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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hindu nationalism</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Hindu_nationalism" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about various Hindu nationalist mobilisations in the last two centuries. For present day Hindu nationalism, see <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Hindu nationalism has been collectively referred to as the expression of social and political thought, based on the native spiritual and cultural traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. "Hindu nationalism" is a simplistic translation of Hindū Rāṣṭravād. It is better described as "Hindu polity".<a href="#cite_note-Jain-1">[1]</a> The native thought streams became highly relevant in Indian history when they helped form a distinctive identity about the Indian polity<a href="#cite_note-chatterjee-2">[2]</a> and provided a basis for questioning colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-Veer-3">[3]</a> These also inspired <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalists</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence movement</a> based on armed struggle,<a href="#cite_note-li-4">[4]</a> coercive politics,<a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5">[5]</a> and non-violent protests.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6">[6]</a> They also influenced social reform movements and economic thinking in India.<a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5">[5]</a> Today, <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> (meaning 'Hinduness') is a dominant form of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> politics in India. As a political ideology, the term Hindutva was articulated by <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> The Hindutva movement has been described as a variant of "right-wing extremism"<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and as "almost <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> in the classical sense", adhering to a concept of homogenised majority and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Some analysts dispute the "fascist" label, and suggest Hindutva is an extreme form of "<a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>" or "ethnic absolutism".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Some have also described Hindutva as a <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parel-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Varadarajan-12">[12]</a> Hindutva is championed by the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), the Hindu Nationalist volunteer organisation <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), <a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> (VHP), and other organisations in an ecosystem called the <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Evolution_of_ideological_terminology_and_influences">1 Evolution of ideological terminology and influences</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nepali_Hindu_nationalism_and_practices">2 Nepali Hindu nationalism and practices</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Hinduization_policy_of_the_Gorkhali_monarch">2.1 Hinduization policy of the Gorkhali monarch</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ideals_of_the_Bharadari_government">2.1.1 Ideals of the Bharadari government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Hindu_civil_code_and_legal_regulations">2.1.2 Hindu civil code and legal regulations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Modern_age_and_the_Hindu_Renaissance_in_the_19th_century">3 Modern age and the Hindu Renaissance in the 19th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Brahmo_Samaj">3.1 Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Arya_Samaj">3.2 Arya Samaj</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Swami_Vivekananda">3.3 Swami Vivekananda</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Shaping_of_Hindu_Polity_&_Nationalism_in_the_20th_century">4 Shaping of Hindu Polity & Nationalism in the 20th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sri_Aurobindo">4.1 Sri Aurobindo</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Independence_movement">5 Independence movement</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Revolutionary_movements">5.1 Revolutionary movements</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Anushilan_Samiti_and_Jugantar">5.1.1 Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#India_House">5.1.2 India House</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Indian_National_Congress">5.2 Indian National Congress</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Lal-Bal-Pal">5.2.1 Lal-Bal-Pal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Gandhi_and_R%C4%81mar%C4%81jya">5.2.2 Gandhi and Rāmarājya</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Madan_Mohan_Malviya">5.2.3 Madan Mohan Malviya</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Keshav_Baliram_Hedgewar">5.3 Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement">6 Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Post-independence">7 Post-independence</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh">7.1 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Ayodhya_dispute">7.2 Ayodhya dispute</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sexual_and_gender_minorities">7.3 Sexual and gender minorities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Hindutva_and_Hindu_Rashtra">8 Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Sarkar">8.1 Sarkar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Savarkar">8.2 Savarkar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Mukherjee">8.3 Mukherjee</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Golwalkar">8.4 Golwalkar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Deendayal_Upadhyaya">8.5 Deendayal Upadhyaya</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Contemporary_descriptions">8.6 Contemporary descriptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Hindu_Rashtra_movements_in_Nepal">9 Hindu Rashtra movements in Nepal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Citations">11.1 Citations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Books">12 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Evolution_of_ideological_terminology_and_influences">Evolution of ideological terminology and influences</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution of ideological terminology and influences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> In the first half of the 20th century, factions of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> continued to be identified with "Hindu politics" and ideas of a Hindu nation.