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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture_en_Chine" title="Viticulture en Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viticulture en Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticoltura_in_Cina" title="Viticoltura in Cina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viticoltura in Cina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADna_sz%C5%91l%C5%91termeszt%C3%A9se_%C3%A9s_bor%C3%A1szata" title="Kína szőlőtermesztése és borászata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kína szőlőtermesztése és borászata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кинеско вино – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинеско вино" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijnbouw_in_China" title="Wijnbouw in China – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijnbouw in China" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Виноделие в Китае – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виноделие в Китае" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_u_Kini" title="Vino u Kini – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vino u Kini" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska_viner" title="Kinesiska viner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesiska viner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เหล้าจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหล้าจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Виноробство в Китаї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виноробство в Китаї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="中国葡萄酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中国葡萄酒" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wine making in China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Chinese drinks sometimes translated as "wine" but not made from fermented grapes, see <a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">huangjiu</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese alcoholic beverages">Chinese alcoholic beverages</a></i>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg/660px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg/880px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E6%97%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E8%97%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3913" data-file-height="1378" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grapevine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapevine">Grapevine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanghai">Yanghai</a>, said to be the ancestor of wine in China. <a href="/wiki/Turpan_Museum" title="Turpan Museum">Turpan Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a></span></span> <i>pútáojiǔ</i> <small>lit.</small> "grape alcohol") has a long history in China. Although long overshadowed by <i><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">huangjiu</a></i> (sometimes translated as "yellow wine") and the much stronger distilled spirit <i><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">baijiu</a></i>, wine consumption has grown dramatically since the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese economic reforms">economic reforms</a> of the 1980s. China is now numbered among the top ten global markets for wine. Ties with <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French</a> producers are especially strong, and <a href="/wiki/Ningxia_wine" title="Ningxia wine">Ningxia wines</a> have received international recognition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <dl><dd>"The Song of the Grape" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">葡萄歌</span></span>), by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a> (772–842)</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">自言我晉人</span></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> We men of Tsin [Jin 晉 = <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>], such grapes so fair,</dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">種此如種玉</span></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> Do cultivate as gems most rare;</dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">釀之成美酒</span></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> Of these delicious wine we make,</dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">令人飲不足</span></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> For which men ne'er their thirst can slake.</dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">爲君持一斗</span></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> Take but a measure of this wine,</dd> <dd><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">往取涼州牧</span></span> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> And Liang-chow's [= <a href="/wiki/Liang_Province" title="Liang Province">Liangzhou's</a>] rule is surely thine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson186952,_cited_in_[[#CITEREFShafer1963|Shafer_1963]],_p.&nbsp;145_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson186952,_cited_in_[[#CITEREFShafer1963|Shafer_1963]],_p.&nbsp;145-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ForeignerWithWineskin-Earthenware-TangDynasty-ROM-May8-08.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ForeignerWithWineskin-Earthenware-TangDynasty-ROM-May8-08.png/220px-ForeignerWithWineskin-Earthenware-TangDynasty-ROM-May8-08.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ForeignerWithWineskin-Earthenware-TangDynasty-ROM-May8-08.png/330px-ForeignerWithWineskin-Earthenware-TangDynasty-ROM-May8-08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ForeignerWithWineskin-Earthenware-TangDynasty-ROM-May8-08.png/440px-ForeignerWithWineskin-Earthenware-TangDynasty-ROM-May8-08.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), China started to import grape wine from Central Asia. Tang <a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">tricolor</a> figurine of a <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> wine merchant holding a <a href="/wiki/Wineskin" title="Wineskin">wineskin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Materia_Dietetica,_Ming;_Alcoholic_beverages_Wellcome_L0039397.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chinese_Materia_Dietetica%2C_Ming%3B_Alcoholic_beverages_Wellcome_L0039397.jpg/220px-Chinese_Materia_Dietetica%2C_Ming%3B_Alcoholic_beverages_Wellcome_L0039397.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chinese_Materia_Dietetica%2C_Ming%3B_Alcoholic_beverages_Wellcome_L0039397.jpg/330px-Chinese_Materia_Dietetica%2C_Ming%3B_Alcoholic_beverages_Wellcome_L0039397.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chinese_Materia_Dietetica%2C_Ming%3B_Alcoholic_beverages_Wellcome_L0039397.jpg/440px-Chinese_Materia_Dietetica%2C_Ming%3B_Alcoholic_beverages_Wellcome_L0039397.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="3146" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the cultivation of grapes and winemaking in <i>Materia Dietetica</i> (<i>Shiwu Bencao</i> 食物本草), <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644)</figcaption></figure> <p>Use of wild grapes in production of alcoholic beverages has been attested at the Jiahu archaeological site (c. 7000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-McGovern_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castro-Sowinski_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro-Sowinski-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hames_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hames-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High quality wine called <i>qióng jiāng yù yè</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">瓊漿玉液</span>) is mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i> <i>(Quan Tangshi)</i>, an 18th-century collection of around 50,000 poems compiled during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase translates literally to "jade-like wine", but has an idiomatic meaning along the lines of "wonderful wine".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, a joint Sino-USA <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> team including archaeologists from the Archeology Research Institute of <a href="/wiki/Shandong_University" title="Shandong University">Shandong University</a> and American archaeologists under the leadership of Professor Fang Hui investigated the two archaeological sites 20 km to the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Rizhao" title="Rizhao">Rizhao</a>, and discovered the remnants of a variety of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a> including <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">grape wine</a>, rice wine, <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>, and several mixed beverages of these wines. Out of more than two hundred ceramic pots discovered at the sites, seven were specifically used for grape wine. Remnants of grape seeds were also discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-lux.hexun.