of unproven Latin etymologies have been proposed, including condon (receptacle),<a href="#cite_note-condon-124">[124]</a> condamina (house),<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and cumdum (scabbard or case).<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 70–1  It has also been speculated to be from the Italian word guantone, derived from guanto, meaning glove.<a href="#cite_note-oetyd-126">[126]</a> William E. Kruck wrote an article in 1981 concluding that, "As for the word 'condom', I need state only that its origin remains completely unknown, and there ends this search for an etymology."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Modern dictionaries may also list the etymology as "unknown".<a href="#cite_note-oed-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Other terms are also commonly used to describe condoms. In North America condoms are also commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Prophylactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylactics">prophylactics</a>, or rubbers. In Britain they may be called French letters<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> or rubber johnnies.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Additionally, condoms may be referred to using the manufacturer's name. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Condom" title="Special:EditPage/Condom">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Some <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> criticism of condoms exists despite the many benefits of condoms agreed on by <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> and sexual health experts. Condom usage is typically recommended for new couples who have yet to develop full trust in their partner with regard to STIs. Established couples on the other hand have few concerns about STIs, and can use other methods of birth control such as <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">the pill</a>, which does not act as a barrier to intimate sexual contact. Note that the polar debate with regard to condom usage is attenuated by the target group the argument is directed. Notably the age category and stable partner question are factors, as well as the distinction between heterosexual and homosexuals, who have different kinds of sex and have different risk consequences and factors. Among the prime objections to condom usage is the blocking of erotic sensation, or the intimacy that barrier-free sex provides. As the condom is held tightly to the skin of the <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a>, it diminishes the delivery of stimulation through rubbing and friction. Condom proponents claim this has the benefit of making sex last longer, by diminishing sensation and delaying male ejaculation. Those who promote condom-free heterosexual sex (slang: "<a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bareback (sex)">bareback</a>") claim that the condom puts a barrier between partners, diminishing what is normally a highly sensual, intimate, and spiritual connection between partners. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_birth_control" title="Christian views on birth control">Christian views on birth control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_teachings_on_sexual_morality#Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic teachings on sexual morality">Catholic teachings on sexual morality § Contraception</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> (UCC), a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> denomination of the <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> tradition, promotes the distribution of condoms in churches and faith-based educational settings.<a href="#cite_note-CNA2009-132">[132]</a> Michael Shuenemeyer, a UCC minister, has stated that "The practice of safer sex is a matter of life and death. People of faith make condoms available because we have chosen life so that we and our children may live."<a href="#cite_note-CNA2009-132">[132]</a> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> opposes all kinds of sexual acts outside of marriage, as well as any sexual act in which the chance of successful conception has been reduced by <a href="/wiki/Direct_and_intentional" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct and intentional">direct and intentional</a> acts (for example, <a href="/wiki/Human_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sterilization">surgery to prevent conception</a>) or foreign objects (for example, condoms).<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The use of condoms to prevent <a href="/wiki/Sexually_Transmitted_Infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually Transmitted Infections">STI</a> transmission is not specifically addressed by Catholic doctrine, and is currently a topic of debate among theologians and high-ranking Catholic authorities. A few, such as Belgian Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Godfried_Danneels" title="Godfried Danneels">Godfried Danneels</a>, believe the Catholic Church should actively support condoms used to prevent disease, especially serious diseases such as <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> However, the majority view—including all statements from the Vatican—is that condom-promotion programs encourage promiscuity, thereby actually increasing STI transmission.<a href="#cite_note-catholicafrica-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-vatican-136">[136]</a> This view was most recently reiterated in 2009 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The Roman Catholic Church is the largest organized body of any world <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The church has hundreds of programs dedicated to fighting the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">AIDS epidemic in Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> but its opposition to condom use in these programs has been highly controversial.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In a November 2011 interview, Pope Benedict XVI discussed for the first time the use of condoms to prevent STI transmission. He said that the use of a condom can be justified in a few individual cases if the purpose is to reduce the risk of an HIV infection.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> He gave as an example male <a href="/wiki/Prostitutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitutes">prostitutes</a>. There was some confusion at first whether the statement applied only to homosexual prostitutes and thus not to heterosexual intercourse at all. However, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Lombardi" title="Federico Lombardi">Federico Lombardi</a>, spokesman for the Vatican, clarified that it applied to heterosexual and transsexual prostitutes, whether male or female, as well.