<a href="#cite_note-wilfred-14">[14]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The word "Hindu", throughout history, had been used as an inclusive description that lacked a definition and was used to refer to the native traditions and people of India. It was only in the late 18th century that the word "Hindu" came to be used extensively with religious connotation, while still being used as a <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> describing the indigenous traditions. Hindu nationalist ideologies and political languages were very diverse both linguistically and socially. Since Hinduism does not represent an identifiable religious group, terms such as 'Hindu nationalism', and 'Hindu', are considered problematic in the case of religious and nationalism discourse. As Hindus were identifiable as a homogeneous community, some individual Congress leaders were able to induce a symbolism with "Hindu" meaning inside the general stance of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wilfred-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The diversity of Indian cultural groups and moderate positions of Hindu nationalism have sometimes made it regarded as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural nationalism</a> rather than a religious one.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivaji_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Shivaji_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.JPG/220px-Shivaji_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="410"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 311px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Shivaji_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.JPG/220px-Shivaji_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Shivaji_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.JPG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></figcaption></figure> Historian <a href="/wiki/Baij_Nath_Puri" title="Baij Nath Puri">Baij Nath Puri</a> writes that the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar empire">Vijayanagar empire</a> (1336–1646) "was the result of the Hindu nationalist movement against Muslim intrusion and domination of the south".<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> The empire was also administered based on Hindu <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">dharmasastras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> were the major sources of the prevailing law.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> with his quests is noted to have foun a firm footing for Hindu nationalism in with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Shivaji was also an inspiration for Hindu nationalist activists such as <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> writes that Shivaji had 'electrified' minds of the Hindus all over Bharat by defeating the forces of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Nepali_Hindu_nationalism_and_practices">Nepali Hindu nationalism and practices</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nepali Hindu nationalism and practices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduization_policy_of_the_Gorkhali_monarch">Hinduization policy of the Gorkhali monarch</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hinduization policy of the Gorkhali monarch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/220px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/220px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/330px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/440px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a> <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> (1723–1775), <a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">King of Nepal</a>, propagated the ideals of the Hindu text Dharmashastra as the ruling ideology.</figcaption></figure> Maharajadhiraja <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> proclaimed the newly unified <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> as Asal <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> ("Real Land of Hindus") because North India was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal rulers</a>. The proclamation was made to enforce the Hindu social code <a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> over his reign and refer to his country as being inhabitable for <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>. He also referred to the rest of Northern India as Mughlan (Country of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>) and called the region infiltrated by Muslim foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkhali</a> conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu valley">Kathmandu valley</a>, King Prithvi Narayan Shah expelled Christian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> missionaries from <a href="/wiki/Patan,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patan, Nepal">Patan</a> and renamed Nepal as Asali <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> (the real land of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Harkadai-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Tagadhari" title="Tagadhari">Tagadharis</a> enjoyed a privileged status in the Nepalese capital and they were also given greater access to the authorities after these events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198865-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorgstr%C3%B6m198011-25">[25]</a> Subsequently, Hinduisation became the main policy of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harkadai-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Prof. <a href="/wiki/Harka_Gurung" title="Harka Gurung">Harka Gurung</a> speculates that the presence of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal rule</a> and Christian <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule in India</a> compelled the foundation of Hindu Nationalism in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>, to build a haven for Hindus there.