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lux.hexun.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If grape wine consumption was once present in <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> China, however, it was replaced by consumption of a range of alcoholic beverages made from <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, and fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Lychee" title="Lychee">lychee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prunus_mume" title="Prunus mume">Asian plum</a>. In the 130s and 120s BC, a Chinese imperial envoy of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC – 220 AD) named <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> opened diplomatic relations with several <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> kingdoms, some of which produced grape wine. By the end of the second century BC, Han envoys had brought grape seeds from the wine-loving kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>) back to China and had them planted on imperial lands near the capital Chang'an (near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> province).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESima1993244–45_("The_Han_envoys_brought_back_grape_and_alfalfa_seeds_to_China_and_the_emperor_for_the_first_time_tried_growing_these_plants_in_areas_of_rich_soil._Later,_when_the_Han_acquired_large_numbers_of_the_'[[heavenly_horses]]'_and_the_envoys_from_foreign_states_began_to_arrive_with_their_retinues,_the_lands_on_all_sides_of_the_emperor's_summer_palace_and_pleasure_towers_were_planted_with_grapes_and_alfalfa_as_far_as_the_eye_could_see."_[''[[Shiji]]'',_chap._123])Black2006167_("it_seems_that_grape_seeds_were_brought_back_from_Ferghana_in_modern_Uzbekistan_by_General_Chang_Chien_[Zhang_Qian]_during_the_Han_dynasty_between_136_and_121_BC_and_planted_in_Xinjiang_and_Shaanxi_(Xian)")_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESima1993244–45_("The_Han_envoys_brought_back_grape_and_alfalfa_seeds_to_China_and_the_emperor_for_the_first_time_tried_growing_these_plants_in_areas_of_rich_soil._Later,_when_the_Han_acquired_large_numbers_of_the_'[[heavenly_horses]]'_and_the_envoys_from_foreign_states_began_to_arrive_with_their_retinues,_the_lands_on_all_sides_of_the_emperor's_summer_palace_and_pleasure_towers_were_planted_with_grapes_and_alfalfa_as_far_as_the_eye_could_see."_[''[[Shiji]]'',_chap._123])Black2006167_("it_seems_that_grape_seeds_were_brought_back_from_Ferghana_in_modern_Uzbekistan_by_General_Chang_Chien_[Zhang_Qian]_during_the_Han_dynasty_between_136_and_121_BC_and_planted_in_Xinjiang_and_Shaanxi_(Xian)")-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Shennong_Bencao_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shennong Bencao Jing">Shennong Bencao Jing</a></i>, a work on <i><a href="/wiki/Materia_medica" title="Materia medica">materia medica</a></i> compiled in the late Han, states that grapes could be used to produce wine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> era (220–280 AD), <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Cao_Pi" title="Cao Pi">Cao Pi</a> noted that grape wine "is sweeter than the wine made [from cereals] using ferments and sprouted grain. One recovers from it more easily when one has taken too much."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grapes continued to be grown in the following centuries, notably in the northwestern region of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, but were not used to produce wine on a large scale. Wine thus remained an exotic product known by few people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240–1,_citing_[[Tao_Hongjing]]'s_''Mingyi_Bielu''_名醫別錄_for_the_claim_that_vines_were_successfully_grown_in_several_parts_of_Gansu,_notably_in_[[Dunhuang]]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240–1,_citing_[[Tao_Hongjing]]'s_''Mingyi_Bielu''_名醫別錄_for_the_claim_that_vines_were_successfully_grown_in_several_parts_of_Gansu,_notably_in_[[Dunhuang]]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not until the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) did the consumption of grape wines become more common. After the <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Tang conquest of Gaochang</a> – an oasis state on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> located near <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> – in 641, the Chinese obtained the seeds of an elongated grape called "mare teat" (<i>maru</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬乳</span></span>) and learned from Gaochang a "method of wine making" (<i>jiu fa</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">酒法</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000241_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2000241-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Tang poets</a> versified on grape wine, celebrating wine from the "<a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>" – that from <a href="/wiki/Liangzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Liangzhou District">Liangzhou</a> was particularly noted – or from <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, the latter of which produced wine made from the "mare teat" grape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000241–2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2000241–2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meng Shen's 孟詵 <i>Materia Dietetica</i> (<i>Shiliao Bencao</i> 食療本草) and the government-sponsored <i>Newly Compiled Materia Medica</i> (<i>Xinxiu bencao</i> 新修本草; 652) record that Tang people produced naturally fermented wine. </p><p>China's "first modern <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">winery</a>" <a href="/wiki/Changyu" title="Changyu">Changyu</a> was founded in 1892 in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> province near the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty port">treaty port</a> of Chefoo (now called <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>) by the overseas Chinese entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Cheong_Fatt_Tze" title="Cheong Fatt Tze">Zhang Bishi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodley1986383_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodley1986383-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_trends">National trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: National trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-Changyu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chateau-Changyu.jpg/300px-Chateau-Changyu.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Chateau-Changyu.jpg/450px-Chateau-Changyu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Chateau-Changyu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_Changyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Château Changyu (page does not exist)">Château Changyu</a>, Beiyujia Vineyards, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>French wine was the first foreign wine imported into China. In 1980, at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Martin" title="Rémy Martin">Rémy Martin</a> ventured into China to set up the first joint-venture enterprise in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>: the Dynasty (Wang Chao, 王朝) Wine Ltd., which was also the second joint-venture enterprise in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Over the years, the company developed over 90 brands of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>, and its products won numerous awards both domestically and abroad. </p><p>However, most of its products were exported abroad in the first two decades due to the low income of the local population, and it was not until after the year 2000 when the economic boom finally provided the domestic population with sufficient <a href="/wiki/Luxury_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury good">disposable income</a> to support the domestic market; this relatively recent occurrence coincided with the increased popularity of French wine in China. Other companies, including <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_Wine" title="Great Wall Wine">China Great Wall Wine Co., Ltd</a>, Suntime and Changyu, have also risen in prominence, and by 2005, 90% of grape wine produced was consumed locally.<sup id="cite_ref-wines-info.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wines-info.