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GitHub - benfred/py-spy: Sampling profiler for Python programs
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2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon 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0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center 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0-.174-.237l-5.25-1.68ZM8.75 4.75v3a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 10.5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path> </svg> </span> <span data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem-label"> Security </span> </a> </li> <li hidden="hidden" data-menu-item="i5insights-tab" data-targets="action-list.items" role="none" data-view-component="true" class="ActionListItem"> <a tabindex="-1" id="item-c898a793-5d0d-44b5-abed-737827f8c556" href="/benfred/py-spy/pulse" role="menuitem" data-view-component="true" class="ActionListContent ActionListContent--visual16"> <span class="ActionListItem-visual ActionListItem-visual--leading"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-graph"> <path d="M1.5 1.75V13.5h13.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Zm14.28 2.53-5.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L7 7.06 4.28 9.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.25-3.25a.75.75 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Python programs\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-py-spy-sampling-profiler-for-python-programs\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: py-spy: Sampling profiler for Python programs\" href=\"#py-spy-sampling-profiler-for-python-programs\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/actions?query=branch%3Amaster\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch=master\" alt=\"Build Status\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://cirrus-ci.com/github/benfred/py-spy\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/84c644e403f1638229103ad310660c94d254dbdc6c228b0550e5b5337388a9e9/68747470733a2f2f6170692e6369727275732d63692e636f6d2f6769746875622f62656e667265642f70792d7370792e737667\" alt=\"FreeBSD Build Status\" data-canonical-src=\"https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/benfred/py-spy.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy is a sampling profiler for Python programs. It lets you visualize what your Python\nprogram is spending time on without restarting the program or modifying the code in any way.\npy-spy is extremely low overhead: it is written in Rust for speed and doesn't run\nin the same process as the profiled Python program. This means py-spy is safe to use against production Python code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy works on Linux, OSX, Windows and FreeBSD, and supports profiling all recent versions of the CPython\ninterpreter (versions 2.3-2.7 and 3.3-3.13).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstallation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-installation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Installation\" href=\"#installation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePrebuilt binary wheels can be installed from PyPI with:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"pip install py-spy\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003epip install py-spy\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can also download prebuilt binaries from the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/releases\"\u003eGitHub Releases\nPage\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you're a Rust user, py-spy can also be installed with: \u003ccode\u003ecargo install py-spy\u003c/code\u003e. Note this\nbuilds py-spy from source and requires \u003ccode\u003elibunwind\u003c/code\u003e on Linux and Window, e.g.,\n\u003ccode\u003eapt install libunwind-dev\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn macOS, \u003ca href=\"https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/py-spy#default\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epy-spy is in Homebrew\u003c/a\u003e and\ncan be installed with \u003ccode\u003ebrew install py-spy\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn Arch Linux, \u003ca href=\"https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/py-spy/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epy-spy is in AUR\u003c/a\u003e and can be\ninstalled with \u003ccode\u003eyay -S py-spy\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn Alpine Linux, \u003ca href=\"https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=py-spy\u0026amp;branch=edge\u0026amp;repo=testing\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epy-spy is in testing repository\u003c/a\u003e and\ncan be installed with \u003ccode\u003eapk add py-spy --update-cache --repository http://dl-3.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing/ --allow-untrusted\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy works from the command line and takes either the PID of the program you want to sample from\nor the command line of the python program you want to run. py-spy has three subcommands\n\u003ccode\u003erecord\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003etop\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003edump\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003erecord\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-record\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: record\" href=\"#record\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy supports recording profiles to a file using the \u003ccode\u003erecord\u003c/code\u003e command. For example, you can\ngenerate a \u003ca href=\"http://www.brendangregg.com/flamegraphs.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eflame graph\u003c/a\u003e of your python process by\ngoing:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"py-spy record -o profile.svg --pid 12345\n# OR\npy-spy record -o profile.svg -- python myprogram.py\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epy-spy record -o profile.svg --pid 12345\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e OR\u003c/span\u003e\npy-spy record -o profile.svg -- python myprogram.py\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhich will generate an interactive SVG file looking like:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/benfred/py-spy/blob/master/images/flamegraph.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/benfred/py-spy/raw/master/images/flamegraph.svg\" alt=\"flame graph\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can change the file format to generate\n\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/jlfwong/speedscope\"\u003espeedscope\u003c/a\u003e profiles or raw data with the \u003ccode\u003e--format\u003c/code\u003e parameter.\nSee \u003ccode\u003epy-spy record --help\u003c/code\u003e for information on other options including changing\nthe sampling rate, filtering to only include threads that hold the GIL, profiling native C extensions,\nshowing thread-ids, profiling subprocesses and more.