<a href="#cite_note-Harkadai-23">[23]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ideals_of_the_Bharadari_government">Ideals of the Bharadari government</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ideals of the Bharadari government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The policies of the old Bharadari governments of the Gorkha Kingdom were derived from ancient <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-26">[26]</a> The King was considered an incarnation of Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and was the chief authority over legislative, judiciary and executive functions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-26">[26]</a> The judiciary functions were decided based on the principles of Hindu Dharma codes of conduct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-26">[26]</a> The king had full rights to expel any person who offended the country and also to pardon the offenders and grant their return to the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-26">[26]</a> The government in practicality was not an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> due to the dominance of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nepali_political_clans" title="List of Nepali political clans">Nepalese political clans</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Pande_family" title="Pande family">Pande family</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thapa_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Thapa family">Thapa family</a>, making the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah monarch</a> a puppet ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-26">[26]</a> These basic Hindu templates provide the evidence that Nepal was administered as a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindu_civil_code_and_legal_regulations">Hindu civil code and legal regulations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hindu civil code and legal regulations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg/220px-Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg/220px-Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg/330px-Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg/440px-Jang_Bahadur_Ranaji.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Kunwar_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana">Jung Bahadur Kunwar Rana</a> commissioned the first civil code Muluki Ain in 1854 AD based on traditional Hindu law and prioritized <a href="/wiki/Tagadhari" title="Tagadhari">Tagadhari</a> castes before Matwalis and Dalits.</figcaption></figure> The Nepali <a href="/wiki/Civil_code" title="Civil code">civil code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal#Muluki_Ain_(1854)" title="Caste system in Nepal">Muluki Ain</a>, was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a> after his European tour and enacted in 1854. It was rooted in traditional <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Law">Hindu Law</a> and codified social practices for several centuries in Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The law also comprised <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a> (avoidance and removal of sin) and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a> (the customary law of different communities). It was an attempt to include the entire Hindu as well as the non-Hindu population of Nepal of that time into a single hierarchic civic code from the perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas">Khas</a> rulers.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Nepalese jati arrangement in terms of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Varnashrama takes the Tagadhari to be the highest in the hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998293-30">[30]</a> The ethnolinguistic group of people of <a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> origin were tagged under the title Matwali ("Liquor Drinkers"), while those of <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> origin were termed Tagadhari ("Wearers of the Sacred Thread").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998293-30">[30]</a> The Tagadhari castes could not be enslaved following any criminal punishment unless they had been expelled from the caste.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198857%E2%80%9358-31">[31]</a> The main broad caste categories in Nepal are Tagadharis (sacred thread bearers), Matwalis (liquor drinkers) and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a> (or untouchables).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKara2012275-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198855-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone19889-34">[34]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Modern_age_and_the_Hindu_Renaissance_in_the_19th_century">Modern age and the Hindu Renaissance in the 19th century</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern age and the Hindu Renaissance in the 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Many Hindu reform movements originated in the nineteenth century. These movements led to fresh interpretations of the ancient scriptures of Upanishads and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and also emphasised on social reform.<a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5">[5]</a> The marked feature of these movements was that they countered the notion of the superiority of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> during the colonial era. This led to the upsurge of patriotic ideas that formed the cultural and ideological basis for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence movement in Colonial India.</a><a href="#cite_note-Veer-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahmo_Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brahmo Samaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> was started by a Bengali scholar, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a> in 1828. Ram Mohan Roy endeavoured to create from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Upanishadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishadic">Upanishadic</a> texts, a vision of rationalist 'modern' India. Socially, he criticized the ongoing superstitions,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and believed in a monotheistic Vedic religion. His major emphasis was social reform. He fought against <a href="/wiki/Discrimination#Caste" title="Discrimination">Caste discrimination</a> and advocated <a href="/wiki/Equal_rights_for_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal rights for women">equal rights for women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Although the Brahmos found favourable responses from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> and Westernized Indians, they were largely isolated from the larger Hindu society due to their intellectual Vedantic and Unitarian views. However their efforts to systematise Hindu spirituality based on rational and logical interpretation of the ancient Indian texts would be carried forward by other movements in Bengal and across India.