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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ship" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ship" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory and antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asian_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Asian developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Mediterranean developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_through_the_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_through_the_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>14th through the 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_through_the_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asian_developments_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_developments_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Asian developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_developments_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries:_specialization_and_modernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries:_specialization_and_modernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19th and 20th centuries: specialization and modernization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries:_specialization_and_modernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of ships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_ships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of ships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inland_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inland_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inland vessels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inland_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Great Lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merchant_ship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merchant_ship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Merchant ship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merchant_ship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_purpose_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_purpose_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Special purpose vessels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_purpose_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Naval vessels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hull" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hull"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hull</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hull-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propulsion_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Propulsion systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steering_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steering_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Steering systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steering_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holds,_compartments,_and_the_superstructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holds,_compartments,_and_the_superstructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Holds, compartments, and the superstructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holds,_compartments,_and_the_superstructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Design considerations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_considerations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design considerations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrostatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrostatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hydrostatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrostatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hydrodynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifecycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifecycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lifecycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lifecycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lifecycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lifecycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repair_and_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repair_and_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Repair and conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repair_and_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>End of service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Measuring ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measuring_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ship pollution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ship_pollution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ship pollution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ship_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_spills" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_spills"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Oil spills</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_spills-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballast_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballast_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ballast water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballast_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhaust_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhaust_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Exhaust emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhaust_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship_breaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_breaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Ship breaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship_breaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ship</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 152 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">152 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip" title="Skip – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skip" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiff" title="Schiff – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schiff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जलयान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जलयान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="سفينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barco" title="Barco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Barco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܣܦܝܢܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܦܝܢܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D6%82" title="Նաւ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նաւ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nef" title="Nef – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nef" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buque" title="Buque – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Buque" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="जहाज – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जहाज" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ygarata" title="Ygarata – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ygarata" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%99mi" title="Gəmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gəmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%8C" title="گمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C" title="জাহাজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাহাজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBn" title="Chûn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Судно – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Судно" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Судна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Судна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Карабель – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карабель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Кораб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кораб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brod" title="Brod – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brod" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestr_(war-neu%C3%B1v)" title="Lestr (war-neuñv) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lestr (war-neuñv)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaixell" title="Vaixell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vaixell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Карап – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карап" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%8F" title="Loď – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Loď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarava" title="Ngarava – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ngarava" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llong" title="Llong – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llong" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skib" title="Skib – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skib" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiff" title="Schiff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schiff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsin_naa%CA%BCee%C5%82" title="Tsin naaʼeeł – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsin naaʼeeł" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laev" title="Laev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Πλοίο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλοίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barco" title="Barco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cipo" title="Ŝipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsasontzi" title="Itsasontzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsasontzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="کشتی (شناور) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتی (شناور)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahaaj" title="Jahaaj – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jahaaj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navire" title="Navire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Navire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip" title="Skip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A2f" title="Nâf – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Nâf" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long" title="Long – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Long" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long" title="Long – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Long" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barco" title="Barco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Barco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%B9" title="船 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="船" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8A%D8%AA" title="پاراخۊت – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="پاراخۊت" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2n" title="Sòn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sòn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EB%B0%95" title="선박 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선박" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirgin_Ruwa" title="Jirgin Ruwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jirgin Ruwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BE" title="Նավ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जलयान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलयान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brod" title="Brod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navo" title="Navo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Navo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal" title="Kapal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave" title="Nave – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nave" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave" title="Nave – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nave" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umiaqpak" title="Umiaqpak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Umiaqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip" title="Skip – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skip" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave" title="Nave – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nave" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="אונייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baita" title="Baita – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baita" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%9Bl%C9%9B" title="Mɛlɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɛlɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಡಗು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಡಗು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="გემი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Су көлігі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Су көлігі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meli" title="Meli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Meli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navir" title="Navir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Navir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%9Ft%C3%AE" title="Keştî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Keştî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Кеме – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кеме" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ກຳປັ່ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກຳປັ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navis" title="Navis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Navis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%A3is" title="Kuģis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuģis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%ABff" title="Schëff – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schëff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laivas" title="Laivas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laivas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeep_(verveur)" title="Sjeep (verveur) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjeep (verveur)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C3%BAwa" title="Masúwa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Masúwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcon" title="Barcon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Barcon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laivu" title="Laivu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Laivu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav" title="Nav – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nav" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj%C3%B3" title="Hajó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hajó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE)" title="Брод (пловило) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брод (пловило)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BD" title="കപ്പൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കപ്പൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="जहाज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जहाज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="سفينه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سفينه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AA" title="پراخوت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پراخوت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal" title="Kapal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E" title="ꯍꯤꯆꯥꯎ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯆꯥꯎ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9ng" title="Sùng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sùng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86" title="Усан онгоц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усан онгоц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="သင်္ဘော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္ဘော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqa" title="Waqa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Waqa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schip_(transportmiddel)" title="Schip (transportmiddel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schip (transportmiddel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="पानी जहाज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पानी जहाज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%83" title="लःखः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लःखः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6" title="大型船舶 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大型船舶" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skap" title="Skap – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shep" title="Shep – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Shep" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip" title="Skip – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skip" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip" title="Skip – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skip" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Naviri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kema" title="Kema – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸਮੁੰਦਰੀ ਜਹਾਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮੁੰਦਰੀ ਜਹਾਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="سمندری جہاز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سمندری جہاز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%DA%93%DB%8D" title="بېړۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېړۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schipp" title="Schipp – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schipp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statek_wodny" title="Statek wodny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Statek wodny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navio" title="Navio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Navio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nav%C4%83" title="Navă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Navă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bero" title="Bero – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Bero" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_wamp%27u" title="Hatun wamp'u – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun wamp'u" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Судно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Судно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Аал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/balunga" title="balunga – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="balunga" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship" title="Ship – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ship" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anija" title="Anija – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anija" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi" title="Navi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Navi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship" title="Ship – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ship" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="بحري جھاز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بحري جھاز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%8F" title="Loď – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Loď" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladja" title="Ladja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ladja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szif" title="Szif – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szif" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markab" title="Markab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Markab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کەشتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Брод – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брод" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brod" title="Brod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiva" title="Laiva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laiva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartyg" title="Fartyg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fartyg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barko" title="Barko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Barko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கப்பல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கப்பல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Кораб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кораб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%93%E0%B0%A1" title="ఓడ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఓడ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="เรือกำปั่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรือกำปั่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaka" title="Vaka – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Vaka" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemi" title="Gemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90po_so_hy%C9%9Bn" title="Ɛpo so hyɛn – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɛpo so hyɛn" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gba%CC%B1ndang_kukwon_a%CC%B1wak" title="A̱gba̱ndang kukwon a̱wak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gba̱ndang kukwon a̱wak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Судно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Судно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81" title="بحرینہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحرینہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruz" title="Ruz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ruz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave" title="Nave – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nave" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiv" title="Laiv – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Laiv" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_th%E1%BB%A7y" title="Tàu thủy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu thủy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laiv" title="Laiv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Laiv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6" title="船舶 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="船舶" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barko" title="Barko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Barko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E8%88%B9" title="轮船 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="轮船" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A3" title="שיף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שיף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%B9" title="船 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="船" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laivs" title="Laivs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Laivs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%88%B9" title="輪船 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="輪船" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uji_%E1%BB%8Df%E1%BB%8D" title="Uji ọfọ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Uji ọfọ" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal" title="Kapal – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kapal" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_Lawok" title="Kapal Lawok – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kapal Lawok" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11446#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&oldid=1275409537" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ship&id=1275409537&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShip"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FShip"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ship&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ship" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Ships" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ships" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11446" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large watercraft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ship_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ship (disambiguation)">Ship (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <caption>Ship </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Containerterminal_Altenwerder_(Hamburg-Altenwerder).Iris_Bolten.4.phb.ajb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Containerterminal_Altenwerder_%28Hamburg-Altenwerder%29.Iris_Bolten.4.phb.ajb.jpg/300px-Containerterminal_Altenwerder_%28Hamburg-Altenwerder%29.Iris_Bolten.4.phb.ajb.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Containerterminal_Altenwerder_%28Hamburg-Altenwerder%29.Iris_Bolten.4.phb.ajb.jpg/450px-Containerterminal_Altenwerder_%28Hamburg-Altenwerder%29.Iris_Bolten.4.phb.ajb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Containerterminal_Altenwerder_%28Hamburg-Altenwerder%29.Iris_Bolten.4.phb.ajb.jpg/600px-Containerterminal_Altenwerder_%28Hamburg-Altenwerder%29.Iris_Bolten.4.phb.ajb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="2544" /></a></span><div><a href="/wiki/Feeder_ship" title="Feeder ship">Feeder ship</a> <i>Iris Bolten</i> at <a href="/wiki/Container_Terminal_Altenwerder" title="Container Terminal Altenwerder">Container Terminal Altenwerder</a>, port of <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg, Germany</a></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Tonnage</td><td>Greater than 500 <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">DWT</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stirling_engine" title="Stirling engine">sterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam</a> (reciprocating)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Sail plan</td><td>For <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a> – two or more masts,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> variety of sail plans</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>A <b>ship</b> is a large <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">vessel</a> that travels the world's oceans and other <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">navigable waterways</a>, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a>, based on size, shape, load capacity and purpose. Ships have supported <a href="/wiki/Geographic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic exploration">exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Global trade">trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">Ship transport</a> is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. </p><p>The word <i>ship</i> has meant, depending on the era and the context, either just a large vessel or specifically a <a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">ship-rigged</a> <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ship</a> with three or more masts, each of which is <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square-rigged</a>. </p><p>The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_-_History_of_ships_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_-_History_of_ships-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, ships had a global cargo capacity of 2.4 billion tons, with the three largest classes being ships carrying dry bulk (43%), oil tankers (28%) and container ships (14%).<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A%E2%80%93L)" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)">Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)">Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ship_diagram-numbers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ship_diagram-numbers.svg/310px-Ship_diagram-numbers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ship_diagram-numbers.svg/465px-Ship_diagram-numbers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ship_diagram-numbers.svg/620px-Ship_diagram-numbers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Main parts of ship. <b>1</b>:  <a href="/wiki/Funnel_(ship)" title="Funnel (ship)">Funnel</a>; <b>2</b>: <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">Stern</a>; <b>3</b>: <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">Propeller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a>; <b>4</b>: <a href="/wiki/Portside" class="mw-redirect" title="Portside">Portside</a> (the right side is known as <a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a>); <b>5</b>: <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a>; <b>6</b>: <a href="/wiki/Bulbous_bow" title="Bulbous bow">Bulbous bow</a>; <b>7</b>: <a href="/wiki/Bow_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (ship)">Bow</a>; <b>8</b>: <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a>; <b>9</b>: <a href="/wiki/Superstructure" title="Superstructure">Superstructure</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Ships are typically larger than boats, but there is no universally accepted distinction between the two. Ships generally can remain at sea for longer periods of time than boats.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A legal definition of ship from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> is a vessel that carries goods by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not <i>vice versa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ship is likely to have a full-time crew assigned.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A US Navy rule of thumb is that ships <a href="/wiki/Sailing#Heeling" title="Sailing">heel</a> towards the <i>outside</i> of a sharp turn, whereas boats heel towards the <i>inside</i><sup id="cite_ref-Jonsson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonsson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the relative location of the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> versus the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_buoyancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of buoyancy">center of buoyancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ridley_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridley-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Faltinsen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faltinsen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American and British 19th century maritime law distinguished "vessels" from other watercraft; ships and boats fall in one legal category, whereas open boats and rafts are not considered vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting around the middle of the 18th century, sailing vessels started to be categorised by their type of <a href="/wiki/Rig_(sailing)" title="Rig (sailing)">rig</a>. (Previously they were described by their hull type – for example <a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship_and_boat_building_in_Whitby" title="Ship and boat building in Whitby">cat</a>.) Alongside the other rig types such as <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term "ship" referred to the rig type. In this sense, a ship is a vessel with three or more masts, all of which are <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square-rigged</a>. For clarity, this may be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">full-rigged ship</a> or a vessel may be described as "ship-rigged".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside this rig-specific usage, "ship" continued to have the more general meaning of a large sea-going vessel. Often the meaning can only be determined by the context.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71–73">: 71–73 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Underhill_1955_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underhill_1955-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>Some large vessels are traditionally called <i>boats</i>, notably <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include <a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Great Lakes freighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">riverboats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferryboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferryboat">ferryboats</a>, which may be designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most maritime traditions ships have <a href="/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship naming and launching">individual names</a>, and modern ships may belong to a <a href="/wiki/Ship_class" title="Ship class">ship class</a> often named after its first ship. </p><p>In many documents the ship name is introduced with a <a href="/wiki/Ship_prefix" title="Ship prefix">ship prefix</a> being an abbreviation of the ship class, for example "MS" (motor ship) or "SV" (sailing vessel), making it easier to distinguish a ship name from other individual names in a text. </p><p>"Ship" (along with "nation") is an English word that has retained a female <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> in some usages, which allows it sometimes to be referred to as a "she" without being of female <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">natural gender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></div> <p>For most of history, transport by ship – provided there is a feasible route –  has generally been cheaper, safer and faster than making the same journey on land. Only the coming of railways in the middle of the 19th century and the growth of commercial aviation in the second half of the 20th century have changed this principle. This applied equally to sea crossings, coastal voyages and use of rivers and lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>Examples of the consequences of this include the large <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> in the Mediterranean during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical period</a>. Cities such as Rome were totally reliant on the delivery by sailing and human powered (oars) ships of the large amounts of grain needed. It has been estimated that it cost less for a sailing ship of the Roman Empire to carry grain the length of the Mediterranean than to move the same amount 15 miles by road. Rome consumed about 150,000 tons of Egyptian grain each year over the first three centuries AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Casson_1995_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casson_1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 297">: 297 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jett_2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jett_2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 147">: 147 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until recently, it was generally the case that ships were the most advanced representations of the technology available to the societies that produced them.