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> He did, however, also clarify that the Vatican's principles on sexuality and contraception had not been changed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_and_environmental">Scientific and environmental</h3></div> More generally, some scientific researchers have expressed objective concern over certain ingredients sometimes added to condoms, notably <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">nitrosamines</a>. Dry dusting powders are applied to latex condoms before packaging to prevent the condom from sticking to itself when rolled up. Previously, talc was used by most manufacturers, but <a href="/wiki/Cornstarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornstarch">cornstarch</a> is currently the most popular dusting powder.<a href="#cite_note-fhi4-143">[143]</a> Although rare during normal use, talc is known to be potentially irritant to mucous membranes (such as in the vagina). Cornstarch is generally believed to be safe; however, some researchers have raised concerns over its use as well.<a href="#cite_note-fhi4-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Nitrosamines, which are potentially <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a> in humans,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> are believed to be present in a substance used to improve elasticity in latex condoms.<a href="#cite_note-dw-146">[146]</a> A 2001 review stated that humans regularly receive 1,000 to 10,000 times greater nitrosamine exposure from food and tobacco than from condom use and concluded that the risk of cancer from condom use is very low.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> However, a 2004 study in Germany detected nitrosamines in 29 out of 32 condom brands tested, and concluded that exposure from condoms might exceed the exposure from food by 1.5- to 3-fold.<a href="#cite_note-dw-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Used_condom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Used_condom.jpg/220px-Used_condom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Used_condom.jpg/330px-Used_condom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Used_condom.jpg/440px-Used_condom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Used condom on a street</figcaption></figure> In addition, the large-scale use of disposable condoms has resulted in concerns over their environmental impact via <a href="/wiki/Littering" class="mw-redirect" title="Littering">littering</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Landfills" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfills">landfills</a>, where they can eventually wind up in <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> environments if not <a href="/wiki/Incinerated" class="mw-redirect" title="Incinerated">incinerated</a> or otherwise permanently disposed of first. Polyurethane condoms in particular, given they are a form of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, are not <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a>, and latex condoms take a very long time to break down. Experts, such as <a href="/wiki/AVERT" class="mw-redirect" title="AVERT">AVERT</a>, recommend condoms be disposed of in a garbage receptacle, as flushing them down the toilet (which some people do) may cause plumbing blockages and other problems.<a href="#cite_note-AliceDisposal-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Furthermore, the plastic and foil wrappers condoms are packaged in are also not biodegradable. However, the benefits condoms offer are widely considered to offset their small landfill mass.<a href="#cite_note-AliceDisposal-49">[49]</a> Frequent condom or wrapper disposal in public areas such as a parks have been seen as a persistent litter problem.<a href="#cite_note-power-150">[150]</a> While biodegradable,<a href="#cite_note-AliceDisposal-49">[49]</a> latex condoms damage the environment when disposed of improperly. According to the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a>, condoms, along with <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">certain other types of trash</a>, cover the <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> and smother <a href="/wiki/Sea_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea grass">sea grass</a> and other bottom dwellers. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> also has expressed concerns that many animals might mistake the litter for food.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_barriers_to_use">Cultural barriers to use</h3></div> In much of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">the pill</a> in the 1960s was associated with a decline in condom use.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 267–9, 272–5  In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, oral contraceptives were not approved for use until September 1999, and even then access was more restricted than in other industrialized nations.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-152">[152]</a> Perhaps because of this restricted access to hormonal contraception, Japan has the highest rate of condom usage in the world: in 2008, 80% of contraceptive users relied on condoms.<a href="#cite_note-factsheet-99">[99]</a> Cultural attitudes toward <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">gender roles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activity</a> vary greatly around the world, and range from extremely conservative to extremely liberal. But in places where condoms are misunderstood, mischaracterised, demonised, or looked upon with overall cultural disapproval, the prevalence of condom use is directly affected. In less-developed countries and among less-educated populations, misperceptions about how disease transmission and conception work negatively affect the use of condoms; additionally, in cultures with more traditional gender roles, women may feel uncomfortable demanding that their partners use condoms. As an example, <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latino</a> immigrants in the United States often face cultural barriers to condom use. A study on female HIV prevention published in the Journal of Sex Health Research asserts that Latino women often lack the attitudes needed to negotiate safe sex due to traditional gender-role norms in the Latino community, and may be afraid to bring up the subject of condom use with their partners. Women who participated in the study often reported that because of the general <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a> subtly encouraged in Latino culture, their male partners would be angry or possibly <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">violent</a> at the woman's suggestion that they use condoms.