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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urnfield-Hallstatt_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urnfield-Hallstatt_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Urnfield-Hallstatt theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urnfield-Hallstatt_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Celtic_from_the_West'_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Celtic_from_the_West'_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 'Celtic from the West' theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Celtic_from_the_West'_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Celtic_from_the_Centre'_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Celtic_from_the_Centre'_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 'Celtic from the Centre' theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Celtic_from_the_Centre'_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Linguistic evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Genetic evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Archaeological evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Historical evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Continental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Gaul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Iberia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany,_Alps_and_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany,_Alps_and_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Germany, Alps and Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany,_Alps_and_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_east_and_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_east_and_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Expansion east and south </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_east_and_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Insular </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Romanisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Trade and coinage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_sexual_norms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_sexual_norms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Gender and sexual norms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_sexual_norms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Celtic art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallic_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallic_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Gallic calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallic_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare_and_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare_and_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Warfare and weapons </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Warfare_and_weapons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Warfare and weapons subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Warfare_and_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Head hunting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religion and mythology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion and mythology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Celtic_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Celtic_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ancient Celtic religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Celtic_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insular_Celtic_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insular_Celtic_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Insular Celtic mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insular_Celtic_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Roman influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Celtic Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Celts</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" > 107 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelte" title="Kelte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kelte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelten" title="Kelten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kelten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B7" title="قلط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtas" title="Celtas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Celtas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celta" title="Celta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Celta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltl%C9%99r" title="Keltlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Keltlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সেল্টিক সভ্যতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেল্টিক সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt_l%C3%A2ng" title="Kelt lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kelt lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кельты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кельты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кельты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кельты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Келти – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Келти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6itn" title="Köitn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Köitn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kelti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelted" title="Kelted – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kelted" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtes" title="Celtes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Celtes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кельтсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кельтсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltov%C3%A9" title="Keltové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Keltové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Celtiaid" title="Y Celtiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Celtiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltere" title="Keltere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Keltere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelten" title="Kelten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kelten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keldid" title="Keldid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keldid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κελτικός πολιτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κελτικός πολιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AEldg%27" title="Zîldg' – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Zîldg'" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celta" title="Celta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Celta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltoj" title="Keltoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Keltoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelta" title="Zelta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zelta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="سلت‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلت‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltar" title="Keltar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Keltar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtes" title="Celtes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Celtes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelten" title="Kelten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kelten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Ceiltigh" title="Na Ceiltigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Ceiltigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_Celtiee" title="Ny Celtiee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny Celtiee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceilteach" title="Ceilteach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceilteach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtas" title="Celtas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Celtas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%88%ED%8A%B8%EC%A1%B1" title="켈트족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="켈트족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կելտեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կելտեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kelti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kelti" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt" title="Kelt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltar" title="Keltar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Keltar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celti" title="Celti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Celti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קלטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კელტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კელტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кельттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кельттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt" title="Kelt – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kelt" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakelti" title="Wakelti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wakelti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt" title="Kelt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kelt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кельттер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кельттер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtae" title="Celtae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Celtae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6elti" title="Ķelti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķelti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelten" title="Kelten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kelten" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кельтар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кельтар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltai" title="Keltai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keltai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelte" title="Kelte – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kelte" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popla_celta" title="Popla celta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Popla celta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupulazion_celtich" title="Pupulazion celtich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pupulazion celtich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt%C3%A1k" title="Kelták – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kelták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Келти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Келти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selta_(vahoaka)" title="Selta (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Selta (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="კელტეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კელტეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA" title="كيلت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيلت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AA" title="سلت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سلت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt" title="Celt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Celt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ကဲ့လူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကဲ့လူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelten" title="Kelten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kelten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelten" title="Kelten – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kelten" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E4%BA%BA" title="ケルト人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケルト人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltere" title="Keltere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keltere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltarar" title="Keltarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Keltarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8ltas" title="Cèltas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cèltas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltlar" title="Keltlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Keltlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9" title="سیلٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیلٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltes" title="Cheltes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cheltes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtowie" title="Celtowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Celtowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtas" title="Celtas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Celtas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelte" title="Kelte – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kelte" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel%C8%9Bi" title="Celți – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Celți" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" title="Celts – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Celts" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Келты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Келты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Кельты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кельты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt_a_tademaw" title="Kelt a tademaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Kelt a tademaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzeltos" title="Tzeltos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tzeltos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelt%C3%ABt" title="Keltët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Keltët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celti" title="Celti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Celti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" title="Celts – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Celts" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kelti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kelti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کێلتەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێلتەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Келти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Келти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelti" title="Kelti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kelti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltit" title="Keltit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keltit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelter" title="Kelter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kelter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Selta" title="Mga Selta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Selta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கெல்ட்டியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெல்ட்டியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8lte" title="Cèlte – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Cèlte" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ชาวเคลต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวเคลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD" title="ሰልቲክ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሰልቲክ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltler" title="Keltler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keltler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Кельти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кельти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%B9" title="کلٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celti" title="Celti – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Celti" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Celt" title="Người Celt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Celt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltn" title="Keltn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Keltn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celta" title="Celta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Celta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="克尔特人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克尔特人" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts">current revision</a>.<div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 14:10, 16 December 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Sirfurboy" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Sirfurboy" data-mw-revid="1263407920"><bdi>Sirfurboy</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Sirfurboy" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Sirfurboy">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Sirfurboy" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Sirfurboy">contribs</a>) (typo)</div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celts&diff=prev&oldid=1263407920" title="Celts">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celts&direction=prev&oldid=1263407920" title="Celts">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celts&diff=cur&oldid=1263407920" title="Celts">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celts&direction=next&oldid=1263407920" title="Celts">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Celts&diff=next&oldid=1263407920" title="Celts">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indo-European ethnolinguistic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ancient and medieval peoples of Europe. For Celts of the present day, see <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celts (modern)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Celt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Celt (disambiguation)">Celt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celts_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png/330px-Celts_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Celtic peoples over time, in the traditional view: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist image-key image-key-narrow"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Core <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> territory, by the sixth century BC</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Greatest Celtic expansion by 275 BC</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanian</a> area of Iberia where Celtic presence is uncertain</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Areas in which <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> were spoken throughout the Middle Ages</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dying_gaul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/260px-Dying_gaul.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/390px-Dying_gaul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/520px-Dying_gaul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Dying_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dying Gaul">The Dying Gaul</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">ancient Roman statue</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> The Celts (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɛlts/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KELTS</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts#Pronunciation" title="Names of the Celts">pronunciation</a> for different usages) or Celtic peoples (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɛltɪk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KEL-tik</a>) were a collection of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-Indo-European-1">[1]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, identified by their use of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> and other cultural similarities.<a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater_Definition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WM_Definition-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB_Definition-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koch_encyclopedia-5">[5]</a> Major Celtic groups included the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> of Iberia; the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> of Britain and Ireland; the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>. The interrelationships of ethnicity, language and culture in the Celtic world are unclear and debated;<a href="#cite_note-SJames-8">[8]</a> for example over the ways in which the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a> people of Britain and Ireland should be called Celts.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_encyclopedia-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJames-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-JCollis-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPryor-10">[10]</a> In current scholarship, 'Celt' primarily refers to 'speakers of Celtic languages' rather than to a single ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parade_helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parade_helmet.jpg/220px-Parade_helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parade_helmet.jpg/330px-Parade_helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parade_helmet.jpg/440px-Parade_helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3033" /></a><figcaption>La Tène–style ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Agris_Helmet" title="Agris Helmet">Agris Helmet</a>, 350 BC, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Musée d'Angoulême">Angoulême city Museum</a> in France</figcaption></figure> The history of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">pre-Celtic</a> Europe and Celtic origins is debated. The traditional "Celtic from the East" theory, says the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">proto-Celtic language</a> arose in the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> of central Europe, named after grave sites in southern Germany,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProbst1996258-13">[13]</a> which flourished from around 1200 BC.<a href="#cite_note-ChadCorc-14">[14]</a> This theory links the Celts with the Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> which followed it (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200–500 BC), named for the rich grave finds in <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a>, Austria,<a href="#cite_note-ChadCorc-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and with the following <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 450 BC onward), named after the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_(archaeological_site)" title="La Tène (archaeological site)">La Tène site</a> in Switzerland. It proposes that Celtic culture spread westward and southward from these areas by <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">diffusion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-koch2010_core-16">[16]</a> A newer theory, "<a href="/wiki/Celtic_from_the_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic from the West">Celtic from the West</a>", suggests proto-Celtic arose earlier, was a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a> coastal zone, and spread eastward.<a href="#cite_note-koch2010_expansion-17">[17]</a> Another newer theory, "Celtic from the Centre", suggests proto-Celtic arose between these two zones, in Bronze Age Gaul, then spread in various directions.<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe</a> in the 3rd century BC, Celtic culture reached as far east as <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">central Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg/250px-Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg/375px-Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg/500px-Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4211" data-file-height="3116" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Hochdorf_Chieftain%27s_Grave" title="Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave">Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest undisputed examples of Celtic language are the <a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a> inscriptions from the 6th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Stifter-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a> are attested almost exclusively through inscriptions and place-names. <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a> are attested from the 4th century AD in <a href="/wiki/Ogham_inscription" title="Ogham inscription">Ogham inscriptions</a>, though they were being spoken much earlier. Celtic literary tradition begins with <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> texts around the 8th century AD. Elements of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> are recorded in <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">early Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">early Welsh</a> literature. Most written evidence of the early Celts comes from <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> writers, who often grouped the Celts as <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> tribes. They followed an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">ancient Celtic religion</a> overseen by <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a>. The Celts were often in conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Celtiberian Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">conquest of Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquest of Britain</a>. By the 1st century AD, most Celtic territories had become part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. By c. 500, due to <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">the migration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes, Celtic culture had mostly become restricted to Ireland, western and northern Britain, and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the Celtic-speaking communities in these Atlantic regions emerged as a reasonably cohesive cultural entity. They had a common linguistic, religious and artistic heritage that distinguished them from surrounding cultures.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Insular Celtic culture diversified into that of the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a>) of the medieval and modern periods.<a href="#cite_note-Drinkwater_Definition-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A modern <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Celtic identity</a><a href="#cite_note-WM_Scope-22">[22]</a> was constructed as part of the Romanticist <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a> in Britain, Ireland, and other European territories such as <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Today, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> are still spoken in parts of their former territories, while <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> are undergoing a revival. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_terminology">Names and terminology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galician_Celtic_Stele_-_Estela_Galaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Galician_Celtic_Stele_-_Estela_Galaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="454" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Celto-Latin <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, 2nd century, referring to "<a href="/wiki/Celtici_Supertamarici" title="Celtici Supertamarici">CELTICA SUPERTAM(arica)</a>"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names of the Celts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3></div> The first recorded use of the name 'Celts' – as Κελτοί (Keltoi) in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> – was by Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a> in 517 BC,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> when writing about a people living near <a href="/wiki/Massilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massilia">Massilia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>), southern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the fifth century BC, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> referred to Keltoi living around the <a href="/wiki/Source_of_the_Danube" title="Source of the Danube">source of the Danube</a> and in the far west of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The etymology of Keltoi is unclear. Possible roots include <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> *kʲel 'to hide' (seen also in Old Irish ceilid, and Modern Welsh celu), *kʲel 'to heat' or *kel 'to impel'.