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003etop\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-top\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: top\" href=\"#top\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTop shows a live view of what functions are taking the most time in your python program, similar\nto the Unix \u003ca href=\"https://linux.die.net/man/1/top\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003etop\u003c/a\u003e command. Running py-spy with:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"py-spy top --pid 12345\n# OR\npy-spy top -- python myprogram.py\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epy-spy top --pid 12345\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e OR\u003c/span\u003e\npy-spy top -- python myprogram.py\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ewill bring up a live updating high level view of your python program:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/benfred/py-spy/blob/master/images/console_viewer.gif\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/benfred/py-spy/raw/master/images/console_viewer.gif\" alt=\"console viewer demo\" data-animated-image=\"\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003edump\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-dump\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: dump\" href=\"#dump\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy can also display the current call stack for each python thread with the \u003ccode\u003edump\u003c/code\u003e command:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"py-spy dump --pid 12345\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epy-spy dump --pid 12345\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis will dump out the call stacks for each thread, and some other basic process info to the\nconsole:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"/benfred/py-spy/blob/master/images/dump.png\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/benfred/py-spy/raw/master/images/dump.png\" alt=\"dump output\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is useful for the case where you just need a single call stack to figure out where your\npython program is hung on. This command also has the ability to print out the local variables\nassociated with each stack frame by setting the \u003ccode\u003e--locals\u003c/code\u003e flag.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-frequently-asked-questions\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Frequently Asked Questions\" href=\"#frequently-asked-questions\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy do we need another Python profiler?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-do-we-need-another-python-profiler\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why do we need another Python profiler?\" href=\"#why-do-we-need-another-python-profiler\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis project aims to let you profile and debug any running Python program, even if the program is\nserving production traffic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhile there are many other python profiling projects, almost all of them require modifying\nthe profiled program in some way. Usually, the profiling code runs inside of the target python process,\nwhich will slow down and change how the program operates. This means it's not generally safe\nto use these profilers for debugging issues in production services since they will usually have\na noticeable impact on performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow does py-spy work?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-does-py-spy-work\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How does py-spy work?\" href=\"#how-does-py-spy-work\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy works by directly reading the memory of the python program using the\n\u003ca href=\"http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/process_vm_readv.2.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eprocess_vm_readv\u003c/a\u003e system call on Linux,\nthe \u003ca href=\"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/kernel/1585350-vm_read?language=objc\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003evm_read\u003c/a\u003e call on OSX\nor the \u003ca href=\"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms680553(v=vs.85).aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eReadProcessMemory\u003c/a\u003e call\non Windows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFiguring out the call stack of the Python program is done by looking at the global PyInterpreterState variable\nto get all the Python threads running in the interpreter, and then iterating over each PyFrameObject in each thread\nto get the call stack. Since the Python ABI changes between versions, we use rust's \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rust-bindgen\"\u003ebindgen\u003c/a\u003e to generate different rust structures for each Python interpreter\nclass we care about and use these generated structs to figure out the memory layout in the Python program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGetting the memory address of the Python Interpreter can be a little tricky due to \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAddress Space Layout Randomization\u003c/a\u003e. If the target python interpreter ships\nwith symbols it is pretty easy to figure out the memory address of the interpreter by dereferencing the\n\u003ccode\u003einterp_head\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003e_PyRuntime\u003c/code\u003e variables depending on the Python version. However, many Python\nversions are shipped with either stripped binaries or shipped without the corresponding PDB symbol files on Windows. In\nthese cases we scan through the BSS section for addresses that look like they may point to a valid PyInterpreterState\nand check if the layout of that address is what we expect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCan py-spy profile native extensions?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-can-py-spy-profile-native-extensions\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Can py-spy profile native extensions?\" href=\"#can-py-spy-profile-native-extensions\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYes! py-spy supports profiling native python extensions written in languages like C/C++ or Cython,\non x86_64 Linux and Windows. You can enable this mode by passing \u003ccode\u003e--native\u003c/code\u003e on the\ncommand line. For best results, you should compile your Python extension with symbols. Also worth\nnoting for Cython programs is that py-spy needs the generated C or C++ file in order to return line\nnumbers of the original .pyx file. Read the \u003ca href=\"https://www.benfrederickson.com/profiling-native-python-extensions-with-py-spy/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eblog post\u003c/a\u003e\nfor more information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow can I profile subprocesses?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-can-i-profile-subprocesses\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How can I profile subprocesses?\" href=\"#how-can-i-profile-subprocesses\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy passing in the \u003ccode\u003e--subprocesses\u003c/code\u003e flag to either the record or top view, py-spy will also include\nthe output from any python process that is a child process of the target program. This is useful\nfor profiling applications that use multiprocessing or gunicorn worker pools. py-spy will monitor\nfor new processes being created, and automatically attach to them and include samples from them in\nthe output. The record view will include the PID and cmdline of each program in the callstack,\nwith subprocesses appearing as children of their parent processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen do you need to run as sudo?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-when-do-you-need-to-run-as-sudo\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: When do you need to run as sudo?