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, as globalization has brought China onto the international economic scene, so too has its winemaking industry come onto the international wine scene. China has a long tradition of the fermentation and distillation of Chinese wine, including all alcoholic beverages and not necessarily grape wine, but is one of the most recent participants in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization_of_wine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalization of wine (page does not exist)">globalization of wine</a> that started years ago in Paris, when several countries such as Canada realized that they may be able to produce wines as good as most <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wine</a>. </p><p>Quite recently, Chinese grape wine has begun appearing on shelves in California and in Western Canada. While some critics have treated these wines with the same type of disregard with which Chilean and Australian wines were once treated, others have recognized a new frontier with the potential to yield some interesting finds. Others have simply taken notice that China is producing drinkable table wines comparable to wines from other countries. Among the latest developments is the production of <a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">organic wine</a> in Inner Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, a small number of large companies, such as Changyu Pioneer Wine, China Great Wall Wine Co., Ltd. and the Dynasty Wine Ltd., dominate domestic production. The total production of wine in 2004 was 370 thousand tons, a 15% increase from the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-wines-info.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wines-info.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total market grew 58% between 1996 and 2001, and 68% between 2001 and 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, wine merchant <a href="/wiki/Berry_Brothers_and_Rudd" class="mw-redirect" title="Berry Brothers and Rudd">Berry Brothers and Rudd</a> predicted that within 50 years the quality of Chinese wine will rival that of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux (wine)">Bordeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-decabbr_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decabbr-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guafut_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guafut-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine-producing_regions">Wine-producing regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wine-producing regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable wine-producing regions include <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Yantai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yibin" title="Yibin">Yibin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonghua" title="Tonghua">Tonghua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan" title="Taiyuan">Taiyuan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>. The largest producing region is Yantai-Penglai; with over 140 wineries, it produces 40% of China's wine.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Xinjiang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Autonomous Region</a> have an ancient history of viticulture going back to around the 4th Century BC, when <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> settlers brought the vine and more advanced irrigation techniques.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However new archeological evidence has shown this to be untrue, because China produced grape wine, rice wine, mead (honey wine) 9000 years ago (7000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-McGovern_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGovern-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castro-Sowinski_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro-Sowinski-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hames_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hames-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Odinsson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odinsson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area around <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a> was, and still is, particularly noted for its grape production, and production of grape wines is mentioned in the historical record as well; <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> mentioned that <i><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khoja">Carachoco</a></i> (the name he used for Turfan) produced fine grape wines. The modern wine industry is largely patterned after French methods with a concentration on varieties like <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uighur</a> traditional technique has survived especially in counties surrounding <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>. The Uighur home-made wine generally called "<a href="/wiki/Museles" title="Museles">museles</a>" (from Arabic "المثلث ", meaning "the triangle") is still being brewed by households in many villages. Unlike wines west of Xinjiang, the brewing of <a href="/wiki/Museles" title="Museles">museles</a> requires crushing of local varieties of grapes by hand, then strained using the Uighur <a href="/wiki/Atlas_silk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas silk">atlas silk</a>, then boiled with amount of water equal to the juice and desired portion of sugar, until the volume of the mixture is down to the original volume of the juice, then stored in clay urns together with folk recipes varying by localities---in some counties, traditional Uighur herbal medicines, and goji, mulberries, sea-buckthorn, cloves, etc. in others, and even raw and unfeathered pheasants or poussin in others. The brew usually takes more than a month to accomplish. It is then un-urned, filtered and bottled to be stored for long periods. In some villages, the ritual of communally gathering a mixture of folk <a href="/wiki/Museles" title="Museles">museles</a> brews in a large village urn marks the occasion following the harvest and process of grapes. <a href="/wiki/Museles" title="Museles">Museles</a> is now being standardized by the wine producing industry in China and marketed under the brand-name of <a href="/wiki/Merceles" class="mw-redirect" title="Merceles">Merceles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ningxia">Ningxia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ningxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ningxia_wine" title="Ningxia wine">Ningxia wine</a></div> <p>In September 2011, <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> winery Helan Qingxue won the <a href="/wiki/Decanter_World_Wine_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Decanter World Wine Awards">Decanter World Wine Award</a>'s Red Bordeaux Varietal Over £10 International Trophy for its 2009 Jiabeilan, a <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_sauvignon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabernet sauvignon">Cabernet sauvignon</a> blend.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This win was widely considered an upset, with some wine experts even questioning the veracity of origin of the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 December 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, in a competition tagged "Bordeaux against Ningxia", experts from China and France <a href="/wiki/Blind_tasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind tasting">blind-tasted</a> five wines from each region. Four out of five of the top wines were from Ningxia.<sup id="cite_ref-Burkitt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkitt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emma_Gao" title="Emma Gao">Emma Gao</a> of Silver Heights Vineyard is one of the top winemakers in the region, her first vintage was praised by Chinese and international winemakers, and two of her red wines are among the best known produced in China.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shanxi">Shanxi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shanxi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the "Bordeaux against Ningxia" wine challenge held in Beijing in October 2011, Grace Vineyard's 2009 Chairman's Reserve, a 100% <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, was voted best.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_trends">Market trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Market trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is among the top ten wine markets in the world. According to a study by Vinexpo and International Wine and Spirits Research (IWSR), China was the world's fifth-largest consumer of wine (both domestic and imported) in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-db_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by the same organizations revealed in 2014 estimates that 2.17 billion <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">bottles of wine</a> were consumed in China in 2013, keeping China in fifth place. Because Chinese mostly drink red wine, China is now the world's largest market for red wine.