<a href="#cite_note-Veer-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arya_Samaj">Arya Samaj</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arya Samaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="810"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Dayananda_Saraswati_1962_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Dayananda Saraswati">Maharishi Dayananda Saraswati</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>, on a 1962 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> is considered one of the overarching Hindu renaissance movements of the late nineteenth century. <a href="/wiki/Dayanand_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayanand Saraswati">Swami Dayananda</a>, the founder of Arya Samaj, rejected idolatry, caste restriction and untouchability, child marriage and advocated equal status and opportunities for women. He opposed "Brahmanism" (which he believed had led to the corruption of the knowledge of Vedas) as much as he opposed Christianity and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5">[5]</a> Although Arya Samaj was often considered as a social movement, many revolutionaries and political leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence movement">Indian Independence movement</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Bismil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramprasad Bismil">Ramprasad Bismil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishnavarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyamji Krishnavarma">Shyamji Krishnavarma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhai_Paramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhai Paramanand">Bhai Paramanand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> were inspired by it.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swami_Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Swami Vivekananda" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/220px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1123"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/220px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/330px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/440px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> on the Platform of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a></figcaption></figure> Another 19th-century Hindu reformer was <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>. Vivekananda as a student was educated in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Western thought">Western thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Veer-3">[3]</a> He joined Brahmo Samaj briefly before meeting <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a>, who was a priest in the temple of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> in Calcutta and who was to become his guru.<a href="#cite_note-Veer-3">[3]</a> Under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a>, Vivekananda re-interpreted <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, presenting it as the essence of Hindu spirituality, and the development of human's religiosity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-39">[39]</a> This project started with <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a> of Brahmo Samaj, who collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian Church</a>, and propagated a strict monotheism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-39">[39]</a> This reinterpretation produced <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">neo-Vedanta</a>, in which Advaita Vedanta was combined with disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and the concept of social service<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2002-39">[39]</a> to attain perfection from the ascetic traditions in what Vivekananda called the "practical Vedanta". The practical side essentially included participation in social reform.<a href="#cite_note-Veer-3">[3]</a> He made Hindu spirituality, intellectually available to the Westernized audience. His famous speech in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> at Chicago on 11 September 1893, followed a huge reception of his thought in the West and made him a well-known figure in the West and subsequently in India too.<a href="#cite_note-Veer-3">[3]</a> His influence can still be recognised in popular Western <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">nondualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> and the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a>. A major element of Vivekananda's message was nationalism. He saw his effort very much in terms of a revitalisation of the Hindu nation, which carried Hindu spirituality and which could counter Western materialism. The notions of the superiority of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">culture of India</a>, were to be questioned based on Hindu spirituality. It also became a main inspiration for Hindu nationalism today.<a href="#cite_note-Veer-3">[3]</a> One of the most revered leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), <a href="/wiki/Babasaheb_Apte" title="Babasaheb Apte">Babasaheb Apte</a>'s lifelong pet sentence was "Vivekananda is like Gita for the RSS." Some historians have observed that this helped the nascent Independence movement with a distinct national identity and kept it from being the simple derivative function of European nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-chatterjee-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Shaping_of_Hindu_Polity_&_Nationalism_in_the_20th_century">Shaping of Hindu Polity & Nationalism in the 20th century</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shaping of Hindu Polity & Nationalism in the 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sri Aurobindo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_aurobindo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/200px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1284"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/200px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/300px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sri_aurobindo.jpg/400px-Sri_aurobindo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> was an Indian philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>, poet, and nationalist.