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory and antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships of ancient Rome</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_developments">Asian developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asian developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg/220px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg/330px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg/440px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fiji#Early_settlement" title="Fiji">Fijian</a> voyaging <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boat</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw sail</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/220px-Borobudur_ship.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/330px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/440px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>One of the sailing vessels depicted in <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> temple, c. 8th century AD in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest attestations of ships in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">maritime transport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> are <a href="/wiki/Model_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Model ship">model ships</a>, which date back to the 4th millennium BC. In archaic texts in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, the ideogram for "ship" is attested, but in the inscriptions of the kings of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, ships were first mentioned in connection to <a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime trade">maritime trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a> at around 2500–2350 BCE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="These clay models are surely boats. The interpretation of texts needs an RS. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> originated in what is now <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. From here, they took part in the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_Expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian Expansion">Austronesian Expansion</a>. Their distinctive maritime technology was integral to this movement and included <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger ship">outriggers</a>. It has been suggested that they had sails some time before 2000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Horridge_2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge_2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw sails</a> enabled them to sail for vast distances in open ocean. From Taiwan, they rapidly colonized the islands of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, then sailed further onwards to <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, eventually colonizing a territory spanning half the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran1974_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austronesian sails were made from woven leaves, usually from <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandan</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirch2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirch2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallaher2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were complemented by paddlers, who usually positioned themselves on platforms on the <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" title="Outrigger">outriggers</a> in the larger boats.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran1974_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran1981_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austronesian ships ranged in complexity from simple <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugout canoes</a> with outriggers or lashed together to large edge-pegged plank-built boats built around a keel made from a dugout canoe. Their designs were unique, evolving from ancient rafts to the characteristic double-hulled, single-outrigger, and double-outrigger designs of Austronesian ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doran1981_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2nd century AD, people from the <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Indonesian archipelago</a> already made large ships measuring over 50 m long and standing 4–7 m out of the water. They could carry 600–1000 people and 250–1000 ton cargo. These ships were known as <i>kunlun bo</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">k'unlun po</a></i> (崑崙舶, lit. "ship of the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Kunlun</a> people") by the Chinese, and <i>kolandiaphonta</i> by the Greeks. They had 4–7 masts and were able to sail against the wind due to the usage of <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sails</a>. These ships may have reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 262">: 262 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:112_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 347">: 347 </span></sup> In the 11th century, a new type of ship called <a href="/wiki/Djong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djong (ship)">djong</a> or jong was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 222, 230, 267">: 222, 230, 267 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> This type of ship was built using wooden dowels and treenails, unlike the <i>kunlun bo</i> which used vegetal fibres for lashings.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 138">: 138 </span></sup> </p><p>In China, miniature models of ships that feature steering oars have been dated to the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (c. 475–221 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, a well kept naval fleet was an integral part of the military. Centre-line rudders, mounted at the stern, started to appear on Chinese ship models starting in the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these early Chinese ships were fluvial (riverine), and were not seaworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Pham2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pham2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese only acquired sea-going ship technologies in the 10th-century AD <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> after contact with Southeast Asian <i>k'un-lun po</i> trading ships, leading to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnstone_1980_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnstone_1980-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pham2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pham2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–21">: 20–21 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediterranean_developments">Mediterranean developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mediterranean developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/330px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg/440px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Menna_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian sailing ship, c. 1422–1411 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_ship.jpg/220px-Phoenician_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_ship.jpg/330px-Phoenician_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_ship.jpg/440px-Phoenician_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> ship carved on the face of the <a href="/wiki/Ship_sarcophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship sarcophagus">"Ship Sarcophagus"</a>, c. 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest historical evidence of boats is found in Egypt during the 4th millennium BCE<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_-_History_of_ships_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_-_History_of_ships-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Agatharchides" title="Agatharchides">Agatharchides</a> had documented ship-faring among the early <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>: <i>"During the prosperous period of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/30th_century_BC" title="30th century BC">30th</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_century_BC" title="25th century BC">25th centuries BC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">river</a>-routes were kept in order, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> ships sailed the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> as far as the <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>-country."</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Sneferu</a>'s ancient cedar wood ship <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praise_of_the_Two_Lands_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praise of the Two Lands (ship) (page does not exist)">Praise of the Two Lands</a> is the first reference recorded (2613 BC) to a ship being referred to by name.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> skills was the <a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a>, a vessel 143 feet (44 m) in length entombed at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954. </p><p>The oldest discovered sea faring hulled boat is the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Uluburun" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluburun">Uluburun</a> shipwreck off the coast of Turkey, dating back to 1300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1200 B.C., the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> were building large merchant ships. In world maritime history, declares Richard Woodman, they are recognized as "the first true seafarers, founding the art of pilotage, <a href="/wiki/Cabotage" title="Cabotage">cabotage</a>, and navigation" and the architects of "the first true ship, built of planks, capable of carrying a deadweight cargo and being sailed and steered."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_through_the_18th_centuries">14th through the 18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 14th through the 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ship" title="Special:EditPage/Ship">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_developments_2">Asian developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asian developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png/220px-Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png/330px-Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png/440px-Japanese-Tokugawa-Ship-Ataka-Maru.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese <a href="/wiki/Atakebune" title="Atakebune">atakebune</a> from the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2019)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Japan used defensive naval techniques in the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a> in 1281. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2019)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> During the 15th century, China's <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> assembled one of the largest and most powerful naval fleets in the world for the <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">diplomatic and power projection voyages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>. Elsewhere in Japan in the 15th century, one of the world's first iron-clads, "Tekkōsen" (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E7%94%B2%E8%88%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:鉄甲船">鉄甲船</a>), literally meaning "iron ships",<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also developed. In Japan, during the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Sengoku era">Sengoku era</a> from the 15th century to 17th century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the <a href="/wiki/Atakebune" title="Atakebune">atakebune</a>. In Korea, in the early 15th century during the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> era, "<a href="/wiki/Turtle_ship" title="Turtle ship">Geobukseon</a>"(거북선), was developed. </p><p>The empire of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> used large ships called <a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">jong</a>, built in northern Java, for transporting troops overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115">: 115 </span></sup> The jongs were transport ships which could carry 100–2000 tons of cargo and 50–1000 people, 28.99–88.56 meter in length.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–62">: 60–62 </span></sup> The exact number of jong fielded by Majapahit is unknown, but the largest number of jong deployed in an expedition is about 400 jongs, when Majapahit attacked Pasai, in 1350.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="carvel_to_N_Europe"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nao_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nao_Victoria.jpg/220px-Nao_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nao_Victoria.jpg/330px-Nao_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nao_Victoria.jpg/440px-Nao_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Replica of Magellan's <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(ship)" title="Victoria (ship)">Victoria</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a> led the first expedition that <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigated" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumnavigated">circumnavigated</a> the globe in 1519–1522.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the late 13th or early 14th century, European shipbuilding had two separate traditions. In Northern Europe<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">clinker construction</a> predominated. In this, the hull planks are fastened together in an overlapping manner. This is a "shell first" construction technique, with the hull shape being defined by the shaping and fitting of the hull planks. The reinforcing <span title="See entry on this page at § frame" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A%E2%80%93L)#frame" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)">frame</a></span>s (or ribs) are fitted after the planks.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 65–66">: 65–66 </span></sup> Clinker construction in this era usually used planks that were cleft (split radially from the log) and could be made thinner and stronger per unit of thickness than the sawn logs, thanks to preserving the radial integrity of the grain.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 53–54">: 53–54 </span></sup> </p><p>An exception to clinker construction in the Northern European tradition is the bottom planking of the <a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">cog</a>. Here, the hull planks are not joined to each other and are laid flush (not overlapped). They are held together by fastening to the frames<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is done after the shaping and fitting of these planks. Therefore, this is another case of a "shell first" construction technique.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 65–66">: 65–66 </span></sup> </p><p>These Northern European ships were rigged with a single mast setting a <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square sail</a>. They were steered by rudders hung on the <span title="See entry on this page at § sternpost" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sternpost" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)">sternpost</a></span>. <sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the ship-building tradition of the Mediterranean was of <a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">carvel construction</a> – the fitting of the hull planking to the frames of the hull. Depending on the precise detail of this method, it may be characterised as either "frame first" or "frame-led". In either variant, during construction, the hull shape is determined by the frames, not the planking. The hull planks are not fastened to each other, only to the frames.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 69">: 69 </span></sup> </p><p>These Mediterranean ships were rigged with <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen</a> sails on one or more masts (depending on the size of the vessel) and were steered with a side rudder. They are often referred to as "round ships".<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 68-69">: 68-69 </span></sup> </p><p>Crucially, the Mediterranean and Northern European traditions merged. Cogs<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are known to have travelled to the Mediterranean in the 12th and 13th centuries. Some aspects of their designs were being copied by Mediterranean ship-builders early in the 14th century. Iconography shows square sails being used on the mainmast but a lateen on the mizzen,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a sternpost hung rudder replacing the side rudder. The name for this type of vessel was "coche" or, for a larger example, "carrack". Some of these new Mediterranean types travelled to Northern European waters and, in the first two decades of the 15th century, a few were captured by the English, two of which had previously been under charter to the French. The two-masted rig started to be copied immediately, but at this stage on a clinker hull. The adoption of carvel hulls had to wait until sufficient shipwrights with appropriate skills could be hired, but by late in the 1430s, there were instances of carvel ships being built in Northern Europe, and in increasing numbers over the rest of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 69-72">: 69-72 </span></sup> </p><p>This hybridisation of Mediterranean and Northern European ship types created the <a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">full-rigged ship</a>, a three-masted vessel with a square-rigged foremast and mainmast and a lateen sail on the mizzen. This provided most of the ships used in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, being able to carry sufficient stores for a long voyage and with a rig suited to the open ocean. Over the next four hundred years, steady evolution and development, from the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a>, gave types such as the <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluit">fluit</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a>, ordinary cargo ships, warships, <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clippers</a> and many more, all based on this three-masted square-rigged type.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_2020_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid_2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29, passim">: 29, <i>passim</i> </span></sup> </p><p>The transition from clinker to carvel construction facilitated the use of artillery at sea since the internal framing of the hull could be made strong enough to accommodate the weight of guns. It was easier to fit gunports in a carvel hull. As vessels became larger and the demand for ship-building timber affected the size of trees available, clinker construction became limited by the difficulty of finding large enough logs from which to cleave planks. Nonetheless, some clinker vessels approached the size of contemporary carracks.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the adoption of carvel construction, the increasing size of clinker-built vessels necessitated greater amounts of internal framing of their hulls for strength – something that somewhat lessened the conceptual change to the new technique.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 55, 58–60">: 55, 58–60 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries:_specialization_and_modernization">19th and 20th centuries: specialization and modernization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries: specialization and modernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg/220px-Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg/330px-Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg/440px-Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mayer" title="Auguste Étienne François Mayer">Auguste Mayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg/220px-Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg/330px-Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg/440px-Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">full-rigged ship</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_training_ship_Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Italian training ship Amerigo Vespucci"><i>Amerigo Vespucci</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RMS_Titanic_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/RMS_Titanic_3.jpg/220px-RMS_Titanic_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/RMS_Titanic_3.jpg/330px-RMS_Titanic_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/RMS_Titanic_3.jpg/440px-RMS_Titanic_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> departs from Southampton. Her <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Sinking of the Titanic">sinking</a> led to <a href="/wiki/Changes_in_safety_practices_following_the_RMS_Titanic_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Changes in safety practices following the RMS Titanic disaster">tighter safety regulations</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. </p><p>Maritime trade was driven by the development of shipping companies with significant financial resources. Canal barges, towed by draft animals on an adjacent <a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">towpath</a>, contended with the <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> up to and past the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Flat-bottomed and flexible <a href="/wiki/Scow" title="Scow">scow</a> boats also became widely used for transporting small cargoes. Mercantile trade went hand-in-hand with exploration, self-financed by the commercial benefits of exploration. </p><p>During the first half of the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> began to develop a new type of vessel known as a <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ship of the line</a>, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. These ships were 56 metres (184 ft) long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and 40 kilometres (25 mi) of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers. During the 19th century the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> enforced a ban on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>, acted to suppress <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>, and continued to map the world. Ships and their owners grew with the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> across Europe and North America, leading to increased numbers of oceangoing ships, as well as other coastal and canal based vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-j900_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j900-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h973_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h973-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through more than half of the 19th century and into the early years of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steam ships</a> coexisted with sailing vessels. Initially, steam was only viable on shorter routes, typically transporting passengers who could afford higher fares and mail. Steam went through many developmental steps that gave greater fuel efficiency, thereby increasingly making steamships commercially competitive with sail. Screw propulsion, which relied, among other things, on the invention of an effective <a href="/wiki/Stuffing_box" title="Stuffing box">stern gland</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a> shaft, worked better than <a href="/wiki/Paddle_wheel#Ship_propulsion" title="Paddle wheel">paddle wheels</a>. Higher boiler pressures of 60 pounds per square inch (410 kPa) powering <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Compound" title="Marine steam engine">compound</a> engines, were <a href="/wiki/SS_Agamemnon_(1865)" title="SS Agamemnon (1865)">introduced</a> in 1865, making long-distance steam cargo vessels commercially viable on the route from England to China – even before the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869. Within a few years, steam had replaced many of the sailing ships that had served this route. Even greater fuel efficiency was obtained with triple-expansion steam engines – but this had to wait for higher quality steel to be available to make boilers running at 125 pounds per square inch (860 kPa) in <a href="/wiki/SS_Aberdeen_(1881)" title="SS Aberdeen (1881)">SS Aberdeen (1881)</a>. By this point virtually all routes could be served competitively by steamships. Sail continued with some cargoes, where low costs were more important to the shipper than a predictable and rapid journey time.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99–100, passim">: 99–100, <i>passim</i> </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarvis_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarvis-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106–111">: 106–111 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_and_Greenhill_1993_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_and_Greenhill_1993-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> in particular led to new mechanical methods of <a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">propulsion</a>, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design.<sup id="cite_ref-o576_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o576-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These led to the development of long-distance commercial ships and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liners</a>, as well as technological changes including the <a href="/wiki/Marine_steam_engine" title="Marine steam engine">Marine steam engine</a>, screw propellers, triple expansion engines and others.<sup id="cite_ref-c052_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c052-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-i606_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i606-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors included the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrial powers created more specialized ships and other maritime vessels. Ship types built for entirely new functions that appeared by the 20th century included <a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">research ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel" title="Platform supply vessel">offshore support vessels</a> (OSVs), <a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">Floating production storage and offloading</a> (FPSOs), <a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Pipe and cable laying ships</a>, drill ships and <a href="/wiki/Survey_vessel" title="Survey vessel">Survey vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby179_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby179-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late 20th century saw changes to ships that included the decline of ocean liners as air travel increased. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Container_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Container ships">container ships</a> from the 1960s onwards dramatically changed the nature of commercial merchant shipping, as containerization led to larger ship sizes, dedicated container routes and the decline of general cargo vessels as well as tramp steaming.<sup id="cite_ref-b084_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b084-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late 20th century also saw a rise in <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise ships">cruise ships</a> for tourism around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-u899_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u899-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg/220px-Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg/330px-Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg/440px-Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombo Express">Colombo Express</a></i>, a 8749 <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEU</a> container ship owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd" title="Hapag-Lloyd">Hapag-Lloyd</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, there were more than 49,000 <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a>, totaling almost 1.8 billion <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_tonnage" title="Deadweight tonnage">deadweight tons</a>. Of these 28% were <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a>, 43% were <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carriers</a>, and 13% were <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2019, the world's fleet included 51,684 commercial vessels with <a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">gross tonnage</a> of more than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Ton_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ton (volume)">tons</a>, totaling 1.96 billion tons.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such ships carried 11 billion tons of cargo in 2018, a sum that grew by 2.7% over the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of tonnage, 29% of ships were <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tankers</a>, 43% are <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carriers</a>, 13% <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a> and 15% were other types.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, there were 1,240 <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as <a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">patrol boats</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 1.35 million tons, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 504,660 tons and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 402,830 tons. The 20th century saw many naval engagements during the two <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and the rise to power of naval forces of the two blocs. The world's major powers have recently used their naval power in cases such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. </p><p>The size of the world's <a href="/wiki/Fishing_fleet" title="Fishing fleet">fishing fleet</a> is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion. <a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a> can be found in most seaside villages in the world. As of 2004, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> estimated 4 million fishing vessels were operating worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-fao25_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao25-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study estimated that the world's 29 million fishermen<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caught 85,800,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (84,400,000 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 94,600,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of fish and shellfish that year.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the number of ships globally grew by 3.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD2024_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, new ships are increasingly being built with alternative fuel capability to increase sustainability and reduce carbon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD2024_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative ship fuels include <a href="/wiki/LNG" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG">LNG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-c799_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c799-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g931_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g931-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-x709_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x709-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024, wind power for ships had received renewed interest for its potential to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_ships">Types of ships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ships" title="Lists of ships">Lists of ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_naval_vessels" title="List of types of naval vessels">List of types of naval vessels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_boat_types" title="List of boat types">List of boat types</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arklow_Valiant_(IMO_9772541).