<sup id="cite_ref-China_red_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_red-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's consumption of red wine has grown by 136% since 2008, whereas it has declined by 18% in France, the second-largest consumer.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States remains the largest market for all types of wine (red, white, rosé, and sparkling), with total sales of approximately 4 billion bottles, slightly ahead of France and followed by Italy and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-China_red_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_red-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese wine market has experienced a 20% annualized growth rate between 2006 and 2011, and is forecast to grow by another 54% by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-db_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> reported that Hong Kong had become the world's largest market for fine wines at auction, surpassing previous leaders <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Products_and_availability">Products and availability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Products and availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most medium to large restaurants, regardless of the fare, sell wine by the bottle, usually only red. Generally, only high-end restaurants serve wine by the glass. Wine sold by the bottle is also available at large KTV establishments, and major hotels. </p><p>Since around 2008, many small convenience stores have begun to carry a small selection of wines, with specialty wine shops emerging in cities throughout the country. These specialize in both foreign and domestic brands. Meanwhile, major supermarkets have steadily increased their selection, from several domestic brands, to a wide variety of wines from around the world. In addition, plenty varieties of wines are also available through online shops and platforms. Among these are sweetened, flavoured wines. These are made of a mixture of grape wine and a sweetened, flavoured drink similar to <a href="/wiki/Kool-aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool-aid">Kool-aid</a>. These <i>wines</i> have similar labels to genuine wines, have an alcohol content of approximately 6%, and are much lower in price. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics_and_preferences">Demographics and preferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics and preferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A survey conducted with 1,440 respondents reveals that Chinese prefer red wine to white wine. 94% of the respondents consumed red wine, while only 35% of them drank white wine.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend is, however, contrasting when measured among younger generations. Chinese young people prefer white to red wine and they consider the latter traditional and outdated.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistics show that the main market for white wine is among females, who prefer it over <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, still the main alcoholic beverage for most males; red wine has become a symbol of the elite and rich and is usually used as a <a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">table wine</a>. In 2005, 80% of vineyards produce <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a> and 20% of vineyards produce <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wine</a>, while 90% of wine consumed as of 2007 is red wine.<sup id="cite_ref-wines-info.com_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wines-info.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Method_of_consumption">Method of consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Method of consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Customs_and_etiquette_in_Chinese_dining#Drinking" title="Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining">Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining § Drinking</a></div> <p>Both red and white wines are commonly served chilled. The wine may be poured into ordinary wine glasses in tiny amounts, or very small, glass <i>baijiu</i> glasses. When served at a table with more than two people, similar to the style of drinking <i>baijiu</i>, it is typically consumed during a group toast, and often with the entire glass being finished at once. This is particularly true when served during restaurant meals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/22px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/30px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese alcoholic beverages">Chinese alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization_of_wine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalization of wine (page does not exist)">Globalization of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaoliang wine">Kaoliang wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maotai" title="Maotai">Maotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghua_Grape_Wine" title="Tonghua Grape Wine">Tonghua Grape Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuolu_County" title="Zhuolu County">Zhuolu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJiang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440309000636#:~:text=A%20stem%20was%20discovered%20in,at%20least%20from%20that%20time.">"Evidence for early viticulture in China: Proof of a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) in the Yanghai tombs, Xinjiang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Science" title="Journal of Archaeological Science">Journal of Archaeological Science</a></i>. <b>36</b> (7): 1458–1465. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.1458J">2009JArSc..36.1458J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2009.02.010">10.1016/j.jas.2009.02.010</a>. <q>A stem was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Yanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanghai">Yanghai</a> Tombs, Turpan District in Xinjiang, China. Anatomical features showed it to be of grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Radiocarbon dating indicates it to be nearly 2300 years old, which would suggest that there was grape cultivation at least from that time. To date, this is the earliest physical evidence of V. vinifera cultivation in China.(...) By the studying of the ancient grapevine, we have gained new insight into the viticulture in China. Based on the physical evidence, we have been able to confirm one of the conclusions drawn by Yang (2003), namely that the cultivated grape (V. vinifera) was introduced into Xinjiang around 300 BC. On the other hand, we would also argue that the earliest grape cultivation in China was not in the western and southern part of the Tarim Basin, but in the Turpan Basin, based on the evidence to date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+early+viticulture+in+China%3A+Proof+of+a+grapevine+%28Vitis+vinifera+L.%2C+Vitaceae%29+in+the+Yanghai+tombs%2C+Xinjiang.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1458-1465&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2009.02.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JArSc..36.1458J&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0305440309000636%23%3A~%3Atext%3DA%2520stem%2520was%2520discovered%2520in%2Cat%2520least%2520from%2520that%2520time.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESampson186952,_cited_in_[[#CITEREFShafer1963|Shafer_1963]],_p.&nbsp;145-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESampson186952,_cited_in_[[#CITEREFShafer1963|Shafer_1963]],_p.&nbsp;145_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSampson1869">Sampson 1869</a>, p. 52, cited in <a href="#CITEREFShafer1963">Shafer 1963</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGovern-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGovern_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGovern_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/?page_id=247">[1]</a>. Prehistoric China - The Wonders That Were Jiahu The World's Earliest Fermented Beverage. Professor Patrick McGovern the Scientific Director of the Biomolecular Archaeology Project for Cuisine, Fermented Beverages, and Health at the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia. Retrieved on 3 January 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castro-Sowinski-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castro-Sowinski_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castro-Sowinski_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro-Sowinski2016" class="citation book cs1">Castro-Sowinski, Susana (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdqGDQAAQBAJ&q=wine+7000+bc+%22grape+wine%22&pg=PA42"><i>Microbial Models: From Environmental to Industrial Sustainability</i></a>. Springer. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811025556" title="Special:BookSources/9789811025556"><bdi>9789811025556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbial+Models%3A+From+Environmental+to+Industrial+Sustainability&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.isbn=9789811025556&rft.aulast=Castro-Sowinski&rft.aufirst=Susana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdqGDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwine%2B7000%2Bbc%2B%2522grape%2Bwine%2522%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hames-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hames_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hames_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHames2010" class="citation book cs1">Hames, Gina (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPNTBAAAQBAJ&q=%22grape+wine%22+7000&pg=PA17"><i>Alcohol in World History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317548706" title="Special:BookSources/9781317548706"><bdi>9781317548706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcohol+in+World+History&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781317548706&rft.aulast=Hames&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPNTBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522grape%2Bwine%2522%2B7000%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/quantangshi/859">"卷八百五十九:卷八百五十九"</a>. <i>Chinese Text Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Text+Project&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%B7%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%3A%E5%8D%B7%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fquantangshi%2F859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSu2014" class="citation book cs1">Su, Xinchuan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANklBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA435"><i>Chinese Lexical Semantics: 15th Workshop, CLSW 2014, Macao, China</i></a>. Springer. p. 435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319143316" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319143316"><bdi>978-3319143316</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Lexical+Semantics%3A+15th+Workshop%2C+CLSW+2014%2C+Macao%2C+China&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3319143316&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=Xinchuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANklBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lux.hexun.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lux.hexun.com_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lux.hexun.com/2008-08-05/107922272.html">History of Chinese wine (in Chinese)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711164219/http://lux.hexun.com/2008-08-05/107922272.html">Archived</a> July 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESima1993244–45_("The_Han_envoys_brought_back_grape_and_alfalfa_seeds_to_China_and_the_emperor_for_the_first_time_tried_growing_these_plants_in_areas_of_rich_soil._Later,_when_the_Han_acquired_large_numbers_of_the_'[[heavenly_horses]]'_and_the_envoys_from_foreign_states_began_to_arrive_with_their_retinues,_the_lands_on_all_sides_of_the_emperor's_summer_palace_and_pleasure_towers_were_planted_with_grapes_and_alfalfa_as_far_as_the_eye_could_see."_[''[[Shiji]]'',_chap._123])Black2006167_("it_seems_that_grape_seeds_were_brought_back_from_Ferghana_in_modern_Uzbekistan_by_General_Chang_Chien_[Zhang_Qian]_during_the_Han_dynasty_between_136_and_121_BC_and_planted_in_Xinjiang_and_Shaanxi_(Xian)")-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESima1993244–45_("The_Han_envoys_brought_back_grape_and_alfalfa_seeds_to_China_and_the_emperor_for_the_first_time_tried_growing_these_plants_in_areas_of_rich_soil._Later,_when_the_Han_acquired_large_numbers_of_the_'[[heavenly_horses]]'_and_the_envoys_from_foreign_states_began_to_arrive_with_their_retinues,_the_lands_on_all_sides_of_the_emperor's_summer_palace_and_pleasure_towers_were_planted_with_grapes_and_alfalfa_as_far_as_the_eye_could_see."_[''[[Shiji]]'',_chap._123])Black2006167_("it_seems_that_grape_seeds_were_brought_back_from_Ferghana_in_modern_Uzbekistan_by_General_Chang_Chien_[Zhang_Qian]_during_the_Han_dynasty_between_136_and_121_BC_and_planted_in_Xinjiang_and_Shaanxi_(Xian)")_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSima1993">Sima 1993</a>, pp. 244–45 ("The Han envoys brought back grape and alfalfa seeds to China and the emperor for the first time tried growing these plants in areas of rich soil. Later, when the Han acquired large numbers of the '<a href="/wiki/Heavenly_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavenly horses">heavenly horses</a>' and the envoys from foreign states began to arrive with their retinues, the lands on all sides of the emperor's summer palace and pleasure towers were planted with grapes and alfalfa as far as the eye could see." [<i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i>, chap. 123]); <a href="#CITEREFBlack2006">Black 2006</a>, p. 167 ("it seems that grape seeds were brought back from Ferghana in modern Uzbekistan by General Chang Chien [Zhang Qian] during the Han dynasty between 136 and 121 BC and planted in Xinjiang and Shaanxi (Xian)").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2000">Huang 2000</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240–1,_citing_[[Tao_Hongjing]]'s_''Mingyi_Bielu''_名醫別錄_for_the_claim_that_vines_were_successfully_grown_in_several_parts_of_Gansu,_notably_in_[[Dunhuang]]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000240–1,_citing_[[Tao_Hongjing]]'s_''Mingyi_Bielu''_名醫別錄_for_the_claim_that_vines_were_successfully_grown_in_several_parts_of_Gansu,_notably_in_[[Dunhuang]]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2000">Huang 2000</a>, pp. 240–1, citing <a href="/wiki/Tao_Hongjing" title="Tao Hongjing">Tao Hongjing</a>'s <i>Mingyi Bielu</i> 名醫別錄 for the claim that vines were successfully grown in several parts of Gansu, notably in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2000241-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000241_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2000">Huang 2000</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang2000241–2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang2000241–2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang2000">Huang 2000</a>, pp. 241–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodley1986383-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodley1986383_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGodley1986">Godley 1986</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wines-info.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wines-info.com_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wines-info.com_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wines-info.com_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wines-info.com/html/192/5208.html">Wine production in China - wines-info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127055849/http://www.wines-info.com/html/192/5208.html">Archived</a> November 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen_bioWine_Group" class="citation web cs1">Hansen bioWine Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biowine.org/">"Hansen BioWine from Inner Mongolia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hansen+BioWine+from+Inner+Mongolia&rft.au=Hansen+bioWine+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiowine.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen_Jun2003" class="citation web cs1">Chen Jun (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winebusiness.com/html/MonthlyArticle.cfm?dataId=27898">"Who Can Change Chinese People's Consumption Patterns?"</a>. Wine Business Monthly<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Can+Change+Chinese+People%27s+Consumption+Patterns%3F&rft.pub=Wine+Business+Monthly&rft.date=2003-09&rft.au=Chen+Jun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinebusiness.com%2Fhtml%2FMonthlyArticle.cfm%3FdataId%3D27898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wines-info.com/html/192/6033.html">Chinese Markets for Wines - wines-info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127055859/http://www.wines-info.com/html/192/6033.html">Archived</a> November 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wines-info.com/Newshtml/200708/1922007083011120525.html">Chinese Wine Marketing Conference Highlights Advantages & Issues in China's Wine Industry - wines-info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127055329/http://www.wines-info.com/Newshtml/200708/1922007083011120525.html">Archived</a> November 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decabbr-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decabbr_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Styles2008" class="citation web cs1">Oliver Styles (9 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decanter.com/news/wine-news/485835/china-to-become-leading-wine-producer">"China to become leading wine producer?"