\" href=\"#when-do-you-need-to-run-as-sudo\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy works by reading memory from a different python process, and this might not be allowed for security reasons depending on\nyour OS and system settings. In many cases, running as a root user (with sudo or similar) gets around these security restrictions.\nOSX always requires running as root, but on Linux it depends on how you are launching py-spy and the system\nsecurity settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn Linux the default configuration is to require root permissions when attaching to a process that isn't a child.\nFor py-spy this means you can profile without root access by getting py-spy to create the process\n(\u003ccode\u003epy-spy record -- python myprogram.py\u003c/code\u003e) but attaching to an existing process by specifying a\nPID will usually require root (\u003ccode\u003esudo py-spy record --pid 123456\u003c/code\u003e).\nYou can remove this restriction on Linux by setting the \u003ca href=\"https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/Roadmap/KernelHardening#ptrace_Protection\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eptrace_scope sysctl variable\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow do you detect if a thread is idle or not?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-do-you-detect-if-a-thread-is-idle-or-not\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How do you detect if a thread is idle or not?\" href=\"#how-do-you-detect-if-a-thread-is-idle-or-not\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy attempts to only include stack traces from threads that are actively running code, and exclude threads that\nare sleeping or otherwise idle. When possible, py-spy attempts to get this thread activity information\nfrom the OS: by reading in \u003ccode\u003e/proc/PID/stat\u003c/code\u003e on Linux, by using the mach\n\u003ca href=\"https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-792/osfmk/mach/thread_info.h.auto.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethread_basic_info\u003c/a\u003e\ncall on OSX, and by looking if the current SysCall is \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/blob/8326c6dbc6241d60125dfd4c01b70fed8b8b8138/remoteprocess/src/windows/mod.rs#L212-L229\"\u003eknown to be\nidle\u003c/a\u003e\non Windows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are some limitations with this approach though that may cause idle threads to still be\nmarked as active. First off, we have to get this thread activity information before pausing the\nprogram, because getting this from a paused program will cause it to always return that this is\nidle. This means there is a potential race condition, where we get the thread activity and\nthen the thread is in a different state when we get the stack trace. Querying the OS for thread\nactivity also isn't implemented yet for FreeBSD and i686/ARM processors on Linux. On Windows,\ncalls that are blocked on IO also won't be marked as idle yet, for instance when reading input\nfrom stdin. Finally, on some Linux calls the ptrace attach that we are using may cause idle threads\nto wake up momentarily, causing false positives when reading from procfs. For these reasons,\nwe also have a heuristic fallback that marks known certain known calls in\npython as being idle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can disable this functionality by setting the \u003ccode\u003e--idle\u003c/code\u003e flag, which\nwill include frames that py-spy considers idle.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow does GIL detection work?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-does-gil-detection-work\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How does GIL detection work?\" href=\"#how-does-gil-detection-work\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe get GIL activity by looking at the threadid value pointed to by the \u003ccode\u003e_PyThreadState_Current\u003c/code\u003e symbol\nfor Python 3.6 and earlier and by figuring out the equivalent from the \u003ccode\u003e_PyRuntime\u003c/code\u003e struct in\nPython 3.7 and later. These symbols might not be included in your python distribution, which will\ncause resolving which thread holds on to the GIL to fail. Current GIL usage is also shown in the\n\u003ccode\u003etop\u003c/code\u003e view as %GIL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePassing the \u003ccode\u003e--gil\u003c/code\u003e flag will only include traces for threads that are holding on to the\n\u003ca href=\"https://wiki.python.org/moin/GlobalInterpreterLock\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGlobal Interpreter Lock\u003c/a\u003e. In some cases this\nmight be a more accurate view of how your python program is spending its time, though you should\nbe aware that this will miss activity in extensions that release the GIL while still active.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy am I having issues profiling /usr/bin/python on OSX?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-am-i-having-issues-profiling-usrbinpython-on-osx\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why am I having issues profiling /usr/bin/python on OSX?\" href=\"#why-am-i-having-issues-profiling-usrbinpython-on-osx\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOSX has a feature called \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Integrity_Protection\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSystem Integrity Protection\u003c/a\u003e that prevents even the root user from reading memory from any binary located in /usr/bin. Unfortunately, this includes the python interpreter that ships with OSX.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are a couple of different ways to deal with this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYou can install a different Python distribution. The built-in Python \u003ca href=\"https://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos_release_notes/macos_catalina_10_15_release_notes\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ewill be removed\u003c/a\u003e in a future OSX, and you probably want to migrate away from Python 2 anyways =).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYou can use \u003ca href=\"https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003evirtualenv\u003c/a\u003e to run the system python in an environment where SIP doesn't apply.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYou can \u003ca href=\"https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/mac/how-turn-off-mac-os-x-system-integrity-protection-rootless-3638975/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edisable System Integrity Protection\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow do I run py-spy in Docker?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-docker\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How do I run py-spy in Docker?\" href=\"#how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-docker\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRunning py-spy inside of a docker container will also usually bring up a permissions denied error even when running as root.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis error is caused by docker restricting the process_vm_readv system call we are using. This can\nbe overridden by setting\n\u003ca href=\"https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/seccomp/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e--cap-add SYS_PTRACE\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e when starting the docker container.