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> A similar phenomenon has been noted in a survey of low-income <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">American black</a> women; the women in this study also reported a fear of violence at the suggestion to their male partners that condoms be used.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> A telephone survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/Rand_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rand Corporation">Rand Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>, and published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Acquired_Immune_Deficiency_Syndromes" title="Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes">Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes</a> showed that belief in <a href="/wiki/AIDS_conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS conspiracy theories">AIDS conspiracy theories</a> among United States black men is linked to rates of condom use. As conspiracy beliefs about AIDS grow in a given sector of these black men, consistent condom use drops in that same sector. Female use of condoms was not similarly affected.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In the African continent, condom promotion in some areas has been impeded by anti-condom campaigns by some Muslim<a href="#cite_note-northeast_kenya-156">[156]</a> and Catholic clerics.<a href="#cite_note-catholicafrica-135">[135]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, condom use is hampered by an aversion to "wasting" sperm, which is given sociocultural importance beyond reproduction. Sperm is believed to be an "elixir" to women and to have beneficial health effects. Maasai women believe that, after conceiving a child, they must have sexual intercourse repeatedly so that the additional sperm aids the child's development. Frequent condom use is also considered by some Maasai to cause impotence.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Some women in Africa believe that condoms are "for prostitutes" and that respectable women should not use them.<a href="#cite_note-northeast_kenya-156">[156]</a> A few clerics even promote the lie that condoms are deliberately laced with HIV.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In the United States, possession of many condoms has been used by police to accuse women of engaging in prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Big2014-160">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Advisory_Council_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS">Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS</a> has condemned this practice and there are efforts to end it.<a href="#cite_note-Big2014-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Middle-Eastern couples who have not had children, because of the strong desire and social pressure to establish fertility as soon as possible within marriage, rarely use condoms.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In 2017, India restricted TV advertisements for condoms to between the hours of 10 pm to 6 am. Family planning advocates were against this, saying it was liable to "undo decades of progress on sexual and reproductive health".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_manufacturers">Major manufacturers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_condoms#Major_manufacturers" title="History of condoms">History of condoms § Major manufacturers</a></div> One analyst described the size of the condom market as something that "boggles the mind". Numerous small manufacturers, nonprofit groups, and government-run manufacturing plants exist around the world.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 322, 328  Within the condom market, there are several major contributors, among them both for-profit businesses and philanthropic organizations. Most large manufacturers have ties to the business that reach back to the end of the 19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Spray-on_condom" title="Spray-on condom">spray-on condom</a> made of latex is intended to be easier to apply and more successful in preventing the transmission of diseases. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condom&action=edit">[update]</a>, the spray-on condom was not going to market because the drying time could not be reduced below two to three minutes.<a href="#cite_note-time-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-spraytv-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-spray-167">[167]</a> The Invisible Condom, developed at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a> in Quebec, Canada, is a gel that hardens upon increased temperature after insertion into the vagina or rectum. In the lab, it has been shown to effectively block HIV and herpes simplex virus. The barrier breaks down and liquefies after several hours. As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condom&action=edit">[update]</a>, the invisible condom is in the clinical trial phase, and has not yet been approved for use.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Also developed in 2005 is a condom treated with an erectogenic compound. The drug-treated condom is intended to help the wearer maintain an erection, which should also help reduce slippage. If approved, the condom would be marketed under the Durex brand. As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condom&action=edit">[update]</a>, it was still in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical trials">clinical trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collier-100">[100]</a>: 345  In 2009, Ansell Healthcare, the makers of Lifestyle condoms, introduced the X2 condom lubricated with "Excite Gel" which contains the amino acid <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">L-arginine</a> and is intended to improve the strength of the erectile response.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In March 2013, philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> offered US$100,000 grants through his foundation for a condom design that "significantly preserves or enhances pleasure" to encourage more males to adopt the use of condoms for safer sex. The grant information stated: "The primary drawback from the male perspective is that condoms decrease pleasure as compared to no condom, creating a trade-off that many men find unacceptable, particularly given that the decisions about use must be made just prior to intercourse. Is it possible to develop a product without this stigma, or better, one that is felt to enhance pleasure?"<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In November of the same year, 11 research teams were selected to receive the grant money.