</a>. Decanter.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+to+become+leading+wine+producer%3F&rft.pub=Decanter.com&rft.date=2008-05-09&rft.au=Oliver+Styles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decanter.com%2Fnews%2Fwine-news%2F485835%2Fchina-to-become-leading-wine-producer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guafut-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guafut_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Meikle2008" class="citation news cs1">James Meikle (9 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/may/09/food.fooddrinks">"Chateau China, a taste of wines to come with climate change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Chateau+China%2C+a+taste+of+wines+to+come+with+climate+change&rft.date=2008-05-09&rft.au=James+Meikle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2008%2Fmay%2F09%2Ffood.fooddrinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215013857/http://wines-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759.html">"The wine output of Yantai will reach 230000 kiloliters in 2008:wines-info"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wines-info.com/Newshtml/200812/2282008123011241759.html">the original</a> on February 15, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+wine+output+of+Yantai+will+reach+230000+kiloliters+in+2008%3Awines-info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wines-info.com%2FNewshtml%2F200812%2F2282008123011241759.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odinsson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Odinsson_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdinsson2010" class="citation book cs1">Odinsson, Eoghan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3sCCLcsJFkC&q=archaeological+evidence+mead+bc&pg=PA159"><i>Northern Lore: A Field Guide to the Northern Mind-Body-Spirit</i></a>. Eoghan Odinsson. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452851433" title="Special:BookSources/9781452851433"><bdi>9781452851433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Lore%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+the+Northern+Mind-Body-Spirit&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Eoghan+Odinsson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781452851433&rft.aulast=Odinsson&rft.aufirst=Eoghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3sCCLcsJFkC%26q%3Darchaeological%2Bevidence%2Bmead%2Bbc%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decanter.com/wine-news/chinese-wine-wins-top-honour-at-decanter-world-wine-awards-36689/">"Chinese wine wins top honour at Decanter World Wine Awards - Decanter"</a>. <i>Decanter</i>. 2011-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Decanter&rft.atitle=Chinese+wine+wins+top+honour+at+Decanter+World+Wine+Awards+-+Decanter&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decanter.com%2Fwine-news%2Fchinese-wine-wins-top-honour-at-decanter-world-wine-awards-36689%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grapewallofchina.com/2011/10/30/decanter-magazine-and-jia-bei-lan-2009-was-it-really-chinese-wine/">"Decanter magazine and Jia Bei Lan 2009: Was it really Chinese wine?"</a>. <i>Grape Wall of China</i>. 2011-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grape+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=Decanter+magazine+and+Jia+Bei+Lan+2009%3A+Was+it+really+Chinese+wine%3F&rft.date=2011-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grapewallofchina.com%2F2011%2F10%2F30%2Fdecanter-magazine-and-jia-bei-lan-2009-was-it-really-chinese-wine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/8747202/Lets-raise-a-glass-to-Chinas-wine.html">"Let's raise a glass to China's wine"</a>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Let%27s+raise+a+glass+to+China%27s+wine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2Fwine%2F8747202%2FLets-raise-a-glass-to-Chinas-wine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFesperegus2011" class="citation web cs1">esperegus (2011-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2011/05/23/chinese-wines-triumph-decanter-awards">"Chinese Wines Triumph in Decanter Awards"</a>. <i>www.thebeijinger.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thebeijinger.com&rft.atitle=Chinese+Wines+Triumph+in+Decanter+Awards&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.au=esperegus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebeijinger.com%2Fblog%2F2011%2F05%2F23%2Fchinese-wines-triumph-decanter-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/wine-advances-on-china">"Wine advances on China"</a>. <i>www.jancisrobinson.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jancisrobinson.com&rft.atitle=Wine+advances+on+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jancisrobinson.com%2Farticles%2Fwine-advances-on-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onthegas.org/drink/silver-heights-wine-the-rise-of-chinese-wines">"Silver Heights Wine - The Rise Of Chinese Wines"</a>. <i>On The Gas | The Art Science & Culture of Food</i>. 2013-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=On+The+Gas+%7C+The+Art+Science+%26+Culture+of+Food&rft.atitle=Silver+Heights+Wine+-+The+Rise+Of+Chinese+Wines&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonthegas.org%2Fdrink%2Fsilver-heights-wine-the-rise-of-chinese-wines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkitt-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burkitt_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie_Burkitt2011" class="citation news cs1">Laurie Burkitt (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2011/12/15/ningxia-beats-bordeaux-or-does-it">"Ningxia Beats Bordeaux. Or Does It?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Ningxia+Beats+Bordeaux.+Or+Does+It%3F&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.au=Laurie+Burkitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fscene%2F2011%2F12%2F15%2Fningxia-beats-bordeaux-or-does-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2017" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Patrick (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tTAqDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Bordeaux+against+Ningxia%22&pg=PT191"><i>The Booklovers' Guide To Wine: A Celebration of the History, the Mysteries and the Literary Pleasures of Drinking Wine</i></a>. Mango Media Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781633536074" title="Special:BookSources/9781633536074"><bdi>9781633536074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Booklovers%27+Guide+To+Wine%3A+A+Celebration+of+the+History%2C+the+Mysteries+and+the+Literary+Pleasures+of+Drinking+Wine&rft.pub=Mango+Media+Inc.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781633536074&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtTAqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Bordeaux%2Bagainst%2BNingxia%2522%26pg%3DPT191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.co.uk/news/fullstory.php/aid/21387/Q_A:_Emma_Gao,_winemaker-director,_Silver_Heights.html">"Q&A: Emma Gao, winemaker-director, Silver Heights - Harpers Wine & Spirit Trade News"</a>. <i>harpers.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=harpers.co.uk&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Emma+Gao%2C+winemaker-director%2C+Silver+Heights+-+Harpers+Wine+%26+Spirit+Trade+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharpers.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ffullstory.php%2Faid%2F21387%2FQ_A%3A_Emma_Gao%2C_winemaker-director%2C_Silver_Heights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2019/03/top-10-most-influential-women-in-chinas-wine-trade/">"Top 10 most influential women in China's wine trade"</a>. <i>The Drinks Business</i>. 2019-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drinks+Business&rft.atitle=Top+10+most+influential+women+in+China%27s+wine+trade&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrinksbusiness.com%2F2019%2F03%2Ftop-10-most-influential-women-in-chinas-wine-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.grace-vineyard.com/about.html#box_brand_rim">"About Grace Vineyard"</a>. <i>Grace Vineyard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grace+Vineyard&rft.atitle=About+Grace+Vineyard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.grace-vineyard.com%2Fabout.html%23box_brand_rim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-db-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-db_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-db_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Lodge2012" class="citation web cs1">Alan Lodge (11 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2012/01/us-tops-global-wine-consumption-chart">"US Tops Global Wine Consumption Chart"</a>. the drinks business<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Tops+Global+Wine+Consumption+Chart&rft.pub=the+drinks+business&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.au=Alan+Lodge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrinksbusiness.com%2F2012%2F01%2Fus-tops-global-wine-consumption-chart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-China_red-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China_red_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_red_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Chow2014" class="citation news cs1">Jason Chow (29 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2014/01/29/china-is-now-worlds-biggest-consumer-of-red-wine/">"China is now World's Biggest Consumer of Red Wine"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=China+is+now+World%27s+Biggest+Consumer+of+Red+Wine&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.au=Jason+Chow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fscene%2F2014%2F01%2F29%2Fchina-is-now-worlds-biggest-consumer-of-red-wine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Savage2014" class="citation news cs1">Gabriel Savage (28 January 2014). "China Leaps Into Top Spot for Red Wine". the drinks business.