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Arklow_Valiant_%28IMO_9772541%29.jpg/220px-Arklow_Valiant_%28IMO_9772541%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Arklow_Valiant_%28IMO_9772541%29.jpg/330px-Arklow_Valiant_%28IMO_9772541%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Arklow_Valiant_%28IMO_9772541%29.jpg/440px-Arklow_Valiant_%28IMO_9772541%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Various vessel types in the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Port of Rotterdam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because ships are constructed using the principles of naval architecture that require same structural components, their classification is based on their function such as that suggested by Paulet and Presles,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which requires modification of the components. The categories accepted in general by naval architects are:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_craft" title="High-speed craft">High-speed craft</a> – <a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihulls</a> including <a href="/wiki/Wave-piercing_hull" title="Wave-piercing hull">wave piercers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small-waterplane-area_twin_hull" title="Small-waterplane-area twin hull">small-waterplane-area twin hull</a> (SWATH), <a href="/wiki/Surface_effect_ship" title="Surface effect ship">surface effect ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground-effect_vehicle" title="Ground-effect vehicle">wing in ground effect</a> craft (WIG).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">Off shore oil</a> vessels – <a href="/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel" title="Platform supply vessel">Platform supply vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipe-laying_ship" title="Pipe-laying ship">pipe layers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barracks_ship" title="Barracks ship">accommodation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">crane</a> <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a>, non and <a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible_platform" title="Semi-submersible platform">semi-submersible drilling rigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drill_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Drill ship">drill ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">production platforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">floating production storage and offloading</a> units.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a> <ul><li>Motorised <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">fishing trawlers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_traps" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish traps">trap setters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">seiners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longliners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">trollers</a> & <a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">factory ships</a>.</li> <li>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">sailing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watercraft_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercraft rowing">rowed</a> fishing vessels and <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">handline fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">Harbour</a> work craft <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Cable layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dredger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredger">dredgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvage_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvage vessel">salvage vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_tender" title="Ship's tender">tenders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">pilot boats</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drydock#Floating" class="mw-redirect" title="Drydock">Floating dry docks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">crane vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lighter_aboard_ship" title="Lighter aboard ship">lighterships</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Dry <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tramp_freighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp freighter">tramp freighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">cargo liners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Container_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Container vessel">container vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barge_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Barge carrier">barge carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Ro-Ro ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">refrigerated cargo ships</a>, timber carriers, <a href="/wiki/Livestock_carrier" title="Livestock carrier">livestock carriers</a> & light vehicle carriers.</li> <li>Liquid cargo ships – <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tankers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a>, liquefied <a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">gas carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">chemical carriers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger vessel">Passenger ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Liners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise</a> and special trade passenger (STP) ships</li> <li>Cross-channel, coastal and harbour <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferries</a></li> <li>Luxury and cruising <a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yachts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superyacht" title="Superyacht">superyachts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_training" title="Sail training">Sail training</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galleys</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">biremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">triremes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinquireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquireme">quinquiremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational boat">Recreational boats</a> and craft – rowed, masted and motorised craft</li> <li>Special-purpose vessels – <a href="/wiki/Weather_ship" title="Weather ship">weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">research vessels</a>, deep sea <a href="/wiki/Survey_vessel" title="Survey vessel">survey vessels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreakers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">Submarines</a> – watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ship" title="Naval ship">Naval ships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warships" class="mw-redirect" title="Warships">Warships</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare_ship" title="Amphibious warfare ship">amphibious warfare ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship" title="Coastal defence ship">coastal defence ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrol_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol ship">patrol ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">minesweepers</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_ship" title="Ammunition ship">ammunition ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Replenishment_oiler" title="Replenishment oiler">replenishment oilers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repair_ship" title="Repair ship">repair ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combat_stores_ship" title="Combat stores ship">storeships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">troopships</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ships</a></li></ul> <p>Some of these are discussed in the following sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inland_vessels">Inland vessels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inland vessels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_von_K%C3%B6ln.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wappen_von_K%C3%B6ln.JPG/220px-Wappen_von_K%C3%B6ln.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wappen_von_K%C3%B6ln.JPG/330px-Wappen_von_K%C3%B6ln.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wappen_von_K%C3%B6ln.JPG/440px-Wappen_von_K%C3%B6ln.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2541" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Passenger ship of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln-D%C3%BCsseldorfer" title="Köln-Düsseldorfer">Köln-Düsseldorfer</a> on the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurma,_Hans_ja_Voima.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hurma%2C_Hans_ja_Voima.JPG/220px-Hurma%2C_Hans_ja_Voima.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hurma%2C_Hans_ja_Voima.JPG/330px-Hurma%2C_Hans_ja_Voima.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hurma%2C_Hans_ja_Voima.JPG/440px-Hurma%2C_Hans_ja_Voima.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i>Hurma</i>, <i>Hans</i> and <i>Voima</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Saimaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Saimaa">Lake Saimaa</a> in the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Imatra" title="Imatra">Imatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, at a heritage ship meeting in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Freshwater shipping may occur on lakes, rivers and canals. Ships designed for those body of waters may be specially adapted to the widths and depths of specific waterways. Examples of freshwater waterways that are navigable in part by large vessels include the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> Rivers, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Lakes">Great Lakes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Great Lakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighters</a>, also called lakers, are <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> vessels that ply the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. The most well-known is <a href="/wiki/SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald" title="SS Edmund Fitzgerald">SS <i>Edmund Fitzgerald</i></a>, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties". Because of their additional <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a>, very large salties are never seen inland of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a>. Because the smallest of the <a href="/wiki/Soo_Locks" title="Soo Locks">Soo Locks</a> is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Huron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Erie</a>) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> that bypasses the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> lakes are less corrosive to ships than the <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">salt water</a> of the oceans, lakers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. Lakers older than 50 years are not unusual, and as of 2005, all were over 20 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/SS_St._Marys_Challenger" title="SS St. Marys Challenger">SS <i>St. Marys Challenger</i></a>, built in 1906 as <i>William P Snyder</i>, was the oldest laker still working on the Lakes until its conversion into a barge starting in 2013. Similarly, <i>E.M. Ford</i>, built in 1898 as <i>Presque Isle</i>, was sailing the lakes 98 years later in 1996. As of 2007 <i>E.M. Ford</i> was still afloat as a stationary transfer vessel at a riverside cement silo in <a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">Saginaw, Michigan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merchant_ship">Merchant ship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Merchant ship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">Merchant ship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Container_ships_President_Truman_(IMO_8616283)_and_President_Kennedy_(IMO_8616295)_at_San_Francisco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Container_ships_President_Truman_%28IMO_8616283%29_and_President_Kennedy_%28IMO_8616295%29_at_San_Francisco.jpg/220px-Container_ships_President_Truman_%28IMO_8616283%29_and_President_Kennedy_%28IMO_8616295%29_at_San_Francisco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Container_ships_President_Truman_%28IMO_8616283%29_and_President_Kennedy_%28IMO_8616295%29_at_San_Francisco.jpg/330px-Container_ships_President_Truman_%28IMO_8616283%29_and_President_Kennedy_%28IMO_8616295%29_at_San_Francisco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Container_ships_President_Truman_%28IMO_8616283%29_and_President_Kennedy_%28IMO_8616295%29_at_San_Francisco.jpg/440px-Container_ships_President_Truman_%28IMO_8616283%29_and_President_Kennedy_%28IMO_8616295%29_at_San_Francisco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>Two modern <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ships</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">Merchant ships</a> are ships used for commercial purposes and can be divided into four broad categories: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing vessels">fishing vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">passenger ships</a>, and special-purpose ships.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/UNCTAD_review_of_maritime_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCTAD review of maritime transport">UNCTAD review of maritime transport</a> categorizes ships as: oil tankers, bulk (and combination) carriers, general cargo ships, container ships, and "other ships", which includes "<a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> carriers, <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> carriers, parcel (chemical) tankers, specialized tankers, <a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">reefers</a>, offshore supply, tugs, <a href="/wiki/Dredger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredger">dredgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferries</a>, other non-cargo". General cargo ships include "multi-purpose and project vessels and roll-on/roll-off cargo".<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel</a> or, less usually, <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbine engine">gas turbine engine</a>.,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but until the mid-19th century they were predominantly square sail rigged. The fastest vessels may use <a href="/wiki/Pump-jet_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pump-jet engine">pump-jet engines</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most commercial vessels such as container ships, have full hull-forms (higher <a href="/wiki/Block_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Block coefficient">Block coefficients</a>) to maximize cargo capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merchant ships and fishing vessels are usually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass or wood on smaller vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby434_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby434-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a <a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">sea captain</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Deck_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deck officer">deck officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engine_officer" title="Engine officer">engine officers</a> on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard <a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">research vessels</a>. </p><p>Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than 30 meters (98 ft) but up to 100 metres (330 ft) for a large tuna or <a href="/wiki/Whaling_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling ship">whaling ship</a>. Aboard a <a href="/wiki/Fish_processing_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish processing vessel">fish processing vessel</a>, the catch can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Special purpose vessels have special gear. For example, trawlers have winches and arms, stern-trawlers have a rear ramp, and tuna seiners have skiffs. In 2004, 85,800,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (84,400,000 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>; 94,600,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>) of fish were caught in the marine capture fishery.<sup id="cite_ref-fao11_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao11-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anchoveta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchoveta">Anchoveta</a> represented the largest single catch at 10,700,000 tonnes (10,500,000 long tons; 11,800,000 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-fao11_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao11-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, the top ten marine capture species also included <a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_whiting" title="Blue whiting">Blue whiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">Skipjack tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_herring" title="Atlantic herring">Atlantic herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chub_mackerel" title="Chub mackerel">Chub mackerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Japanese anchovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachurus" title="Trachurus">Chilean jack mackerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Largehead_hairtail" title="Largehead hairtail">Largehead hairtail</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">Yellowfin tuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fao11_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao11-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other species including <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crab</a>, are also commercially fished. Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">nets</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">purse seine</a>, beach seine, lift nets, <a href="/wiki/Gillnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gillnet">gillnets</a>, or entangling nets. Another is <a href="/wiki/Trawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawl">trawling</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">bottom trawl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">Hooks</a> and lines are used in methods like <a href="/wiki/Long-line_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-line fishing">long-line fishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hand-line_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-line fishing">hand-line fishing</a>. Another method is the use of <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing trap">fishing trap</a>. </p><p>Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carriers</a>, packed directly onto a <a href="/wiki/General_cargo_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="General cargo ship">general cargo ship</a> in break-bulk, packed in <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_container" title="Intermodal container">intermodal containers</a> as aboard a <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ship</a>, or driven aboard as in <a href="/wiki/Roll-on_roll-off_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll-on roll-off ship">roll-on roll-off ships</a>. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a> which may include both crude and finished products of oil, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">chemical tankers</a> which may also carry vegetable oils other than chemicals and <a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">gas carriers</a>, although smaller shipments may be carried on container ships in <a href="/wiki/Tank_container" title="Tank container">tank containers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gubbins_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gubbins-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger ships</a> range in size from small river ferries to very large <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a>. This type of vessel includes <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferries</a>, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liners</a>, which carry passengers from one place to another; and <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a>, which carry passengers on voyages undertaken for pleasure, visiting several places and with leisure activities on board, often returning them to the port of embarkation. <a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">Riverboats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferry_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferry boat">inland ferries</a> are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albatun_Dod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Albatun_Dod.jpg/220px-Albatun_Dod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Albatun_Dod.jpg/330px-Albatun_Dod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Albatun_Dod.jpg/440px-Albatun_Dod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><i>Albatun Dos</i>, a tuna boat at work near <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria, Seychelles</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a> are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification. They can be categorized by several criteria: architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging. As of 2004, the world's fishing fleet consisted of some 4 million vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-fao25_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao25-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas and the rest were open vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-fao25_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao25-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most decked vessels were mechanized, but two-thirds of the open vessels were traditional craft propelled by sails and oars.<sup id="cite_ref-fao25_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao25-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 60% of all existing large fishing vessels<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were built in Japan, Peru, the Russian Federation, Spain or the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_purpose_vessels">Special purpose vessels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Special purpose vessels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weather_ship" title="Weather ship">Weather ship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polarfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Polarfront.jpg/220px-Polarfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Polarfront.jpg/330px-Polarfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Polarfront.jpg/440px-Polarfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The weather ship <a href="/wiki/MS_Polarfront" title="MS Polarfront">MS <i>Polarfront</i></a> at sea.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Weather_ship" title="Weather ship">weather ship</a> was a ship stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in <a href="/wiki/Marine_weather_forecasting" title="Marine weather forecasting">marine weather forecasting</a>. Surface weather observations were taken hourly, and four radiosonde releases occurred daily.<sup id="cite_ref-cg_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cg-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights.<sup id="cite_ref-cg_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cg-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pop_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposed as early as 1927 by the <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> community,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> that the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) established a global network of weather ships in 1948, with 13 to be supplied by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number was eventually negotiated down to nine.<sup id="cite_ref-Roll_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roll-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The weather ship crews were normally at sea for three weeks at a time, returning to port for 10-day stretches.<sup id="cite_ref-cg_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cg-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like other ships tended to for safety reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Massel_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massel-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also helpful in monitoring storms at sea, such as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The removal of a weather ship became a negative factor in forecasts leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Storm of 1987">Great Storm of 1987</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1970s, their role became largely superseded by <a href="/wiki/Weather_buoy" title="Weather buoy">weather buoys</a> due to the ships' significant cost.<sup id="cite_ref-NRC_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement of the use of weather ships by the international community ended in 1990. The last weather ship was <i><a href="/wiki/Polarfront" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarfront">Polarfront</a></i>, known as weather station M ("Mike"), which was put out of operation on 1 January 2010. Weather observations from ships continue from a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_observing_ship_program" title="Voluntary observing ship program">voluntary merchant vessels</a> in routine commercial operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_vessels">Naval vessels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Naval vessels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Harry_S._Truman_alongside_USNS_John_Lenthall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/USS_Harry_S._Truman_alongside_USNS_John_Lenthall.jpg/220px-USS_Harry_S._Truman_alongside_USNS_John_Lenthall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/USS_Harry_S._Truman_alongside_USNS_John_Lenthall.jpg/330px-USS_Harry_S._Truman_alongside_USNS_John_Lenthall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/USS_Harry_S._Truman_alongside_USNS_John_Lenthall.jpg/440px-USS_Harry_S._Truman_alongside_USNS_John_Lenthall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Harry_S._Truman" title="USS Harry S. Truman">USS <i>Harry S. Truman</i></a> and a <a href="/wiki/Replenishment_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Replenishment ship">replenishment ship</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Naval_ship" title="Naval ship">Naval ships</a> are diverse in <a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_naval_vessels" title="List of types of naval vessels">types of vessel</a>. They include: <a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of naval ship classes in service">surface warships</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_in_service" title="List of submarine classes in service">submarines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">auxiliary ships</a>. </p><p>Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare_ship" title="Amphibious warfare ship">amphibious warfare ships</a>. The distinctions among cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and corvettes are not codified; the same vessel may be described differently in different navies. <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleships</a> were used during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and occasionally since then (the last battleships were removed from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Vessel_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Vessel Register">U.S. Naval Vessel Register</a> in March 2006), but were made obsolete by the use of <a href="/wiki/Carrier-borne_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier-borne aircraft">carrier-borne aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided missiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most military submarines are either <a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">attack submarines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarines</a>. Until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering. With the development of the <a href="/wiki/Homing_torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Homing torpedo">homing torpedo</a>, better <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> systems, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_navy" title="Nuclear navy">nuclear propulsion</a>, submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other. The development of <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missiles">cruise missiles</a> gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from <a href="/wiki/Cluster_munition" title="Cluster munition">cluster munitions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navies</a> also include many types of support and auxiliary vessel, such as <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">patrol boats</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPV_(naval)" class="mw-redirect" title="OPV (naval)">offshore patrol vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Replenishment_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Replenishment ship">replenishment ships</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ships</a> which are designated <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">medical treatment</a> facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fast combat vessels such as cruisers and destroyers usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also usually have advanced <a href="/wiki/Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">marine electronics</a> and communication systems, as well as weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></div> <p>Some components exist in vessels of any size and purpose. Every vessel has a hull of sorts. Every vessel has some sort of propulsion, whether it's a pole, an ox, or a nuclear reactor. Most vessels have some sort of steering system. Other characteristics are common, but not as universal, such as compartments, holds, a superstructure, and equipment such as anchors and winches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hull">Hull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull (watercraft)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CargoVslBadWeather.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CargoVslBadWeather.JPG/220px-CargoVslBadWeather.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CargoVslBadWeather.JPG/330px-CargoVslBadWeather.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CargoVslBadWeather.JPG/440px-CargoVslBadWeather.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A ship's hull endures harsh conditions at sea, as illustrated by this <a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">reefer ship</a> in bad weather.</figcaption></figure> <p>For a ship to float, its weight must be less than that of the water displaced by the ship's hull.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many types of hulls, from logs lashed together to form a raft to the advanced hulls of <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a> sailboats. A vessel may have a single hull (called a monohull design), two in the case of <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>, or three in the case of <a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">trimarans</a>. Vessels with more than three hulls are rare, but some experiments have been conducted with designs such as pentamarans. Multiple hulls are generally parallel to each other and connected by rigid arms. </p><p>Hulls have several elements. The <a href="/wiki/Bow_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (ship)">bow</a> is the foremost part of the hull. Many ships feature a <a href="/wiki/Bulbous_bow" title="Bulbous bow">bulbous bow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> is at the very bottom of the hull, extending the entire length of the ship. The rear part of the hull is known as the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a>, and many hulls have a flat back known as a <a href="/wiki/Transom_(nautical)" title="Transom (nautical)">transom</a>. Common hull appendages include <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a> for propulsion, <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudders</a> for steering, and <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(ship)" title="Stabilizer (ship)">stabilizers</a> to quell a ship's rolling motion. Other hull features can be related to the vessel's work, such as fishing gear and <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar domes</a>. </p><p>Hulls are subject to various hydrostatic and hydrodynamic constraints. The key hydrostatic constraint is that it must be able to support the entire weight of the boat, and maintain stability even with often unevenly distributed weight. Hydrodynamic constraints include the ability to withstand shock waves, weather collisions and groundings. </p><p>Older ships and pleasure craft often have or had wooden hulls. Steel is used for most commercial vessels. Aluminium is frequently used for fast vessels, and <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a> are often found in sailboats and pleasure craft. Some ships have been made with <a href="/wiki/Concrete_ship" title="Concrete ship">concrete hulls</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion_systems">Propulsion systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Propulsion systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">Marine propulsion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Main_Engines,_V12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Two_Main_Engines%2C_V12.jpg/220px-Two_Main_Engines%2C_V12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Two_Main_Engines%2C_V12.jpg/330px-Two_Main_Engines%2C_V12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Two_Main_Engines%2C_V12.jpg/440px-Two_Main_Engines%2C_V12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A ship's engine room</figcaption></figure> <p>Propulsion systems for ships fall into three categories: human propulsion, <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, and mechanical propulsion. Human propulsion includes <a href="/wiki/Watercraft_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercraft rowing">rowing</a>, which was used even on large <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a>. Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays and spars and controlled by ropes. Sail systems were the dominant form of propulsion until the 19th century. They are now generally used for recreation and competition, although experimental sail systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Turbosail" title="Turbosail">turbosails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotorsail" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotorsail">rotorsails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">wingsails</a> have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel savings. </p><p>Mechanical <a href="/wiki/Propulsion_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Propulsion systems">propulsion systems</a> generally consist of a motor or engine turning a <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a>, or less frequently, an <a href="/wiki/Impeller" title="Impeller">impeller</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">wave propulsion fins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">Steam engines</a> were first used for this purpose, but have mostly been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">two-stroke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">four-stroke</a> diesel engines, outboard motors, and <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbine engine">gas turbine engines</a> on faster ships. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear reactors</a> producing steam are used to propel <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreakers</a>, and there have been attempts to use them to power commercial vessels (see <a href="/wiki/NS_Savannah" title="NS Savannah">NS <i>Savannah</i></a>). </p><p>In addition to traditional fixed and controllable pitch propellers there are many specialized variations, such as contra-rotating and nozzle-style propellers. Most vessels have a single propeller, but some large vessels may have up to four propellers supplemented with <a href="/wiki/Bow_thruster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow thruster">transverse thrusters</a> for maneuvring at ports. The propeller is connected to the main engine via a propeller shaft and, in case of medium- and high-speed engines, a reduction gearbox. Some modern vessels have a <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Diesel–electric powertrain">diesel–electric powertrain</a> in which the propeller is turned by an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> powered by the ship's generators. </p><p>As environmental sustainability becomes a paramount concern, the maritime industry is exploring cleaner propulsion technologies. Alternatives like LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), ammonia, and hydrogen are emerging as viable options. LPG is already utilized as fuel for long-distance shipping,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offering a cleaner option with a lower carbon footprint. Meanwhile, hydrogen and ammonia technologies are in development stages for long-haul applications, promising even more significant reductions in emissions and a step closer to achieving <a href="/wiki/Decarbonization_of_shipping" title="Decarbonization of shipping">carbon-neutral shipping.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steering_systems">Steering systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Steering systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpg/220px-Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpg/330px-Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpg/440px-Ferry-rudder-and-propeller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The rudder and propeller on a newly built <a href="/wiki/Ferryboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferryboat">ferry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For ships with independent propulsion systems for each side, such as manual oars or some <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> steering systems may not be necessary. In most designs, such as boats propelled by engines or sails, a steering system becomes necessary. The most common is a rudder, a submerged plane located at the rear of the hull. Rudders are rotated to generate a lateral force which turns the boat. Rudders can be rotated by a <a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">tiller</a>, manual wheels, or electro-hydraulic systems. <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a> systems combine mechanical rudders with navigation systems. <a href="/wiki/Ducted_propeller" title="Ducted propeller">Ducted propellers</a> are sometimes used for steering. </p><p>Some propulsion systems are inherently steering systems. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Outboard_motor" title="Outboard motor">outboard motor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bow_thruster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow thruster">bow thruster</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Azimuth_thruster" title="Azimuth thruster">azimuth thruster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holds,_compartments,_and_the_superstructure"><span id="Holds.2C_compartments.2C_and_the_superstructure"></span>Holds, compartments, and the superstructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Holds, compartments, and the superstructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Larger boats and ships generally have multiple decks and compartments. Separate <a href="/wiki/Berthing" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthing">berthings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_(watercraft)" title="Head (watercraft)">heads</a> are found on sailboats over about 25 feet (7.6 m). Fishing boats and cargo ships typically have one or more cargo holds. Most larger vessels have an engine room, a <a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">galley</a>, and various compartments for work. Tanks are used to store fuel, engine oil, and fresh water. Ballast tanks are equipped to change a ship's trim and modify its stability. </p><p>Superstructures are found above the main deck. On sailboats, these are usually very low. On modern cargo ships, they are almost always located near the ship's stern. On passenger ships and warships, the superstructure generally extends far forward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shipboard equipment varies from ship to ship depending on such factors as the ship's era, design, area of operation, and purpose. Some types of equipment that are widely found include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast (sail)">Masts</a> can be the home of antennas, navigation lights, radar transponders, fog signals, and similar devices often required by law.</li> <li>Ground tackle comprises the anchor, its chain or cable, and connecting fittings.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cargo equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a> and cargo booms may be used to load and unload cargo and ship's stores.</li> <li>Safety equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">lifeboats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liferaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Liferaft">liferafts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Survival_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Survival suit">survival suits</a> are carried aboard many vessels for emergency use.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_considerations">Design considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Design considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrostatics">Hydrostatics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hydrostatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fluid_statics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid statics">Fluid statics</a></div> <p>Ships float in the water at a level where mass of the displaced water equals the mass of the vessel, so that the downwards force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> equals the upward force of <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. As a vessel is lowered into the water its weight remains constant but the corresponding weight of water displaced by its hull increases. If the vessel's mass is evenly distributed throughout, it floats evenly along its length and across its <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a> (width). A vessel's stability is considered in both this <a href="/wiki/Initial_stability" title="Initial stability">hydrostatic</a> sense as well as a <a href="/wiki/Ship_stability" title="Ship stability">hydrodynamic</a> sense, when subjected to movement, rolling and pitching, and the action of waves and wind. Stability problems can lead to excessive pitching and rolling, and eventually capsizing and sinking.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrodynamics">Hydrodynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hydrodynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bugwinkel39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bugwinkel39.jpg/220px-Bugwinkel39.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bugwinkel39.jpg/330px-Bugwinkel39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bugwinkel39.jpg/440px-Bugwinkel39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/SMS_Schlesien" title="SMS Schlesien">German battleship <i>Schlesien</i></a>, showing a 39° <a href="/wiki/Wake_(physics)" title="Wake (physics)">wake</a>, characteristic of vessels passing through water.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brosen_shipsmovemensonthewave.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Brosen_shipsmovemensonthewave.svg/220px-Brosen_shipsmovemensonthewave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Brosen_shipsmovemensonthewave.svg/330px-Brosen_shipsmovemensonthewave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Brosen_shipsmovemensonthewave.svg/440px-Brosen_shipsmovemensonthewave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Vessels move along the three axes: 1. heave, 2. sway, 3. surge, 4. yaw, 5. pitch, 6. roll</figcaption></figure> <p>The advance of a vessel through water is resisted by the water. This resistance can be broken down into several components, the main ones being the friction of the water on the hull and <a href="/wiki/Wave_making_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave making resistance">wave making resistance</a>. To reduce resistance and therefore increase the speed for a given power, it is necessary to reduce the wetted surface and use submerged hull shapes that produce low amplitude waves. To do so, high-speed vessels are often more slender, with fewer or smaller appendages. The friction of the water is also reduced by regular maintenance of the hull to remove the sea creatures and algae that accumulate there. <a href="/wiki/Antifouling" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifouling">Antifouling</a> paint is commonly used to assist in this. Advanced designs such as the <a href="/wiki/Bulbous_bow" title="Bulbous bow">bulbous bow</a> assist in decreasing wave resistance. </p><p>A simple way of considering wave-making resistance is to look at the hull in relation to its wake. At speeds lower than the wave propagation speed, the wave rapidly dissipates to the sides. As the hull approaches the wave propagation speed, however, the wake at the bow begins to build up faster than it can dissipate, and so it grows in <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a>. Since the water is not able to "get out of the way of the hull fast enough", the hull, in essence, has to climb over or push through the bow wave. This results in an <a href="/wiki/Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exponential</a> increase in resistance with increasing speed. </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/Hull_speed" title="Hull speed">hull speed</a> is found by the formula: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{knots}}\approx 1.34\times {\sqrt {L{\mbox{ft}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>knots</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>1.34</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>ft</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{knots}}\approx 1.34\times {\sqrt {L{\mbox{ft}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0058f54905057ff49fc893eac5ac84149c1d2b49" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.712ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{knots}}\approx 1.34\times {\sqrt {L{\mbox{ft}}}}}"></span></div> <p>or, in <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a> units: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mbox{knots}}\approx 2.5\times {\sqrt {L{\mbox{m}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>knots</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>2.5</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>m</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mbox{knots}}\approx 2.5\times {\sqrt {L{\mbox{m}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c846c5b408dd527b339f4a98ec9d863bf2645e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:19.869ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mbox{knots}}\approx 2.5\times {\sqrt {L{\mbox{m}}}}}"></span></div> <p>where <i>L</i> is the length of the waterline in feet or meters. </p><p>When the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 0.94, it starts to outrun most of its <a href="/wiki/Bow_wave" title="Bow wave">bow wave</a>, and the hull actually settles slightly in the water as it is now only supported by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 1.34, the hull speed, the wavelength is now longer than the hull, and the stern is no longer supported by the wake, causing the stern to squat, and the bow rise. The hull is now starting to climb its own bow wave, and resistance begins to increase at a very high rate. While it is possible to drive a displacement hull faster than a speed/length ratio of 1.34, it is prohibitively expensive to do so. Most large vessels operate at speed/length ratios well below that level, at speed/length ratios of under 1.0. </p><p>For large projects with adequate funding, hydrodynamic resistance can be tested experimentally in a hull testing pool or using tools of <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>. </p><p>Vessels are also subject to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean surface wave">ocean surface waves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_swell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea swell">sea swell</a> as well as effects of <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>. These movements can be stressful for passengers and equipment, and must be controlled if possible. The rolling movement can be controlled, to an extent, by ballasting or by devices such as <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(ship)" title="Stabilizer (ship)">fin stabilizers</a>. Pitching movement is more difficult to limit and can be dangerous if the bow submerges in the waves, a phenomenon called pounding. Sometimes, ships must change course or speed to stop violent rolling or pitching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifecycle">Lifecycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Lifecycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lines_plan_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lines_plan_en.svg/220px-Lines_plan_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lines_plan_en.svg/330px-Lines_plan_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lines_plan_en.svg/440px-Lines_plan_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Lines plan for the hull of a basic <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_of_the_seas_construction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Freedom_of_the_seas_construction.jpg/220px-Freedom_of_the_seas_construction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Freedom_of_the_seas_construction.jpg/330px-Freedom_of_the_seas_construction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Freedom_of_the_seas_construction.jpg/440px-Freedom_of_the_seas_construction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MS_Freedom_of_the_Seas" title="MS Freedom of the Seas">MS <i>Freedom of the Seas</i></a> under construction in a shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A ship will pass through several stages during its career. The first is usually an initial contract to build the ship, the details of which can vary widely based on relationships between the <a href="/wiki/Shipowner" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipowner">shipowners</a>, operators, <a href="/wiki/Naval_architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval architect">designers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyard</a>. Then, the design phase carried out by a naval architect. Then the ship is constructed in a shipyard. After construction, the vessel is launched and goes into service. Ships end their careers in a number of ways, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">shipwrecks</a> to service as a <a href="/wiki/Museum_ship" title="Museum ship">museum ship</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">the scrapyard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></div> <p>A vessel's design starts with a specification, which a <a href="/wiki/Naval_architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval architect">naval architect</a> uses to create a project outline, assess required dimensions, and create a basic layout of spaces and a rough displacement. After this initial rough draft, the architect can create an initial hull design, a general profile and an initial overview of the ship's propulsion. At this stage, the designer can iterate on the ship's design, adding detail and refining the design at each stage. </p><p>The designer will typically produce an overall plan, a general specification describing the peculiarities of the vessel, and construction blueprints to be used at the building site. Designs for larger or more complex vessels may also include sail plans, electrical schematics, and plumbing and ventilation plans. </p><p>As environmental laws are becoming more strict, ship designers need to create their design in such a way that the ship, when it nears its end-of-term, can be <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">disassembled</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">disposed</a> easily and that waste is reduced to a minimum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brosen_northern_side_lauching2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Brosen_northern_side_lauching2.jpg/220px-Brosen_northern_side_lauching2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Brosen_northern_side_lauching2.jpg/330px-Brosen_northern_side_lauching2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Brosen_northern_side_lauching2.jpg/440px-Brosen_northern_side_lauching2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship naming and launching">ship launching</a> at the Northern Shipyard in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk,_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdańsk, Poland">Gdańsk, Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ship construction takes place in a <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyard</a>, and can last from a few months for a unit produced in series, to several years to reconstruct a wooden boat like the frigate <i>Hermione</i>, to more than 10 years for an aircraft carrier. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the need for cargo ships was so urgent that construction time for <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty Ships</a> went from initially eight months or longer, down to weeks or even days. Builders employed production line and prefabrication techniques such as those used in shipyards today.<sup id="cite_ref-Sawyer_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sawyer-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaffee_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffee-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herman_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herman-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hull materials and vessel size play a large part in determining the method of construction. The hull of a mass-produced fiberglass sailboat is constructed from a mold, while the steel hull of a cargo ship is made from large sections welded together as they are built. </p><p>Generally, construction starts with the hull, and on vessels over about 30 meters (98 ft), by the laying of the keel. This is done in a <a href="/wiki/Drydock" class="mw-redirect" title="Drydock">drydock</a> or on land. Once the hull is assembled and painted, it is launched. The last stages, such as raising the superstructure and adding equipment and accommodation, can be done after the vessel is afloat. </p><p>Once completed, the vessel is delivered to the customer. <a href="/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship naming and launching">Ship launching</a> is often a ceremony of some significance, and is usually when the vessel is formally named. A typical small rowboat can cost under US$100, $1,000 for a small speedboat, tens of thousands of dollars for a cruising sailboat, and about $2,000,000 for a <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e_Globe" title="Vendée Globe">Vendée Globe</a> class sailboat. A 25 meters (82 ft) trawler may cost $2.5 million, and a 1,000-person-capacity high-speed passenger ferry can cost in the neighborhood of $50 million. A ship's cost partly depends on its complexity: a small, <a href="/wiki/General_cargo_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="General cargo ship">general cargo ship</a> will cost $20 million, a <a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a>-sized <a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">bulk carrier</a> around $35 million, a <a href="/wiki/Supertanker" class="mw-redirect" title="Supertanker">supertanker</a> around $105 million and a large <a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carrier</a> nearly $200 million. The most expensive ships generally are so because of the cost of embedded electronics: a <a href="/wiki/Seawolf-class_submarine" title="Seawolf-class submarine"><i>Seawolf</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> costs around $2 billion, and an aircraft carrier goes for about $3.5 billion. </p><p>In 2023, the majority of the world's ships (95% of global output) were built in just three countries: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCTAD2024_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCTAD2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repair_and_conversion">Repair and conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Repair and conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPG/220px-Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPG/330px-Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPG/440px-Able-seaman-scaling-winch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Able_seaman" title="Able seaman">Able seaman</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Needlegun_scaler" title="Needlegun scaler">needlegun scaler</a> on a mooring winch.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ships undergo nearly constant maintenance during their career, whether they be underway, pierside, or in some cases, in periods of reduced operating status between charters or shipping seasons. </p><p>Most ships, however, require trips to special facilities such as a <a href="/wiki/Drydock" class="mw-redirect" title="Drydock">drydock</a> at regular intervals. Tasks often done at drydock include removing biological growths on the hull, <a href="/wiki/Sandblasting" title="Sandblasting">sandblasting</a> and repainting the hull, and replacing <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_anode" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial anode">sacrificial anodes</a> used to protect submerged equipment from corrosion. Major repairs to the propulsion and steering systems as well as major electrical systems are also often performed at dry dock. </p><p>Some vessels that sustain major damage at sea may be repaired at a facility equipped for major repairs, such as a shipyard. Ships may also be converted for a new purpose: <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a> are often converted into <a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating production storage and offloading unit">floating production storage and offloading units</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_service">End of service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: End of service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">Ship disposal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_(8).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG/220px-Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG/330px-Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG/440px-Jafrabad_Chittagong_shipbreaking_%288%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Workers drag steel plate ashore from beached ships in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <p>Most ocean-going cargo ships have a life expectancy of between 20 and 30 years. A sailboat made of plywood or fiberglass can last between 30 and 40 years. Solid wooden ships can last much longer but require regular maintenance. Carefully maintained steel-hulled yachts can have a lifespan of over 100 years. </p><p>As ships age, forces such as corrosion, osmosis, and rotting compromise hull strength, and a vessel becomes too dangerous to sail. At this point, it can be <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> at sea or <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">scrapped</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">shipbreakers</a>. Ships can also be used as <a href="/wiki/Museum_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum ships">museum ships</a>, or expended to construct <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwaters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">artificial reefs</a>. </p><p>Many ships do not make it to the scrapyard, and are lost in fires, collisions, <a href="/wiki/Ship_grounding" title="Ship grounding">grounding</a>, or sinking at sea. The Allies lost some 5,150 ships during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Albion_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albion-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measuring_ships">Measuring ships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Measuring ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One can <a href="/wiki/Molded_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Molded depth">measure ships</a> in terms of <a href="/wiki/Length_overall" title="Length overall">length overall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars" title="Length between perpendiculars">length between perpendiculars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterline_length" title="Waterline length">length of the ship at the waterline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam (breadth)</a>, depth (distance between the crown of the weather deck and the top of the keelson), <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a> (distance between the highest waterline and the bottom of the ship) and <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">tonnage</a>. A number of different tonnage definitions exist and are used when describing merchant ships for the purpose of tolls, taxation, etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brosen_plimsoll_line_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Brosen_plimsoll_line_en.svg/220px-Brosen_plimsoll_line_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Brosen_plimsoll_line_en.svg/330px-Brosen_plimsoll_line_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Brosen_plimsoll_line_en.svg/440px-Brosen_plimsoll_line_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>load line mark (left) and load lines (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Britain until <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Plimsoll" title="Samuel Plimsoll">Samuel Plimsoll</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act#List" title="Merchant Shipping Act">Merchant Shipping Act of 1876</a>, ship-owners could load their vessels until their decks were almost awash, resulting in a dangerously unstable condition. Anyone who signed on to such a ship for a voyage and, upon realizing the danger, chose to leave the ship, could end up in <a href="/wiki/Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Jail">jail</a>. Plimsoll, a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>, realised the problem and engaged some <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a> to derive a fairly simple <a href="/wiki/Formula" title="Formula">formula</a> to determine the position of a line on the side of any specific ship's hull which, when it reached the surface of the water during loading of cargo, meant the ship had reached its maximum safe loading level. To this day, that mark, called the "<a href="/wiki/Plimsoll_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Plimsoll mark">Plimsoll mark</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Freeboard_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeboard mark">freeboard mark</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Load_line_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Load line mark">load line mark</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECLL1966172–174Regulation_5_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECLL1966172–174Regulation_5-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exists on ships' sides, and consists of a <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circle</a> with a horizontal line through the centre. On the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes of North America">Great Lakes of North America</a> the circle is replaced with a diamond. Because different types of water (summer, fresh, tropical fresh, winter north Atlantic) have different densities, subsequent regulations required painting a group of lines forward of the Plimsoll mark to indicate the safe depth (or freeboard above the surface) to which a specific ship could load in water of various densities. Hence the "ladder" of lines seen forward of the Plimsoll mark to this day. These are called the "<a href="/wiki/Load_line_(watercraft)" title="Load line (watercraft)">load lines</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECLL1966174–178Regulation_6_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECLL1966174–178Regulation_6-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Marine_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine industry">marine industry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ship_pollution">Ship pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ship pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ship <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> is the pollution of air and water by <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">shipping</a>. It is a problem that has been accelerating as trade has become increasingly globalized, posing an increasing threat to the world's oceans and waterways as <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> continues. It is expected that "shipping traffic to and from the United States is projected to double by 2020."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of increased traffic in ocean <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a>, pollution from ships also directly affects coastal areas. The pollution produced affects <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, climate, food, and human health. However, the degree to which humans are polluting and how it affects the world is highly debated and has been a hot international topic for the past 30 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spills">Oil spills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Oil spills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/220px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg/330px-OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/OilCleanupAfterValdezSpill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption> The tanker <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill"><i>Exxon Valdez</i> spilled</a> 10,800,000 US gallons (8,993,000 imp gal; 40,880,000 L) of oil into Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Crude oil contains <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs) which are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> and marine environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Panetta_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panetta-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marine species constantly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive cycles. </p><p>By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered something of a threat to the environment. An oil tanker can carry 2 million barrels (318,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of crude oil, or 84,000,000 US gallons (69,940,000 imp gal; 318,000,000 L). This is more than six times the amount spilled in the widely known <a href="/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill" title="Exxon Valdez oil spill"><i>Exxon Valdez</i> incident</a>. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped 10,800,000 US gallons (8,993,000 imp gal; 40,880,000 L) of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers, over 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Seabirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabirds">seabirds</a>, about 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Sea_otters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea otters">sea otters</a>, and immense numbers of fish were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Panetta_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panetta-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation has researched 9,351 accidental spills since 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-itopf_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itopf-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this study, most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo, and taking on fuel oil.<sup id="cite_ref-itopf_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itopf-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 91% of the operational oil spills were small, resulting in less than 7 tons per spill.