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hat2007-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hat2007_1-12">m</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHatcherM.D2007" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher RA, MD AL (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA297">Contraceptive Technology</a>. Ardent Media. pp. 297–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59708-001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59708-001-9"><bdi>978-1-59708-001-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185600/https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contraceptive+Technology&rft.pages=297-311&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59708-001-9&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=Robert+Anthony&rft.au=M.D%2C+Anita+L.+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtxh0LpjjhkoC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACondom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al2011-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al2011_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al2011_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2011" class="citation book cs1">Allen MJ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQxdE8Ryz9YC&pg=PR51">The Anthem Anthology of Victorian Sonnets</a>. 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Retrieved 13 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rape-aXe%3A+Questions+and+answers&rft.pub=Rape-aXe&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antirape.co.za%2Fquestions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACondom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-permits-marketing-first-condom-specifically-indicated-anal-intercourse">"FDA Permits Marketing of First Condom Specifically Indicated for Anal Intercourse"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+Permits+Marketing+of+First+Condom+Specifically+Indicated+for+Anal+Intercourse&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpress-announcements%2Ffda-permits-marketing-first-condom-specifically-indicated-anal-intercourse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACondom" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factsheet-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factsheet_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/pdf08/fpds08.pdf">"Family Planning Worldwide: 2008 Data Sheet"</a> (PDF). Population Reference Bureau. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911033118/http://www.prb.org/pdf08/fpds08.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family+Planning+Worldwide%3A+2008+Data+Sheet&rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2Fpdf08%2Ffpds08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACondom" class="Z3988"> Data from surveys 1997–2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-collier-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collier_100-58">bg</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2007" class="citation book cs1">Collier A (2007). 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Retrieved 7 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Meet+the+11+condoms+of+the+future+selected+by+Bill+Gates&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F455793%2Fmeet-11-condoms-future-selected-by-bill-gates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACondom" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sexual_Health" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Sexual Health">Sexual Health</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sexual_Health/Barrier_Birth_Control_and_Spermicide" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Sexual Health/Barrier Birth Control and Spermicide">Barrier Birth Control and Spermicide</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Condom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Condoms" title="Template:Condoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Condoms" title="Template talk:Condoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Condoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Condoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Condom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Condom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brand names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condomi" title="Condomi">Condomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durex" title="Durex">Durex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Rod_Condoms" title="Hot Rod Condoms">Hot Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KamaSutra_(brand)" title="KamaSutra (brand)">KamaSutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karex" title="Karex">Karex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeStyles_Condoms" title="LifeStyles Condoms">LifeStyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moods_Condoms" title="Moods Condoms">Moods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirodh" title="Nirodh">Nirodh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYC_Condom" title="NYC Condom">NYC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Association_for_Sexuality_Education" title="Swedish Association for Sexuality Education">RFSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safedom" title="Safedom">Safedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skore_condoms" title="Skore condoms">Skore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(brand)" title="Trojan (brand)">Trojan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condom_fatigue" title="Condom fatigue">Condom fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and AIDS">Catholic Church and AIDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_condoms" title="History of condoms">History of condoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Fromm" title="Julius Fromm">Julius Fromm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background-color: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condom_machine" title="Condom machine">Condom machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">Female condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_condom" title="Flavored condom">Flavored condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Birth_control_methods" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birth_control_methods" title="Template:Birth control methods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birth_control_methods" title="Template talk:Birth control methods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birth_control_methods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birth control methods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Birth_control_methods" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a> methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_birth_control_methods" title="Comparison