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Leaps+Into+Top+Spot+for+Red+Wine&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft.au=Gabriel+Savage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Moore2009" class="citation news cs1">Malcolm Moore (6 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/6264679/Hong-Kong-becomes-worlds-largest-wine-market.html">"Hong Kong becomes world's largest wine market"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+becomes+world%27s+largest+wine+market&rft.date=2009-10-06&rft.au=Malcolm+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffoodanddrink%2Fwine%2F6264679%2FHong-Kong-becomes-worlds-largest-wine-market.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoon2020" class="citation web cs1">Poon, C H (26 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/NTgzNTI4NDg3">"China's Wine and Spirits Market (1): Wine Consumption Trends and Habits"</a>. <i>HKTDC Research</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HKTDC+Research&rft.atitle=China%27s+Wine+and+Spirits+Market+%281%29%3A+Wine+Consumption+Trends+and+Habits&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.aulast=Poon&rft.aufirst=C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.hktdc.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2FNTgzNTI4NDg3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapitelloChartersMenivalYuan2017" class="citation book cs1">Capitello, Roberta; Charters, Steve; Menival, David; Yuan, Jingxue (Jessica) (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312513234"><i>The Wine Value Chain in China</i></a>. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 63–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100754-9"><bdi>978-0-08-100754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wine+Value+Chain+in+China&rft.pages=63-79&rft.pub=Elsevier+Ltd.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-08-100754-9&rft.aulast=Capitello&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft.au=Charters%2C+Steve&rft.au=Menival%2C+David&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Jingxue+%28Jessica%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F312513234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation cs2">Black, Jeremy (2006), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/167">"China – Ancient China"</a></span>, in Robinson, Jancis (ed.), <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/167">167–68</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860990-2"><bdi>978-0-19-860990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China+%E2%80%93+Ancient+China&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=167-68&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860990-2&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc%2Fpage%2F167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodley1986" class="citation cs2">Godley, Michael R. (1986), "Bacchus in the East: The Chinese Grape Wine Industry, 1892–1938", <i>Business History Review</i>, <b>60</b> (3): 383–409, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3115883">10.2307/3115883</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3115883">3115883</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155074079">155074079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=Bacchus+in+the+East%3A+The+Chinese+Grape+Wine+Industry%2C+1892%E2%80%931938&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-409&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155074079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3115883%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3115883&rft.aulast=Godley&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2000" class="citation cs2">Huang, H. T. (2000), <i>Science & Civilisation in China, Volume VI: Biology and Biological Technology, Part 5: Fermentations and Food Science</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65270-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65270-7"><bdi>0-521-65270-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Volume+VI%3A+Biology+and+Biological+Technology%2C+Part+5%3A+Fermentations+and+Food+Science&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-65270-7&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1869" class="citation cs2">Sampson, Theos. (1869), "The Song of the Grape", <i>Notes and Queries on China and Japan</i>, <b>3</b>: 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries+on+China+and+Japan&rft.atitle=The+Song+of+the+Grape&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Theos.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafer1963" class="citation cs2">Shafer, Edward H. (1963), <i>The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics</i>, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05462-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05462-8"><bdi>0-520-05462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Peaches+of+Samarkand%3A+A+Study+of+T%27ang+Exotics&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-520-05462-8&rft.aulast=Shafer&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima, Qian</a> (1993) [100 BC], <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji"><i>Records of the Grand Historian, Han Dynasty II</i></a>, Translated by Burton Watson (revised ed.), New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08166-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08166-9"><bdi>0-231-08166-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian%2C+Han+Dynasty+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-231-08166-9&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08167-2">978-0-231-08167-2</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2019" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Janet (2019). <i>The Chinese Wine Renaissance</i> (1st ed.). Ebury. pp. 5–249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781529103601" title="Special:BookSources/9781529103601"><bdi>9781529103601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Wine+Renaissance&rft.pages=5-249&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ebury&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781529103601&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInsel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Insel, Barbara (January 2014). "The Evolving Global Wine Market". <i>Business Economics</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 46–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fbe.2014.3">10.1057/be.2014.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153516479">153516479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Global+Wine+Market&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-58&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fbe.2014.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153516479%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Insel&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaber2011" class="citation book cs1">Taber, George M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Idx6GejucgIC"><i>A toast to bargain wines: How innovators, iconoclasts, and winemaking revolutionaries are changing the way the world drinks</i></a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4436-4"><bdi>978-1-4516-4436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+toast+to+bargain+wines%3A+How+innovators%2C+iconoclasts%2C+and+winemaking+revolutionaries+are+changing+the+way+the+world+drinks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4436-4&rft.aulast=Taber&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdx6GejucgIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWine+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9518-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-9518-5">978-1-4391-9518-5</a> (paperback).