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> was a nationalist and one of the first to embrace the idea of complete political independence for India. He was inspired by the writings of Swami Vivekananda and the novels of <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-william-40">[40]</a> He "based his claim for freedom for India on the inherent right to freedom, not on any charge of misgovernment or oppression". He believed that the primary requisite for national progress, national reform, is the free habit of free and healthy national thought and action and that it was impossible in a state of servitude.<a href="#cite_note-peter-41">[41]</a> He was part of the <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a>, a revolutionary group working towards the goal of Indian independence<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In his brief political career spanning only four years, he led a delegation from Bengal to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> session of 1907<a href="#cite_note-peter-41">[41]</a> and contributed to the revolutionary newspaper <a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram_(publication)" title="Bande Mataram (publication)">Bande Mataram</a>. In his famous Uttarpara Speech, he outlined the essence and the goal of India's nationalist movement thus: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I say no longer that nationalism is a creed, a religion, a faith; I say that it is the Sanatan Dharma which for us is nationalism. This Hindu nation was born with the Sanatan Dharma, with it, it moves and with it, it grows. When the Sanatan Dharma declines, then the nation declines, and if the Sanatan Dharma were capable of perishing, with the Sanatan Dharma it would perish. </blockquote> In the same speech, he also gave a comprehensive perspective of Hinduism, which is at variance with the geocentric view developed by the later day Hindu nationalist ideologues such as Veer Savarkar and Deendayal Upadhyay: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">But what is the Hindu religion? What is this religion which we call Sanatan, eternal? It is the Hindu religion only because the Hindu nation has kept it, after all, in this Peninsula it grew up in the seclusion of the sea and the Himalayas, because in this sacred and ancient land it was given as a charge to the Aryan race to preserve through the ages. But it is not circumscribed by the confines of a single country, it does not belong peculiarly and forever to a bounded part of the world. That which we call the Hindu religion is the eternal religion, because it is the universal religion which embraces all others. If a religion is not universal, it cannot be eternal. A narrow religion, a sectarian religion, an exclusive religion can live only for a limited time and a limited purpose. This is the one religion that can triumph over materialism by including and anticipating the discoveries of science and the speculations of philosophy.</blockquote> In 1910, he withdrew from political life and spent his remaining life doing spiritual exercises and writing.<a href="#cite_note-william-40">[40]</a> But his works kept inspiring revolutionaries and struggles for independence, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong Uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Both Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo are credited with having founded the basis for a vision of freedom and glory for India in the spirituality and heritage of Hinduism. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Independence_movement">Independence movement</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Independence movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This [Christian] proselytization will mean no peace in the world. Conversions are harmful to India. If I had the power and could legislate I should certainly stop all proselytizing ... It pains me to have to say that the Christian missionaries as a body, with honorable exceptions, have actively supported a system which has impoverished, enervated and demoralized a people considered to be among the gentlest and most civilized on earth.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_1999-45">[45]</a></blockquote> The influence of the Hindu renaissance movements was such that by the turn of the 20th century, there was a confluence of ideas of Hindu cultural nationalism with the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5">[5]</a> Both could be spoken synonymously even by tendencies that were seemingly opposed to sectarian communalism and Hindu majoritism.<a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5">[5]</a> The Hindu renaissance movements held considerable influence over the revolutionary movements against British rule and formed the philosophical basis for the struggles and political movements that originated in the first decade of the twentieth century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_movements">Revolutionary movements</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revolutionary movements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anushilan_Samiti_and_Jugantar">Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a> was one of the prominent revolutionary movements in India in the early part of the twentieth century. It was started as a cultural society in 1902, by Aurobindo and the followers of Bankim Chandra to propagate the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>. But soon the Samiti had its goal to overthrow British colonial rule in India<a href="#cite_note-li-4">[4]</a> Various branches of the Samiti sprung across India in the guise of suburban fitness clubs but secretly imparted arms training to its members with the implicit aim of using them against the British colonial administration.<a href="#cite_note-johari-46">[46]</a> On 30 April 1908 at <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a>, two revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a> and Prafulla Chaki, threw bombs at a British convoy aimed at British officer Kingsford. Both were arrested trying to flee. Aurobindo was also arrested on 2 May 1908 and sent to <a href="/wiki/Alipore_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Alipore Jail">Alipore Jail</a>. The report sent from <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Henderson_Leith_Fraser" title="Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser">Andrew Fraser</a>, the then Lt Governor of Bengal to Lord Minto in England declared that although Sri Aurobindo came to Calcutta in 1906 as a Professor at the National College, "he has ever since been the principal advisor of the revolutionary party. It is of utmost importance to arrest his potential for mischief, for he is the prime mover and can easily set tools, one to replace another". But charges against Aurobindo were never proved and he was acquitted. Many members of the group faced charges and were transported and imprisoned for life. Others went into hiding.