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It may come from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Celtic language</a>. Linguist Kim McCone supports this view and notes that Celt- is found in the names of several ancient Gauls such as Celtillus, father of <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>. He suggests it meant the people or descendants of "the hidden one", noting the Gauls claimed descent from an underworld god (according to <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a>), and linking it with the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCone2013-28">[28]</a> Others view it as a name coined by Greeks; among them linguist <a href="/wiki/Patrizia_de_Bernardo_Stempel" title="Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel">Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel</a>, who suggests it meant "the tall ones".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the first century BC, Roman leader <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> called themselves 'Celts', <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Celtae, in <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">their own tongue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Thus whether it was given to them by others or not, it was used by the Celts themselves. Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, writing about Gaul towards the end of the first century BC, refers to the "race which is now called both Gallic and Galatic", though he also uses Celtica as another name for Gaul. He reports Celtic peoples in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> too, calling them <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> noted the use of Celtici in <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> as a tribal surname,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a> findings have confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A Latin name for the Gauls, Galli (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>), may come from a Celtic ethnic name, perhaps borrowed into Latin during the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celtic expansion into Italy</a> from the early fifth century BC. Its root may be <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> *galno, meaning "power, strength" (whence <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> gal "boldness, ferocity", Welsh gallu "to be able, power"). The Greek name <a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Γαλάται</a> (Galatai, Latinized Galatae) most likely has the same origin, referring to the Gauls who <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">invaded southeast Europe</a> and settled in <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The suffix -atai might be a Greek inflection.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Linguist Kim McCone suggests it comes from Proto-Celtic *galatis ("ferocious, furious"), and was not originally an ethnic name but a name for <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3ryos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kóryos">young warrior bands</a>. He says "If the Gauls' initial impact on the Mediterranean world was primarily a military one typically involving fierce young *galatīs, it would have been natural for the Greeks to apply this name for the type of Keltoi that they usually encountered".<a href="#cite_note-McCone2013-28">[28]</a> Because Classical writers did not call the inhabitants of Britain and Ireland Κελτοί (Keltoi) or Celtae,<a href="#cite_note-Koch_encyclopedia-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJames-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-JCollis-9">[9]</a> some scholars prefer not to use the term for the Iron Age inhabitants of those islands.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_encyclopedia-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJames-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-JCollis-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPryor-10">[10]</a> However, they spoke Celtic languages, shared other cultural traits, and Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> says the Britons resembled the Gauls in customs and religion.<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> For at least 1,000 years the name Celt was not used at all, and nobody called themselves Celts or Celtic, until from about 1700, after the word 'Celtic' was rediscovered in classical texts, it was applied for the first time to the distinctive culture, history, traditions, language of the modern Celtic nations – Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, Brittany, and the Isle of Man.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> 'Celt' is a modern English word, first attested in 1707 in the writing of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lhuyd" title="Edward Lhuyd">Edward Lhuyd</a>, whose work, along with that of other late 17th-century scholars, brought academic attention to the languages and history of the early Celtic inhabitants of Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The English words Gaul, Gauls (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>) and Gaulish (first recorded in the 16–17th centuries) come from French Gaule and Gaulois, a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> *Walholant, 'Roman-land' <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="/wiki/Gaul#Name" title="Gaul">Gaul: Name</a>), the root of which is <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *<a href="/wiki/Walhaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">walha-</a>, 'foreigner, Roman, Celt', whence the English word Welsh (<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> wælisċ). Proto-Germanic *walha comes from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> a Celtic tribe who lived first in southern Germany and central Europe, then migrated to Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This means that English Gaul, despite its superficial similarity, is not actually derived from Latin Gallia (which should have produced *Jaille in French),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] though it does refer to the same ancient region. Celtic refers to a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> and, more generally, means 'of the Celts' or 'in the style of the Celts'. Several archaeological cultures are considered Celtic, based on unique sets of artefacts. The link between language and artefact is aided by the presence of inscriptions.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The modern idea of a Celtic <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> identity or "Celticity" focuses on similarities among languages, works of art, and classical texts,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and sometimes also among material artefacts, <a href="/wiki/Social_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Social organisation">social organisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homeland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Earlier theories held that these similarities suggest a common "racial" (<a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> is now a contested concept) origin for the various Celtic peoples, but more recent theories hold that they reflect a common cultural and linguistic heritage more than a genetic one. Celtic cultures seem to have been diverse, with the use of a Celtic language being the main thing they had in common.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_encyclopedia-5">[5]</a> Today, the term 'Celtic' generally refers to the languages and cultures of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>; also called the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>. These are the regions where Celtic languages are still spoken to some extent. The four are <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>; plus two recent revivals, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic language</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic language</a>). There are also attempts to reconstruct <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a>, a Brittonic language of northern Britain. Celtic regions of mainland Europe are those whose residents claim a Celtic heritage, but where no Celtic language survives; these include western Iberia, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and north-central <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n" title="Castile and León">Castile and León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Continental Celts are the Celtic-speaking people of mainland Europe and Insular Celts are the Celtic-speaking people of the British and Irish islands, and their descendants. The Celts of Brittany derive their language from migrating Insular Celts from Britain and so are grouped accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celticization" class="mw-redirect" title="Celticization">Celticization</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. By the time Celts are first mentioned in written records around 400 BC, they were already split into several language groups, and spread over much of western mainland Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, Ireland and Britain. The languages developed into <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> branches, among others.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urnfield-Hallstatt_theory">Urnfield-Hallstatt theory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hallstatt_LaTene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hallstatt_LaTene.png/330px-Hallstatt_LaTene.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hallstatt_LaTene.png/495px-Hallstatt_LaTene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hallstatt_LaTene.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Overview of the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> cultures. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  The core Hallstatt territory (HaC, 800 BC) is shown in solid yellow.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  The eventual area of Hallstatt influence (by 500 BC, HaD) in light yellow.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  The core territory of the La Tène culture (450 BC) in solid green.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  The eventual area of La Tène influence (by 250 BC) in light green. </div> The territories of some major <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes</a> of the late La Tène period are labelled.</figcaption></figure> The mainstream view during most of the twentieth century is that the Celts and the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">proto-Celtic language</a> arose out of the <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central Europe</a> around 1000 BC, spreading westward and southward over the following few hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-ChadCorc-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The Urnfield culture was preeminent in central Europe during the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">circa</a> 1200 BC to 700 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">spread of iron-working</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> (c. 800 to 500 BC) developing out of the Urnfield culture in a wide region north of the Alps. The Hallstatt culture developed into the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> from about 450 BC, which came to be identified with <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Ramsauer" title="Johann Georg Ramsauer">Johann Georg Ramsauer</a> unearthed an ancient <a href="/wiki/Grave_field" title="Grave field">grave field</a> with distinctive grave goods at <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a>, Austria. Because the burials "dated to roughly the time when Celts are mentioned near the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, Ramsauer concluded that the graves were Celtic".<a href="#cite_note-Koch_386-51">[51]</a> Similar sites and artifacts were found over a wide area, which were named the 'Hallstatt culture'. In 1857, the archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_(archaeological_site)" title="La Tène (archaeological site)">La Tène</a> was discovered in Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_386-51">[51]</a> The huge collection of artifacts had a distinctive style. Artifacts of this 'La Tène style' were found elsewhere in Europe, "particularly in places where people called Celts were known to have lived and early Celtic languages are attested. As a result, these items quickly became associated with the Celts, so much so that by the 1870s scholars began to regard finds of the La Tène as 'the archaeological expression of the Celts'".<a href="#cite_note-Koch_386-51">[51]</a> This cultural network was overrun by the Roman Empire, though traces of La Tène style were still seen in <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman artifacts</a>. In Britain and Ireland, the La Tène style survived precariously to re-emerge in <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Urnfield-Hallstatt theory began to be challenged in the latter 20th century, when it was accepted that the oldest known Celtic-language inscriptions were those of <a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a> from the 6th century BC and <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a> from the 2nd century BC. These were found in northern Italy and Iberia, neither of which were part of the 'Hallstatt' nor 'La Tène' cultures at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> The Urnfield-Hallstatt theory was partly based on ancient <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> writings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a> of Herodotus, which placed the Celts at the <a href="/wiki/Source_of_the_Danube" title="Source of the Danube">source of the Danube</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer" title="Stephen Oppenheimer">Stephen Oppenheimer</a> shows that Herodotus seemed to believe the Danube rose near the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, which would place the Ancient Celts in a region which is more in agreement with later classical writers and historians (i.e. in Gaul and Iberia).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The theory was also partly based on the abundance of inscriptions bearing Celtic personal names in the Eastern Hallstatt region (<a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>). However, Patrick Sims-Williams notes that these date to the later Roman era, and says they suggest "relatively late settlement by a Celtic-speaking elite".<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Celtic_from_the_West'_theory">'Celtic from the West' theory</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_late_bronze_age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Europe_late_bronze_age.png/330px-Europe_late_bronze_age.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Europe_late_bronze_age.png/495px-Europe_late_bronze_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Europe_late_bronze_age.png/660px-Europe_late_bronze_age.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption>A map of Europe in the Bronze Age, showing the Atlantic network in red</figcaption></figure> In the late 20th century, the Urnfield-Hallstatt theory began to fall out of favour with some scholars, which was influenced by new archaeological finds. 'Celtic' began to refer primarily to 'speakers of Celtic languages' rather than to a single culture or ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> A new theory suggested that Celtic languages arose earlier, along the Atlantic coast (including Britain, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>), long before evidence of 'Celtic' culture is found in archaeology. <a href="/wiki/Myles_Dillon" title="Myles Dillon">Myles Dillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nora_Kershaw_Chadwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Kershaw Chadwick">Nora Kershaw Chadwick</a> argued that "Celtic settlement of the British Isles" might date to the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper</a> and Bronze Age (from c. 2750 BC).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-cunliffewest-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Almagro_Gorbea" title="Martín Almagro Gorbea">Martín Almagro Gorbea</a> (2001) also proposed that Celtic arose in the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a>, suggesting that the spread of the Bell Beaker culture explained the wide dispersion of the Celts throughout western Europe, as well as the variability of the Celtic peoples.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Using a multidisciplinary approach, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_J._Lorrio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto J. Lorrio (page does not exist)">Alberto J. Lorrio</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Ruiz_Zapatero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero (page does not exist)">Gonzalo Ruiz Zapatero</a> reviewed and built on Almagro Gorbea's work to present a model for the origin of Celtic archaeological groups in Iberia and proposing a rethinking of the meaning of "Celtic".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">John T. Koch</a><a href="#cite_note-Koch2009-57">[57]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> have developed this 'Celtic from the West' theory. It proposes that the proto-Celtic language arose along the Atlantic coast and was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a> cultural network, later spreading inland and eastward.<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> More recently, Cunliffe proposes that proto-Celtic had arisen in the Atlantic zone even earlier, by 3000 BC, and spread eastwards with the Bell Beaker culture over the following millennium. His theory is partly based on <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronology</a>, the spread of ancient Celtic-looking placenames, and thesis that the <a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian language</a> was Celtic.<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> However, the proposal that Tartessian was Celtic is widely rejected by linguists, many of whom regard it as unclassified.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Celtic_from_the_Centre'_theory">'Celtic from the Centre' theory</h3></div> Celticist Patrick Sims-Williams (2020) notes that in current scholarship, 'Celt' is primarily a linguistic label. In his 'Celtic from the Centre' theory, he argues that the proto-Celtic language did not originate in central Europe nor the Atlantic, but in-between these two regions. He suggests that it "emerged as a distinct Indo-European dialect around the <a href="/wiki/Second_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Second millennium BC">second millennium BC</a>, probably somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> [centered in modern France] ... whence it spread in various directions and at various speeds in the <a href="/wiki/First_millennium_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="First millennium BC">first millennium BC</a>". Sims-Williams says this avoids the problematic idea "that Celtic was spoken over a vast area for a very long time yet somehow avoided major dialectal splits", and "it keeps Celtic fairly close to Italy, which suits the view that <a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italic and Celtic were in some way linked</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_evidence">Linguistic evidence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_toponymy" title="Celtic toponymy">Celtic toponymy</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic language</a> is usually dated to the Late Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-ChadCorc-14">[14]</a> The earliest records of a Celtic language are the <a href="/wiki/Lepontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepontic">Lepontic</a> inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> (Northern Italy), the oldest of which pre-date the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_period" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tène period">La Tène period</a>. Other early inscriptions, appearing from the early La Tène period in the area of <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Massilia</a>, are in <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a>, which was written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> until the Roman conquest. <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a> inscriptions, using their own Iberian script, appear later, after about 200 BC. Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Celtic">Insular Celtic</a> is available only from about 400 AD, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Ogham_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogham inscriptions">Ogham inscriptions</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Besides epigraphic evidence, an important source of information on early Celtic is <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a> (place names).<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_evidence">Genetic evidence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture#Genetic_studies" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture § Genetic studies</a></div> Arnaiz-Villena et al. (2017) demonstrated that Celtic-related populations of the European Atlantic (Orkney Islands, Scottish, Irish, British, Bretons, Basques, Galicians) shared a common <a href="/wiki/HLA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="HLA system">HLA system</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Other genetic research does not support the notion of a significant genetic link between these populations, beyond the fact that they are all West Europeans. <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> did settle Britain (and all of Northern Europe) in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>; however, recent genetics research has found that, between 2400 and 2000 BC, over 90% of British DNA was overturned by <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">European Steppe Herders</a> in a migration that brought large amounts of Steppe DNA (including the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-L21" title="Haplogroup R-L21">R1b haplogroup</a>) to western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Olalde_et_al.-63">[63]</a> Modern autosomal genetic clustering is testament to this fact, as both modern and Iron Age British and Irish samples cluster genetically very closely with other North Europeans, and less so with Galicians, Basques or those from the south of France.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_evidence">Archaeological evidence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bund-ro-altburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bund-ro-altburg.jpg/180px-Bund-ro-altburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bund-ro-altburg.jpg/270px-Bund-ro-altburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Bund-ro-altburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="230" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reconstruction of a late La Tène period settlement in Altburg near <a href="/wiki/Bundenbach" title="Bundenbach">Bundenbach</a>, Germany (first century BC)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_settlement-Open-Air_Archaeological_Museum_Liptovska_Mara_-_Havranok,_Slovakia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Celtic_settlement-Open-Air_Archaeological_Museum_Liptovska_Mara_-_Havranok%2C_Slovakia_1.jpg/180px-Celtic_settlement-Open-Air_Archaeological_Museum_Liptovska_Mara_-_Havranok%2C_Slovakia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Celtic_settlement-Open-Air_Archaeological_Museum_Liptovska_Mara_-_Havranok%2C_Slovakia_1.jpg/270px-Celtic_settlement-Open-Air_Archaeological_Museum_Liptovska_Mara_-_Havranok%2C_Slovakia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Celtic_settlement-Open-Air_Archaeological_Museum_Liptovska_Mara_-_Havranok%2C_Slovakia_1.jpg/360px-Celtic_settlement-Open-Air_Archaeological_Museum_Liptovska_Mara_-_Havranok%2C_Slovakia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4019" data-file-height="2700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reconstruction of a late La Tène period settlement in <a href="/wiki/Havranok" class="mw-redirect" title="Havranok">Havranok</a>, Slovakia (second–first century BC)</div></div></div></div></div> The concept that the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures could be seen not just as chronological periods but as "Culture Groups", entities composed of people of the same ethnicity and language, had started to grow by the end of the 19th century. At the beginning of the 20th century the belief that these "Culture Groups" could be thought of in racial or ethnic terms was held by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Childe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Childe">Gordon Childe</a>, whose theory was influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Kossinna" title="Gustaf Kossinna">Gustaf Kossinna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> As the 20th century progressed, the ethnic interpretation of La Tène culture became more strongly rooted, and any findings of La Tène culture and flat inhumation cemeteries were linked to the Celts and the Celtic language.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In various[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic disciplines">academic disciplines</a> the Celts were considered a Central European Iron Age phenomenon, through the cultures of Hallstatt and La Tène. However, archaeological finds from the Halstatt and La Tène culture were rare in Iberia, southwestern France, northern and western Britain, southern Ireland and Galatia<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and did not provide enough evidence for a culture like that of Central Europe. It is equally difficult to maintain that the origin of the Iberian Celts can be linked to the preceding Urnfield culture. This has resulted in a newer theory that introduces a 'proto-Celtic' substratum and a process of Celticisation, having its initial roots in the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lorrio-70">[70]</a> The La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age (from 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC) in eastern France, Switzerland, Austria, southwest Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. It developed out of the Hallstatt culture without any definite cultural break, under the impetus of considerable Mediterranean influence from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan civilisation">Etruscan civilisations</a>. A shift of settlement centres took place in the 4th century. The western La Tène culture corresponds to historical <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a>. Whether this means that the whole of La Tène culture can be attributed to a unified Celtic people is difficult to assess; archaeologists have repeatedly concluded that language and material culture do not necessarily run parallel. Frey notes that in the 5th century, "burial customs in the Celtic world were not uniform; rather, localised groups had their own beliefs, which, in consequence, also gave rise to distinct artistic expressions".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Thus, while the La Tène culture is certainly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>, the presence of La Tène artefacts may be due to cultural contact and does not imply the permanent presence of Celtic speakers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_evidence">Historical evidence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/220px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/330px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/440px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>The world according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></figcaption></figure> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Ephorus" title="Ephorus">Ephorus</a> of Cyme in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, writing in the 4th century BC, believed the Celts came from the islands off the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and were "driven from their homes by the frequency of wars and the violent rising of the sea". <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> published a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">history of Rome</a> about 150 BC in which he describes the Gauls of Italy and their conflict with Rome. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> in the 2nd century AD says that the Gauls "originally called Celts", "live on the remotest region of Europe on the coast of an enormous tidal sea". <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> described the southern Gauls about 100 BC. Though his original work is lost, later writers such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> used it. The latter, writing in the early 1st century AD, deals with Britain and Gaul as well as Hispania, Italy, and Galatia. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> wrote extensively about his <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Gallic Wars</a> in 58–51 BC. <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> wrote about the Celts of Gaul and Britain in his 1st-century history.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> both suggest that the heartland of the people they call Celts was in <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern Gaul</a>. The former says that the Gauls were to the north of the Celts, but that the Romans referred to both as Gauls (linguistically the Gauls were certainly Celts). Before the discoveries at Hallstatt and La Tène, it was generally considered that the Celtic heartland was southern Gaul, see <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> for 1813.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental">Continental</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaul">Gaul</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_Gold-plated_Disc,_Auvers-sur-Oise,_Val-d%27Oise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Celtic_Gold-plated_Disc%2C_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_Val-d%27Oise.jpg/220px-Celtic_Gold-plated_Disc%2C_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_Val-d%27Oise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Celtic_Gold-plated_Disc%2C_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_Val-d%27Oise.jpg/330px-Celtic_Gold-plated_Disc%2C_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_Val-d%27Oise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Celtic_Gold-plated_Disc%2C_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_Val-d%27Oise.jpg/440px-Celtic_Gold-plated_Disc%2C_Auvers-sur-Oise%2C_Val-d%27Oise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="2641" /></a><figcaption>A 4th century BC gold-plated disk from Gaul</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></div> The Romans knew the Celts then living in present-day France as Gauls. The territory of these peoples probably included the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, the Alps and present-day northern Italy. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Gallic Wars</a> described the 1st-century BC descendants of those Gauls.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Eastern Gaul became the centre of the western La Tène culture. In later Iron Age Gaul, the social organisation resembled that of the Romans, with large towns. From the 3rd century BC the Gauls adopted coinage. Texts with Greek characters from southern Gaul have survived from the 2nd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Greek traders founded <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Massalia</a> about 600 BC, with some objects (mostly drinking ceramic vessels) being traded up the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> valley. But trade became disrupted soon after 500 BC and re-oriented over the Alps to the Po valley in the Italian peninsula. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> arrived in the Rhone valley in the 2nd century BC and encountered a mostly Celtic-speaking Gaul. Rome wanted land communications with its Iberian provinces and fought a major battle with the <a href="/wiki/Saluvii" class="mw-redirect" title="Saluvii">Saluvii</a> at <a href="/wiki/Entremont_(oppidum)" title="Entremont (oppidum)">Entremont</a> in 124–123 BC. Gradually Roman control extended, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Transalpina</a> developed along the Mediterranean coast.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Romans knew the remainder of Gaul as <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Comata" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Comata">Gallia Comata</a>, 'Long-haired Gaul'.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 58 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> planned to migrate westward but Julius Caesar forced them back. He then became involved in fighting the various tribes in Gaul, and by 55 BC had overrun most of Gaul. In 52 BC, <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a> led a revolt against Roman occupation but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Battle of Alesia</a> and surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Following the Gallic Wars of 58–51 BC, Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Celtica</a> formed the main part of Roman Gaul, becoming the province of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a>. This territory of the Celtic tribes was bounded on the south by the Garonne and on the north by the Seine and the Marne.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The Romans attached large swathes of this region to neighbouring provinces <a href="/wiki/Belgica" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica">Belgica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania">Aquitania</a>, particularly under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Place- and personal-name analysis and inscriptions suggest that <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> was spoken over most of what is now France.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iberia">Iberia</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_300BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/330px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/495px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/660px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Main language areas in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, showing Celtic languages in beige, c. 300 BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castro culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettones</a></div> Until the end of the 19th century, traditional scholarship dealing with the Celts did acknowledge their presence in the Iberian Peninsula<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">material culture</a> relatable to the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> cultures. However, since according to the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> in the 19th century Celtic populations were supposedly rare in Iberia and did not provide a cultural scenario that could easily be linked to that of Central Europe, the presence of Celtic culture in that region was generally not fully recognised. Modern scholarship, however, has proven that Celtic presence and influences were most substantial in what is today Spain and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (with perhaps the highest settlement saturation in Western Europe), particularly in the central, western and northern regions.<a href="#cite_note-Quintela-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> infiltrating from the north of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, the Roman and Greek sources mention Celtic populations in three parts of the Iberian Peninsula: the eastern part of the Meseta (inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>), the southwest (<a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a>) and the northwest (<a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> A modern scholarly review<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> found several archaeological groups of Celts in Spain: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberian</a> group in the Upper-Douro Upper-Tagus Upper-Jalón area.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Archaeological data suggest a continuity at least from the 6th century BC. In this early period, the Celtiberians inhabited in hill-forts (Castros). Around the end of the 3rd century BC, Celtiberians adopted more urban ways of life. From the 2nd century BC, they minted coins and wrote inscriptions using the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian script</a>. These inscriptions make the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtiberian Language">Celtiberian Language</a> the only Hispano-Celtic language classified as Celtic with unanimous agreement.<a href="#cite_note-auto-88">[88]</a> In the late period, before the Roman Conquest, both archaeological evidence and Roman sources suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a> were expanding into different areas in the Peninsula (e.g. Celtic Baeturia).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vetton</a> group in the western Meseta, between the Tormes, Douro and Tagus Rivers. They were characterised by the production of Verracos, sculptures of bulls and pigs carved in granite.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vaccei" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccei">Vaccean</a> group in the central Douro valley. They were mentioned by Roman sources already in the 220 BC. Some of their funerary rituals suggest strong influences from their <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberian</a> neighbours.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG/200px-Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG/300px-Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG/400px-Torque_de_Santa_Tegra_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Triskelion and spirals on a Galician <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torc</a> terminal, Museum of Castro de Santa Tegra, <a href="/wiki/A_Guarda" title="A Guarda">A Guarda</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Castro Culture in northwestern Iberia, modern day <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Its high degree of continuity, from the Late Bronze Age, makes it difficult to support that the introduction of Celtic elements was due to the same process of Celticisation of the western Iberia, from the nucleus area of Celtiberia. Two typical elements are the sauna baths with monumental entrances, and the "Gallaecian Warriors", stone sculptures built in the 1st century AD. A large group of Latin inscriptions contain Celtic linguistic features, while others are similar to those found in the non-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-88">[88]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a>. This area was romanised late, as it was not conquered by Rome until the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a> of 29–19 BC.</li> <li>Celts in the southwest, in the area <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> called Celtica<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li></ul> The origins of the Celtiberians might provide a key to understanding the Celticisation process in the rest of the Peninsula. The process of Celticisation of the southwestern area of the peninsula by the Keltoi and of the northwestern area is, however, not a simple Celtiberian question. Recent investigations about the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Callaici</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bracari" title="Bracari">Bracari</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> are providing new approaches to understanding Celtic culture (language, art and religion) in western Iberia.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> John T. Koch of <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_University" title="Aberystwyth University">Aberystwyth University</a> suggested that <a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a> inscriptions of the 8th century BC might be classified as Celtic. This would mean that Tartessian is the earliest attested trace of Celtic by a margin of more than a century.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany,_Alps_and_Italy">Germany, Alps and Italy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heuneburg_600_B.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Heuneburg_600_B.C..jpg/220px-Heuneburg_600_B.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Heuneburg_600_B.C..jpg/330px-Heuneburg_600_B.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Heuneburg_600_B.C..jpg/440px-Heuneburg_600_B.C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>The Celtic city of <a href="/wiki/Heuneburg" title="Heuneburg">Heuneburg</a> by the Danube, Germany, c. 600 BC, the oldest city north of the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_tribes_(750BC-1AD).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/250px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/375px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/500px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption> Expansion of <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">early Germanic tribes</a> into <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> helping press its previous Celts further south and southeast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg/220px-Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg/330px-Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg/440px-Gallia_Cisalpina-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Peoples of Cisalpine Gaul during the 4th to 3rd centuries BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Alps" title="History of the Alps">History of the Alps</a></div> In Germany by the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 BC – c. 750 BC) had replaced the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus cultures</a> in central Europe,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> whilst the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> had developed in Scandinavia and northern Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, which had developed from the Urnfield culture, was the predominant Western and Central European culture from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and during the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a> (8th to 6th centuries BC). It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> (5th to 1st centuries BC). The people who had adopted these cultural characteristics in central and southern Germany are regarded as Celts. Celtic cultural centres developed in central Europe during the late Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 BC until 700 BC). Some, like the <a href="/wiki/Heuneburg" title="Heuneburg">Heuneburg</a>, the oldest city north of the Alps,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> grew to become important cultural centres of the Iron Age in Central Europe, that maintained trade routes to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. In the 5th century BC the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> mentioned a Celtic city at the Danube – Pyrene, that historians attribute to the Heuneburg. Beginning around 700 BC (or later), <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> (Germanic tribes) from <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe" title="Archaeology of Northern Europe">southern Scandinavia and northern Germany</a> expanded south and gradually replaced the Celtic peoples in Central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus1857-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herodotus1829-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas2011-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milisauskas2002-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankin1996-104">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a> represented the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_passes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine passes">Alpine passes</a>, had already penetrated and settled in the western <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po</a> valley between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scamozzina_culture" title="Scamozzina culture">Scamozzina culture</a>). It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, when North Westwern Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artefacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> La Tène cultural material appeared over a large area of mainland Italy,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> the southernmost example being the Celtic helmet from <a href="/wiki/Canosa_di_Puglia" title="Canosa di Puglia">Canosa di Puglia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Italy is home to <a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a>, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC).<a href="#cite_note-Schumacher-110">[110]</a> Anciently spoken in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and in Northern-Central <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Recueil_des_Inscriptions_Gauloises" class="mw-redirect" title="Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises">Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises</a>, more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> – with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> – and in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> which testifies the importance of Celtic heritage in the peninsula.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 391 BC, Celts "who had their homes beyond the Alps streamed through the passes in great strength and seized the territory that lay between the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a> and the Alps" according to <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/River_Po" class="mw-redirect" title="River Po">Po Valley</a> and the rest of northern Italy (known to the Romans as <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>) was inhabited by Celtic-speakers who founded cities such as <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Later the Roman army was routed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">battle of Allia</a> and Rome was sacked in 390 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-118">[118]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telamon" title="Battle of Telamon">battle of Telamon</a> in 225 BC, a large Celtic army was trapped between two Roman forces and crushed.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The defeat of the combined <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnite</a>, Celtic and Etruscan alliance by the Romans in the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Third Samnite War</a> sounded the beginning of the end of the Celtic domination in mainland Europe, but it was not until 192 BC that the Roman armies conquered the last remaining independent Celtic kingdoms in Italy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_east_and_south">Expansion east and south</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3-bc_map_elznik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/3-bc_map_elznik.jpg/220px-3-bc_map_elznik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/3-bc_map_elznik.jpg/330px-3-bc_map_elznik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/3-bc_map_elznik.jpg/440px-3-bc_map_elznik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>A map of Celtic invasions and migrations in the Balkans in the 3rd century BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">Gallic invasion of the Balkans</a></div> The Celts also expanded down the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river and its tributaries. One of the most influential tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a>, established their capital at <a href="/wiki/Singidunum" title="Singidunum">Singidunum</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia) in the 3rd century BC. The concentration of hill-forts and cemeteries shows a <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">dense population</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> valley of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Serbia, Hungary and into <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Expansion into <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> was however blocked by the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a> were a Celtic tribe<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> inhabiting <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. They were located around and founded <a href="/wiki/Serdika" title="Serdika">Serdika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: Сердика, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Ulpia Serdica, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Σαρδῶν πόλις), now <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> which reflects their ethnonym. They would have established themselves in this area during the Celtic migrations at the end of the 4th century BC, though there is no evidence for their existence before the 1st century BC. Serdi are among traditional tribal names reported into the Roman era.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> They were gradually Thracianized over the centuries but retained their Celtic character in material culture up to a late date.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to other sources they may have been simply of Thracian origin,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> according to others they may have become of mixed Thraco-Celtic origin. Further south, Celts settled in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), which they ruled for over a century, and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, where they settled as the <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatians</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">Gallic Invasion of Greece</a>). Despite their <a href="/wiki/Geographical_isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical isolation">geographical isolation</a> from the rest of the Celtic world, the Galatians maintained their Celtic language for at least 700 years. <a href="/wiki/St_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St Jerome">St Jerome</a>, who visited Ancyra (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>) in 373 AD, likened their language to that of the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a> of northern Gaul.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For <a href="/wiki/Venceslas_Kruta" title="Venceslas Kruta">Venceslas Kruta</a>, Galatia in central Turkey was an area of dense Celtic settlement.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> tribe gave their name to <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, and Celtic artefacts and cemeteries have been discovered further east in what is now Poland and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. A Celtic coin (<a href="/wiki/Biatec" title="Biatec">Biatec</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>'s mint was displayed on the old Slovak 5-crown coin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As there is no archaeological evidence for large-scale invasions in some of the other areas, one current school of thought holds that Celtic language and culture spread to those areas by contact rather than invasion.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> However, the Celtic invasions of Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">expedition in Greece and western Anatolia</a>, are well documented in Greek and Latin history.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> There are records of Celtic mercenaries in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> serving the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a>. Thousands were employed in 283–246 BC and they were also in service around 186 BC. They attempted to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insular">Insular</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png/220px-Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png/330px-Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png/440px-Map_Gaels_Brythons_Picts.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>Britain & Ireland in the early–mid 1st millennium AD, before the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></div> All living Celtic languages today belong to the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>, derived from the Celtic languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Britain">Iron Age Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> They separated into a <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> branch early on. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> in the 1st century AD, the Insular Celts were made up of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The renown of insular Celts has caused a popular belief that Celtic clans only lived in the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Linguists have debated whether a Celtic language came to the British Isles and then split, or whether the two branches arrived separately. The older view was that Celtic influence in the Isles was the result of successive migrations or invasions from the European mainland by diverse Celtic-speaking peoples over several centuries, accounting for the <a href="/wiki/P-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic">P-Celtic</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Q-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-Celtic">Q-Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a>. This view has been challenged by the hypothesis that the islands' Celtic languages form an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a> dialect group.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In the 19th and 20th centuries, scholars often dated the "arrival" of Celtic culture in Britain (via an invasion model) to the 6th century BC, corresponding to archaeological evidence of <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> influence and the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Chariot_burial" title="Chariot burial">chariot burials</a> in what is now England. Cunliffe and Koch propose in their newer <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Celtic_from_the_West%27_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'Celtic from the West' theory (page does not exist)">'Celtic from the West' theory</a> that Celtic languages reached the Isles earlier, with the Bell Beaker culture c.2500 BC, or even before this.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> More recently, a major <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetics</a> study uncovered a migration into southern Britain in the Bronze Age from 1300 to 800 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson-133">[133]</a> The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson-133">[133]</a> From 1000 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain,<a href="#cite_note-YorkUni-134">[134]</a> but not northern Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson-133">[133]</a> The authors see this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain".<a href="#cite_note-Patterson-133">[133]</a> There was much less immigration during the Iron Age, so it is likely that Celtic reached Britain before then.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson-133">[133]</a> Cunliffe suggests that a branch of Celtic was already spoken in Britain, and the Bronze Age migration introduced the Brittonic branch.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Like many Celtic peoples on the mainland, the Insular Celts followed an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Ancient Celtic religion</a> overseen by <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a>. Some of the southern British tribes had strong links with Gaul and <a href="/wiki/Belgica" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica">Belgica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_currency_of_Britain" title="Celtic currency of Britain">minted their own coins</a>. During the Roman occupation of Britain, a <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British culture</a> emerged in the southeast. The Britons and Picts in the north, and the Gaels of Ireland, remained outside the empire. During the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a> in the 400s AD, there was significant <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement</a> of eastern and southern Britain, and some Gaelic settlement of its western coast. During this time, some Britons migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorican</a> peninsula, where their culture became dominant. Meanwhile, much of northern Britain (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Scotland</a>) became Gaelic. By the 10th century AD, the Insular Celtic peoples had diversified into the Brittonic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>), <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Bretons</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>) and Cumbrians (in the <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Old North</a>); and the Gaelic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> (in Ireland), <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> (in Scotland) and <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Classical writers did not call the inhabitants of Britain and Ireland Celtae or Κελτοί (Keltoi),<a href="#cite_note-Koch_encyclopedia-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJames-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-JCollis-9">[9]</a> leading some scholars to question the use of the term 'Celt' for the Iron Age inhabitants of those islands.