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlternatively you can edit the docker-compose yaml file\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"your_service:\n cap_add:\n - SYS_PTRACE\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eyour_service:\n cap_add:\n - SYS_PTRACE\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that you'll need to restart the docker container in order for this setting to take effect.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can also use py-spy from the Host OS to profile a running process running inside the docker\ncontainer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow do I run py-spy in Kubernetes?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-kubernetes\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How do I run py-spy in Kubernetes?\" href=\"#how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-kubernetes\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy needs \u003ccode\u003eSYS_PTRACE\u003c/code\u003e to be able to read process memory. Kubernetes drops that capability by default, resulting in the error\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"Permission Denied: Try running again with elevated permissions by going 'sudo env \u0026quot;PATH=$PATH\u0026quot; !!'\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ePermission Denied: Try running again with elevated permissions by going 'sudo env \"PATH=$PATH\" !!'\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe recommended way to deal with this is to edit the spec and add that capability. For a deployment, this is done by adding this to \u003ccode\u003eDeployment.spec.template.spec.containers\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"securityContext:\n capabilities:\n add:\n - SYS_PTRACE\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esecurityContext:\n capabilities:\n add:\n - SYS_PTRACE\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMore details on this here: \u003ca href=\"https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/#set-capabilities-for-a-container\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/#set-capabilities-for-a-container\u003c/a\u003e\nNote that this will remove the existing pods and create those again.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow do I install py-spy on Alpine Linux?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-do-i-install-py-spy-on-alpine-linux\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How do I install py-spy on Alpine Linux?\" href=\"#how-do-i-install-py-spy-on-alpine-linux\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlpine python opts out of the \u003ccode\u003emanylinux\u003c/code\u003e wheels: \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/3969#issuecomment-247381915\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/pypa/pip/issues/3969/hovercard\"\u003epypa/pip#3969 (comment)\u003c/a\u003e.\nYou can override this behaviour to use pip to install py-spy on Alpine by going:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"echo 'manylinux1_compatible = True' \u0026gt; /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/_manylinux.py\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eecho 'manylinux1_compatible = True' \u0026gt; /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/_manylinux.py\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlternatively you can download a musl binary from the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/releases\"\u003eGitHub releases page\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow can I avoid pausing the Python program?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-can-i-avoid-pausing-the-python-program\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How can I avoid pausing the Python program?\" href=\"#how-can-i-avoid-pausing-the-python-program\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy setting the \u003ccode\u003e--nonblocking\u003c/code\u003e option, py-spy won't pause the target python you are profiling from. While\nthe performance impact of sampling from a process with py-spy is usually extremely low, setting this option\nwill totally avoid interrupting your running python program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWith this option set, py-spy will instead read the interpreter state from the python process as it is running.\nSince the calls we use to read memory from are not atomic, and we have to issue multiple calls to get a stack trace this\nmeans that occasionally we get errors when sampling. This can show up as an increased error rate when sampling, or as\npartial stack frames being included in the output.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDoes py-spy support 32-bit Windows? Integrate with PyPy? Work with USC2 versions of Python2?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-does-py-spy-support-32-bit-windows-integrate-with-pypy-work-with-usc2-versions-of-python2\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Does py-spy support 32-bit Windows? Integrate with PyPy? Work with USC2 versions of Python2?\" href=\"#does-py-spy-support-32-bit-windows-integrate-with-pypy-work-with-usc2-versions-of-python2\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNot yet =).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf there are features you'd like to see in py-spy either thumb up the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Areactions-%2B1-desc\"\u003eappropriate\nissue\u003c/a\u003e or create a new one that describes what functionality is missing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow to force colored output when piping to a pager?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-to-force-colored-output-when-piping-to-a-pager\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How to force colored output when piping to a pager?\" href=\"#how-to-force-colored-output-when-piping-to-a-pager\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy follows the \u003ca href=\"https://bixense.com/clicolors/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCLICOLOR\u003c/a\u003e specification, thus setting \u003ccode\u003eCLICOLOR_FORCE=1\u003c/code\u003e in your environment will have py-spy print colored output even when piped to a pager.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCredits\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-credits\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Credits\" href=\"#credits\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy is heavily inspired by \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/jvns/\"\u003eJulia Evans\u003c/a\u003e excellent work on \u003ca href=\"http://github.com/rbspy/rbspy\"\u003erbspy\u003c/a\u003e.\nIn particular, the code to generate flamegraph and speedscope files is taken directly from rbspy, and this project uses the\n\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/luser/read-process-memory\"\u003eread-process-memory\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benfred/proc-maps\"\u003eproc-maps\u003c/a\u003e crates that were spun off from rbspy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicense\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-license\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: License\" href=\"#license\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003epy-spy is released under the MIT License, see the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/blob/master/LICENSE\"\u003eLICENSE\u003c/a\u003e file for the full text.