<a href="#cite_note-guha-47">[47]</a> In 1910, when, Aurobindo withdrew from political life and decided to live a life of renounciate,<a href="#cite_note-william-40">[40]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a> declined. One of the revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a>, who managed to escape the trial started a group which would be called <a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a>. Jugantar continued with its armed struggle against the colonial government, but the arrests of its key members and subsequent trials weakened its influence. Many of its members were imprisoned for life in the notorious Andaman Cellular jail.<a href="#cite_note-guha-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India_House">India House</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India House" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A revolutionary movement was started by <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishnavarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyamji Krishnavarma">Shyamji Krishnavarma</a>, a Sanskritist and an Arya Samajist, in London, under the name of <a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a> in 1905. The brain behind this movement was said to be <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">V D Savarkar</a>. Krishnaverma also published a monthly "Indian Sociologist", where the idea of an armed struggle against the British colonial government was openly espoused.<a href="#cite_note-Anthony-48">[48]</a> The movement had become well known for its activities in the Indian expatriates in London. When Gandhi visited London in 1909, he shared a platform with the revolutionaries where both the parties politely agreed to disagree, on the question of adopting a violent struggle and whether <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> justified such violence. Gandhi, while admiring the "patriotism" of the young revolutionaries, had "dissented vociferously" from their "violent blueprints" for social change. In turn, the revolutionaries disliked his adherence to <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> and his close contacts with moderate leaders of the Indian National Congress. Moreover, they considered his method of "passive resistance" effeminate and humiliating.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The India House was soon to face closure following the assassination of <a href="/wiki/William_Hutt_Curzon_Wyllie" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hutt Curzon Wyllie">William Hutt Curzon Wyllie</a> by the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Dhingra" title="Madan Lal Dhingra">Madan Lal Dhingra</a>, who was close to <a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a>. <a href="/wiki/Savarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Savarkar">Savarkar</a> also faced charges and was transported. <a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a> fled to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Anthony-48">[48]</a> India House gave formative support to ideas that were later formulated by Savarkar in his book named '<a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>'. Hindutva was to gain relevance in the run-up to the Indian Independence and form the core ideology of the political party <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, of which Savarkar became president in 1937. It also formed the key ideology, under the euphemistic relabelling Rashtriyatva (nationalism), for the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> founded in 1925,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> (the present-day ruling <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>) under another euphemistic relabelling Bharatiyata (Indianness).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham1968350%E2%80%93352-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_National_Congress">Indian National Congress</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indian National Congress" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lal-Bal-Pal">Lal-Bal-Pal</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lal-Bal-Pal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg/200px-Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="285"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg/200px-Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg/300px-Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Lal_Bal_Pal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A rare photograph of <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. The triumvirate was popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bal_Pal" title="Lal Bal Pal">Lal Bal Pal</a>, who changed the political discourse of the Indian independence movement.</figcaption></figure> "<a href="/wiki/Lal-Bal-Pal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal-Bal-Pal">Lal-Bal-Pal</a>" is the phrase that is used to refer to the three nationalist leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a> who held sway over the Indian Nationalist movement and the independence struggle in the early parts of twentieth century. <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> belonged to the northern province of Punjab. He was influenced greatly by the Arya Samaj and was part of the Hindu reform movement.<a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5">[5]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1888 and became a prominent figure in the Indian Independence Movement.<a href="#cite_note-collected-52">[52]</a> He started numerous educational institutions. The National College at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> started by him became the centre for revolutionary ideas and was the college where revolutionaries like <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a> studied.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> While leading a procession against the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a>, he was fatally injured in the <a href="/wiki/Lathi_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathi charge">lathi charge</a>. His death led revolutionaries like <a href="/wiki/Chandrashekar_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekar Azad">Chandrashekar Azad</a> and Bhagat Singh to assassinate the British police officer <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._P._Saunders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. P. Saunders (page does not exist)">J. P. Saunders</a>, who they believed was responsible for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.