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_encyclopedia-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJames-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-JCollis-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPryor-10">[10]</a> The first historical account of the islands was by the Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, who sailed around what he called the "Pretannikai nesoi" (the "Pretannic isles") around 310–306 BC.<a href="#cite_note-JCollis2-136">[136]</a> In general, classical writers referred to the Britons as Pretannoi (in Greek) or Britanni (in Latin).<a href="#cite_note-JCollis4-137">[137]</a> Strabo, writing in Roman times, distinguished between the Celts and Britons.<a href="#cite_note-JCollis3-138">[138]</a> However, Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> says the Britons resembled the Celts of Gaul in customs and religion.<a href="#cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanisation">Romanisation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cernunos_phot_Trompette_08637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cernunos_phot_Trompette_08637.jpg/220px-Cernunos_phot_Trompette_08637.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cernunos_phot_Trompette_08637.jpg/330px-Cernunos_phot_Trompette_08637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cernunos_phot_Trompette_08637.jpg/440px-Cernunos_phot_Trompette_08637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> sculpture of the Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a> (middle), flanked by the Roman gods <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Romano-British culture</a></div> Under <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> the Romans conquered Celtic <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> onward the Roman empire absorbed parts of Britain. Roman local government of these regions closely mirrored pre-Roman tribal boundaries, and archaeological finds suggest native involvement in local government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The native peoples under Roman rule became Romanised and keen to adopt Roman ways. Celtic art had already incorporated classical influences, and surviving Gallo-Roman pieces interpret classical subjects or keep faith with old traditions despite a Roman overlay.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Roman occupation of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>, and to a lesser extent of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a>, led to Roman-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>. In the case of the continental Celts, this eventually resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, while the Insular Celts retained their language.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There was also considerable cultural influence exerted by Gaul on Rome, particularly in military matters and horsemanship, as the Gauls often served in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_cavalry" title="Roman cavalry">Roman cavalry</a>. The Romans adopted the Celtic cavalry sword, the <a href="/wiki/Spatha" title="Spatha">spatha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epona" title="Epona">Epona</a>, the Celtic horse goddess.<a href="#cite_note-Tristram-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps,_Roma,_Lazio,_00186,_Italia_-_Galata_suicida_(Ludovisi_Gaul)_-_Arte_Ellenistica_Greca_-_Copia_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232046_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00186%2C_Italia_-_Galata_suicida_%28Ludovisi_Gaul%29_-_Arte_Ellenistica_Greca_-_Copia_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232046_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00186%2C_Italia_-_Galata_suicida_%28Ludovisi_Gaul%29_-_Arte_Ellenistica_Greca_-_Copia_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232046_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/10_2023_-_Palazzo_Altemps%2C_Roma%2C_Lazio%2C_00186%2C_Italia_-_Galata_suicida_%28Ludovisi_Gaul%29_-_Arte_Ellenistica_Greca_-_Copia_Romana_-_Photo_Paolo_Villa_FO232046_ombre_gimp_bis.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="10710" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Gaul" title="Ludovisi Gaul">Ludovisi Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman</a> copy of a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> sculpture of a dying Celtic couple, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Terme" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Terme">Palazzo Massimo alle Terme</a>.</figcaption></figure> To the extent that sources are available, they depict a pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> Celtic <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a> based formally on class and kingship, although this may only have been a particular late phase of organisation in Celtic societies. Patron-client relationships similar to those of Roman society are also described by Caesar and others in the Gaul of the 1st century BC.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the main, the evidence is of tribes being led by kings, although some argue that there is also evidence of <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchical</a> republican <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">forms of government</a> eventually emerging in areas which had close contact with Rome. Most descriptions of Celtic societies portray them as being divided into three groups: a warrior aristocracy; an intellectual class including professions such as <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druid</a>, poet, and jurist; and everyone else. In historical times, the offices of high and low kings in Ireland and Scotland were filled by election under the system of <a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">tanistry</a>, which eventually came into conflict with the feudal principle of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> in which succession goes to the first-born son.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romano-Celtic_mirror_(Desborough).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg/220px-Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg/330px-Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg/440px-Romano-Celtic_mirror_%28Desborough%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The reverse side of a British bronze mirror, with spiral and trumpet motifs typical of La Tène Celtic art in Britain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring_MET_tr409-1-2009s08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ring_MET_tr409-1-2009s08.jpg/220px-Ring_MET_tr409-1-2009s08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ring_MET_tr409-1-2009s08.jpg/330px-Ring_MET_tr409-1-2009s08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ring_MET_tr409-1-2009s08.jpg/440px-Ring_MET_tr409-1-2009s08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>A 4th century BC Celtic gold ring from southern Germany, decorated with human and rams heads</figcaption></figure> Little is known of family structure among the Celts. Patterns of settlement varied from decentralised to urban. The popular stereotype of non-urbanised societies settled in <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillforts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">duns</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> drawn from Britain and Ireland (there are about 3,000 <a href="/wiki/List_of_hill_forts_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hill forts in England">hill forts</a> known in Britain)<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> contrasts with the urban settlements present in the core Hallstatt and La Tène areas, with the many significant <a href="/wiki/Oppida" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppida">oppida</a> of Gaul late in the first millennium BC, and with the towns of <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Gallia Cisalpina</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a>, as practised by the Celts, was very likely similar to the better documented <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">practice in ancient Greece and Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_1615-143">[143]</a> Slaves were acquired from war, raids, and penal and debt servitude.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_1615-143">[143]</a> Slavery was hereditary,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> was possible. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> and Welsh words for 'slave', cacht and caeth respectively, are cognate with Latin captus 'captive' suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a> was an early means of contact between Latin and Celtic societies.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_1615-143">[143]</a> In the Middle Ages, slavery was especially prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumissions</a> were discouraged by law and the word for 'female slave', cumal, was used as a general unit of value in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> There are only very limited records from pre-Christian times written in Celtic languages. These are mostly inscriptions in the Roman and sometimes Greek alphabets. The <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">ogham</a> script, an <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval">Early Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, was mostly used in early Christian times in Ireland and Scotland (but also in Wales and England), and was only used for ceremonial purposes such as inscriptions on gravestones. The available evidence is of a strong oral tradition, such as that preserved by <a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">bards</a> in Ireland, and eventually recorded by <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>. Celtic art also produced a great deal of intricate and beautiful metalwork, examples of which have been preserved by their distinctive burial rites.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In some regards the Atlantic Celts were conservative: for example, they still used <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> in combat long after they had been reduced to ceremonial roles by the Greeks and Romans. However, despite being outdated, Celtic <a href="/wiki/Chariot_tactics" title="Chariot tactics">chariot tactics</a> were able to repel the <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">invasions of Britain attempted by Julius Caesar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> According to Diodorus Siculus: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Gauls are tall of body with rippling muscles and white of skin and their hair is blond, and not only naturally so for they also make it their practice by artificial means to increase the distinguishing colour which nature has given it. For they are always washing their hair in <a href="/wiki/Limewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Limewater">limewater</a> and they pull it back from the forehead to the nape of the neck, with the result that their appearance is like that of <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyrs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">Pans</a> since the treatment of their hair makes it so heavy and coarse that it differs in no respect from the mane of horses. Some of them shave the beard but others let it grow a little; and the nobles shave their cheeks but they let the moustache grow until it covers the mouth.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:0877_Keltische_Frau_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/0877_Keltische_Frau_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG/170px-0877_Keltische_Frau_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/0877_Keltische_Frau_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG/255px-0877_Keltische_Frau_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/0877_Keltische_Frau_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG/340px-0877_Keltische_Frau_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:0910_Tracht_der_Kelten_in_S%C3%BCdpolen_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/0910_Tracht_der_Kelten_in_S%C3%BCdpolen_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG/170px-0910_Tracht_der_Kelten_in_S%C3%BCdpolen_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/0910_Tracht_der_Kelten_in_S%C3%BCdpolen_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG/255px-0910_Tracht_der_Kelten_in_S%C3%BCdpolen_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/0910_Tracht_der_Kelten_in_S%C3%BCdpolen_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG/340px-0910_Tracht_der_Kelten_in_S%C3%BCdpolen_im_3._Jh._v._Chr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Celtic costumes in <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a>, third century BC, <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Archaeological Museum of Kraków">Archaeological Museum of Kraków</a></div></div></div></div> During the later Iron Age the Gauls generally wore long-sleeved shirts or <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunics</a> and long trousers (called <a href="/wiki/Braccae" title="Braccae">braccae</a> by the Romans).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Clothes were made of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, with some silk being used by the rich. <a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloaks</a> were worn in the winter. <a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooches</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Armlet">armlets</a> were used, but the most famous item of jewellery was the <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torc</a>, a neck collar of metal, sometimes gold. The horned <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Helmet" title="Waterloo Helmet">Waterloo Helmet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, which long set the standard for modern images of Celtic warriors, is in fact a unique survival, and may have been a piece for ceremonial rather than military wear.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_and_coinage">Trade and coinage</h3></div> Archaeological evidence suggests that the pre-Roman Celtic societies were linked to the network of overland <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> that spanned Eurasia. Archaeologists have discovered large prehistoric trackways crossing bogs in Ireland and Germany. Due to their substantial nature, these are believed to have been created for wheeled transport as part of an extensive roadway system that facilitated trade.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The territory held by the Celts contained <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, lead, iron, silver and gold.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Celtic smiths and metalworkers created weapons and jewellery for <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, particularly with the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The myth that the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Monetary_system" title="Monetary system">monetary system</a> consisted of wholly <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> is a common one, but is in part false. The monetary system was complex and is still not understood (much like the late Roman coinages), and due to the absence of large numbers of coin items, it is assumed that "proto-money" was used. This included bronze items made from the early La Tène period and onwards, which were often in the shape of <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axeheads</a>, rings, or <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bells</a>. Due to the large number of these present in some burials, it is thought they had a relatively high <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">monetary value</a>, and could be used for "day to day" purchases. Low-value coinages of <a href="/wiki/Potin" title="Potin">potin</a>, a bronze alloy with high tin content, were minted in most Celtic areas of the continent and in South-East Britain prior to the Roman conquest of these lands. Higher-value coinages, suitable for use in trade, were minted in gold, silver, and high-quality bronze. <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">Gold coinage</a> was much more common than <a href="/wiki/Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coinage</a>, despite being worth substantially more, as while there were around 100 mines in Southern Britain and Central France, silver was more rarely mined. This was due partly to the relative sparsity of mines and the amount of effort needed for extraction compared to the profit gained. As the Roman civilisation grew in importance and expanded its trade with the Celtic world, silver and bronze coinage became more common. This coincided with a major increase in gold production in Celtic areas to meet the Roman demand, due to the high value Romans put on the metal. The large number of gold mines in France is thought to be a major reason why Caesar invaded.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_sexual_norms">Gender and sexual norms</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/170px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/255px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/340px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the dress and equipment of an Iron Age Celtic warrior from <a href="/wiki/Biebertal" title="Biebertal">Biebertal</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Ancient Celtic women</a></div> Very few reliable sources exist regarding Celtic views on <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>, though some archaeological evidence suggests their views may have differed from those of the Greco-Roman world, which tended to be less <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Some Iron Age burials in northeastern Gaul suggest women may have had roles in warfare during the earlier La Tène period, but the evidence is far from conclusive.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Celtic individuals buried with both female jewellery and weaponry have been found, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vix_Grave" title="Vix Grave">Vix Grave</a> in northeastern Gaul, and there are questions about the gender of some individuals buried with weaponry. However, it has been suggested that the weapons indicate high social rank rather than masculinity.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Most written accounts of the Ancient Celts are from the Romans and Greeks, though it is not clear how accurate these are. Roman historians <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> mentioned Celtic women inciting, participating in, and leading battles.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> reports that Celtic women acted as ambassadors to avoid a war among Celtic chiefdoms in the <a href="/wiki/Po_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Po valley">Po valley</a> during the 4th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis-161">[161]</a> Posidonius' anthropological comments on the Celts had common themes, primarily <a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">primitivism</a>, extreme ferocity, cruel sacrificial practices, and the strength and courage of their women.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> suggests there was great <a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">sexual freedom</a> among women in Celtic Britain:<a href="#cite_note-Dio_Cassius-163">[163]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... a very witty remark is reported to have been made by the wife of Argentocoxus, a <a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonian</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Julia Augusta</a>. When the empress was jesting with her, after the treaty, about the free intercourse of her sex with men in Britain, she replied: "We fulfill the demands of nature in a much better way than do you Roman women; for we consort openly with the best men, whereas you let yourselves be debauched in secret by the vilest". Such was the retort of the British woman.</blockquote> Barry Cunliffe writes that such references are "likely to be ill-observed" and meant to portray the Celts as outlandish "barbarians".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Historian Lisa Bitel argues the descriptions of Celtic women warriors are not credible. She says some Roman and Greek writers wanted to show that the barbarian Celts lived in "an upside-down world ... and a standard ingredient in such a world was the manly warrior woman".<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Celts of southeastern Europe</a> approved of male homosexuality. Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a> that although Gaulish women were beautiful, the men had "little to do with them" and it was a custom for men to sleep on animal skins with two younger males. He further claimed that "the young men will offer themselves to strangers and are insulted if the offer is refused". His claim was later repeated by Greco-Roman writers <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> H. David Rankin, in Celts and the Classical World, suggests some of these claims refer to bonding rituals in warrior groups, which required abstinence from women at certain times,<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> and says it probably reflects "the warlike character of early contacts between the Celts and the Greeks".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Brehon Law</a>, which was written down in <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval Ireland">early Medieval Ireland</a> after conversion to Christianity, a woman had the right to divorce her husband and gain his property if he was unable to perform his marital duties due to impotence, obesity, homosexual inclination or preference for other women.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cáin_Lánamna_(Couples_Law)-170">[170]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_art">Celtic art</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg/220px-Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="426" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg/330px-Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg/440px-Scuto_Battersea_BritMu252a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="2431" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Shield" title="Battersea Shield">Battersea Shield</a>, a ceremonial bronze shield dated 3rd–1st century BC, is an example of La Tène <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> from Britain</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a></div> Celtic art is generally used by art historians to refer to art of the La Tène period across Europe, while the <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval">Early Medieval</a> art of Britain and Ireland, that is what "Celtic art" evokes for much of the general public, is called <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a> in art history. Both styles absorbed considerable influences from non-Celtic sources, but retained a preference for geometrical decoration over figurative subjects, which are often extremely stylised when they do appear; narrative scenes only appear under outside influence. Energetic circular forms, <a href="/wiki/Triskele" class="mw-redirect" title="Triskele">triskeles</a> and spirals are characteristic. Much of the surviving material is in precious metal, which no doubt gives a very unrepresentative picture, but apart from <a href="/wiki/Pictish_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish stones">Pictish stones</a> and the Insular <a href="/wiki/High_crosses" class="mw-redirect" title="High crosses">high crosses</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a>, even with decorative carving, is very rare; possibly it was originally common in wood. Celts were also able to create developed musical instruments such as the carnyces, these famous war trumpets used before the battle to frighten the enemy, as the best preserved found in <a href="/wiki/Tintignac" title="Tintignac">Tintignac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>) in 2004 and which were decorated with a boar head or a snake head.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">interlace</a> patterns that are often regarded as typical of "Celtic art" were characteristic of the whole of the British Isles, a style referred to as <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a>, or Hiberno-Saxon art. This artistic style incorporated elements of La Tène, Late Roman, and, most importantly, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_animal_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic animal style">animal Style II</a> of Germanic <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period art</a>. The style was taken up with great skill and enthusiasm by Celtic artists in metalwork and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>. Equally, the forms used for the finest Insular art were all adopted from the Roman world: <a href="/wiki/Gospel_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel book">Gospel books</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lindisfarne" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Lindisfarne">Book of Lindisfarne</a>, chalices like the <a href="/wiki/Ardagh_Chalice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardagh Chalice">Ardagh Chalice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derrynaflan_Chalice" title="Derrynaflan Chalice">Derrynaflan Chalice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">penannular brooches</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Tara_Brooch" title="Tara Brooch">Tara Brooch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscrea_Brooch" title="Roscrea Brooch">Roscrea Brooch</a>. These works are from the period of peak achievement of Insular art, which lasted from the 7th to the 9th centuries, before the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> attacks sharply set back cultural life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In contrast the less well known but often spectacular art of the richest earlier Continental Celts, before they were conquered by the Romans, often adopted elements of Roman, Greek and other "foreign" styles (and possibly used imported craftsmen) to decorate objects that were distinctively Celtic. After the Roman conquests, some Celtic elements remained in popular art, especially <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">Ancient Roman pottery</a>, of which Gaul was actually the largest producer, mostly in Italian styles, but also producing work in local taste, including <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurines</a> of deities and wares painted with animals and other subjects in highly formalised styles. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> also took more interest in <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a> than most of the Empire, and its development of <a href="/wiki/Champlev%C3%A9" title="Champlevé">champlevé</a> technique was probably important to the later <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval art</a> of the whole of Europe, of which the energy and freedom of Insular decoration was an important element. Rising nationalism brought <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic revivals</a> from the 19th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallic_calendar">Gallic calendar</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny calendar</a>, which was found in 1897 in <a href="/wiki/Coligny,_Ain" title="Coligny, Ain">Coligny</a>, Ain, was engraved on a <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that originally was 1.48 metres (4 feet 10 inches) wide and 0.9 metres (2 feet 11 inches) high (Lambert p. 111). Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying objects, it probably dates to the end of the 2nd century.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals, and is in <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a>. The restored tablet contains 16 vertical columns, with 62 months distributed over 5 years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] French archaeologist J. Monard speculated that it was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a> wishing to preserve their tradition of timekeeping in a time when the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> was imposed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. However, the general form of the calendar suggests the public peg calendars (or <a href="/wiki/Almanac#Hemerologies_and_parapegmata" title="Almanac">parapegmata</a>) found throughout the Greek and Roman world.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfare_and_weapons">Warfare and weapons</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Celtic warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic sword">Celtic sword</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_Warrior_Naked_in_The_Braganza_Brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Celtic_Warrior_Naked_in_The_Braganza_Brooch.jpg/220px-Celtic_Warrior_Naked_in_The_Braganza_Brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Celtic_Warrior_Naked_in_The_Braganza_Brooch.jpg/330px-Celtic_Warrior_Naked_in_The_Braganza_Brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Celtic_Warrior_Naked_in_The_Braganza_Brooch.jpg/440px-Celtic_Warrior_Naked_in_The_Braganza_Brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Celtic Warrior Represented in the <a href="/wiki/Braganza_Brooch" title="Braganza Brooch">Braganza Brooch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>, 250–200 BC</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Tribal warfare</a> appears to have been a regular feature of Celtic societies. While epic literature depicts this as more of a sport focused on raids and hunting rather than organised territorial conquest, the historical record is more of tribes using warfare to exert political control and harass rivals, for <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">economic advantage</a>, and in some instances to conquer territory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Celts were described by classical writers such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a> as fighting like "wild beasts", and as hordes. <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius</a> said that their:<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">manner of fighting, being in large measure that of wild beasts and frenzied, was an erratic procedure, quite lacking in <a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">military science</a>. Thus, at one moment they would raise their swords aloft and smite after the manner of <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boars</a>, throwing the whole weight of their bodies into the blow like hewers of wood or men digging with mattocks, and again they would deliver crosswise blows aimed at no target, as if they intended to cut to pieces the entire bodies of their adversaries, protective armour and all.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (2.33) indicates that the principal Celtic weapon was a <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_sword" title="Iron Age sword">long bladed sword</a> which was used for hacking edgewise rather than stabbing. Celtic warriors are described by Polybius and Plutarch as frequently having to cease fighting in order to straighten their sword blades. This claim has been questioned by some archaeologists, who note that <a href="/wiki/Noric_steel" title="Noric steel">Noric steel</a>, steel produced in Celtic <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, was famous in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> period and was used to equip the <a href="/wiki/Roman_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman military">Roman military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> However, Radomir Pleiner, in The Celtic Sword (1993) argues that "the metallographic evidence shows that Polybius was right up to a point", as around one third of surviving swords from the period might well have behaved as he describes.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In addition to these long bladed slashing swords, spears and specialized <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a> were also used.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Polybius also asserts that certain of the Celts fought naked: "The appearance of these naked warriors was a terrifying spectacle, for they were all men of splendid physique and in the prime of life."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> According to Livy, this was also true of the Celts of Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_hunting">Head hunting</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg/220px-Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg/330px-Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg/440px-Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="4663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C5%A1eck%C3%A9_%C5%BDehrovice_Head" title="Mšecké Žehrovice Head">Stone head from Mšecké Žehrovice</a>, Czech Republic, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torc</a>, late La Tène culture, 150-50 BC</figcaption></figure> Celts had a reputation as <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">head hunters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_head_cult-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jacobsthal" title="Paul Jacobsthal">Paul Jacobsthal</a> says: "Amongst the Celts the <a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">human head</a> was venerated above all else, since the head was to the Celt the soul, centre of the emotions as well as of life itself, a symbol of divinity and of the powers of the other-world."<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Writing in the first century BC, Greek historians <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> said Celtic warriors cut off the heads of enemies slain in battle, hung them from the necks of their horses, then nailed them up outside their homes.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_head_cult-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> wrote in the same century that Celts <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalmed</a> the heads of their most esteemed enemies in cedar oil and put them on display.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_head_cult-182">[182]</a> Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> beheaded a defeated Roman general after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Silva_Litana" title="Battle of Silva Litana">Battle of Silva Litana</a>, covered his skull in gold, and used it as a ritual cup.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_head_cult-182">[182]</a> Archaeologists have found evidence that heads were embalmed and displayed by the southern Gauls.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In another example, at the southern Gaulish site of <a href="/wiki/Entremont_(oppidum)" title="Entremont (oppidum)">Entremont</a>, there stood a pillar carved with skulls, within which were niches where human skulls were kept, nailed into position.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roquepertuse" title="Roquepertuse">Roquepertuse</a> nearby has similar carved heads and skull niches. Many lone carved heads have been found in Celtic regions, some with two or three faces.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson_heads-187">[187]</a> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%A1eck%C3%A9_%C5%BDehrovice_Head" title="Mšecké Žehrovice Head">Mšecké Žehrovice Head</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Corleck_Head" title="Corleck Head">Corleck Head</a>. Severed heads are a common motif in Insular Celtic myths, and there are many tales in which 'living heads' preside over feasts or speak prophecies.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_head_cult-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_heads-187">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beheading_game" title="Beheading game">beheading game</a> is a motif in Irish myth and Arthurian legend, most famously in the tale <a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Green_Knight" title="Green Knight">Green Knight</a> picks up his own severed head after <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a> has struck it off. There are also many legends in Celtic regions of saints who <a href="/wiki/Cephalophore" title="Cephalophore">carry their own severed heads</a>. In Irish myth, the severed heads of warriors are called the <a href="/wiki/Mast_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast (botany)">mast</a> or nuts of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Macha" title="Macha">Macha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_mythology">Religion and mythology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>The Celtic god <a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup cauldron</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Celtic_religion">Ancient Celtic religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Ancient Celtic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic religion">Proto-Celtic religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keltenfuerst_Glauberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Keltenfuerst_Glauberg.jpg/220px-Keltenfuerst_Glauberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Keltenfuerst_Glauberg.jpg/330px-Keltenfuerst_Glauberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Keltenfuerst_Glauberg.jpg/440px-Keltenfuerst_Glauberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The Celtic "Prince of <a href="/wiki/Glauberg" title="Glauberg">Glauberg</a>", Germany, with a <a href="/wiki/Leaf_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf crown">leaf crown</a>, perhaps indicating a priest, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC.</figcaption></figure> Like other European Iron Age societies, the Celts practised a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">polytheistic religion</a> and believed in an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] Celtic religion varied by region and over time, but had "broad structural similarities",<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> and there was "a basic religious homogeneity" among the Celtic peoples.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Because the ancient Celts did not have writing, evidence about their religion is gleaned from archaeology, Greco-Roman accounts, and literature from the early Christian period.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_The_Celtic_World-192">[192]</a> The names of over two hundred <a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a> have survived (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">list of Celtic deities</a>), although it is likely that many of these were alternative names, regional names or titles for the same deity.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> Some deities were venerated only in one region, but others were more widely known.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Miranda Aldhouse-Green</a>, the Celts were also <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">animists</a>, believing that every part of the natural world had a spirit.<a href="#cite_note-Green,_The_Celtic_World-192">[192]</a> The Celts seem to have had a father god, who was often a god of the tribe and of the dead (<a href="/wiki/Toutatis" title="Toutatis">Toutatis</a> probably being one name for him); and a mother goddess who was associated with the land, earth and fertility<a href="#cite_note-Koch_religion-193">[193]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dea_Matrona" title="Dea Matrona">Dea Matrona</a> probably being one name for her). The mother goddess could also take the form of a war goddess as <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">protectress</a> of her tribe and its land.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_religion-193">[193]</a> There also seems to have been a male celestial god—identified with <a href="/wiki/Taranis" title="Taranis">Taranis</a>—associated with thunder, the wheel, and the bull.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_religion-193">[193]</a> There were gods of skill and craft, such as the pan-regional god <a href="/wiki/Lugus" title="Lugus">Lugus</a>, and the smith god <a href="/wiki/Gobannos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobannos">Gobannos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_religion-193">[193]</a> Celtic healing deities were often associated with <a href="/wiki/Sacred_spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred spring">sacred springs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Koch_religion-193">[193]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sirona_(goddess)" title="Sirona (goddess)">Sirona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borvo" title="Borvo">Borvo</a>. Other pan-regional deities include the horned god <a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a>, the horse and fertility goddess <a href="/wiki/Epona" title="Epona">Epona</a>, the divine son <a href="/wiki/Maponos" title="Maponos">Maponos</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Belenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Belenos">Belenos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogmios" title="Ogmios">Ogmios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sucellos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucellos">Sucellos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green,_The_Celtic_World-192">[192]</a> Caesar says the Gauls believed they all descended from a god of the dead and underworld.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Triplicity" title="Triplicity">Triplicity</a> is a common theme in Celtic cosmology, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Triple_deity" title="Triple deity">deities were seen as threefold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sjoestedt-194">[194]</a> for example <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">the Three Mothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Inse_Jones_1995-195">[195]</a> Celtic religious ceremonies were overseen by priests known as <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a>, who also served as judges, teachers, and lore-keepers. Other classes of druids performed sacrifices for the perceived benefit of the community.<a href="#cite_note-Sjoestedt5-196">[196]</a> There is evidence that ancient Celtic peoples <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificed animals</a>, almost always <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Working_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Working animals">working animals</a>. It appears some were offered wholly to the gods (by burying or burning), while some were shared between gods and humans (part eaten and part offered).<a href="#cite_note-Green94-96-197">[197]</a> There is also some evidence that ancient Celts <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">sacrificed humans</a>, and some Greco-Roman sources claim the Gauls sacrificed criminals by <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burning them</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Wicker_man" title="Wicker man">wicker man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-koch687-690-198">[198]</a> The Romans said the Celts held ceremonies in <a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">sacred groves</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Sacred_natural_site" title="Sacred natural site">natural</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">nemetons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> Some Celtic peoples built temples or ritual enclosures of varying shapes (such as the <a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viereckschanze" title="Viereckschanze">viereckschanze</a>), though they also maintained shrines at natural sites.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> Celtic peoples often made <a href="/wiki/Votive_offerings" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive offerings">votive offerings</a>: treasured items deposited in water and wetlands, or in ritual shafts and wells, often in the same place over generations.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Clootie_well" title="Clootie well">clootie wells</a> might be a continuation of this.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insular_Celtic_mythology">Insular Celtic mythology</h3></div> Most surviving <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> belongs to the Insular Celtic peoples: <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a> has the largest written body of myths, followed by <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a>. These were written down in the early Middle Ages, mainly by Christian scribes. The supernatural race called the <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a> are believed to represent the main Celtic gods of Ireland. Their traditional rivals are the <a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomóire</a>, whom they defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Cath_Maige_Tuired" title="Cath Maige Tuired">Battle of Mag Tuired</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a> says the underlying structure in Irish myth was a dualism between the male tribal god and the female goddess of the land.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Dagda" title="The Dagda">The Dagda</a> seems to have been the chief god and <a href="/wiki/The_Morr%C3%ADgan" title="The Morrígan">the Morrígan</a> his consort, each of whom had other names.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> One common motif is the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_goddess" title="Sovereignty goddess">sovereignty goddess</a>, who represents the land and bestows sovereignty on a king by marrying him. The goddess <a href="/wiki/Brigid" title="Brigid">Brigid</a> was linked with nature as well as poetry, healing and smithing.<a href="#cite_note-Sjoestedt-194">[194]</a> Some figures in medieval Insular Celtic myth have ancient continental parallels: Irish <a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a> and Welsh <a href="/wiki/Lleu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lleu">Lleu</a> are cognate with Lugus, <a href="/wiki/Goibniu" title="Goibniu">Goibniu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gofannon" title="Gofannon">Gofannon</a> with Gobannos, <a href="/wiki/Aengus" title="Aengus">Macán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mabon_ap_Modron" title="Mabon ap Modron">Mabon</a> with Maponos, while <a href="/wiki/Macha_(Irish_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macha (Irish mythology)">Macha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhiannon" title="Rhiannon">Rhiannon</a> may be counterparts of Epona.<a href="#cite_note-Sjoestedt3-201">[201]</a> In Insular Celtic myth, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">Otherworld</a> is a parallel realm where the gods dwell. Some mythical heroes visit it by entering ancient burial mounds or caves, by going under water or across the western sea, or after being offered a <a href="/wiki/Silver_Branch" title="Silver Branch">silver apple branch</a> by an Otherworld resident.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Irish myth says that the spirits of the dead travel to the house of <a href="/wiki/Donn" title="Donn">Donn</a> (Tech Duinn), a legendary ancestor; this echoes Caesar's comment that the Gauls believed they all descended from a god of the dead and underworld.<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> Insular Celtic peoples celebrated four seasonal festivals, known to the Gaels as <a href="/wiki/Beltaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltaine">Beltaine</a> (1 May), <a href="/wiki/Lughnasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lughnasa">Lughnasa</a> (1 August), <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> (1 November) and <a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a> (1 February).<a href="#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_influence">Roman influence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a></div> The Roman invasion of Gaul brought a great deal of Celtic peoples into the Roman Empire. Roman culture had a profound effect on the Celtic tribes which came under the empire's control. Roman influence led to many changes in Celtic religion, the most noticeable of which was the weakening of the druid class, especially religiously; the druids were to eventually disappear altogether. Romano-Celtic deities also began to appear: these deities often had both Roman and Celtic attributes, combined the names of Roman and Celtic deities, or included couples with one Roman and one Celtic deity. Other changes included the adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Column" title="Jupiter Column">Jupiter Column</a>, a sacred column set up in many Celtic regions of the empire, primarily in northern and eastern Gaul. Another major change in religious practice was the use of stone monuments to represent gods and goddesses. The Celts had probably only created wooden <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a> (including monuments carved into trees, which were known as sacred poles) before the Roman conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Inse_Jones_1995-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_Christianity">Celtic Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></div> While the regions under Roman rule adopted Christianity along with the rest of the Roman empire, unconquered areas of Ireland and Scotland began to move from <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a> to Christianity in the 5th century. Ireland was converted by missionaries from Britain, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a>. Later missionaries from Ireland were a major source of <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary work</a> in Scotland, Anglo-Saxon parts of Britain, and central Europe (see <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a>). <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a>, the forms of Christianity that took hold in Britain and Ireland at this time, had for some centuries only limited and intermittent contact with Rome and continental Christianity, as well as some contacts with <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Christianity</a>. Some elements of Celtic Christianity developed, or retained, features that made them distinct from the rest of Western Christianity, most famously their conservative method of calculating the <a href="/wiki/Easter_controversy" title="Easter controversy">date of Easter</a>. In 664, the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a> began to resolve these differences, mostly by adopting the current Roman practices, which the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian Mission">Gregorian Mission</a> from Rome had introduced to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture#Genetics" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture#Genetics" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture#Genetics" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauls#Genetics" title="Gauls">Gauls § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons#Genetics" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians#Genetics" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples#Genetics" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples § Genetics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png/240px-Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png/360px-Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png/480px-Geographical_distribution_of_haplogroup_frequency_of_hgR1b1b2.png 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="3505" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Y-chromosomal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">Haplogroup R-M269</a> in Europe. The majority of ancient Celtic males have been found to be carriers of this sub-lineage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20194–6-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20163Table_1-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20183Table_1-205">[205]</a></figcaption></figure> Genetic studies on the limited amount of material available suggest continuity between Iron Age people from areas considered Celtic and the earlier <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a> of Bronze Age Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20181,_14–15-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunel_et_al.20205–6-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.2022-208">[208]</a> Like the Bell Beakers, ancient Celts carried a substantial amount of <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a> ancestry, which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> pastoralists who expanded westwards from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and the early Bronze Age and associated with the initial spread of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20191,_4–6,_14–15-209">[209]</a> This ancestry was particularly prevalent among Celts of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Europe">Northwest Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.2022-208">[208]</a> Examined individuals overwhelmingly carry types of the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">haplogroup R-M269</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20194–6-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiffels_et_al.20163Table_1-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20183Table_1-205">[205]</a> while the maternal haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a> are frequent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20187-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20225–6-211">[211]</a> These lineages are associated with steppe ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20194–6-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20187-210">[210]</a> The spread of Celts into Iberia and the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a> is associated with an increase in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">north</a>-<a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central European</a> ancestry in Iberia, and may be connected to the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlalde_et_al.20193-212">[212]</a> The paternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438" title="Haplogroup I-M438">haplogroup I2a1a1a</a> has been detected among Celtiberians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlalde_et_al.2019Supplementary_Tables,_Table_4,_Row_91-213">[213]</a> There appears to have been significant gene flow among Celtic peoples of Western Europe during the Iron Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20181-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.2022-208">[208]</a> While the Gauls of southern France display genetic links with the Celtiberians, the Gauls of northern France display links with Great Britain and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20228-215">[215]</a> Modern populations of Western Europe, particularly those who still speak <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a>, display substantial genetic continuity with the Iron Age populations of the same areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartiniano_et_al.20181-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.201814–15-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer_et_al.20224-218">[218]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_F.C." title="Celtic F.C.">Celtic F.C.