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"py-spy: Sampling profiler for Python programs","anchor":"py-spy-sampling-profiler-for-python-programs","htmlText":"py-spy: Sampling profiler for Python programs"},{"level":2,"text":"Installation","anchor":"installation","htmlText":"Installation"},{"level":2,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"record","anchor":"record","htmlText":"record"},{"level":3,"text":"top","anchor":"top","htmlText":"top"},{"level":3,"text":"dump","anchor":"dump","htmlText":"dump"},{"level":2,"text":"Frequently Asked Questions","anchor":"frequently-asked-questions","htmlText":"Frequently Asked Questions"},{"level":3,"text":"Why do we need another Python profiler?","anchor":"why-do-we-need-another-python-profiler","htmlText":"Why do we need another Python profiler?"},{"level":3,"text":"How does py-spy work?","anchor":"how-does-py-spy-work","htmlText":"How does py-spy work?"},{"level":3,"text":"Can py-spy profile native extensions?","anchor":"can-py-spy-profile-native-extensions","htmlText":"Can py-spy profile native extensions?"},{"level":3,"text":"How can I profile subprocesses?","anchor":"how-can-i-profile-subprocesses","htmlText":"How can I profile subprocesses?"},{"level":3,"text":"When do you need to run as sudo?","anchor":"when-do-you-need-to-run-as-sudo","htmlText":"When do you need to run as sudo?"},{"level":3,"text":"How do you detect if a thread is idle or not?","anchor":"how-do-you-detect-if-a-thread-is-idle-or-not","htmlText":"How do you detect if a thread is idle or not?"},{"level":3,"text":"How does GIL detection work?","anchor":"how-does-gil-detection-work","htmlText":"How does GIL detection work?"},{"level":3,"text":"Why am I having issues profiling /usr/bin/python on OSX?","anchor":"why-am-i-having-issues-profiling-usrbinpython-on-osx","htmlText":"Why am I having issues profiling /usr/bin/python on OSX?"},{"level":3,"text":"How do I run py-spy in Docker?","anchor":"how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-docker","htmlText":"How do I run py-spy in Docker?"},{"level":3,"text":"How do I run py-spy in Kubernetes?","anchor":"how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-kubernetes","htmlText":"How do I run py-spy in Kubernetes?"},{"level":3,"text":"How do I install py-spy on Alpine Linux?","anchor":"how-do-i-install-py-spy-on-alpine-linux","htmlText":"How do I install py-spy on Alpine Linux?"},{"level":3,"text":"How can I avoid pausing the Python program?","anchor":"how-can-i-avoid-pausing-the-python-program","htmlText":"How can I avoid pausing the Python program?"},{"level":3,"text":"Does py-spy support 32-bit Windows? Integrate with PyPy? Work with USC2 versions of Python2?","anchor":"does-py-spy-support-32-bit-windows-integrate-with-pypy-work-with-usc2-versions-of-python2","htmlText":"Does py-spy support 32-bit Windows? Integrate with PyPy? Work with USC2 versions of Python2?"},{"level":3,"text":"How to force colored output when piping to a pager?","anchor":"how-to-force-colored-output-when-piping-to-a-pager","htmlText":"How to force colored output when piping to a 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id=":Rr9ab:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-list-unordered" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5.75 2.5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm1-6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0ZM2 4a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 QkQOb js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">py-spy: Sampling profiler for Python programs</h1><a id="user-content-py-spy-sampling-profiler-for-python-programs" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: py-spy: Sampling profiler for Python programs" href="#py-spy-sampling-profiler-for-python-programs"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/actions?query=branch%3Amaster"><img src="https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/workflows/Build/badge.svg?branch=master" alt="Build Status" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://cirrus-ci.com/github/benfred/py-spy" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/84c644e403f1638229103ad310660c94d254dbdc6c228b0550e5b5337388a9e9/68747470733a2f2f6170692e6369727275732d63692e636f6d2f6769746875622f62656e667265642f70792d7370792e737667" alt="FreeBSD Build Status" data-canonical-src="https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/benfred/py-spy.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <p dir="auto">py-spy is a sampling profiler for Python programs. It lets you visualize what your Python program is spending time on without restarting the program or modifying the code in any way. py-spy is extremely low overhead: it is written in Rust for speed and doesn't run in the same process as the profiled Python program. This means py-spy is safe to use against production Python code.</p> <p dir="auto">py-spy works on Linux, OSX, Windows and FreeBSD, and supports profiling all recent versions of the CPython interpreter (versions 2.3-2.7 and 3.3-3.13).</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Installation</h2><a id="user-content-installation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Installation" href="#installation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Prebuilt binary wheels can be installed from PyPI with:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="pip install py-spy"><pre class="notranslate"><code>pip install py-spy </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">You can also download prebuilt binaries from the <a href="https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/releases">GitHub Releases Page</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">If you're a Rust user, py-spy can also be installed with: <code>cargo install py-spy</code>. Note this builds py-spy from source and requires <code>libunwind</code> on Linux and Window, e.g., <code>apt install libunwind-dev</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">On macOS, <a href="https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/py-spy#default" rel="nofollow">py-spy is in Homebrew</a> and can be installed with <code>brew install py-spy</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">On Arch Linux, <a href="https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/py-spy/" rel="nofollow">py-spy is in AUR</a> and can be installed with <code>yay -S py-spy</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">On Alpine Linux, <a href="https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=py-spy&branch=edge&repo=testing" rel="nofollow">py-spy is in testing repository</a> and can be installed with <code>apk add py-spy --update-cache --repository http://dl-3.alpinelinux.org/alpine/edge/testing/ --allow-untrusted</code>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h2><a id="user-content-usage" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy works from the command line and takes either the PID of the program you want to sample from or the command line of the python program you want to run. py-spy has three subcommands <code>record</code>, <code>top</code> and <code>dump</code>:</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">record</h3><a id="user-content-record" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: record" href="#record"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy supports recording profiles to a file using the <code>record</code> command. For example, you can generate a <a href="http://www.brendangregg.com/flamegraphs.html" rel="nofollow">flame graph</a> of your python process by going:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="py-spy record -o profile.svg --pid 12345 # OR py-spy record -o profile.svg -- python myprogram.py"><pre>py-spy record -o profile.svg --pid 12345 <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> OR</span> py-spy record -o profile.svg -- python myprogram.py</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Which will generate an interactive SVG file looking like:</p> <p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/benfred/py-spy/blob/master/images/flamegraph.svg"><img src="/benfred/py-spy/raw/master/images/flamegraph.svg" alt="flame graph" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <p dir="auto">You can change the file format to generate <a href="https://github.com/jlfwong/speedscope">speedscope</a> profiles or raw data with the <code>--format</code> parameter. See <code>py-spy record --help</code> for information on other options including changing the sampling rate, filtering to only include threads that hold the GIL, profiling native C extensions, showing thread-ids, profiling subprocesses and more.