<sup id="cite_ref-itopf_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itopf-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spills resulting from accidents like collisions, groundings, hull failures, and explosions are much larger, with 84% of these involving losses of over 700 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-itopf_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itopf-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> spill, the United States passed the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act of 1990</a> (OPA-90), which included a stipulation that all tankers entering its waters be <a href="/wiki/Double-hulled_tanker" title="Double-hulled tanker">double-hulled</a> by 2015. Following the sinkings of <i><a href="/wiki/Erika_(tanker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erika (tanker)">Erika</a></i> (1999) and <i><a href="/wiki/Prestige_oil_spill" title="Prestige oil spill">Prestige</a></i> (2002), the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages (known as Erika I, II, and III), which require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010. The Erika packages are controversial because they introduced the new legal concept of "serious negligence".<sup id="cite_ref-EuroP_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroP-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballast_water">Ballast water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ballast water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment" title="Ballast water discharge and the environment">Ballast water discharge and the environment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ship_pumping_ballast_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ship_pumping_ballast_water.jpg/170px-Ship_pumping_ballast_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Ship_pumping_ballast_water.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>A cargo ship pumps ballast water over the side</figcaption></figure> <p>When a large vessel such as a <a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">container ship</a> or an oil tanker unloads cargo, seawater is pumped into other compartments in the hull to help stabilize and balance the ship. During loading, this ballast water is pumped out from these compartments.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the problems with ballast water transfer is the transport of harmful organisms. Meinesz<sup id="cite_ref-Meinesz_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinesz-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believes that one of the worst cases of a single invasive species causing harm to an ecosystem can be attributed to a seemingly harmless <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonic</a> organism . <i><a href="/wiki/Mnemiopsis_leidyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mnemiopsis leidyi">Mnemiopsis leidyi</a></i>, a species of <a href="/wiki/Comb_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Comb jelly">comb jelly</a> that inhabits estuaries from the United States to the Valdés peninsula in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> coast, has caused notable damage in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. It was first introduced in 1982, and thought to have been transported to the Black Sea in a ship's ballast water. The population of the comb jelly shot up exponentially and, by 1988, it was wreaking havoc upon the local <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> industry. "The <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a> catch fell from 204,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (225,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>; 201,000 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>) in 1984 to 200 tonnes (220 short tons; 197 long tons) in 1993; sprat from 24,600 tonnes (27,100 short tons; 24,200 long tons) in 1984 to 12,000 tonnes (13,200 short tons; 11,800 long tons) in 1993; <a href="/wiki/Horse_mackerel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse mackerel (disambiguation)">horse mackerel</a> from 4,000 tonnes (4,410 short tons; 3,940 long tons) in 1984 to zero in 1993."<sup id="cite_ref-Meinesz_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meinesz-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now that the comb jellies have exhausted the <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, including fish larvae, their numbers have fallen dramatically, yet they continue to maintain a stranglehold on the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. Recently the comb jellies have been discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. Invasive species can take over once occupied areas, facilitate the spread of new <a href="/wiki/Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases">diseases</a>, introduce new <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> material, alter landscapes and jeopardize the ability of native species to obtain food. "On land and in the sea, invasive species are responsible for about 137 billion dollars in lost revenue and management costs in the U.S. each year."<sup id="cite_ref-Panetta_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panetta-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ballast and <a href="/wiki/Bilge" title="Bilge">bilge</a> discharge from ships can also spread human <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a> and other harmful diseases and <a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">toxins</a> potentially causing health issues for humans and marine life alike.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discharges into coastal waters, along with other sources of marine pollution, have the potential to be toxic to marine plants, animals, and <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>, causing alterations such as changes in growth, disruption of <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> cycles, birth defects, suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, and disorders resulting in <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumors">tumors</a>, and genetic abnormalities or even death.<sup id="cite_ref-Panetta_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panetta-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhaust_emissions">Exhaust emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Exhaust emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K-stack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/K-stack.jpg/170px-K-stack.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/K-stack.jpg/255px-K-stack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/K-stack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>Exhaust stack on a container ship.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust</a> emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>. "Seagoing vessels are responsible for an estimated 14 percent of emissions of nitrogen from fossil fuels and 16 percent of the emissions of sulfur from petroleum uses into the atmosphere."<sup id="cite_ref-Panetta_119-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panetta-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe ships make up a large percentage of the sulfur introduced to the air, "as much sulfur as all the cars, <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">lorries</a> and factories in Europe put together".<sup id="cite_ref-Harrabin_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrabin-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "By 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land could come from ships."<sup id="cite_ref-Harrabin_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrabin-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulfur in the air creates <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> which damages crops and buildings. When inhaled, sulfur is known to cause <a href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a> problems and increase the risk of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrabin_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrabin-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship_breaking">Ship breaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ship breaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">Ship breaking</a></div> <p><b>Ship breaking</b> or <b>ship demolition</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">ship disposal</a> involving the breaking up of ships for <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a> <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a>, with the hulls being discarded in <a href="/wiki/Ship_graveyard" title="Ship graveyard">ship graveyards</a>. Most ships have a lifespan of a few decades before there is so much wear that refitting and repair becomes uneconomical. Ship breaking allows materials from the ship, especially steel, to be reused. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipbreakingbangladesh2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shipbreakingbangladesh2.jpg/220px-Shipbreakingbangladesh2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shipbreakingbangladesh2.jpg/330px-Shipbreakingbangladesh2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Shipbreakingbangladesh2.jpg/440px-Shipbreakingbangladesh2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1669" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Ship breaking near <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to steel and other useful materials, however, ships (particularly older vessels) can contain many substances that are banned or considered dangerous in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychlorinated biphenyls">polychlorinated biphenyls</a> (PCBs) are typical examples. Asbestos was used heavily in ship construction until it was finally banned in most of the developed world in the mid-1980s. Currently, the costs associated with removing asbestos, along with the potentially expensive insurance and health risks, have meant that ship-breaking in most developed countries is no longer economically viable. Removing the metal for scrap can potentially cost more than the scrap value of the metal itself. In most of the developing world, however, shipyards can operate without the risk of <a href="/wiki/Personal_injury" title="Personal injury">personal injury lawsuits</a> or <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' health claims</a>, meaning many of these shipyards may operate with high health risks. Furthermore, workers are paid very low rates with no overtime or other allowances. Protective equipment is sometimes absent or inadequate. Dangerous vapors and fumes from burning materials can be inhaled, and dusty asbestos-laden areas around such breakdown locations are commonplace. </p><p>Aside from the health of the yard workers, in recent years, ship breaking has also become an issue of major <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental concern</a>. Many developing nations, in which ship breaking yards are located, have lax or no <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a>, enabling large quantities of highly toxic materials to escape into the environment and causing serious health problems among ship breakers, the local population and wildlife. Environmental campaign groups such as <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> have made the issue a high priority for their campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/21px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/42px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">Airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)" title="Chartering (shipping)">Chartering (shipping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_positioning" title="Dynamic positioning">Dynamic positioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_state" title="Flag state">Flag state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)">Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M-Z)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)">Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">Marine electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fuel_management" title="Marine fuel management">Marine fuel management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_ship" title="Mother ship">Mother ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ship" title="Naval ship">Naval ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">Nuclear marine propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">Propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">Ship transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_watching" title="Ship watching">Ship watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">Shipwreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spaceship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_safety_survey" title="Vessel safety survey">Vessel safety survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Watercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">Whaler</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Model ships</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship_model" title="Ship model">Ship model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_model_basin" title="Ship model basin">Ship model basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replica</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lists</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_ships" title="List of fictional ships">List of fictional ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_ship_types" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical ship types">List of historical ship types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panamax_ports" title="List of Panamax ports">List of Panamax ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cruise_ships" title="List of largest cruise ships">List of largest cruise ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_ships_by_gross_tonnage" title="List of largest ships by gross tonnage">List of largest ships by gross tonnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_ships" title="List of longest ships">List of longest ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ships" title="Lists of ships">Lists of ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_shipwrecks" title="Lists of shipwrecks">Lists of shipwrecks</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Ship sizes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aframax" title="Aframax">Aframax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capesize" title="Capesize">Capesize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinamax" title="Chinamax">Chinamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handymax" title="Handymax">Handymax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handysize" title="Handysize">Handysize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Triple_E_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Maersk Triple E class">Maersk Triple E class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccamax" title="Malaccamax">Malaccamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Max" title="Q-Max">Q-Max</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawaymax" title="Seawaymax">Seawaymax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suezmax" title="Suezmax">Suezmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Ultra Large Crude Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valemax" title="Valemax">Valemax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">VLCC</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1815 <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register" title="Lloyd's Register"><i>Lloyd's Underwriters' Register</i></a> used 12 different rig types. These were ship, sloop, snow, smack, schooner, schoot, brig, galliot, hoy, dogger, cutter and ketch. Translating these terms into our modern rig names is not necessarily straightforward as some represent something other than the current meaning. The <i>Shipowner's Register</i> of the same date also included barque, lugger and yacht. The barquentine did not come into use until the middle of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Macgregor_1984_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macgregor_1984-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bennet_2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennet_2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All full-rigged ships have a fore and aft sail on the after-most mast (such as a <a href="/wiki/Spanker_(sail)" title="Spanker (sail)">spanker</a>). In later ships, square sails were set above this, but early in the period the mizzen may carry just a <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen</a> fore-and-aft sail. This would still be categorised as "ship-rigged".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The distance by sea from Alexandria (the main Egyptian grain port during the Roman Empire) to Civitavecchia (the modern port for Rome) is 1,142 nautical miles (2,115 km; 1,314 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Chinese rudder has some substantial differences from the <a href="/wiki/Pintle" title="Pintle">pintle</a> and gudgeon-hung rudder that was adopted from Northern Europe into the Mediterranean some time after the middle of the 12th century. Chinese ships of this time did not even have a stern post on which to mount a rudder. Elsewhere, Arab shipwrights used a stern-post mounted rudder which would have been known to Mediterranean mariners before their adoption of the pintle and gudgeon system, but the Arab system used rope lashings between the sternpost and the rudder, not the metal of the Northern European system. The Arab system had no significant adoption in the Mediterranean and had the disadvantage of needing frequent inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-Mott_1997_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mott_1997-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7, 120–125">: 7, 120–125 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this context, this Northern European tradition refers to the Atlantic coast of Europe, extending through the North Sea and into the Baltic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More technically, these bottom planks were fastened to the <span title="See entry on this page at § floor" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A%E2%80%93L)#floor" title="Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)">floor</a></span>s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This less well-known Northern European method may be a continuous tradition going back to the Romano-Celtic period. "Romano-Celtic" is the term given to the shipbuilding tradition found during the Roman occupation of Celtic parts of Europe. This translates to archaeological sites in Britain, arguably including finds in continental Europe. This method certainly continued into the 17th century as the "bottom-based" construction method used in Dutch shipyards.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is possible that the terminology used in the Mediterranean was not precise enough to differentiate between clinker-built ships and cogs, with the same word being applied to both.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Square sails had disappeared from the Mediterranean after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical period</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An example is the <a href="/wiki/Newport_medieval_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport medieval ship">Newport medieval ship</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNFAO defines a large fishing vessel as one with <a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">gross tonnage</a> over 100 GT.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Almost all paddle steamers had a single engine with their paddles permanently coupled, without any clutches, and so could not be used for steering. Only a few examples with separate engines were steerable. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> operated diesel–electric harbour tugs with paddles into the 1970s for their superior manoeuvrability.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_-_History_of_ships-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_-_History_of_ships_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_-_History_of_ships_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/ship/History-of-ships">Britannica – History of ships</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCTAD2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD2024_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD2024_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD2024_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD2024_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctad.org/publication/review-maritime-transport-2024">"Review of Maritime Transport 2024"</a>. <i>UNCTAD</i>. 2024-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNCTAD&rft.atitle=Review+of+Maritime+Transport+2024&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fpublication%2Freview-maritime-transport-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cutler 1999, p. 620.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wLT0Vfh0TQsC&pg=PA1091">"Ship"</a>. <i>Wharton's concise dictionary</i>. Universal Law Publishing. 2009. p. 1168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7534-783-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7534-783-0"><bdi>978-81-7534-783-0</bdi></a>. <q><span style="padding-left:0.15em;">'</span>Ship' means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ship&rft.btitle=Wharton%27s+concise+dictionary&rft.pages=1168&rft.pub=Universal+Law+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7534-783-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwLT0Vfh0TQsC%26pg%3DPA1091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2014" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Jack (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ce2BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT5"><i>101 Amazing Facts about Ships and Boats</i></a>. Andrews UK Limited. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78333-525-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78333-525-1"><bdi>978-1-78333-525-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Amazing+Facts+about+Ships+and+Boats&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78333-525-1&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Ce2BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cutler, Thomas J. (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2017/october/bluejackets-manual-ships-and-boats-and">"Bluejacket's Manual – Of Ships and Boats and ..."</a> <i>Naval History Magazine</i>. <b>31</b> (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bluejacket%27s+Manual+%E2%80%93+Of+Ships+and+Boats+and+...&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2017-10&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2017%2Foctober%2Fbluejackets-manual-ships-and-boats-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonsson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jonsson_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredrik_C._Jonsson2011" class="citation book cs1">Fredrik C. Jonsson (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/941718687"><i>Maritime sniper manual : precision fire from seaborne platforms</i></a>. Paladin Press, U S. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61004-669-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61004-669-5"><bdi>978-1-61004-669-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/941718687">941718687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+sniper+manual+%3A+precision+fire+from+seaborne+platforms.&rft.pub=Paladin+Press%2C+U+S&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F941718687&rft.isbn=978-1-61004-669-5&rft.au=Fredrik+C.+Jonsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F941718687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ridley-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ridley_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidleyPatterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Jonathan; Patterson, Christopher (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lvcqAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA717"><i>Ship Stability, Powering and Resistance</i></a>. Reeds Marine Engineering and Technology. Vol. 13. A&C Black. p. 784. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-7614-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-7614-6"><bdi>978-1-4081-7614-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ship+Stability%2C+Powering+and+Resistance&rft.series=Reeds+Marine+Engineering+and+Technology&rft.pages=784&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-7614-6&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlvcqAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faltinsen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faltinsen_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaltinsen2005" class="citation book cs1">Faltinsen, Odd M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rv4Iep_NTAUC&pg=PA384"><i>Hydrodynamics of High-Speed Marine Vehicles</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84568-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84568-7"><bdi>978-0-521-84568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrodynamics+of+High-Speed+Marine+Vehicles&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84568-7&rft.aulast=Faltinsen&rft.aufirst=Odd+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRv4Iep_NTAUC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1895" class="citation cs2">Williams, Charles Frederic (1895), "Vessel", in Merrill, John Houston; Williams, Charles Frederic; Michie, Thomas Johnson; Garland, David Shephard (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TlJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA440"><i>Utmost care to Watercourses</i></a>, The American and English Encyclopædia of Law, vol. 28, Edward Thompson Company, p. 440</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vessel&rft.btitle=Utmost+care+to+Watercourses&rft.series=The+American+and+English+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Law&rft.pages=440&rft.pub=Edward+Thompson+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Charles+Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TlJAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macgregor_1984-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macgregor_1984_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor1984" class="citation book cs1">MacGregor, David R. (1984). <i>Merchant sailing ships. 1815–1850: supremacy of sail</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851772943" title="Special:BookSources/0851772943"><bdi>0851772943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+sailing+ships.+1815%E2%80%931850%3A+supremacy+of+sail&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0851772943&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennet_2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bennet_2005_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2005" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Jenny (2005). <i>Sailing rigs: an illustrated guide</i> (1. publ ed.). London: Chatham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861762437" title="Special:BookSources/1861762437"><bdi>1861762437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+rigs%3A+an+illustrated+guide&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1.+publ&rft.pub=Chatham&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1861762437&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid_2020-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_2020_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid_2020_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2020" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Phillip (2020). <i>The merchant ship in the British Atlantic, 1600–1800: continuity and innovation in a key technology</i>. Leiden Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004424081" title="Special:BookSources/9789004424081"><bdi>9789004424081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+merchant+ship+in+the+British+Atlantic%2C+1600%E2%80%931800%3A+continuity+and+innovation+in+a+key+technology&rft.place=Leiden+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789004424081&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Underhill_1955-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Underhill_1955_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill1955" class="citation book cs1">Underhill, Harold (1955). <i>Sailing Ship Rigs and Rigging with authentic plans of famous vessels of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries</i>. Glasgow: Brown, Son and Ferguson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851741762" title="Special:BookSources/0851741762"><bdi>0851741762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Ship+Rigs+and+Rigging+with+authentic+plans+of+famous+vessels+of+the+nineteenth+and+twentieth+centuries&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=Brown%2C+Son+and+Ferguson&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=0851741762&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChief_of_Naval_Operations2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114164154/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/subsaga5.html">"The Saga of the Submarine: Early Years to the Beginning of Nuclear Power"</a>. United States Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/subsaga5.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Saga+of+the+Submarine%3A+Early+Years+to+the+Beginning+of+Nuclear+Power&rft.pub=United+States+Navy&rft.date=2001-03&rft.au=Chief+of+Naval+Operations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fnavydata%2Fcno%2Fn87%2Fhistory%2Fsubsaga5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurzan2003" class="citation book cs1">Curzan, Anne (2003-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ20vvzacXMC&q=ship+as+she"><i>Gender Shifts in the History of English</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43668-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-43668-7"><bdi>978-1-139-43668-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Shifts+in+the+History+of+English&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-04-24&rft.isbn=978-1-139-43668-7&rft.aulast=Curzan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQ20vvzacXMC%26q%3Dship%2Bas%2Bshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_2013-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_2013_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2013" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Jonathan (2013). <i>A maritime archaeology of ships : innovation and social change in medieval and early modern Europe</i> (1st ed.). Oxford, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-297-1"><bdi>978-1-84217-297-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+maritime+archaeology+of+ships+%3A+innovation+and+social+change+in+medieval+and+early+modern+Europe&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-297-1&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casson_1995-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casson_1995_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson1995" class="citation book cs1">Casson, Lionel (1995). <i>Ships and seamanship in the ancient world</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5130-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5130-0"><bdi>0-8018-5130-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+seamanship+in+the+ancient+world&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8018-5130-0&rft.aulast=Casson&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jett_2017-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jett_2017_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJett2017" class="citation book cs1">Jett, Stephen C. (2017). <i>Ancient ocean crossings : reconsidering the case for contacts with the pre-Columbian Americas</i>. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1939-7"><bdi>978-0-8173-1939-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+ocean+crossings+%3A+reconsidering+the+case+for+contacts+with+the+pre-Columbian+Americas&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7&rft.aulast=Jett&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classic.searoutes.com/routing/4294967629/4294968202?speed=20&panama=true&suez=true&kiel=true&rivers=block&roads=block">"Alexandria – Civitavecchia distance is 1142 NM – SeaRoutes"</a>. <i>m.classic.searoutes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.classic.searoutes.com&rft.atitle=Alexandria+%E2%80%93+Civitavecchia+distance+is+1142+NM+%E2%80%93+SeaRoutes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassic.searoutes.com%2Frouting%2F4294967629%2F4294968202%3Fspeed%3D20%26panama%3Dtrue%26suez%3Dtrue%26kiel%3Dtrue%26rivers%3Dblock%26roads%3Dblock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horridge_2006-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horridge_2006_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorridge2006" class="citation book cs1">Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.). <i>The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives</i>. Canberra, ACT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0731521326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0731521326"><bdi>978-0731521326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians+%3A+historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.place=Canberra%2C+ACT&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0731521326&rft.aulast=Horridge&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran1974-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doran1974_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doran1974_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran1974" class="citation journal cs1">Doran, Edwin Jr. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118071139/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1">"Outrigger Ages"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>83</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">130–</span>140. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1">the original</a> on 2020-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Outrigger+Ages&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%2FVolume_83_1974%2FVolume_83%252C_No._2%2FOutrigger_ages%252C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%252C_p_130-140%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahdi1999-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi1999" class="citation book cs1">Mahdi, Waruno (1999). 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Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415100540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415100540"><bdi>978-0415100540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dispersal+of+Austronesian+boat+forms+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+III%3A+Artefacts+languages%2C+and+texts&rft.series=One+World+Archaeology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415100540&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=Waruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirch2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirch2012_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirch2012" class="citation book cs1">Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDQy8OOicF4C&pg=PA25"><i>A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i</i></a>. 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(1981). <i>Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins</i>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890961070" title="Special:BookSources/9780890961070"><bdi>9780890961070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wangka%3A+Austronesian+Canoe+Origins&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780890961070&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick-Read2005" class="citation book cs1">Dick-Read, Robert (2005). <i>The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%B6ttinger+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Ethnologie&rft.atitle=Burials%2C+Texts+and+Rituals%3A+Ethnoarchaeological+Investigations+in+North+Bali%2C+Indonesia&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=2512-6814&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17875%2Fgup2008-416&rft.isbn=978-3-940344-12-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17875%252Fgup2008-416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJákl2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jákl, Jiří (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Farchipel.2078">"The Sea and Seacoast in Old Javanese Court Poetry: Fishermen, Ports, Ships, and Shipwrecks in the Literary Imagination"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=The+Sea+and+Seacoast+in+Old+Javanese+Court+Poetry%3A+Fishermen%2C+Ports%2C+Ships%2C+and+Shipwrecks+in+the+Literary+Imagination&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=100&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229391249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0044-8613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Farchipel.2078&rft.aulast=J%C3%A1kl&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Farchipel.2078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManguin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2021). <a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeonautica&rft.atitle=The+assembly+of+hulls+in+Southeast+Asian+shipbuilding+traditions%3A+from+lashings+to+treenails&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251869471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0154-1854&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Farchaeonautica.2397&rft.aulast=Manguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Farchaeonautica.2397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tom_1989_103_104-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tom_1989_103_104_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom, K.S. (1989). <i>Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom</i>. Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1285-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1285-9">0-8248-1285-9</a>. pp. 103–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mott_1997-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mott_1997_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMott1997" class="citation book cs1">Mott, Lawrence V. (1997). <i>The development of the rudder: a technological tale</i>. 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(2012). "Unit 14: Asian Shipbuilding (Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10065854"><i>Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific</i></a>. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok, Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-9223-414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-9223-414-0"><bdi>978-92-9223-414-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unit+14%3A+Asian+Shipbuilding+%28Training+Manual+for+the+UNESCO+Foundation+Course+on+the+Protection+and+Management+of+the+Underwater+Cultural+Heritage%29&rft.btitle=Training+Manual+for+the+UNESCO+Foundation+Course+on+the+Protection+and+Management+of+Underwater+Cultural+Heritage+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=UNESCO+Bangkok%2C+Asia+and+Pacific+Regional+Bureau+for+Education&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-92-9223-414-0&rft.aulast=Pham&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+Minh-H%C3%A0+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10065854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Maguin, Pierre-Yves (September 1980). "The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach". <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">266–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002246340000446X">10.1017/S002246340000446X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20070359">20070359</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162220129">162220129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Southeast+Asian+Ship%3A+An+Historical+Approach&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1980-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162220129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20070359%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002246340000446X&rft.aulast=Maguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnstone_1980-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnstone_1980_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone1980" class="citation book cs1">Johnstone, Paul (1980). <i>The Seacraft of Prehistory</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">93–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674795952" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674795952"><bdi>978-0674795952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seacraft+of+Prehistory&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0674795952&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgatharchides1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agatharchides" title="Agatharchides">Agatharchides</a> (1912). <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, Translated from the Greek and Annotated</i>. in <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Harvey_Schoff" title="Wilfred Harvey Schoff">Wilfred Harvey Schoff</a> (Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Civic_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Civic Center">Commercial Museum of Philadelphia</a>) with a foreword by W.P. Wilson, Sc. Director, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">The Philadelphia Museums</a>. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 50, 57 (for quote).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Periplus+of+the+Erythraean+Sea%3A+Travel+and+Trade+in+the+Indian+Ocean+by+a+Merchant+of+the+First+Century%2C+Translated+from+the+Greek+and+Annotated&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50%2C+57+%28for+quote%29&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Agatharchides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anzovin, item # 5393, p. 385 <i>Reference to a ship with a name appears in an inscription of 2613 BC that recounts the shipbuilding achievements of the fourth-dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Sneferu. He was recorded as the builder of a cedarwood vessel called "Praise of the Two Lands."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulak1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pulak, Cemal (1998). "The Uluburun shipwreck: an overview". <i>International Journal of Nautical Archaeology</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Nautical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Uluburun+shipwreck%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=188&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.1998.tb00803.x&rft.aulast=Pulak&rft.aufirst=Cemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman1987" class="citation book cs1">Woodman, Richard (1987). <i>The History of the Ship</i>. New York: Lyons Press. p. 16. <q>Cabotage refers to navigation along the coastline</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Ship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1996" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (1996). <i>Samurai Warfare</i>. London: Cassell & Co. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-280-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-280-4"><bdi>1-85409-280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samurai+Warfare&rft.place=London&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85409-280-4&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring2019" class="citation book cs1">Bowring, Philip (2019). <i>Empire of the Winds: The Global Role of Asia's Great Archipelago</i>. London, New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788314466" title="Special:BookSources/9781788314466"><bdi>9781788314466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Winds%3A+The+Global+Role+of+Asia%27s+Great+Archipelago&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781788314466&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAveroes2022" class="citation journal cs1">Averoes, Muhammad (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/size-of-javanese-jong">"Re-Estimating the Size of Javanese Jong Ship"</a>. <i>HISTORIA: Jurnal Pendidik Dan Peneliti Sejarah</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17509%2Fhistoria.v5i1.39181">10.17509/historia.v5i1.39181</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247335671">247335671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HISTORIA%3A+Jurnal+Pendidik+Dan+Peneliti+Sejarah&rft.atitle=Re-Estimating+the+Size+of+Javanese+Jong+Ship&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17509%2Fhistoria.v5i1.39181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247335671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Averoes&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsize-of-javanese-jong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:23_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (June 1960). "<a href="//archive.org/details/hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:hikayat-raja-raja-pasai/page/2/mode/2up">Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai</a>". <i>Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>33</b>: p. 98 and 157: "Then he directed them to make ready all the equipment and munitions of war needed for an attack on the land of Pasai – about four hundred of the largest junks, and also many barges (malangbang) and galleys." See also Nugroho (2011). p. 270 and 286, quoting <i>Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai</i>, 3: 98: "<i>Sa-telah itu, maka di-suroh baginda musta'idkan segala kelengkapan dan segala alat senjata peperangan akan mendatangi negeri Pasai itu, sa-kira-kira empat ratus jong yang besar-besar dan lain daripada itu banyak lagi daripada malangbang dan kelulus</i>." (After that, he is tasked by His Majesty to ready all the equipment and all weapons of war to come to that country of Pasai, about four hundred large jongs and other than that much more of malangbang and kelulus.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjergLindSindbæk2013" class="citation book cs1">Bjerg, Line; Lind, John H.; Sindbæk, Søren Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNYKEAAAQBAJ&dq=cleft+plank+on+boat&pg=PA306"><i>From Goths to Varangians: Communication and Cultural Exchange between the Baltic and the Black Sea</i></a>. Aarhus Universitetsforlag. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-425-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7124-425-0"><bdi>978-87-7124-425-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Goths+to+Varangians%3A+Communication+and+Cultural+Exchange+between+the+Baltic+and+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Aarhus+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-87-7124-425-0&rft.aulast=Bjerg&rft.aufirst=Line&rft.au=Lind%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Sindb%C3%A6k%2C+S%C3%B8ren+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNYKEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcleft%2Bplank%2Bon%2Bboat%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawronskiHolkSchokkenbroek2017" class="citation book cs1">Gawronski, Jerzy; Holk, André van; Schokkenbroek, Joost (2017-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QphLDwAAQBAJ&dq=cleft+plank+on+boat&pg=PA320"><i>Ships And Maritime Landscapes: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Amsterdam 2012</i></a>. Barkhuis. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-92444-29-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-92444-29-5"><bdi>978-94-92444-29-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+And+Maritime+Landscapes%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Thirteenth+International+Symposium+on+Boat+and+Ship+Archaeology%2C+Amsterdam+2012&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft.isbn=978-94-92444-29-5&rft.aulast=Gawronski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft.au=Holk%2C+Andr%C3%A9+van&rft.au=Schokkenbroek%2C+Joost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQphLDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcleft%2Bplank%2Bon%2Bboat%26pg%3DPA320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musee-marine.fr/cartel2.php?id=55">Auguste Mayer's picture as described by the official website of the Musée national de la Marine (in French)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018092350/http://www.musee-marine.fr/cartel2.php?id=55">Archived</a> October 18, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j900-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j900_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman2009" class="citation book cs1">Woodman, Richard (2009). <i>Masters Under God</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4820-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4820-6"><bdi>978-0-7524-4820-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/604940166">604940166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+Under+God&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=History+Press+Limited&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F604940166&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4820-6&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h973-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h973_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldcroft1983" class="citation book cs1">Aldcroft, Derek Howard (1983). <i>Transport in the Industrial Revolution</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0839-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0839-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-0839-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transport+in+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0839-9&rft.aulast=Aldcroft&rft.aufirst=Derek+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbett-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corbett_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett1993" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, E C B (1993). "4: The Screw Propeller and Merchant Shipping 1840–1865". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr Basil (eds.). <i>The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900</i>. Conway Maritime Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-563-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-563-2"><bdi>0-85177-563-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+The+Screw+Propeller+and+Merchant+Shipping+1840%E2%80%931865&rft.btitle=The+Advent+of+Steam+%E2%80%93+The+Merchant+Steamship+before+1900&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85177-563-2&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=E+C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarvis-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jarvis_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis1993" class="citation book cs1">Jarvis, Adrian (1993). "9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr Basil (eds.). <i>The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900</i>. Conway Maritime Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">158–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-563-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-563-2"><bdi>0-85177-563-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+Alfred+Holt+and+the+Compound+Engine&rft.btitle=The+Advent+of+Steam+%E2%80%93+The+Merchant+Steamship+before+1900&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85177-563-2&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1993" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Denis (1993). "Chapter 5: Triple Expansion and the First Shipping Revolution". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.). <i>The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900</i>. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-563-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-563-2"><bdi>0-85177-563-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Triple+Expansion+and+the+First+Shipping+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Advent+of+Steam+%E2%80%93+The+Merchant+Steamship+before+1900&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85177-563-2&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner_and_Greenhill_1993-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_and_Greenhill_1993_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardinerGreenhill1993" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert J; Greenhill, Basil (1993). <i>Sail's Last Century : the Merchant Sailing Ship 1830–1930</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-565-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-565-9"><bdi>0-85177-565-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sail%27s+Last+Century+%3A+the+Merchant+Sailing+Ship+1830%E2%80%931930&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85177-565-9&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Robert+J&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o576-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o576_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2004" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Stephen (2004). <i>Transatlantic</i>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095549-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095549-6"><bdi>978-0-06-095549-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transatlantic&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-095549-6&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c052-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c052_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2008" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Thomas D. (2008). <i>Reeds Vol 9: Steam Engineering Knowledge for Marine Engineers</i>. Thomas Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6736-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-6736-3"><bdi>978-0-7136-6736-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reeds+Vol+9%3A+Steam+Engineering+Knowledge+for+Marine+Engineers&rft.pub=Thomas+Reed&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7136-6736-3&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i606-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i606_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro-Smith2020" class="citation book cs1">Munro-Smith, Ross (2020). <i>Ships and naval architecture</i>. London: Institute of Maritime Engineering, Science and Technology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85609-896-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85609-896-0"><bdi>978-1-85609-896-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+naval+architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Institute+of+Maritime+Engineering%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-85609-896-0&rft.aulast=Munro-Smith&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherby179-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witherby179_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>21st century seamanship</i>. Livingston: <a href="/wiki/Witherby_Publishing_Group" title="Witherby Publishing Group">Witherby Publishing Group</a>. 2015. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85609-632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85609-632-4"><bdi>978-1-85609-632-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+century+seamanship&rft.place=Livingston&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Witherby+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-85609-632-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b084-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b084_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2016" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, Marc (2016-04-05). <i>The Box</i>. Princeton Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17081-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17081-7"><bdi>978-0-691-17081-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Box&rft.place=Princeton+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17081-7&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-u899-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-u899_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowlingWeeden2017" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Ross; Weeden, Clare (2017). <i>Cruise Ship Tourism, 2nd Edition</i>. Wallingford Boston, MA: CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-608-4"><bdi>978-1-78064-608-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruise+Ship+Tourism%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.place=Wallingford+Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78064-608-4&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCTAD-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCTAD_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmannAsariotisBenamaraPremti2016" class="citation cs2">Hoffmann, Jan; Asariotis, Regina; Benamara, Hassiba; Premti, Anila; Valentine, Vincent; Yousse, Frida (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2016_en.pdf">"Review of Maritime Transport 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Review of Maritime Transport</i>, United Nations: 104, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-112904-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-112904-5"><bdi>978-92-1-112904-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0566-7682">0566-7682</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Maritime+Transport&rft.atitle=Review+of+Maritime+Transport+2016&rft.pages=104&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0566-7682&rft.isbn=978-92-1-112904-5&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Asariotis%2C+Regina&rft.au=Benamara%2C+Hassiba&rft.au=Premti%2C+Anila&rft.au=Valentine%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Yousse%2C+Frida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fen%2FPublicationsLibrary%2Frmt2016_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=2563">"UNCTAD Review of maritime transport 2019, p. 37"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNCTAD+Review+of+maritime+transport+2019%2C+p.+37&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Functad.org%2Fen%2Fpages%2FPublicationWebflyer.aspx%3Fpublicationid%3D2563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNCTAD Review of maritime transport 2019, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNCTAD Review of maritime transport 2019, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao25-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fao25_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao25_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao25_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao25_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UNFAO, 2007, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNFAO 2005, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNFAO 2005, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c799-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c799_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/Pages/WhatsNew-1841.aspx">"WhatsNewNews"</a>. <i>International Maritime Organization</i>. 2023-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Maritime+Organization&rft.atitle=WhatsNewNews&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fen%2FMediaCentre%2FPages%2FWhatsNew-1841.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g931-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g931_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnv.com/expert-story/maritime-impact/alternative-fuels/">"Alternative fuels: the options"</a>. <i>DNV</i>. 2020-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Frontiers Media SA. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2022.1082453">10.3389/fmars.2022.1082453</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-7745">2296-7745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=The+use+of+alternative+fuels+for+maritime+decarbonization%3A+Special+marine+environmental+risks+and+solutions+from+an+international+law+perspective&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2022.1082453&rft.issn=2296-7745&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Qiuwen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hu&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jiabei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Pengfei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2022.1082453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeicester2024" class="citation news cs1">Leicester, John (2 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/12/02/climate-clean-shipping-sail-carbon-emissions-environment/ceec3e2e-b06d-11ef-9d23-e5faa22ad216_story.html">"Climate solution: Sails make a comeback in shipping, to dent its huge carbon footprint"</a>. Washington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Climate+solution%3A+Sails+make+a+comeback+in+shipping%2C+to+dent+its+huge+carbon+footprint&rft.date=2024-12-02&rft.aulast=Leicester&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2F12%2F02%2Fclimate-clean-shipping-sail-carbon-emissions-environment%2Fceec3e2e-b06d-11ef-9d23-e5faa22ad216_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFavino" class="citation web cs1">Favino, Caterina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earth.org/navigating-towards-sustainability-wind-powered-cargo-ships-and-the-future-of-the-shipping-industry/">"Navigating Towards Sustainability: Wind-Powered Cargo Ships and the Future of the Shipping Industry"</a>. <i>Earth.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth.org&rft.atitle=Navigating+Towards+Sustainability%3A+Wind-Powered+Cargo+Ships+and+the+Future+of+the+Shipping+Industry&rft.aulast=Favino&rft.aufirst=Caterina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearth.org%2Fnavigating-towards-sustainability-wind-powered-cargo-ships-and-the-future-of-the-shipping-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Pagan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/the-climate-crisis-gives-sailing-ships-a-second-wind">"The Climate Crisis Gives Sailing Ships a Second Wind"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Climate+Crisis+Gives+Sailing+Ships+a+Second+Wind&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Pagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fannals-of-a-warming-planet%2Fthe-climate-crisis-gives-sailing-ships-a-second-wind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauletPresles,_Dominique1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paulet, Dominique; Presles, Dominique (1999). <i>Architecture navale, connaissance et pratique</i> (in French). Paris: Éditions de la Villette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-903539-46-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-903539-46-7"><bdi>978-2-903539-46-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+navale%2C+connaissance+et+pratique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+la+Villette&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-903539-46-7&rft.aulast=Paulet&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Presles%2C+Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/naval-architecture">"Naval architecture"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Naval+architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fnaval-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNCTAD 2007, p. xii uses a similar, but slightly more detailed classification system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marineinsight.com/main-engine/different-types-of-marine-propulsion-systems-used-in-the-shipping-world/">"Different Types of Marine Propulsion Systems Used in the Shipping World"</a>. <i>www.marineinsight.com</i>. 25 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marineinsight.com&rft.atitle=Different+Types+of+Marine+Propulsion+Systems+Used+in+the+Shipping+World&rft.date=2019-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineinsight.com%2Fmain-engine%2Fdifferent-types-of-marine-propulsion-systems-used-in-the-shipping-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherby-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>21st century seamanship</i>. Livingston: <a href="/wiki/Witherby_Publishing_Group" title="Witherby Publishing Group">Witherby Publishing Group</a>. 2015. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85609-632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85609-632-4"><bdi>978-1-85609-632-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+century+seamanship&rft.place=Livingston&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Witherby+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-85609-632-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherby434-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witherby434_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>21st century seamanship</i>. Livingston: <a href="/wiki/Witherby_Publishing_Group" title="Witherby Publishing Group">Witherby Publishing Group</a>. 2015. p. 434. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85609-632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85609-632-4"><bdi>978-1-85609-632-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+century+seamanship&rft.place=Livingston&rft.pages=434&rft.pub=Witherby+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-85609-632-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fao11-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fao11_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao11_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao11_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UNFAO, 2007, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gubbins-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gubbins_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubbins1986" class="citation book cs1">Gubbins, Edmund J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-1nHalOC2gC&q=Cargo+shipping+industry&pg=PA58"><i>The Shipping Industry: The Technology and Economics of Specialisation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88124-063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88124-063-8"><bdi>978-2-88124-063-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shipping+Industry%3A+The+Technology+and+Economics+of+Specialisation&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-2-88124-063-8&rft.aulast=Gubbins&rft.aufirst=Edmund+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-1nHalOC2gC%26q%3DCargo%2Bshipping%2Bindustry%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNFAO, 2007, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cg-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cg_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cg_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cg_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Francis_Willoughby1980" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm Francis Willoughby (June 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5A9LCujs08C&pg=PA129"><i>The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II</i></a>. Arno Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">127–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-13081-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-13081-6"><bdi>978-0-405-13081-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Coast+Guard+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Arno+Press&rft.date=1980-06&rft.isbn=978-0-405-13081-6&rft.au=Malcolm+Francis+Willoughby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5A9LCujs08C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA136">"Britain's First Weather Ship"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. Vol. 89, no. 1. Hearst Magazines. January 1948. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+First+Weather+Ship&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136&rft.date=1948-01&rft.issn=0032-4558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtkDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Lee_Dowd,_Jr.1927" class="citation magazine cs1">George Lee Dowd, Jr. (August 1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ICoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA121">"The First Plane to Germany"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. Vol. 111, no. 2. Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=The+First+Plane+to+Germany&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1927-08&rft.au=George+Lee+Dowd%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DICoDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roll-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roll_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans_Ulrich_Roll1965" class="citation book cs1">Hans Ulrich Roll (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicsofmarinea0007roll"><i>Physics of the marine atmosphere</i></a></span>. Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicsofmarinea0007roll/page/14">14</a>–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-593650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-593650-7"><bdi>978-0-12-593650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+the+marine+atmosphere&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-12-593650-7&rft.au=Hans+Ulrich+Roll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicsofmarinea0007roll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massel-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Massel_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanislaw_R._Massel1996" class="citation book cs1">Stanislaw R. Massel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sHp9ml7G6YC&pg=PA371"><i>Ocean surface waves: their physics and prediction</i></a>. World Scientific. pp. <span class="nowrap">369–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-2109-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-2109-6"><bdi>978-981-02-2109-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ocean+surface+waves%3A+their+physics+and+prediction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-981-02-2109-6&rft.au=Stanislaw+R.+Massel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sHp9ml7G6YC%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_O._Erickson1967" class="citation journal cs1">Carl O. Erickson (March 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-03-0121.pdf">"Some Aspects of the Development of Hurricane Dorothy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Weather_Review" title="Monthly Weather Review">Monthly Weather Review</a></i>. <b>95</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967MWRv...95..121E">1967MWRv...95..121E</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.395.1891">10.1.1.395.1891</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%281967%29095%3C0121%3ASAOTDO%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0121:SAOTDO>2.3.CO;2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Weather+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+the+Development+of+Hurricane+Dorothy&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1967-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.395.1891%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0493%281967%29095%3C0121%3ASAOTDO%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967MWRv...95..121E&rft.au=Carl+O.+Erickson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.noaa.gov%2Frescue%2Fmwr%2F095%2Fmwr-095-03-0121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCLWnFozM6EC&pg=PA25">"Romeo Would Have Spied the Storm"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. Vol. 116, no. 1583. IPC Magazines. 1987-10-22. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Romeo+Would+Have+Spied+the+Storm&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=1583&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1987-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCLWnFozM6EC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRC-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRC_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Ocean_Science_Committee,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Study_Panel_on_Ocean_Atmosphere_Interaction1974" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Science Committee, National Research Council (U.S.). Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zQrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA40"><i>The role of the ocean in predicting climate: a report of workshops conducted by Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction under the auspices of the Ocean Science Committee of the Ocean Affairs Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council</i></a>. National Academies. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+role+of+the+ocean+in+predicting+climate%3A+a+report+of+workshops+conducted+by+Study+Panel+on+Ocean+Atmosphere+Interaction+under+the+auspices+of+the+Ocean+Science+Committee+of+the+Ocean+Affairs+Board%2C+Commission+on+Natural+Resources%2C+National+Research+Council&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1974&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Ocean+Science+Committee%2C+National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Study+Panel+on+Ocean+Atmosphere+Interaction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zQrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the addition of corvettes, this is the categorization used at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Navy" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410002444/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/our_ships.asp">"U.S. Navy Ships"</a>. United States Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.mil/navydata/our_ships.asp">the original</a> on 2008-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Navy+Ships&rft.pub=United+States+Navy&rft.au=United+States+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fnavydata%2Four_ships.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=hospital%20ship">Hospital Ship</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (definition via <a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cutler, 1999, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://betterplaneteducation.org.uk/factsheets/boats-how-boats-float">"Boats – Why do they float?"</a>. Better Planet Education (formerly YPTE). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231065913/http://www.ypte.org.uk/environmental/boats-why-do-they-float-/107">Archived</a> from the original on Dec 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boats+%E2%80%93+Why+do+they+float%3F&rft.pub=Better+Planet+Education+%28formerly+YPTE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbetterplaneteducation.org.uk%2Ffactsheets%2Fboats-how-boats-float&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bwlpg.com/vlgc_fleet/lpg-propulsion/lpg-propulsion-explained/">"LPG Propulsion Explained"</a>. <i>BW LPG</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BW+LPG&rft.atitle=LPG+Propulsion+Explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwlpg.com%2Fvlgc_fleet%2Flpg-propulsion%2Flpg-propulsion-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/ground-tackle">"Ground tackle definition"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240112043819/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/ground-tackle">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Ground+tackle+definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fground-tackle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2021" class="citation web cs1">Chakraborty, Soumya (2021-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marineinsight.com/naval-architecture/ship-stability-makes-ship-unstable/">"Ship Stability – What Makes a Ship Unstable?"</a>. <i>Marine Insight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Insight&rft.atitle=Ship+Stability+%E2%80%93+What+Makes+a+Ship+Unstable%3F&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Soumya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineinsight.com%2Fnaval-architecture%2Fship-stability-makes-ship-unstable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sawyer, L.A. and Mitchell, W.H. <i>The Liberty Ships: The History of the "Emergency" Type Cargo Ships Constructed in the United States During the Second World War,</i> pp. 7–10, 2nd Edition, Lloyd's of London Press Ltd., London. 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85044-049-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85044-049-2">1-85044-049-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffee-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaffee_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffee1997" class="citation book cs1">Jaffee, Capt. Walter W. (1997). <i>The Lane Victory: The Last Victory Ship in War and Peace</i> (2nd ed.). 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New York: Random House. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>36, <span class="nowrap">178–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4"><bdi>978-1-4000-6964-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Forge%3A+How+American+Business+Produced+Victory+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E36%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albion-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Albion_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbion,_Robert_Greenhalgh1968" class="citation book cs1">Albion, Robert Greenhalgh, Pope, Jennie Barnes (1968). <i>Sea Lanes in Wartime – The American Experience 1775–1945; 2nd edition</i>. Archon Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Lanes+in+Wartime+%E2%80%93+The+American+Experience+1775%E2%80%931945%3B+2nd+edition&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Albion%2C+Robert+Greenhalgh&rft.aufirst=Pope%2C+Jennie+Barnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECLL1966172–174Regulation_5-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECLL1966172–174Regulation_5_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCLL1966">CLL 1966</a>, pp. 172–174, Regulation 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECLL1966174–178Regulation_6-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECLL1966174–178Regulation_6_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCLL1966">CLL 1966</a>, pp. 174–178, Regulation 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2004" class="citation news cs1">Watson, T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USAtoday.com&rft.atitle=Ship+pollution+clouds+USA%27s+skies&rft.date=2004-08-30&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2004-08-30-ship-pollution_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925163639/http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/History/FAQ.htm">"Frequently asked questions about the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill"</a>. State of Alaska. 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America's living oceans: charting a course for sea change [Electronic Version, CD] Pew Oceans Commission.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itopf-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-itopf_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itopf_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itopf_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-itopf_120-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216083020/https://www.itopf.org/404/">"International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Statistics"</a>. Itopf.com. 2005-06-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/">the original</a> on 2020-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Tanker+Owners+Pollution+Federation+Statistics&rft.pub=Itopf.com&rft.date=2005-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itopf.com%2Finformation-services%2Fdata-and-statistics%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EuroP-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EuroP_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Parliament2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:255:0011:01:EN:HTML"><i>Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directive+2005%2F35%2FEC+of+the+European+Parliament+and+of+the+Council+of+7+September+2005+on+ship-source+pollution+and+on+the+introduction+of+penalties+for+infringements&rft.date=2005&rft.au=European+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2005%3A255%3A0011%3A01%3AEN%3AHTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2013" class="citation news cs1">McGrath, Matt (2013-05-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22397076">"Scientists map global routes of ship-borne invasive species"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Scientists+map+global+routes+of+ship-borne+invasive+species&rft.date=2013-05-05&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-22397076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meinesz-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meinesz_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meinesz_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meinesz, A. (2003). Deep Sea Invasion. <i>The Impact of Invasive Species</i>. PBS: NOVA. Retrieved November 26, 2006, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/algae/impact.html">https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/algae/impact.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Research Council, Committee on the Ocean's Role in Human Health, Ocean Studies Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources. (1999). <i>From monsoons to microbes: understanding the ocean's role in human health</i>. Washington, DC: National Academy Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrabin-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrabin_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrabin_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrabin_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrabin2003" class="citation news cs1">Harrabin, R. (25 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3019686.stm">"EU Faces Ship Clean-up Call"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=EU+Faces+Ship+Clean-up+Call&rft.date=2003-06-25&rft.aulast=Harrabin&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3019686.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20021012054547/http://www.greenpeaceweb.org/shipbreak/">"Shipbreaking"</a>. Greenpeace. March 16, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeaceweb.org/shipbreak/">the original</a> on October 12, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shipbreaking&rft.pub=Greenpeace&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeaceweb.org%2Fshipbreak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ship&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnzovin2000" class="citation book cs1">Anzovin, Steven (2000). <a href="/wiki/Famous_First_Facts" title="Famous First Facts"><i>Famous First Facts</i></a> (International ed.). H.W. Wilson Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0958-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0958-2"><bdi>978-0-8242-0958-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+First+Facts&rft.edition=International&rft.pub=H.W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8242-0958-2&rft.aulast=Anzovin&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowditch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bowditch" title="Nathaniel Bowditch">Bowditch, Nathaniel</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624193729/http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/"><i>The American Practical Navigator</i></a>. Bethesda, MD: <a href="/wiki/National_Imagery_and_Mapping_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Imagery and Mapping Agency">National Imagery and Mapping Agency</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939837-54-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939837-54-0"><bdi>978-0-939837-54-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/">the original</a> on 2007-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Practical+Navigator&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+MD&rft.pub=National+Imagery+and+Mapping+Agency&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-939837-54-0&rft.aulast=Bowditch&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irbs.com%2Fbowditch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ciaworldfactbook00cent"><i>CIA World Factbook 2008</i></a></span>. Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-080-5"><bdi>978-1-60239-080-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+2008&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-080-5&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fciaworldfactbook00cent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterton1915" class="citation book cs1">Chatterton, Edward Keble (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sailingshipsand00chatgoog"><i>Sailing Ships and Their Story: The Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i></a>. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+Ships+and+Their+Story%3A+The+Story+of+Their+Development+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Chatterton&rft.aufirst=Edward+Keble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsailingshipsand00chatgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterillLittle,_Edward_Delanoy1868" class="citation book cs1">Cotterill, Charles Clement; Little, Edward Delanoy (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j1wBAAAAQAAJ"><i>Ships and sailors, ancient and modern</i></a>. London: Seeley, Jackson and Halliday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+sailors%2C+ancient+and+modern&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Seeley%2C+Jackson+and+Halliday&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Cotterill&rft.aufirst=Charles+Clement&rft.au=Little%2C+Edward+Delanoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj1wBAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler,_Thomas_J.1999" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Thomas J. (1999). <i>The Bluejacket's Manual (Bluejacket's Manual, 22nd ed)</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-065-6"><bdi>978-1-55750-065-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bluejacket%27s+Manual+%28Bluejacket%27s+Manual%2C+22nd+ed%29&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-065-6&rft.au=Cutler%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler2003" class="citation book cs1">Cutler, Thomas J. (December 2003). <i>Dutton's Nautical Navigation</i> (15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-248-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-248-3"><bdi>978-1-55750-248-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutton%27s+Nautical+Navigation&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003-12&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-248-3&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDNV2008" class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/7381154">"<i>Knock Nevis</i> (7381154)"</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar" title="Wikipedia:Miramar">Miramar Ship Index</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knock+Nevis+%287381154%29&rft.pub=Miramar+Ship+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miramarshipindex.nz%2Fship%2F7381154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisheries_and_Aquacultures_Department2007" class="citation book cs1">Fisheries and Aquacultures Department (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412024350/http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/A0699e/A0699e00.htm">"The Status of the Fishing Fleet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E00.HTM"><i>The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006</i></a>. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E04.htm#4.1.5">the original</a> on 2008-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Status+of+the+Fishing+Fleet&rft.btitle=The+State+of+World+Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+2006&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Fisheries+and+Aquacultures+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F009%2Fa0699e%2FA0699E04.htm%234.1.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgen2005" class="citation book cs1">Georgen, William (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stabilitytrimfor0000unse"><i>Stability and Trim for the Ship's Officer</i></a></span>. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-564-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-564-8"><bdi>978-0-87033-564-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stability+and+Trim+for+the+Ship%27s+Officer&rft.place=Centreville%2C+MD&rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87033-564-8&rft.aulast=Georgen&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstabilitytrimfor0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaylerKeever,_John_M.2003" class="citation book cs1">Hayler, William B.; Keever, John M. (2003). <i>American Merchant Seaman's Manual</i>. Cornell Maritime Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-549-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-549-5"><bdi>978-0-87033-549-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Merchant+Seaman%27s+Manual&rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Pr&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87033-549-5&rft.aulast=Hayler&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Keever%2C+John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2001" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Mark (2001). <i>Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC)</i>. Cambridge, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-528-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-528-0"><bdi>978-0-87033-528-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanker+operations%3A+a+handbook+for+the+person-in-charge+%28PIC%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MD&rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87033-528-0&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery,_Brian2004" class="citation book cs1">Lavery, Brian (2004). <i>Ship: The Epic Story of Maritime Adventure (Smithsonian)</i>. New York: DK Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-0496-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-0496-7"><bdi>978-0-7566-0496-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ship%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+Maritime+Adventure+%28Smithsonian%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=DK+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-0496-7&rft.au=Lavery%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloney2003" class="citation book cs1">Maloney, Elbert S. (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chapmanpilotings00elbe_1"><i>Chapman Piloting and Seamanship</i></a> (64th ed.). New York: Hearst Communications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58816-089-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58816-089-8"><bdi>978-1-58816-089-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapman+Piloting+and+Seamanship&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=64th&rft.pub=Hearst+Communications&rft.date=2003-12&rft.isbn=978-1-58816-089-8&rft.aulast=Maloney&rft.aufirst=Elbert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchapmanpilotings00elbe_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Martin, William Robert (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Navigation"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Navigation">"Navigation" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">284–</span>298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Navigation&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=William+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Data_and_Economic_Analysis2006" class="citation web cs1">Office of Data and Economic Analysis (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221134647/http://www.marad.dot.gov/Marad_Statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf">"World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Maritime Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marad.dot.gov/MARAD_statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Merchant+Fleet+2001%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=United+States+Maritime+Administration&rft.date=2006-07&rft.au=Office+of+Data+and+Economic+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marad.dot.gov%2FMARAD_statistics%2F2005%2520STATISTICS%2FWorld%2520Merchant%2520Fleet%25202005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverseas_Shipholding_Group2008" class="citation web cs1">Overseas Shipholding Group (2008-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209140827/http://www.osg.com/uploadedFiles/2222008FleetlistDownload.xls">"Overseas Shipholding Group Fleet List"</a>. Overseas Shipholding Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osg.com/uploadedFiles/2222008FleetlistDownload.xls">the original</a> on 2008-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overseas+Shipholding+Group+Fleet+List&rft.pub=Overseas+Shipholding+Group&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft.au=Overseas+Shipholding+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osg.com%2FuploadedFiles%2F2222008FleetlistDownload.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer,_L.A.Mitchell,_W.O.1987" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, L.A.; Mitchell, W.O. (1987). <i>Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships</i>. Lavenham, Suffolk: Terence Dalton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86138-055-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86138-055-8"><bdi>978-0-86138-055-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sailing+ship+to+supertanker%3A+the+hundred-year+story+of+British+Esso+and+its+ships&rft.place=Lavenham%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Terence+Dalton&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86138-055-8&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+L.A.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+W.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1999" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Baljit (July 11, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul11/sunday/head3.htm">"The world's biggest ship"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+biggest+ship&rft.date=1999-07-11&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Baljit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F1999%2F99jul11%2Fsunday%2Fhead3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurpinMcEwen1980" class="citation book cs1">Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980). <i>Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook</i> (4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-056-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87033-056-8"><bdi>978-0-87033-056-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+Marine+Officers%27+Handbook&rft.place=Centreville%2C+MD&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cornell+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87033-056-8&rft.aulast=Turpin&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft.au=McEwen%2C+William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development_(UNCTAD)2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728143716/http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf"><i>Review of Maritime Transport, 2006</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Maritime+Transport%2C+2006&rft.place=New+York+and+Geneva&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2006&rft.au=United+Nations+Conference+on+Trade+and+Development+%28UNCTAD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unctad.org%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Frmt2006_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development_(UNCTAD)2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207232134/http://unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf"><i>Review of Maritime Transport, 2007</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Maritime+Transport%2C+2007&rft.place=New+York+and+Geneva&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2007&rft.au=United+Nations+Conference+on+Trade+and+Development+%28UNCTAD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unctad.org%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Frmt2007_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStopford1997" class="citation book cs1">Stopford, Martin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-YB70kly8C"><i>Maritime economics</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15309-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15309-6"><bdi>978-0-415-15309-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+economics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15309-6&rft.aulast=Stopford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R-YB70kly8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Watts_(naval_architect)" title="Philip Watts (naval architect)">Watts, Philip</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ship"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ship">"Ship" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">880–</span>970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ship&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E880-%3C%2Fspan%3E970&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCLL1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Inter-Governmental_Maritime_Consultative_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization">Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20640/volume-640-I-9159-English.pdf">"International Convention on Load Lines, 1966 (with annexes)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Treaty_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Treaty Series"><i>United Nations Treaty Series</i></a>. Vol. 640. London. pp. <span class="nowrap">133–</span>300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Convention+on+Load+Lines%2C+1966+%28with+annexes%29&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Series&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Inter-Governmental+Maritime+Consultative+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FUNTS%2FVolume%2520640%2Fvolume-640-I-9159-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShip" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fishing_vessel_topics" title="Template:Fishing vessel topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fishing_vessel_topics" title="Template talk:Fishing vessel topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing_vessel_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing vessel topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishing_vessels349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel#Commercial_vessels" title="Fishing vessel">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel#Commercial_vessels" title="Fishing vessel">Commercial fishing boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifter_(fishing_boat)" title="Drifter (fishing boat)">Drifters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_fleet" title="Fishing fleet">Fishing fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">Research vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">Trawlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">Whalers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jangada-Tibau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jangada"><img alt="Jangada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jangada-Tibau.jpg/160px-Jangada-Tibau.