of birth control methods">Comparison of birth control methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Preventing sexually-transmitted infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control#Approval" title="Birth control">Over-the-counter oral contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_formulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral contraceptive formulations">Oral contraceptive formulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-acting reversible contraception">Long-acting reversible contraception</a> (LARC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hormonal_IUD" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal IUD">Hormonal IUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_IUD" title="Copper IUD">Copper IUD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_implant" title="Contraceptive implant">Contraceptive implant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nexplanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexplanon">Etonogestrel implant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_implant" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel implant">Levonorgestrel implant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">Sterilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubal_ligation" title="Tubal ligation">Tubal ligation</a> (female)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">Vasectomy</a> (male)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception#Combined" title="Hormonal contraception">Combined estrogen–progestogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">Oral pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive" title="Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive">Extended cycle Pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_patch" title="Contraceptive patch">Contraceptive patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_injectable_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined injectable contraceptive">Monthly injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel" title="Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel">Vaginal ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_contraception" title="Progestogen-only contraception">Progestogen-only</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_injectable_contraceptive" title="Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive">Multi-month injections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen-only_pill" title="Progestogen-only pill">Progestogen-only pill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_vaginal_ring" title="Progesterone vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">SERMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barrier_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier contraception">Barrier Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">External condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">Internal condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cap" title="Cervical cap">Cervical cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(birth_control)" title="Diaphragm (birth control)">Diaphragm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraceptive_sponge" title="Contraceptive sponge">Contraceptive sponge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Contraception">Emergency Contraception</a> (Post-intercourse)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_IUD#Emergency_contraception" title="Copper IUD">Copper IUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel#Emergency_birth_control" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone#Other" title="Mifepristone">Low-dose mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzpe_regimen" title="Yuzpe regimen">Yuzpe regimen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spermicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermicides">Spermicides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid/citric_acid/potassium_bitartrate" title="Lactic acid/citric acid/potassium bitartrate">Vaginal pH modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonoxynol-9" title="Nonoxynol-9">Nonoxynol-9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavioral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Including <a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">vaginal intercourse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea#Use_as_birth_control" title="Lactational amenorrhea">Breastfeeding method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar-based_contraceptive_methods" title="Calendar-based contraceptive methods">Calendar (rhythm) methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coitus_interruptus" title="Coitus interruptus">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Avoiding <a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">vaginal intercourse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Abstinence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive#Research_into_new_methods" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptives in development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_sexuality_and_sexology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_sexuality" title="Template:Human sexuality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_sexuality" title="Template talk:Human sexuality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_sexuality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human sexuality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_sexuality_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual relationship">Sexual relationship</a> phenomena</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictosexuality" title="Fictosexuality">Fictosexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_shyness" class="mw-redirect" title="Love shyness">Love shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy_syndrome" title="Celibacy syndrome">Celibacy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committed_relationship" title="Committed relationship">Committed relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_promiscuity" title="Female promiscuity">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">Sex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_person" title="Single person">Single person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sexual dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_frustration" title="Sexual frustration">Sexual frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Addicts_Anonymous" title="Sex Addicts Anonymous">Sex Addicts Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Sexual jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and LGBT people">LGBT people</a> <ul><li><a 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