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">top</h3><a id="user-content-top" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: top" href="#top"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Top shows a live view of what functions are taking the most time in your python program, similar to the Unix <a href="https://linux.die.net/man/1/top" rel="nofollow">top</a> command. Running py-spy with:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="py-spy top --pid 12345 # OR py-spy top -- python myprogram.py"><pre>py-spy top --pid 12345 <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> OR</span> py-spy top -- python myprogram.py</pre></div> <p dir="auto">will bring up a live updating high level view of your python program:</p> <p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/benfred/py-spy/blob/master/images/console_viewer.gif"><img src="/benfred/py-spy/raw/master/images/console_viewer.gif" alt="console viewer demo" data-animated-image="" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">dump</h3><a id="user-content-dump" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: dump" href="#dump"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy can also display the current call stack for each python thread with the <code>dump</code> command:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="py-spy dump --pid 12345"><pre>py-spy dump --pid 12345</pre></div> <p dir="auto">This will dump out the call stacks for each thread, and some other basic process info to the console:</p> <p dir="auto"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/benfred/py-spy/blob/master/images/dump.png"><img src="/benfred/py-spy/raw/master/images/dump.png" alt="dump output" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <p dir="auto">This is useful for the case where you just need a single call stack to figure out where your python program is hung on. This command also has the ability to print out the local variables associated with each stack frame by setting the <code>--locals</code> flag.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Frequently Asked Questions</h2><a id="user-content-frequently-asked-questions" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Frequently Asked Questions" href="#frequently-asked-questions"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why do we need another Python profiler?</h3><a id="user-content-why-do-we-need-another-python-profiler" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why do we need another Python profiler?" href="#why-do-we-need-another-python-profiler"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This project aims to let you profile and debug any running Python program, even if the program is serving production traffic.</p> <p dir="auto">While there are many other python profiling projects, almost all of them require modifying the profiled program in some way. Usually, the profiling code runs inside of the target python process, which will slow down and change how the program operates. This means it's not generally safe to use these profilers for debugging issues in production services since they will usually have a noticeable impact on performance.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How does py-spy work?</h3><a id="user-content-how-does-py-spy-work" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How does py-spy work?" href="#how-does-py-spy-work"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy works by directly reading the memory of the python program using the <a href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/process_vm_readv.2.html" rel="nofollow">process_vm_readv</a> system call on Linux, the <a href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/kernel/1585350-vm_read?language=objc" rel="nofollow">vm_read</a> call on OSX or the <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms680553(v=vs.85).aspx" rel="nofollow">ReadProcessMemory</a> call on Windows.</p> <p dir="auto">Figuring out the call stack of the Python program is done by looking at the global PyInterpreterState variable to get all the Python threads running in the interpreter, and then iterating over each PyFrameObject in each thread to get the call stack. Since the Python ABI changes between versions, we use rust's <a href="https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rust-bindgen">bindgen</a> to generate different rust structures for each Python interpreter class we care about and use these generated structs to figure out the memory layout in the Python program.</p> <p dir="auto">Getting the memory address of the Python Interpreter can be a little tricky due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization" rel="nofollow">Address Space Layout Randomization</a>. If the target python interpreter ships with symbols it is pretty easy to figure out the memory address of the interpreter by dereferencing the <code>interp_head</code> or <code>_PyRuntime</code> variables depending on the Python version. However, many Python versions are shipped with either stripped binaries or shipped without the corresponding PDB symbol files on Windows. In these cases we scan through the BSS section for addresses that look like they may point to a valid PyInterpreterState and check if the layout of that address is what we expect.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Can py-spy profile native extensions?</h3><a id="user-content-can-py-spy-profile-native-extensions" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Can py-spy profile native extensions?" href="#can-py-spy-profile-native-extensions"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Yes! py-spy supports profiling native python extensions written in languages like C/C++ or Cython, on x86_64 Linux and Windows. You can enable this mode by passing <code>--native</code> on the command line. For best results, you should compile your Python extension with symbols. Also worth noting for Cython programs is that py-spy needs the generated C or C++ file in order to return line numbers of the original .pyx file. Read the <a href="https://www.benfrederickson.com/profiling-native-python-extensions-with-py-spy/" rel="nofollow">blog post</a> for more information.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How can I profile subprocesses?