<a href="#cite_note-collected-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> was a nationalist leader from the Central Indian province of Maharashtra. He has been widely acclaimed the "Father of Indian unrest" who used the press and Hindu occasions like <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a> and symbols like the Cow to create unrest against the British administration in India.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Tilak joined the Indian National Congress in 1890. Under the influence of such leaders, the political discourse of the Congress moved from the polite accusation that colonial rule was "un-British" to the forthright claim of Tilak that "Swaraj is my birthright and I will have it".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a> of Bengal was another prominent figure of the Indian nationalist movement, who is considered a modern Hindu reformer, who stood for Hindu cultural nationalism and was opposed to sectarian communalism and Hindu majoritism.<a href="#cite_note-bhatt-5">[5]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1886 and was also one of the key members of the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gandhi_and_Rāmarājya">Gandhi and Rāmarājya</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gandhi and Rāmarājya" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_sel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marche_sel.jpg/250px-Marche_sel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2348"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marche_sel.jpg/250px-Marche_sel.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marche_sel.jpg/375px-Marche_sel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Marche_sel.jpg/500px-Marche_sel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> never called himself a Hindu nationalist, but preached Hindu <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and concept of "Rama Rajya".</figcaption></figure> Though <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> never called himself a "Hindu nationalist"; he believed in and propagated concepts like <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and introduced the concept of the "Rāma Rājya" (Rule of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Lord Rāma</a>) as part of his social and political philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Gandhi said "By political independence I do not mean an imitation to the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of commons</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">soviet rule of Russia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist rule of Italy</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi rule of Germany</a>. They have systems suited to their genius. We must have ours suited to ours. What that can be is more than I can tell. I have described it as Ramarajya i.e., sovereignty of the people based on pure moral authority."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Gandhi emphasised that "Rāma Rājya" to him meant peace and justice, adding that "the ancient ideal of Ramarajya is undoubtedly one of true democracy in which the meanest citizen could be sure of swift justice without an elaborate and costly procedure".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> He also emphasised that it meant respect for all religions: "My Hinduism teaches me to respect all religions. In this lies the secret of Ramarajya".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> While Gandhi had clarified that "by Ram Rajya I do not mean Hindu Raj. I mean by Ram Rajya, Divine Raj, the kingdom of God," his concept of "Rama Rajya" became a major concept in Hindu nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madan_Mohan_Malviya">Madan Mohan Malviya</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Madan Mohan Malviya" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malviya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madan Mohan Malviya">Madan Mohan Malviya</a>, an educationist and a politician with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> was also a vociferous proponent of the philosophy of Bhagavad Gita (Bhagavad Gītā). He was the president of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in the year 1909 and 1918.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6">[6]</a> He was seen as a 'moderate' in the Congress and was also considered very close to Gandhi. He popularized the Sanskrit phrase "<a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a>" (Truth alone triumphs), from the <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, which today is the national motto of the Republic of India.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> He founded the <a href="/wiki/Benaras_Hindu_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Benaras Hindu University">Benaras Hindu University</a> in 1919 and became its first Vice-Chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keshav_Baliram_Hedgewar">Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Keshav Baliram Hedgewar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Hedgevar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dr._Hedgevar.jpg/150px-Dr._Hedgevar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="1324"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dr._Hedgevar.jpg/150px-Dr._Hedgevar.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dr._Hedgevar.jpg/225px-Dr._Hedgevar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Dr._Hedgevar.jpg/300px-Dr._Hedgevar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</a>, the founding <a href="/wiki/Sarsanghachalak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarsanghachalak">Sarsanghachalak</a> (or "Supreme Executive"<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></figcaption></figure> Another leader of prime importance in the ascent of Hindu nationalism was <a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Keshav Baliram Hedgewar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>. Hedgewar as a medical student in Calcutta had been part of the revolutionary activities of the Hindu Mahasabha, Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar.<a href="#cite_note-chitkara-66">[66]</a> He was charged with sedition in 1921 by the British Administration and served a year in prison. He was briefly a member of the Indian National Congress.