</a>, soccer club in Glasgow</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Indo-European-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Indo-European_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMac_CanaDillon">Mac Cana & Dillon</a>. "The Celts, an ancient Indo-European people, reached the apogee of their influence and territorial expansion during the 4th century BC, extending across the length of Europe from Britain to Asia Minor."; <a href="#CITEREFPuhvelFeeLeeming2003">Puhvel, Fee & Leeming 2003</a>, p. 67. "[T]he Celts, were Indo-Europeans, a fact that explains a certain compatibility between Celtic, Roman, and Germanic mythology."; <a href="#CITEREFRiché2005">Riché 2005</a>, p. 150. "The Celts and Germans were two Indo-European groups whose civilizations had some common characteristics."; <a href="#CITEREFTodd1975">Todd 1975</a>, p. 42. "Celts and Germans were of course derived from the same Indo-European stock."; <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica._Celt">Encyclopedia Britannica. Celt</a>. "Celt, also spelled Kelt, Latin Celta, plural Celtae, a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium bce to the 1st century bce spread over much of Europe." </li> <li id="cite_note-Drinkwater_Definition-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_Definition_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drinkwater_Definition_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater2012">Drinkwater 2012</a>, p. 295. "Celts, a name applied by ancient writers to a population group occupying lands mainly north of the Mediterranean region from Galicia in the west to Galatia in the east. (Its application to the Welsh, the Scots, and the Irish is modern.) Their unity is recognizable by common speech and common artistic traditions. </li> <li id="cite_note-WM_Definition-3"><a href="#cite_ref-WM_Definition_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldmanMason2006">Waldman & Mason 2006</a>, p. 144. "Celts, in its modern usage, is an encompassing term referring to all Celtic-speaking peoples." </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_Definition-4"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_Definition_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica._Celt">Encyclopedia Britannica. Celt</a>. "Celt, also spelled Kelt, Latin Celta, plural Celtae, a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium bce to the 1st century bce spread over much of Europe. Their tribes and groups eventually ranged from the British Isles and northern Spain to as far east as Transylvania, the Black Sea coasts, and Galatia in Anatolia and were in part absorbed into the Roman Empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, and Celtiberians. Linguistically they survive in the modern Celtic speakers of Ireland, Highland Scotland, the Isle of Man, Wales, and Brittany. </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch_encyclopedia-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_encyclopedia_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_encyclopedia_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_encyclopedia_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_encyclopedia_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_encyclopedia_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_encyclopedia_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koch_encyclopedia_5-6">g</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKoch2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=peoples%20and%20countries">Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. xix–xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 June 2010. <q>This Encyclopedia is designed for the use of everyone interested in Celtic studies and also for those interested in many related and subsidiary fields, including the individual CELTIC COUNTRIES and their languages, literatures, archaeology, folklore, and mythology. In its chronological scope, the Encyclopedia covers subjects from the HALLSTATT and LA TENE periods of the later pre-Roman Iron Age to the beginning of the 21st century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=xix-xxi&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3Dpeoples%2520and%2520countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuján2006" class="citation journal cs1">Luján, E. R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racv.es/files/07_Lujan.pdf">"Pueblo Celtas y no Celtas de la Galicia antigua:: Fuentes literarias frente a fuentes epigráficas"</a> (PDF). XXII seminario de lenguas y epigrafía antigua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091225113903/http://www.racv.es/files/07_Lujan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XXII+seminario+de+lenguas+y+epigraf%C3%ADa+antigua&rft.atitle=Pueblo+Celtas+y+no+Celtas+de+la+Galicia+antigua%3A%3A+Fuentes+literarias+frente+a+fuentes+epigr%C3%A1ficas&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Luj%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racv.es%2Ffiles%2F07_Lujan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "If, as is the first criterion of this Encyclopedia, one bases the concept of 'Celticity' on language, one can apply the term 'Celtic' to ancient Galicia", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128">Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n833">790</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-440-7"><bdi>1-85109-440-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+culture%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pages=790&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85109-440-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticculturehis00koch_128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SJames-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SJames_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJames_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJames_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJames_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJames_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJames_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1999" class="citation book cs1">James, Simon (1999). The Atlantic Celts – Ancient People or Modern Invention. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Celts+%E2%80%93+Ancient+People+or+Modern+Invention&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCollis-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCollis_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCollis_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCollis_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCollis_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCollis_9-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollis2003" class="citation book cs1">Collis, John (2003). The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions. Stroud: <a href="/wiki/Tempus_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempus Publishing">Tempus Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2913-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-2913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts%3A+Origins%2C+Myths+and+Inventions&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-2913-7&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FPryor-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FPryor_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FPryor_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FPryor_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryor2004" class="citation book cs1">Pryor, Francis (2004). Britain BC. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-712693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-712693-4"><bdi>978-0-00-712693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+BC&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-00-712693-4&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sims-Williams-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sims-Williams_11-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sims-Williams (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774320000098">"An Alternative to 'Celtic from the East' and 'Celtic from the West'"</a>. Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 30 (3): 511–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774320000098">10.1017/S0959774320000098</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2F317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437">2160/317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Alternative+to+%27Celtic+from+the+East%27+and+%27Celtic+from+the+West%27&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=511-529&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2160%2F317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959774320000098&rft.au=Sims-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0959774320000098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouwen2021" class="citation thesis cs1">Louwen, A. J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/85067342">Breaking and making the ancestors. Piecing together the urnfield mortuary process in the Lower-Rhine-Basin, ca. 1300 – 400 BC</a> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411091655/https://www.academia.edu/85067342">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Breaking+and+making+the+ancestors.+Piecing+together+the+urnfield+mortuary+process+in+the+Lower-Rhine-Basin%2C+ca.+1300+%E2%80%93+400+BC&rft.inst=Leiden+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Louwen&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F85067342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProbst1996258-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProbst1996258_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProbst1996">Probst 1996</a>, pp. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-ChadCorc-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChadCorc_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChadCorc_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChadCorc_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChadCorc_14-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwickCorcoran1970" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Nora; Corcoran, J. X. W. P. (1970). The Celts. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 28–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts&rft.pages=28-33&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft.au=Corcoran%2C+J.+X.+W.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry</a> (1997). The Ancient Celts. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 39–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Celts&rft.pages=39-67&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-koch2010_core-16"><a href="#cite_ref-koch2010_core_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2010" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/ODonnell.pdf">Celtic from the West Chapter 9: Paradigm Shift? Interpreting Tartessian as Celtic – see map 9.3 The Ancient Celtic Languages c. 440/430 BC – see third map in PDF at URL provided which is essentially the same map</a> (PDF). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxbow Books">Oxbow Books</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4"><bdi>978-1-84217-410-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709032557/http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/ODonnell.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+from+the+West+Chapter+9%3A+Paradigm+Shift%3F+Interpreting+Tartessian+as+Celtic+%E2%80%93+see+map+9.3+The+Ancient+Celtic+Languages+c.+440%2F430+BC+%E2%80%93+see+third+map+in+PDF+at+URL+provided+which+is+essentially+the+same+map&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-410-4&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wales.ac.uk%2FResources%2FDocuments%2FResearch%2FODonnell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-koch2010_expansion-17"><a href="#cite_ref-koch2010_expansion_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2010" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/ODonnell.pdf">Celtic from the West Chapter 9: Paradigm Shift? Interpreting Tartessian as Celtic – see map 9.2 Celtic expansion from Hallstatt/La Tene central Europe – see second map in PDF at URL provided which is essentially the same map</a> (PDF). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxbow Books">Oxbow Books</a>. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-410-4"><bdi>978-1-84217-410-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709032557/http://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/ODonnell.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+from+the+West+Chapter+9%3A+Paradigm+Shift%3F+Interpreting+Tartessian+as+Celtic+%E2%80%93+see+map+9.2+Celtic+expansion+from+Hallstatt%2FLa+Tene+central+Europe+%E2%80%93+see+second+map+in+PDF+at+URL+provided+which+is+essentially+the+same+map&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-410-4&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wales.ac.uk%2FResources%2FDocuments%2FResearch%2FODonnell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stifter-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Stifter_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStifter2008" class="citation book cs1">Stifter, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univie.ac.at/indogermanistik/download/Stifter/oldcelt2008_2_lepontic.pdf">Old Celtic Languages</a> (PDF). pp. 24–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110630102715/http://www.univie.ac.at/indogermanistik/download/Stifter/oldcelt2008_2_lepontic.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Celtic+Languages&rft.pages=24-37&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stifter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2Findogermanistik%2Fdownload%2FStifter%2Foldcelt2008_2_lepontic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry</a> (2003). The Celts – a very short introduction. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280418-1"><bdi>978-0-19-280418-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts+%E2%80%93+a+very+short+introduction&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280418-1&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC">One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30984-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024421/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2018. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> are related to the other Celtic peoples of Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a> of northwestern Spain</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30984-7&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC">One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 766. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30984-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024421/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2018. <q>Celts, 257, 278, 523, 533, 555, 643; <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a>, 129–33; <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a>, 178–81; <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galicians</a>, 277–80; <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, 330–37; <a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a>, 452–55; <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>, 607–12; <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pages=766&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30984-7&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WM_Scope-22"><a href="#cite_ref-WM_Scope_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaldmanMason2006">Waldman & Mason 2006</a>, p. 144. "CELTS location: Greater Europe time period: Second millennium B.C.E. to present ancestry: Celtic </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKevitt2006" class="citation journal cs1">McKevitt, Kerry Ann (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624075328/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_13/mckevitt_6_13.pdf">"Mythologizing Identity and History: a look at the Celtic past of Galicia"</a> (PDF). E-Keltoi. 6: 651–73. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_13/mckevitt_6_13.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi&rft.atitle=Mythologizing+Identity+and+History%3A+a+look+at+the+Celtic+past+of+Galicia&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=651-73&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=McKevitt&rft.aufirst=Kerry+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.uwm.edu%2Fceltic%2Fekeltoi%2Fvolumes%2Fvol6%2F6_13%2Fmckevitt_6_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Sarunas Milisauskas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31LFIITb3LUC&pg=PA363">European prehistory: a survey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. 2002. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47257-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47257-2"><bdi>978-0-306-47257-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+prehistory%3A+a+survey&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47257-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31LFIITb3LUC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1998" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, H. David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdqk4vXqntgC&q=%22celts%22">Celts and the Classical World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15090-3"><bdi>978-0-415-15090-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celts+and+the+Classical+World&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15090-3&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=H.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfdqk4vXqntgC%26q%3D%2522celts%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Herodotus, The Histories, 2.33; 4.49. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> John T. Koch (ed.), Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. 5 vols. 2006. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-McCone2013-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCone2013_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCone2013_28-1">b</a> McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in Ireland and its Contacts. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a>. pp.21–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> P. De Bernardo Stempel 2008. "Linguistically Celtic ethnonyms: towards a classification", in Celtic and Other Languages in Ancient Europe, J. L. García Alonso (ed.), 101–18. Ediciones Universidad Salamanca. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_1#1" class="extiw" title="s:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 1">1.1</a>: "All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae live, another in which the Aquitani live, and the third are those who in their own tongue are called Celtae, in our language Galli." </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Strabo, Geography, 3.1.3; 3.1.6; 3.2.2; 3.2.15; 4.4.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">The Natural History</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lusitania/Book_4#35" class="extiw" title="s:Lusitania/Book 4">21</a>: "the Mirobrigenses, surnamed Celtici" ("Mirobrigenses qui Celtici cognominantur"). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402141724/http://revistas.ucm.es/est/11326875/articulos/HIEP0101110006A.PDF">"España"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.ucm.es/est/11326875/articulos/HIEP0101110006A.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Espa%C3%B1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.ucm.es%2Fest%2F11326875%2Farticulos%2FHIEP0101110006A.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Fernando De Almeida, Breve noticia sobre o santuário campestre romano de Miróbriga dos Celticos (Portugal): D(IS) M(ANIBUS) S(ACRUM) / C(AIUS) PORCIUS SEVE/RUS MIROBRIGEN(SIS) / CELT(ICUS) ANN(ORUM) LX / H(IC) S(ITUS) E(ST) S(IT) T(IBI) T(ERRA) L(EVIS). </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128">Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n837">794</a>–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=794-95&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticculturehis00koch_128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_and_Zwicky1998" class="citation book cs1">Spencer and Zwicky, Andrew and Arnold M (1998). The handbook of morphology. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishers">Blackwell Publishers</a>. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18544-4"><bdi>978-0-631-18544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+morphology&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18544-4&rft.aulast=Spencer+and+Zwicky&rft.aufirst=Andrew+and+Arnold+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/who-were-the-celts-it-s-complicated-1.2410501">Who were the Celts? It's complicated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417195847/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/who-were-the-celts-it-s-complicated-1.2410501">Archived</a> 17 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Irish Times, Denis Staunton, 20 October 2015, accessed 17 April 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Lhuyd, E. Archaeologia Britannica; An account of the languages, histories, and customs of the original inhabitants of Great Britain. (reprint ed.) 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128">Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n567">532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=532&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticculturehis00koch_128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMountain1998" class="citation book cs1">Mountain, Harry (1998). 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Corcoran. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts+with+an+introductory+chapter+by+J.X.W.P.+Corcoran&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/celtic-branch/">"Celtic language Branch - Origins & Classification - MustGo"</a>. MustGo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024221253/https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/celtic-branch/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2022. 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Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 34, 365–366, 529, 973, 1053. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62381207">62381207</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007170317/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62381207">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. 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Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 30 (3): 511–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0959774320000098">10.1017/s0959774320000098</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2F317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437">2160/317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-7743">0959-7743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216484936">216484936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Alternative+to+%27Celtic+from+the+East%27+and+%27Celtic+from+the+West%27&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=511-529&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2160%2F317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216484936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-7743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0959774320000098&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs0959774320000098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoz2019" class="citation cs2">Hoz, J. de (28 February 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0001">"Method and methods"</a>, Palaeohispanic Languages and Epigraphies, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 1–24, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0001">10.1093/oso/9780198790822.003.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879082-2"><bdi>978-0-19-879082-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 29 May 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohispanic+Languages+and+Epigraphies&rft.atitle=Method+and+methods&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879082-2&rft.aulast=Hoz&rft.aufirst=J.+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198790822.003.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> e.g. Patrick Sims-Williams, Ancient Celtic Placenames in Europe and Asia Minor, Publications of the <a href="/wiki/Philological_Society" title="Philological Society">Philological Society</a>, No. 39 (2006); Bethany Fox, 'The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland', The Heroic Age, 10 (2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html">"Fox—The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20180111041001/http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fox%E2%80%94The+P-Celtic+Place-Names+of+North-East+England+and+South-East+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heroicage.org%2Fissues%2F10%2Ffox.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> (also available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alarichall.org.uk/placenames/fox.htm">Fox: P-Celtic Place-Names</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">List of Celtic place names in Portugal</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> International Journal of Modern Anthropology Int. J. Mod. Anthrop. (2017) 10: 50–72 HLA Genes in Atlantic Celtic populations: Are Celts Iberians? 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Retrieved 18 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi%3A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=Celtic+Legacy+in+Galicia&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=1005-35&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Alberro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwm.edu%2FDept%2Fceltic%2Fekeltoi%2Fvolumes%2Fvol6%2F6_20%2Falberro_6_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrocal-Rangel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Berrocal-Rangel, Luis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html">"The Celts of the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula"</a>. 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Landeskunde Online. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landeskunde+Online&rft.atitle=Heuneburg+%28Herbertingen-Hundersingen%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landeskunde-online.de%2Frhein%2Fgeschichte%2Fantike%2Fkelten%2Fheuneburg%2Fgenese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herodotus1857-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus1857_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1857" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus (1857). Creuzer, Georg Friedrich; Bähr, Johann Christian Felix (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9rfAAAAMAAJ">Herodoti Musae</a>. Vol. 2. Lipsiae in Bibliopolio Hahniano.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodoti+Musae&rft.pub=Lipsiae+in+Bibliopolio+Hahniano&rft.date=1857&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9rfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herodotus1829-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Herodotus1829_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1829" class="citation book cs1">Herodotus (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q45PxRGLB5sC&pg=PA110">Herodoti historiarum libri IX</a>. G. Fr. Meyer. pp. 110–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodoti+historiarum+libri+IX&rft.pages=110-&rft.pub=G.+Fr.+Meyer&rft.date=1829&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq45PxRGLB5sC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimbutas2011-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas2011_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas2011" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (25 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BvtRdigDtFoC&pg=PA312">Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. pp. 100–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-1116-6814-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-1116-6814-7"><bdi>978-3-1116-6814-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+cultures+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=100-&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.isbn=978-3-1116-6814-7&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBvtRdigDtFoC%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milisauskas2002-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Milisauskas2002_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilisauskas2002" class="citation book cs1">Milisauskas, Sarunas (30 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31LFIITb3LUC&pg=PA363">European Prehistory: A Survey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. pp. 363–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3064-7257-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3064-7257-2"><bdi>978-0-3064-7257-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Prehistory%3A+A+Survey&rft.pages=363-&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2002-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-3064-7257-2&rft.aulast=Milisauskas&rft.aufirst=Sarunas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31LFIITb3LUC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankin1996-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Rankin1996_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin1996" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, H. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Senones&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=647-648&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_telamon.html">"Battle of Telamon, 225 BC"</a>. www.historyofwar.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201014912/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_telamon.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyofwar.org&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Telamon%2C+225+BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Fbattles_telamon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC by John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, E. Sollberger, and N. G. L. 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It has for long being supposed on convincing linguistic and archeological grounds that this tribe was of Celtic origin" </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=serdica-geo&highlight=serdi">"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), SE´RDICA"</a>. perseus.tufts.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224222301/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=serdica-geo&highlight=serdi">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. 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Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+study+reveals+large+scale+migrations+into+Bronze+Age+Britain&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews%2F2021%2Fresearch%2Fancient-dna-study-migration-bronze-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59741723">"Ancient mass migration transformed Britons' DNA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 22 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121165716/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-59741723">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. 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Stroud: <a href="/wiki/Tempus_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempus Publishing">Tempus Publishing</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2913-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-2913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts%3A+Origins%2C+Myths+and+Inventions&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-2913-7&rft.aulast=Collis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCollis4-137"><a href="#cite_ref-JCollis4_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollis2003" class="citation book cs1">Collis, John (2003). The Celts: Origins, Myths and Inventions. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberpict.net/horses/clthrs.htm">the original</a> on 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Horse+Amongst+the+Celts&rft.aulast=N%C3%AD+Dhoireann&rft.aufirst=Kym&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyberpict.net%2Fhorses%2Fclthrs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/hist_periods/iron_age.htm">The Iron Age</a>". Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207021902/http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/hist_periods/iron_age.htm">Archived</a> 7 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LspvFOZQTakC&pg=PA56">The Landscape of Britain</a>. Reed, Michael (1997). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 56. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-44411-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-44411-6">0-203-44411-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmons_1615-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_1615_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_1615_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_1615_143-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2006" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Victoria (2006). Koch, John T. (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. 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Sacramentum Mundi Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2468-483x_smuo_com_001832">10.1163/2468-483x_smuo_com_001832</a>. 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Celts and the Classical World. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15090-3"><bdi>978-0-415-15090-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celts+and+the+Classical+World&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15090-3&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=H.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dio_Cassius-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Dio_Cassius_163-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Rome-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ancient Rome-related topics">Roman History</a> Volume IX Books 71–80, Dio Cassiuss and Earnest Carry translator (1927), <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99196-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99196-6">0-674-99196-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2018" class="citation book cs1">Cunliffe, Barry (2018). 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pederastypedagog00perc/page/18">Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pederastypedagog00perc/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06740-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06740-2"><bdi>978-0-252-06740-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pederasty+and+Pedagogy+in+Archaic+Greece&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06740-2&rft.aulast=Percy&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpederastypedagog00perc%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988">; Rankin, H. David; Celts and the Classical World; p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Rankin, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Rankin, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courts.ie/history-law-ireland#:~:text=In%20many%20respects%20Brehon%20law,punishment%20was%20prescribed%20for%20wrongdoing.">"History of the Law in Ireland | The Courts Service of Ireland"</a>. www.courts.ie. 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Retrieved 20 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%A1in+L%C3%A1namna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fcelt%2Fonline%2FG102030.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> Access date: 7 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tintignac.wix.com/tintignac-naves#!english/c11e3">"Accueil"</a> [Home]. 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Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sjoestedt5-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Sjoestedt5_196-0">^</a> Sjoestedt (1982) pp. xxvi–xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-Green94-96-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Green94-96_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Green, Miranda</a> (2002). 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Retrieved 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+upset+a+lot+of+people%27%3A+outrage+after+tidy-up+of+Scottish+sacred+well&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2022%2Fjan%2F30%2Fupset-a-lot-of-people-outrage-tidy-up-of-scottish-sacred-well-clootie-offerings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2006). 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Historical Atlas of the Celtic World. 2001.</li> <li>Herm, Gerhard. The Celts: The People who Came out of the Darkness. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977.</li> <li>James, Simon. The World of the Celts. New York: Thames & Hudson. 3rd ed. 2005 [1993].</li> <li>James, Simon. The Atlantic Celts – Ancient People Or Modern Invention? Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-16674-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-16674-0">0-299-16674-0</a>.</li> <li>James, Simon & Rigby, Valerie. Britain and the Celtic Iron Age. London: <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2306-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2306-4">0-7141-2306-4</a>.</li> <li>Kruta, Venceslas, Otto Hermann Frey, Barry Raftery and M. Szabo. eds. The Celts. New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-2193-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-2193-5">0-8478-2193-5</a>. A translation of Les Celtes: Histoire et dictionnaire 2000.</li> <li>Laing, Lloyd. The Archaeology of Late Celtic Britain and Ireland c. 400–1200 AD. 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In <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vauchez" title="André Vauchez">Vauchez, André</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001/acref-9780227679319">Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lutterworth_Press" title="The Lutterworth Press">James Clarke & Co.</a> p. 150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780227679319.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518817-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518817-2"><bdi>978-0-19-518817-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903152116/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001/acref-9780227679319">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barbarians&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780227679319.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518817-2&rft.aulast=Rich%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780227679319.001.0001%2Facref-9780227679319-e-302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffels_et_al.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Schiffels, Stephan; et al. (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735688">"Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>. 7 (10408). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Portfolio" title="Nature Portfolio">Nature Portfolio</a>: 10408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...710408S">2016NatCo...710408S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms10408">10.1038/ncomms10408</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735688">4735688</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26783965">26783965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+and+Anglo-Saxon+genomes+from+East+England+reveal+British+migration+history&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10408&rft.pages=10408&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4735688%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26783965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms10408&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...710408S&rft.aulast=Schiffels&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Haak%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4735688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, Malcolm</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7yBpAAAAMAAJ">The Northern Barbarians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson (publisher)">Hutchinson</a>. Vol. 13. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-122220-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-122220-8"><bdi>978-0-09-122220-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Barbarians&rft.series=Hutchinson&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-09-122220-8&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7yBpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). "Celts". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC">Encyclopedia of European Peoples</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. pp. 144–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4381-2918-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4381-2918-1"><bdi>1-4381-2918-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230311102543/https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Celts&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=144-169&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4381-2918-1&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACelts" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Celts#Q35966" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Celts">Celts</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Celts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Celts">Celts</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Celt" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Celt">Celt</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music">Ancient Celtic music</a> – in the <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/index.html">Essays on Celtiberian topics</a> – in e-Keltoi, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin,_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin, Madison">University of Wisconsin, Madison</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyelander.orgfree.com/menu10.html">Ancient Celtic Warriors in History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/celts-descended-from-spanish-fishermen-study-finds-416727.html">Celts descended from Spanish fishermen, study finds</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20020221.shtml">Discussion</a> – with academic <a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a>, on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>'s <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)">In Our Time</a>, 21 February 2002. (Streaming <a href="/wiki/RealPlayer" title="RealPlayer">RealPlayer</a> format)</li></ul> Geography <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm">An interactive map showing the lands of the Celts between 800 BC and 305 AD.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006160601/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC), showing the Celtic territories</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm">Map of Celtic lands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225043915/http://www.resourcesforhistory.com/map.htm">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> Organisations <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newworldcelts.org/">newworldcelts.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030071249/http://www.celtic-congress-2007.com/">XIII. International Congress of Celtic Studies in Bonn</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (Breizh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (Kernow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (Éire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (Mannin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (Alba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (Cymru)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gaels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaels" title="Template:Gaels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gaels" title="Template talk:Gaels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gaels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gaels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gaels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Norman_invasion_Irish_Celtic_kinship_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups">Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Iona" title="Statutes of Iona">Statutes of Iona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_revival" title="Gaelic revival">Gaelic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Brehon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Gaelic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_kinship" title="Irish kinship">Gaelic kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Modern Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic</a> & <a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_na_Gaeilge" title="Oireachtas na Gaeilge">Oireachtas na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_M%C3%B2d" title="Royal National Mòd">Am Mòd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Insular Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Gaelic Christian mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Irish" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irish_clans" title="Irish clans">Irish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_royal_families" title="Irish royal families">Royal families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Irish_kings" title="Lists of Irish kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_medical_families" title="Irish medical families">Medical families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_genealogy" title="Irish genealogy">Genealogy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="List" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans" title="List of Irish clans">List</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Clan Colla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clan_Donald" title="Clan Donald">Clan Donald</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcassians" title="Dalcassians">Dalcassians</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9isi" title="Déisi">Déisi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iverni" title="Iverni">Érainn</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Dál Fiatach</a>, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conmaicne" title="Conmaicne">Conmaicne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%ADarraige" title="Cíarraige">Cíarraige</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_clans_in_Ulster" title="List of Irish clans in Ulster">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_clans" title="List of Scottish clans">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Adar%C3%A1s_na_Gaeltachta" title="Údarás na Gaeltachta">Údarás na Gaeltachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Vannin" title="Culture Vannin">Culture Vannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge" title="Conradh na Gaeilge">Conradh na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Comunn_G%C3%A0idhealach" title="An Comunn Gàidhealach">An Comunn Gàidhealach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yn_%C3%87heshaght_Ghailckagh" title="Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh">Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seachtain_na_Gaeilge" title="Seachtain na Gaeilge">Seachtain na Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gael_Linn" title="Gael Linn">Gael Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ULTACH_Trust" title="ULTACH Trust">ULTACH Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comunn_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Comunn na Gàidhlig">Comunn na Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clans_of_Ireland" title="Clans of Ireland">Clans of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Coimisin%C3%A9ir_Teanga" title="An Coimisinéir Teanga">An Coimisinéir Teanga</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M269" title="Haplogroup R-M269">Haplogroup R-M269</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Genetic history of the British Isles">human genetics</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacLeod" title="Clan MacLeod">Clan MacLeod</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Munster" title="Kingdom of Munster">Kingdom of Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gaels" title="Category:Gaels">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gauls" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gallic_peoples" title="Template:Gallic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gallic_peoples" title="Template talk:Gallic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gallic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gallic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gauls" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia" title="Battle of the Allia">Battle of the Allia</a> (ca. 387 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_War" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a> (189 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Transalpine_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Transalpine War">First Transalpine War</a> (125–121 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> (58–50 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> (50 BC–476 AD)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sequani gold coin"><img alt="Sequani gold coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/70px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/105px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg/140px-Sequani_coin_5th_to_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1977" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambactus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambactus (page does not exist)">Ambactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eubages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eubages (page does not exist)">Eubages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeton" title="Nemeton">Nemeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vātes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergobret" title="Vergobret">Vergobret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiani" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aresaces" title="Aresaces">Aresaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrebates" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellovaci" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeracates" title="Caeracates">Caeracates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeroesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Caeroesi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caletes" title="Caletes">Caletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catuslugi" title="Catuslugi">Catuslugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalauni" title="Catalauni">Catalauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuci" title="Leuci">Leuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meldi (page does not exist)">Meldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remi" title="Remi">Remi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanectes" title="Silvanectes">Silvanectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suessiones" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliocasses" title="Veliocasses">Veliocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viromandui" title="Viromandui">Viromandui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Celtica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrincatui" title="Abrincatui">Abrincatui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambiliati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambiliati (page does not exist)">Ambiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedui" title="Aedui">Aedui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambarri" title="Ambarri">Ambarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andecavi" title="Andecavi">Andecavi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arouii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arouii (page does not exist)">Arouii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulerci" title="Aulerci">Aulerci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brannovices" title="Brannovices">Brannovices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulerci_Cenomani" title="Aulerci Cenomani">Cenomani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diablintes" title="Diablintes">Diablintes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eburovices" title="Eburovices">Eburovices</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodiocasses" title="Bodiocasses">Bodiocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi" title="Bituriges Cubi">Bituriges Cubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituriges_Vivisci" title="Bituriges Vivisci">Bituriges Vivisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadurci" title="Cadurci">Cadurci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnutes" title="Carnutes">Carnutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriosolites" title="Coriosolites">Coriosolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durocasses" title="Durocasses">Durocasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esuvii" title="Esuvii">Esuvii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabali" title="Gabali">Gabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latobrigi" title="Latobrigi">Latobrigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovices" title="Lemovices">Lemovices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexovii" title="Lexovii">Lexovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingones" title="Lingones">Lingones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandubii" title="Mandubii">Mandubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namnetes" title="Namnetes">Namnetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitiobroges" title="Nitiobroges">Nitiobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osismii" title="Osismii">Osismii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocorii" title="Petrocorii">Petrocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictones" title="Pictones">Pictones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauraci" title="Rauraci">Rauraci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redones" title="Redones">Redones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruteni" title="Ruteni">Ruteni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagii (page does not exist)">Sagii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santoni_(tribe)" title="Santoni (tribe)">Santoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segusiavi" title="Segusiavi">Segusiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequani" title="Sequani">Sequani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigurini" title="Tigurini">Tigurini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricasses" title="Tricasses">Tricasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoni" title="Turoni">Turoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellavii" title="Vellavii">Vellavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venelli" title="Venelli">Venelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viducasses" title="Viducasses">Viducasses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Narbonensis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agesinates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agesinates (page does not exist)">Agesinates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albici (page does not exist)">Albici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allobroges" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatilii" title="Anatilii">Anatilii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atacini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atacini (page does not exist)">Atacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatici" title="Avatici">Avatici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bormani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bormani (page does not exist)">Bormani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budenicenses" title="Budenicenses">Budenicenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camactulici" title="Camactulici">Camactulici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavari" title="Cavari">Cavari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cenomani_(Narbonensis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cenomani (Narbonensis) (page does not exist)">Cenomani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comani_(tribe)" title="Comani (tribe)">Comani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexivates" title="Dexivates">Dexivates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvii" title="Helvii">Helvii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libicii_(Narbonensis)" title="Libicii (Narbonensis)">Libicii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligauni" title="Ligauni">Ligauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longostaletes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longostaletes (page does not exist)">Longostaletes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memini_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memini (tribe) (page does not