</h3><a id="user-content-how-can-i-profile-subprocesses" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How can I profile subprocesses?" href="#how-can-i-profile-subprocesses"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">By passing in the <code>--subprocesses</code> flag to either the record or top view, py-spy will also include the output from any python process that is a child process of the target program. This is useful for profiling applications that use multiprocessing or gunicorn worker pools. py-spy will monitor for new processes being created, and automatically attach to them and include samples from them in the output. The record view will include the PID and cmdline of each program in the callstack, with subprocesses appearing as children of their parent processes.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">When do you need to run as sudo?</h3><a id="user-content-when-do-you-need-to-run-as-sudo" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: When do you need to run as sudo?" href="#when-do-you-need-to-run-as-sudo"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy works by reading memory from a different python process, and this might not be allowed for security reasons depending on your OS and system settings. In many cases, running as a root user (with sudo or similar) gets around these security restrictions. OSX always requires running as root, but on Linux it depends on how you are launching py-spy and the system security settings.</p> <p dir="auto">On Linux the default configuration is to require root permissions when attaching to a process that isn't a child. For py-spy this means you can profile without root access by getting py-spy to create the process (<code>py-spy record -- python myprogram.py</code>) but attaching to an existing process by specifying a PID will usually require root (<code>sudo py-spy record --pid 123456</code>). You can remove this restriction on Linux by setting the <a href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/Roadmap/KernelHardening#ptrace_Protection" rel="nofollow">ptrace_scope sysctl variable</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How do you detect if a thread is idle or not?</h3><a id="user-content-how-do-you-detect-if-a-thread-is-idle-or-not" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How do you detect if a thread is idle or not?" href="#how-do-you-detect-if-a-thread-is-idle-or-not"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy attempts to only include stack traces from threads that are actively running code, and exclude threads that are sleeping or otherwise idle. When possible, py-spy attempts to get this thread activity information from the OS: by reading in <code>/proc/PID/stat</code> on Linux, by using the mach <a href="https://opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-792/osfmk/mach/thread_info.h.auto.html" rel="nofollow">thread_basic_info</a> call on OSX, and by looking if the current SysCall is <a href="https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/blob/8326c6dbc6241d60125dfd4c01b70fed8b8b8138/remoteprocess/src/windows/mod.rs#L212-L229">known to be idle</a> on Windows.</p> <p dir="auto">There are some limitations with this approach though that may cause idle threads to still be marked as active. First off, we have to get this thread activity information before pausing the program, because getting this from a paused program will cause it to always return that this is idle. This means there is a potential race condition, where we get the thread activity and then the thread is in a different state when we get the stack trace. Querying the OS for thread activity also isn't implemented yet for FreeBSD and i686/ARM processors on Linux. On Windows, calls that are blocked on IO also won't be marked as idle yet, for instance when reading input from stdin. Finally, on some Linux calls the ptrace attach that we are using may cause idle threads to wake up momentarily, causing false positives when reading from procfs. For these reasons, we also have a heuristic fallback that marks known certain known calls in python as being idle.</p> <p dir="auto">You can disable this functionality by setting the <code>--idle</code> flag, which will include frames that py-spy considers idle.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How does GIL detection work?</h3><a id="user-content-how-does-gil-detection-work" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How does GIL detection work?" href="#how-does-gil-detection-work"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">We get GIL activity by looking at the threadid value pointed to by the <code>_PyThreadState_Current</code> symbol for Python 3.6 and earlier and by figuring out the equivalent from the <code>_PyRuntime</code> struct in Python 3.7 and later. These symbols might not be included in your python distribution, which will cause resolving which thread holds on to the GIL to fail. Current GIL usage is also shown in the <code>top</code> view as %GIL.</p> <p dir="auto">Passing the <code>--gil</code> flag will only include traces for threads that are holding on to the <a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/GlobalInterpreterLock" rel="nofollow">Global Interpreter Lock</a>. In some cases this might be a more accurate view of how your python program is spending its time, though you should be aware that this will miss activity in extensions that release the GIL while still active.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why am I having issues profiling /usr/bin/python on OSX?</h3><a id="user-content-why-am-i-having-issues-profiling-usrbinpython-on-osx" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why am I having issues profiling /usr/bin/python on OSX?" href="#why-am-i-having-issues-profiling-usrbinpython-on-osx"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">OSX has a feature called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Integrity_Protection" rel="nofollow">System Integrity Protection</a> that prevents even the root user from reading memory from any binary located in /usr/bin. Unfortunately, this includes the python interpreter that ships with OSX.</p> <p dir="auto">There are a couple of different ways to deal with this:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>You can install a different Python distribution. The built-in Python <a href="https://developer.apple.com/documentation/macos_release_notes/macos_catalina_10_15_release_notes" rel="nofollow">will be removed</a> in a future OSX, and you probably want to migrate away from Python 2 anyways =).</li> <li>You can use <a href="https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/" rel="nofollow">virtualenv</a> to run the system python in an environment where SIP doesn't apply.</li> <li>You can <a href="https://www.macworld.co.uk/how-to/mac/how-turn-off-mac-os-x-system-integrity-protection-rootless-3638975/" rel="nofollow">disable System Integrity Protection</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How do I run py-spy in Docker?</h3><a id="user-content-how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-docker" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How do I run py-spy in Docker?" href="#how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-docker"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Running py-spy inside of a docker container will also usually bring up a permissions denied error even when running as root.</p> <p dir="auto">This error is caused by docker restricting the process_vm_readv system call we are using. This can be overridden by setting <a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/security/seccomp/" rel="nofollow"><code>--cap-add SYS_PTRACE</code></a> when starting the docker container.