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wine_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ice.gov.it/paesi/asia/cina/upload/174/Chinese%20wine%20report%202010.pdf">http://www.ice.gov.it/paesi/asia/cina/upload/174/Chinese%20wine%20report%202010.pdf</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drinks_in_China" title="Alcoholic drinks in China">Alcoholic drinks in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Drinkware" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinkware">Drinkware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jue_(vessel)" title="Jue (vessel)">Jue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiao_(vessel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiao (vessel) (page does not exist)">Jiao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%92_(%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%99%A8)" class="extiw" title="zh:角 (青銅器)">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_(vessel)" title="Jia (vessel)">Jia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_(vessel)" title="Gu (vessel)">Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhi_(vessel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhi (vessel) (page does not exist)">Zhi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%B6" class="extiw" title="zh:觶">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang_(vessel)" title="Guang (vessel)">Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zun" title="Zun">Zun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(vessel)" title="You (vessel)">You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(vessel)" title="Hu (vessel)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(vessel)" title="Lei (vessel)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Por_(vessel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Por (vessel) (page does not exist)">Por</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%BF" class="extiw" title="zh:瓿">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine_cup" title="Rice wine cup">Rice wine cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Distilled spirits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erguotou" title="Erguotou">Erguotou</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Maotai" title="Maotai">Maotai</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changyu" title="Changyu">Changyu Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanthus_wine" title="Osmanthus wine">Guihua Chenjiu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Distillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillery">Distilleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Hongxing" title="Beijing Hongxing">Beijing Hongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guizhou_Dongjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guizhou Dongjiu (page does not exist)">Guizhou Dongjiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:董酒">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujing_Gongjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gujing Gongjiu (page does not exist)">Gujing Gongjiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%95%E8%B4%A1%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:古井贡酒">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hengshui_Laobaigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hengshui Laobaigan (page does not exist)">Hengshui Laobaigan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A1%E6%B0%B4%E8%80%81%E7%99%BD%E5%B9%B2" class="extiw" title="zh:衡水老白干">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangsu_Shuanggou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiangsu Shuanggou (page does not exist)">Jiangsu Shuanggou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%B2%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%9B%B2" class="extiw" title="zh:双沟大曲">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiannanchun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiannanchun (page does not exist)">Jiannanchun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%91%E5%8D%97%E6%98%A5" class="extiw" title="zh:剑南春">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiuguijiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiuguijiu (page does not exist)">Jiuguijiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%92%E9%AC%BC%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:酒鬼酒">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kweichow_Moutai" title="Kweichow Moutai">Kweichow Moutai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langjiu (page does not exist)">Langjiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%8E%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:郎酒">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzhou_Laojiao" title="Luzhou Laojiao">Luzhou Laojiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niulanshan_Distillery" title="Niulanshan Distillery">Niulanshan Distillery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shede (page does not exist)">Shede</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%BE%97%E9%85%92%E4%B8%9A" class="extiw" title="zh:舍得酒业">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuliangye" title="Wuliangye">Wuliangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xifengjiu" title="Xifengjiu">Xifengjiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinghuacun_Fenjiu" title="Xinghuacun Fenjiu">Xinghuacun Fenjiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanghe_(alcoholic_beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanghe (alcoholic beverage)">Yanghe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yingjia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yingjia (page does not exist)">Yingjia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%8E%E9%A9%BE%E8%B4%A1%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:迎驾贡酒">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Fermented beverages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gouqijiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouqijiu">Gouqijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chengangjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chengangjiu (page does not exist)">Chengangjiu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%BC%B8%E9%85%92" class="extiw" title="zh:沉缸酒">zh</a>]</span> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxingjiu</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Huangjiu#types" title="Huangjiu">Huadiao</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Liaojiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaojiu">Liaojiu</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Xionghuang_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Xionghuang wine">Xionghuangjiu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lizhijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_China" title="Beer in China">Pijiu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Putaojiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Museles" title="Museles">Museles</a> <small>•</small> <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Breweries</a> & <a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">wineries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Beer" title="Beijing Beer">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changyu" title="Changyu">Changyu Pioneer Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_Snow" title="CR Snow">CR Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Brewing" title="Great Leap Brewing">Great Leap Brewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_Wine" title="Great Wall Wine">Great Wall Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Brewery" title="Harbin Brewery">Harbin Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Qiandaohu" title="Hangzhou Qiandaohu">Cheerday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingway_Brewery" title="Kingway Brewery">Kingway Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Tibet" title="Beer in Tibet">Lhasa Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Buddha_Beer" title="Lucky Buddha Beer">Lucky Buddha Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeb_(beer)" title="Reeb (beer)">Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Brewery_Hong_Kong" title="San Miguel Brewery Hong Kong">San Miguel Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La_Beer" title="Shangri-La Beer">Shangri-La Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsingtao_Brewery" title="Tsingtao Brewery">Tsingtao Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Yanjing_Brewery" title="Beijing Yanjing Brewery">Yanjing Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Zhujiang_Brewery_Group" title="Guangzhou Zhujiang Brewery Group">Zhujiang Brewery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wines_and_winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Wines_and_winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li></ul> 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