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jangada-Tibau.jpg/240px-Jangada-Tibau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Jangada-Tibau.jpg/320px-Jangada-Tibau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_fishing_boat" title="Traditional fishing boat">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_fishing_boat" title="Traditional fishing boat">Traditional fishing boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armadahan" title="Armadahan">Armadahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awang_(boat)" title="Awang (boat)">Awang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basnigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Basnigan">Basnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawley" title="Bawley">Bawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokkura" title="Bokkura">Bokkura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixham_trawler" title="Brixham trawler">Brixham trawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%AFque" title="Caïque">Caïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Islander" title="Cape Islander">Cape Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e#Chasse-marée—boat" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhot" title="Chhot">Chhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coble" title="Coble">Coble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couta" title="Couta">Couta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currach" title="Currach">Currach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhoni_(fishing_vessel)" title="Dhoni (fishing vessel)">Dhoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogger_(boat)" title="Dogger (boat)">Dogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a" title="Falkuša">Falkuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">Felucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femb%C3%B8ring" title="Fembøring">Fembøring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferilla" title="Ferilla">Ferilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frejgatina" title="Frejgatina">Frejgatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Sloop" title="Friendship Sloop">Friendship sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gableboat" title="Gableboat">Gableboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galway_hooker" title="Galway hooker">Galway hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">Herring buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipanitika" title="Ipanitika">Ipanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongkong" title="Jongkong">Jongkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkun" title="Junkun">Junkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajjik" title="Kajjik">Kajjik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolae_boat" title="Kolae boat">Kolae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkor_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korkor (boat)">Korkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulibo" title="Kulibo">Kulibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakana">Lakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa-lepa_(dugout_canoe)" title="Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)">Lepa-lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lis-alis" title="Lis-alis">Lis-alis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londe" title="Londe">Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">Lugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzu" title="Luzzu">Luzzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_boat" title="Mackinaw boat">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_clipper" title="Monterey clipper">Monterey clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobby_(boat)" title="Nobby (boat)">Nobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">Nordland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontang" title="Ontang">Ontang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orembai" title="Orembai">Orembai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owong" title="Owong">Owong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduwang" title="Paduwang">Paduwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajala_(boat)" title="Pajala (boat)">Pajala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panineman" title="Panineman">Panineman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)">Paopao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelang" title="Pelang">Pelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perahu_payang" title="Perahu payang">Perahu payang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_boat" title="Peter boat">Peter boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirogue" title="Pirogue">Pirogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poveiro_(boat)" title="Poveiro (boat)">Poveiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_boat" title="Pump boat">Pump boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeq" title="Sandeq">Sandeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salambaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Salambaw">Salambaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgoth" title="Sgoth">Sgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_boat" title="Shad boat">Shad boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixareen" title="Sixareen">Sixareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakbox" title="Sneakbox">Sneakbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatara (ship)">Tatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataya" title="Tataya">Tataya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27a" title="Va'a">Va'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voadeira" title="Voadeira">Voadeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Well smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipnol">Tipnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoal" title="Yoal">Yoal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dory_(boat)" title="Dory (boat)">Dories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banks_dory" title="Banks dory">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann_dory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Ann dory">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_dory" title="Gloucester dory">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKenzie_River_dory" title="McKenzie River dory">McKenzie River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampscott_dory" title="Swampscott dory">Swampscott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oyster boats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugeye" title="Bugeye">Bugeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_buy-boat" title="Oyster buy-boat">Buy-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_deadrise" title="Chesapeake Bay deadrise">Deadrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_canoe" title="Log canoe">Log canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungy" title="Pungy">Pungy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_schooners" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyster schooners">Schooners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpie_(boat)" title="Sharpie (boat)">Sharpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_(boat)" title="Skipjack (boat)">Skipjack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_boat_fishing" title="Recreational boat fishing">Recreational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_boat" title="Bass boat">Bass boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farley_Boats" title="Farley Boats">Farley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_boat_builders" title="List of boat builders">Builders and designers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Bolger" title="Phil Bolger">Philip C. Bolger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing_vessels" title="Category:Fishing vessels">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template talk:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> topic areas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/140px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/210px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/280px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">Catch and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tournament" title="Fishing tournament">Fishing tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_techniques" title="Fishing techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">Fishing net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">Handline fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">Tackle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_indicator" title="Bite indicator">Bite indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">Lures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">Sinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean bank (topography)">Fishing banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_crime" title="Fisheries crime">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea_Anti-Poaching_Operations" title="Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations">Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_poaching" title="Coral poaching">Coral poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_eel_poaching_and_smuggling" title="Freshwater eel poaching and smuggling">Freshwater eel poaching and smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing_in_the_Arctic" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing" title="Category:Fishing">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_merchant_ships83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template talk:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_merchant_ships83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">Merchant marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">Shipping line</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A reefer"><img alt="A reefer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/80px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/120px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/160px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Dry cargo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_float" title="Car float">Car float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_boat" title="Chain boat">Chain boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel" title="Coastal trading vessel">Coastal trading vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship" title="Heavy-lift ship">Heavy-lift ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_barge" title="Hopper barge">Hopper barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter_aboard_ship" title="Lighter aboard ship">Lighter aboard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_carrier" title="Livestock carrier">Livestock carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">Reefer ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tankers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">Chemical tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_tanker" title="Hydrogen tanker">Hydrogen tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Oil tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">Cargo liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">Cruiseferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">Narrowboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_handling_tug_supply_vessel" title="Anchor handling tug supply vessel">Anchor handling tug supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_tow_vessel" title="Emergency tow vessel">Emergency tow vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel" title="Platform supply vessel">Platform supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusher_(boat)" title="Pusher (boat)">Pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_tug" title="Salvage tug">Salvage tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_tender" title="Ship's tender">Tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Cable layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drillship" title="Drillship">Drillship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">Icebreaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">Merchant submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">Narco-submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe-laying_ship" title="Pipe-laying ship">Pipe-laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">Research vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">Riverboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">Semi-submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">Snagboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Shipping" title="International Chamber of Shipping">International Chamber of Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_navy_capacity_by_country" title="List of merchant navy capacity by country">List of merchant navy capacity by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template talk:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> vessels and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sailing rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja rig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">Barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catboat" title="Catboat">Catboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">Full-rigged ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackass-barque" title="Jackass-barque">Jackass-barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistico_(boat)" title="Mistico (boat)">Mistico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a> vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamaran">Pentamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrimaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrimaran">Quadrimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungalawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungalawa">Ungalawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27a-tele" title="Va'a-tele">Va'a-tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval and merchant<br /><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a><br />and other vessels <br />(by origin date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boita" title="Boita">Boita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriremes">Quadriremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtepe" title="Mtepe">Mtepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinger" title="Balinger">Balinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">Bomb vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">Hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondura_(ship)" title="Kondura (ship)">Kondura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitik" title="Shitik">Shitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabra" title="Zabra">Zabra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_(boat)" title="Hoy (boat)">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabaccolo" title="Trabaccolo">Trabaccolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crommesteven" title="Crommesteven">Crommesteven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">Galiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">Galleass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">Flyboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">Full-rigged pinnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">Lorcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">Man-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchua" title="Manchua">Manchua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patache" title="Patache">Patache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speronara" title="Speronara">Speronara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square-rigged_caravel" title="Square-rigged caravel">Square-rigged caravel (<i>round</i> or <i>de armada</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Bermuda sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeas" title="Galeas">Galeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koff_(ship_type)" title="Koff (ship type)">Koff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">Polacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">Bilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Clipper" title="Baltimore Clipper">Baltimore Clipper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallivat" title="Gallivat">Gallivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(ship)" title="Grab (ship)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundalow" title="Gundalow">Gundalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_ship" title="Post ship">Post ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-four_(ship)" title="Seventy-four (ship)">74-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincadour" title="Trincadour">Trincadour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwall_frigate" title="Blackwall frigate">Blackwall frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Easter_(ship)" title="Down Easter (ship)">Down Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-hulled_sailing_ship" title="Iron-hulled sailing ship">Iron-hulled sailing ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Warship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_barge" title="Tamar barge">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_Ketch" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country Ketch">West Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer" title="Windjammer">Windjammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_whaler" title="Montagu whaler">Montagu whaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fishing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca-longa" title="Barca-longa">Barca-longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a" title="Falkuša">Falkuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">Felucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gableboat" title="Gableboat">Gableboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">Herring buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">Lugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masula_boat" title="Masula boat">Masula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">Nordland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixareen" title="Sixareen">Sixareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgoth_Niseach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgoth Niseach">Sgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartane" title="Tartane">Tartane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Well smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoal" title="Yoal">Yoal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">Dinghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_sailboat" title="Ljungström sailboat">Ljungström sailboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_cruiser" title="Pocket cruiser">Pocket cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_yacht" title="Sailing yacht">Sailing yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsboat" title="Sportsboat">Sportsboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_sailer" title="Trailer sailer">Trailer sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wharram" title="James Wharram">Wharrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">Inflatable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee" title="Razee">Razee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">Tall ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenailed_boat" title="Treenailed boat">Treenailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_light_displacement_boat" title="Ultra light displacement boat">ULDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel_pilot_cutter" title="Bristol Channel pilot cutter">Bristol Channel pilot cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">Fusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_flat" title="Mersey flat">Mersey flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_punt" title="Norfolk punt">Norfolk punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_wherry" title="Norfolk wherry">Norfolk wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausik">Pausik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">Pinnace (ship's boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pram_(ship)" title="Pram (ship)">Pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scow" title="Scow">Scow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_sailing_barge" title="Thames sailing barge">Thames sailing barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries657" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template talk:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries657" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naval_ship" title="Naval ship">Naval ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> in 19th and 20th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of naval ship classes in service">Naval ship classes in service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_in_service" title="List of submarine classes in service">submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliary_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of auxiliary ship classes in service">auxiliary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_geography" title="Maritime geography">Operational zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gun placement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">Broadside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_battery_ship" title="Central battery ship">Central battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Turrets</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cruiser" title="Aircraft cruiser">Aircraft cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">Amphibious assault ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare_carrier" title="Anti-submarine warfare carrier">Anti-submarine warfare carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_carrier" title="Balloon carrier">Balloon carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecarrier" title="Battlecarrier">Battlecarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">CAM ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_catapult_ship" title="Fighter catapult ship">Fighter catapult ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">Fleet carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_deck_cruiser" title="Flight deck cruiser">Flight deck cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">Helicopter carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">Merchant aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercarrier">Supercarrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">Battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship" title="Coastal defence ship">Coastal defence ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">Fast battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought#Super-dreadnoughts" title="Dreadnought">Super-dreadnought</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard-type_battleship" title="Standard-type battleship">Standard-type battleship</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_battleship" title="Treaty battleship">Treaty battleship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">Armored cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">Battlecruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile cruiser">Guided missile cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">Heavy cruiser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland-class_cruiser" title="Deutschland-class cruiser">Pocket battleship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">Light cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_raider" title="Merchant raider">Merchant raider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">Protected cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_cruiser" title="Scout cruiser">Scout cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_cruiser" title="Strike cruiser">Strike cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_cruiser" title="Torpedo cruiser">Torpedo cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unprotected_cruiser" title="Unprotected cruiser">Unprotected cruiser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">Aviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_rescue_ship" title="Convoy rescue ship">Convoy rescue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">Destroyer escort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_leader" title="Destroyer leader">Destroyer leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_destroyer" title="Escort destroyer">Escort destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorteur" title="Escorteur">Escorteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer" title="Guided-missile destroyer">Guided-missile destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaib%C5%8Dkan" title="Kaibōkan">Kaibōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_picket" title="Radar picket">Radar picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dock" title="Amphibious transport dock">Amphibious transport dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare_ship" title="Amphibious warfare ship">Amphibious warfare ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_transport" title="Attack transport">Attack transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_landing_ship" title="Dock landing ship">Dock landing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft_carrier" title="Landing craft carrier">Landing craft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Support" title="Landing Craft Support">Landing Craft Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Heavy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Heavy">Landing Ship Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_ship,_infantry" title="Landing ship, infantry">Landing ship, infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Logistics">Landing Ship Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Medium" title="Landing Ship Medium">Landing Ship Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">Landing Ship, Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Vehicle">Landing Ship Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">Troopship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_boarding_steamer" title="Armed boarding steamer">Armed boarding steamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_yacht" title="Armed yacht">Armed yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_motor_boat" title="Coastal motor boat">Coastal motor boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_defence_motor_launch" title="Harbour defence motor launch">Harbour defence motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_launch_(naval)" title="Motor launch (naval)">Motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_drifter" title="Naval drifter">Naval drifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_trawler" title="Naval trawler">Naval trawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_boarding_vessel" title="Ocean boarding vessel">Ocean boarding vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_gun_boat" title="Steam gun boat">Steam gun boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">Submarine chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">Torpedo boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fast_attack_craft" title="Fast attack craft">Fast attack craft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-boat" title="E-boat">E-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS_(motorboat)" title="MAS (motorboat)">MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_gunboat" title="Motor gunboat">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_boat" title="Missile boat">Missile boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">MTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_explosive_motorboat" title="MT explosive motorboat">MTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSM_motor_torpedo_boat" title="MTSM motor torpedo boat">MTSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D-class_suicide_motorboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat">Shin'yō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mine warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danlayer" title="Danlayer">Danlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_minesweeper" title="Destroyer minesweeper">Destroyer minesweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_countermeasures_vessel" title="Mine countermeasures vessel">Mine countermeasures vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_planter" title="Mine planter">Mine planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minehunter" title="Minehunter">Minehunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">Minelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Command and support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenities_ship" title="Amenities ship">Amenities ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_ship" title="Ammunition ship">Ammunition ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_repair_dock" title="Auxiliary repair dock">Auxiliary repair dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_stores_ship" title="Combat stores ship">Combat stores ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_ship" title="Command ship">Command ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depot_ship" title="Depot ship">Depot ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_tender" title="Destroyer tender">Destroyer tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispatch_boat" title="Dispatch boat">Dispatch boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_combat_support_ship" title="Fast combat support ship">Fast combat support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flotilla_leader" title="Flotilla leader">Flotilla leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_stores_issue_ship" title="General stores issue ship">General stores issue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_support_ship" title="Joint support ship">Joint support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Naval tugboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_laying_ship" title="Net laying ship">Net laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_ship" title="Repair ship">Repair ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replenishment_oiler" title="Replenishment oiler">Replenishment oiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">Submarine tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">Attack submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">Ballistic missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_submarine" title="Coastal submarine">Coastal submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile submarine">Cruise missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_submarine" title="Cruiser submarine">Cruiser submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">DSRV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_submarine" title="Fleet submarine">Fleet submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">Midget submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_aircraft_carrier" title="Submarine aircraft carrier">Submarine aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman" title="Armed merchantman">Armed merchantman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_ship" title="Arsenal ship">Arsenal ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_ship" title="Barracks ship">Barracks ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_monitor" title="Breastwork monitor">Breastwork monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">Capital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_carrier" title="Drone carrier">Drone carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">Flagship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_battery" title="Floating battery">Floating battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_ship" title="Guard ship">Guard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral combat ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_ship" title="Mother ship">Mother ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_monitor" title="River monitor">River monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_ship" title="Training ship">Training ship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ship_types" title="Template:Ship types">Ship types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and rigs">Sailing vessels</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11446#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11446#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11446#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4052385-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121591">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570714">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lodě"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115169&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538853605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4fa83932-29a2-492a-9737-e9b9a2d23c22">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644067">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/gemi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ship&oldid=1275409537">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ship&oldid=1275409537</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ships" title="Category:Ships">Ships</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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[\"CITEREFChakraborty2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterton1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChief_of_Naval_Operations2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristie1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbett1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotterillLittle,_Edward_Delanoy1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurzan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler,_Thomas_J.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDNV2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick-Read2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoran1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoran1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowlingWeeden2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Parliament2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaltinsen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFavino\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisheries_and_Aquacultures_Department2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFredrik_C._Jonsson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallaher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardinerGreenhill1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGawronskiHolkSchokkenbroek2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Lee_Dowd,_Jr.1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGubbins1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans_Ulrich_Roll1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrabin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauser-SchäublinArdika2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaylerKeever,_John_M.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmannAsariotisBenamaraPremti2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorridge2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuber2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffee1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvis1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstone1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJákl2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavery,_Brian2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeicester2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGregor1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaguin1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahdi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm_Francis_Willoughby1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloney2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManguin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManguin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMott1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro-Smith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Ocean_Science_Committee,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Study_Panel_on_Ocean_Atmosphere_Interaction1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_Data_and_Economic_Analysis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOverseas_Shipholding_Group2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauletPresles,_Dominique1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPham2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulak1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidleyPatterson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer,_L.A.Mitchell,_W.O.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanislaw_R._Massel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStopford1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurpinMcEwen1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnderhill1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development_(UNCTAD)2006\"] = 1,\n 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