exist)">Memini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchi" title="Nearchi">Nearchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybii" title="Oxybii">Oxybii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reii" title="Reii">Reii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyes" title="Salyes">Salyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segobrigii" title="Segobrigii">Segobrigii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovellauni" title="Segovellauni">Segovellauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelteri" title="Suelteri">Suelteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolosates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolosates">Tolosates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricastini" title="Tricastini">Tricastini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricores" title="Tricores">Tricores</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tricorii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tricorii (page does not exist)">Tricorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritolli" title="Tritolli">Tritolli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertamocorii_(Narbonensis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertamocorii (Narbonensis) (page does not exist)">Vertamocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verucini" title="Verucini">Verucini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocontii" title="Vocontii">Vocontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arecomici" title="Arecomici">Arecomici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vulgientes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vulgientes (page does not exist)">Vulgientes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Alpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Alpina">Alpina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acitavones" title="Acitavones">Acitavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adanates" title="Adanates">Adanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adunicates" title="Adunicates">Adunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauni" title="Alauni">Alauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambidravi" title="Ambidravi">Ambidravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambilici" title="Ambilici">Ambilici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambisontes" title="Ambisontes">Ambisontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuniates" title="Aneuniates">Aneuniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausuciates" title="Ausuciates">Ausuciates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avantici" title="Avantici">Avantici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaci" title="Belaci">Belaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belouni" title="Belouni">Belouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benacenses" title="Benacenses">Benacenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergalei" title="Bergalei">Bergalei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodiontici" title="Bodiontici">Bodiontici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantii" title="Brigantii">Brigantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigianii" title="Brigianii">Brigianii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixentes" title="Brixentes">Brixentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calucones" title="Calucones">Calucones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenates" title="Catenates">Catenates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catubrini" title="Catubrini">Catubrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caturiges" title="Caturiges">Caturiges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceutrones" title="Ceutrones">Ceutrones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosuanetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosuanetes (page does not exist)">Cosuanetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdinii" title="Ecdinii">Ecdinii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eguiturii" title="Eguiturii">Eguiturii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallitae" title="Gallitae">Gallitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genauni" title="Genauni">Genauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graioceli" title="Graioceli">Graioceli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iemerii" title="Iemerii">Iemerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingauni" title="Ingauni">Ingauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licates" title="Licates">Licates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulli" title="Medulli">Medulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantuates" title="Nantuates">Nantuates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemaloni" title="Nemaloni">Nemaloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemeturii" title="Nemeturii">Nemeturii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quariates" title="Quariates">Quariates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucinates" title="Rucinates">Rucinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salassi" title="Salassi">Salassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savincates" title="Savincates">Savincates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaginni" title="Sebaginni">Sebaginni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduni" title="Seduni">Seduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovii" title="Segovii">Segovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segusini" title="Segusini">Segusini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentii" title="Sentii">Sentii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogionti" title="Sogionti">Sogionti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suanetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suanetes (page does not exist)">Suanetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetrii" title="Suetrii">Suetrii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebavii" title="Tebavii">Tebavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triulatti" title="Triulatti">Triulatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucennii" title="Ucennii">Ucennii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vediantii" title="Vediantii">Vediantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velaunii" title="Velaunii">Velaunii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venisami" title="Venisami">Venisami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venostes" title="Venostes">Venostes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vennones" title="Vennones">Vennones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veragri" title="Veragri">Veragri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergunni" title="Vergunni">Vergunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesubiani" title="Vesubiani">Vesubiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindelici" title="Vindelici">Vindelici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Cisalpina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anamares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anamares (page does not exist)">Anamares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anauni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anauni (page does not exist)">Anauni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anesiates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anesiates (page does not exist)">Anesiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arusnates" title="Arusnates">Arusnates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagienni" title="Bagienni">Bagienni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boii_(Cisalpine_Gaul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boii (Cisalpine Gaul) (page does not exist)">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromanenses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromanenses (page does not exist)">Bromanenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenomani_(Cisalpine_Gaul)" title="Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)">Cenomani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallianates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallianates (page does not exist)">Gallianates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennanates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gennanates (page does not exist)">Gennanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libicii_(Cisalpine_Gaul)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libicii (Cisalpine Gaul) (page does not exist)">Libicii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marici_(tribe)" title="Marici (tribe)">Marici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montunates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montunates (page does not exist)">Montunates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobii" title="Orobii">Orobii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subinates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subinates (page does not exist)">Subinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurini" title="Taurini">Taurini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertamocorii" title="Vertamocorii">Vertamocorii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Votodrones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Votodrones (page does not exist)">Votodrones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Aquitania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boii_(Aquitania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boii (Aquitania) (page does not exist)">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocosates" title="Cocosates">Cocosates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactorates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactorates (page does not exist)">Lactorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotiates" title="Sotiates">Sotiates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarusates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarusates (page does not exist)">Tarusates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasates_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasates (tribe) (page does not exist)">Vasates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anartes" title="Anartes">Anartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabiates">Arabiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Britolagai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britolagai (page does not exist)">Britolagai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornacates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornacates">Cornacates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costoboci" title="Costoboci">Costoboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotini">Gotini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravisci" title="Eravisci">Eravisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercuniates" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercuniates">Hercuniates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latobici" title="Latobici">Latobici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordisci" title="Scordisci">Scordisci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dindari" title="Dindari">Dindari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celegeri" title="Celegeri">Celegeri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdi" title="Serdi">Serdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Taurisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varciani" title="Varciani">Varciani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigosages" title="Aigosages">Aigosages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectosages" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolistobogii" title="Tolistobogii">Tolistobogii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trocmi" title="Trocmi">Trocmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Roman settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alesia_(city)" title="Alesia (city)">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentomagus" title="Argentomagus">Argentomagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-M%C3%BCnsterh%C3%BCgel" title="Basel-Münsterhügel">Basel-Münsterhügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibracte" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibrax" title="Bibrax">Bibrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenabum" title="Cenabum">Cenabum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cularo" title="Cularo">Cularo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppidum_d%27Ens%C3%A9rune" title="Oppidum d'Ensérune">Ensérune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremont_(oppidum)" title="Entremont (oppidum)">Entremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergovia" title="Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magetobria" title="Magetobria">Magetobria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noreia" title="Noreia">Noreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylis" title="Tylis">Tylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertillum" title="Vertillum">Vertillum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Roman_peoples_in_Iberia" title="Template:Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Roman_peoples_in_Iberia" title="Template talk:Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Roman_peoples_in_Iberia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani">Aquitani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Basque_language" title="Proto-Basque language">Proto-Basques</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iacetani" title="Iacetani">Iacetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausetani" title="Ausetani">Ausetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastetani" title="Bastetani">Bastetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergistani" title="Bergistani">Bergistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellani_people" title="Castellani people">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceretani" title="Ceretani">Ceretani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessetani" title="Cessetani">Cessetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contestani" title="Contestani">Contestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edetani" title="Edetani">Edetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigetes" title="Indigetes">Indigetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilercavones" title="Ilercavones">Ilercavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilergetes" title="Ilergetes">Ilergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigetes" title="Indigetes">Indigetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacetani" title="Lacetani">Lacetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laietani" title="Laietani">Laietani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedetani" title="Sedetani">Sedetani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celtiberians" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arevaci" title="Arevaci">Arevaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belli" title="Belli">Belli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratistii" title="Cratistii">Cratistii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobetani" title="Lobetani">Lobetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusones" title="Lusones">Lusones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olcades" title="Olcades">Olcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oretani" title="Oretani">Oretani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellendones" title="Pellendones">Pellendones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titii_(Celtiberian)" title="Titii (Celtiberian)">Titii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboletae" title="Turboletae">Turboletae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraci" title="Uraci">Uraci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albiones" title="Albiones">Albiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroni" title="Arroni">Arroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabri" title="Artabri">Artabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedi" title="Baedi">Baedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracari" title="Bracari">Bracari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capori" title="Capori">Capori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtici_Praestamarici" title="Celtici Praestamarici">Celtici Praestamarici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtici_Supertamarici" title="Celtici Supertamarici">Celtici Supertamarici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibarci" title="Cibarci">Cibarci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cileni" title="Cileni">Cileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelerni" title="Coelerni">Coelerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equaesi" title="Equaesi">Equaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci_(tribe)" title="Gallaeci (tribe)">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grovii" title="Grovii">Grovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iadovi" title="Iadovi">Iadovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interamici" title="Interamici">Interamici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapatianci" title="Lapatianci">Lapatianci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemavi" title="Lemavi">Lemavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuni" title="Leuni">Leuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limici" title="Limici">Limici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louguei" title="Louguei">Louguei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luanqui" title="Luanqui">Luanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namarini" title="Namarini">Namarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbasi" title="Narbasi">Narbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetati" title="Nemetati">Nemetati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerii" title="Nerii">Nerii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poemani" title="Poemani">Poemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaquerni" title="Quaquerni">Quaquerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seurbi" title="Seurbi">Seurbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seurri" title="Seurri">Seurri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagani" title="Tamagani">Tamagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turodi" title="Turodi">Turodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Celtic peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotriges" title="Allotriges">Allotriges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astures" title="Astures">Astures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autrigones" title="Autrigones">Autrigones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suessetani" title="Suessetani">Suessetani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berones" title="Berones">Berones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabri" title="Cantabri">Cantabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caristii" title="Caristii">Caristii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetani" title="Carpetani">Carpetani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir%C3%B3briga" title="Miróbriga">Mirobrigenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefes" title="Sefes">Sefes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Eastern Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plentauri" title="Plentauri">Plentauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turduli" title="Turduli">Turduli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardili_(Turduli)" title="Bardili (Turduli)">Bardili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turduli_Oppidani" title="Turduli Oppidani">Oppidani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turduli_Veteres" title="Turduli Veteres">Veteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmodigi" title="Turmodigi">Turmodigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccaei" title="Vaccaei">Vaccaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varduli" title="Varduli">Varduli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Para-<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtic</a> peoples?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paesuri" title="Paesuri">Paesuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapoli" title="Tapoli">Tapoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettones" title="Vettones">Vettones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bletonesii" title="Bletonesii">Bletonesii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastia" title="Mastia">Mastieni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turdetani" title="Turdetani">Turdetani Proper</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic peoples?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_(Oretania)" title="Germani (Oretania)">Germani (Oretania)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolians" title="Aeolians">Aeolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semitic peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> were not occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. The Madeira and Azores islands were unoccupied until the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> in the 15th century; the Canary islands, the <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a> occupied the territory until the Castilians.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35966#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35966#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4030206-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565634">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117669&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph916839&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcgkpnk5pxdh1x">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810534015705606">Poland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008016">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78d9ddc6fb-kjfjr","wgBackendResponseTime":3536,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.887","walltime":"3.317","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26203,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":657645,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32622,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":57,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":710423,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2651.405 1 -total"," 37.29% 988.676 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.78% 524.572 93 Template:Cite_book"," 8.80% 233.351 29 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.27% 219.238 34 Template:Fix"," 5.85% 155.225 24 Template:Sfn"," 5.64% 149.579 27 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.58% 147.883 25 Template:Lang"," 4.74% 125.801 26 Template:Cite_web"," 3.93% 104.090 19 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.697","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21194065,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlberro2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlberto_J._Lorrio2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerrocal-Rangel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBitel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownson1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunel_et_al.2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurillo_Mozota2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaesar1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartwright2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasparieMoloney1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick1970\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChadwickCorcoran1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambersChambers1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollis2003\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2003\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietler2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDrinkwater2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrinkwater2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgeler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica._Celt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFischer_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer_et_al.2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarding2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotus1829\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotus1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIñigo_Olalde2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordán_Cólera2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinder1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2006\"] = 9,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruta1991\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLandolfi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaoLuNothnagel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorrio_and_Ruiz_Zapatero2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouwen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuján2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCulloch1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMac_CanaDillon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartiniano_et_al.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKevitt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilisauskas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMonaghan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMountain1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovembreJohnsonBrycKutalik2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNí_Dhoireann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlalde2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlalde_et_al.2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheimer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattersonIsakovBooth2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedreño2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPercivaldi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPercy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiggott2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrichard1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProbst1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuhvelFeeLeeming2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuintela2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Luján_Martínez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRankin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiché2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiffels_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumacherSchulze-Thulinaan_de_Wiel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSims-Williams2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSolly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer_and_Zwicky1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStifter2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFTierney\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTristram2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitali1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldmanMason2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Celts\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite bioRxiv\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 93,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 26,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Crossref\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Gaels\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallic peoples\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 9,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 22,\n [\"Indo-European topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 19,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend\"] = 12,\n [\"Legend-col\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 24,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"Unreliable source\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","12.9"],["?","220","11.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","10.8"],["recursiveClone 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Celts","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Celts","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35966","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q35966","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-28T09:18:54Z","dateModified":"2024-12-16T14:10:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/Celts_in_Europe.png","headline":"Indo-European ethnolinguistic group of tribal societies in Iron Age Europe"}</script> </body> </html>