</p> <p dir="auto">Alternatively you can edit the docker-compose yaml file</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="your_service: cap_add: - SYS_PTRACE"><pre class="notranslate"><code>your_service: cap_add: - SYS_PTRACE </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Note that you'll need to restart the docker container in order for this setting to take effect.</p> <p dir="auto">You can also use py-spy from the Host OS to profile a running process running inside the docker container.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How do I run py-spy in Kubernetes?</h3><a id="user-content-how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-kubernetes" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How do I run py-spy in Kubernetes?" href="#how-do-i-run-py-spy-in-kubernetes"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy needs <code>SYS_PTRACE</code> to be able to read process memory. Kubernetes drops that capability by default, resulting in the error</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Permission Denied: Try running again with elevated permissions by going 'sudo env "PATH=$PATH" !!'"><pre class="notranslate"><code>Permission Denied: Try running again with elevated permissions by going 'sudo env "PATH=$PATH" !!' </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">The recommended way to deal with this is to edit the spec and add that capability. For a deployment, this is done by adding this to <code>Deployment.spec.template.spec.containers</code></p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="securityContext: capabilities: add: - SYS_PTRACE"><pre class="notranslate"><code>securityContext: capabilities: add: - SYS_PTRACE </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">More details on this here: <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/#set-capabilities-for-a-container" rel="nofollow">https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/#set-capabilities-for-a-container</a> Note that this will remove the existing pods and create those again.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How do I install py-spy on Alpine Linux?</h3><a id="user-content-how-do-i-install-py-spy-on-alpine-linux" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How do I install py-spy on Alpine Linux?" href="#how-do-i-install-py-spy-on-alpine-linux"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Alpine python opts out of the <code>manylinux</code> wheels: <a href="https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/3969#issuecomment-247381915" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/pypa/pip/issues/3969/hovercard">pypa/pip#3969 (comment)</a>. You can override this behaviour to use pip to install py-spy on Alpine by going:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="echo 'manylinux1_compatible = True' > /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/_manylinux.py"><pre class="notranslate"><code>echo 'manylinux1_compatible = True' > /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/_manylinux.py </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Alternatively you can download a musl binary from the <a href="https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/releases">GitHub releases page</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How can I avoid pausing the Python program?</h3><a id="user-content-how-can-i-avoid-pausing-the-python-program" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How can I avoid pausing the Python program?" href="#how-can-i-avoid-pausing-the-python-program"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">By setting the <code>--nonblocking</code> option, py-spy won't pause the target python you are profiling from. While the performance impact of sampling from a process with py-spy is usually extremely low, setting this option will totally avoid interrupting your running python program.</p> <p dir="auto">With this option set, py-spy will instead read the interpreter state from the python process as it is running. Since the calls we use to read memory from are not atomic, and we have to issue multiple calls to get a stack trace this means that occasionally we get errors when sampling. This can show up as an increased error rate when sampling, or as partial stack frames being included in the output.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Does py-spy support 32-bit Windows? Integrate with PyPy? Work with USC2 versions of Python2?</h3><a id="user-content-does-py-spy-support-32-bit-windows-integrate-with-pypy-work-with-usc2-versions-of-python2" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Does py-spy support 32-bit Windows? Integrate with PyPy? Work with USC2 versions of Python2?" href="#does-py-spy-support-32-bit-windows-integrate-with-pypy-work-with-usc2-versions-of-python2"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Not yet =).</p> <p dir="auto">If there are features you'd like to see in py-spy either thumb up the <a href="https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Areactions-%2B1-desc">appropriate issue</a> or create a new one that describes what functionality is missing.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How to force colored output when piping to a pager?</h3><a id="user-content-how-to-force-colored-output-when-piping-to-a-pager" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How to force colored output when piping to a pager?" href="#how-to-force-colored-output-when-piping-to-a-pager"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy follows the <a href="https://bixense.com/clicolors/" rel="nofollow">CLICOLOR</a> specification, thus setting <code>CLICOLOR_FORCE=1</code> in your environment will have py-spy print colored output even when piped to a pager.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Credits</h2><a id="user-content-credits" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Credits" href="#credits"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy is heavily inspired by <a href="https://github.com/jvns/">Julia Evans</a> excellent work on <a href="http://github.com/rbspy/rbspy">rbspy</a>. In particular, the code to generate flamegraph and speedscope files is taken directly from rbspy, and this project uses the <a href="https://github.com/luser/read-process-memory">read-process-memory</a> and <a href="https://github.com/benfred/proc-maps">proc-maps</a> crates that were spun off from rbspy.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">License</h2><a id="user-content-license" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: License" href="#license"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">py-spy is released under the MIT License, see the <a href="https://github.com/benfred/py-spy/blob/master/LICENSE">LICENSE</a> file for the full text.</p> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="gsaSSSVD87gR5vXu5ue4Za8YCQOnra/m54D8qYhKx6te53An7lxe3SGVzpXA3KfZSVQpRVGFp162O0c8uPgIYg==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> Sampling profiler for Python programs </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div 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id="site-details-dialog"> <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open> <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary> <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal"> <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div> </details-dialog> </details> </template> <div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;"> <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;"> </div> </div> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> </div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div> </body> </html>