<a href="#cite_note-chitkara-66">[66]</a> In 1925, he left the Congress to form the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS) with the help of Hindu Mahasabha Leader <a href="/wiki/B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">B. S. Moonje</a>, Bapuji Soni, Gatate Ji etc., which would become the focal point of Hindu movements in Independent India.<a href="#cite_note-Shankar2009-67">[67]</a> The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh started by him became one of the most prominent Hindu organisation with its influence ranging in the social and political spheres of India. In 1930, when Mahatma Gandhi started <a href="/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> movement against the British Government, Hedgewar participated in the movement in his capacity and did not let the RSS join the freedom movement officially.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The RSS portrayed itself as a social movement rather than a political party, and did not play a central role in any of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martha2008-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-MGChitkara2004-70">[70]</a> However, the RSS emphatically rejected the Congress policy of cooperation with the Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Martha2008-69">[69]</a> Subsequently, in 1934, the Congress banned its members from joining RSS, Hindu Mahasabha or Muslim League.<a href="#cite_note-MGChitkara2004-70">[70]</a> After the death of Hedgewar in 1940, <a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a> became head of the organization. RSS continued to avoid participation in anti-British activities, as Golwalkar did not want to give the British colonial administration any excuse to ban the RSS.<a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-71">[71]</a>: 60 After the Muslim League passed the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> demanding a separate Pakistan, the RSS campaigned for a Hindu nation, but stayed away from the independence struggle. When the British colonial government banned military drills and the use of uniforms in non-official organizations, Golwalkar terminated the RSS military department.<a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-71">[71]</a>: 60 RSS had played no role in the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">naval revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shankar2009-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement">Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_Homeland_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement">Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement</a></div> The Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement refers to the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu">Bengali Hindu</a> people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create a homeland for themselves within India, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>'s proposal and campaign to include the entire province of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. The movement began in late 1946, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Calcutta_Killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Calcutta Killing">Great Calcutta Killing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhali genocide">Noakhali genocide</a>, gained significant momentum in April 1947 and in the end met with success on 20 June 1947 when the legislators from the Hindu majority areas returned their verdict in favour of Partition and the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> was divided into <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Post-independence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, the Sangh Parivar was plunged into distress when the RSS was accused of involvement in his murder. Along with the conspirators and the assassin, <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a> was also arrested. The court acquitted Savarkar, and the RSS was found be to completely unlinked with the conspirators.<a href="#cite_note-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, of which Godse was a member, lost membership and popularity. The effects of public outrage had a permanent effect on the Hindu Mahasabha. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></div> The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, which was started in 1925, had grown by the end of British rule in India.<a href="#cite_note-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165-74">[74]</a> In January 1948, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, a former member of the RSS.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> Following the assassination, many prominent leaders of the RSS were arrested, and the RSS as an organisation was banned on 4 February 1948 by the then Home Minister Patel. During the court proceedings in relation to the assassination Godse began claiming that he had left the organisation in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-IAR-77">[77]</a> The then Indian Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, Vallabhbhai Patel had remarked that the "RSS men expressed joy and distributed sweets after Gandhi's death".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh201582-78">[78]</a> The charged RSS leaders were acquitted of the conspiracy charge by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>. Following his release in August 1948, Golwalkar wrote to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to lift the ban on RSS. After Nehru replied that the matter was the responsibility of the Home Minister, Golwalkar consulted Vallabhai Patel regarding the same. Patel then demanded an absolute pre-condition that the RSS adopt a formal written constitution<a href="#cite_note-PLJ100-79">[79]</a> and make it public, where Patel expected RSS to pledge its loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, accept the Tricolor as the <a href="/wiki/National_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flag">National Flag</a> of India, define the power of the head of the organisation, make the organisation democratic by holding internal elections, authorisation of their parents before enrolling the pre-adolescents into the movement, and to renounce violence and secrecy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200714-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-71">[71]</a>: 28 Golwalkar launched an agitation against this demand during which he was imprisoned again. Later, a constitution was drafted for RSS, which, however, initially did not meet any of Patel's demands. After a failed attempt to agitate again, eventually the RSS's constitution was amended according to Patel's wishes except the procedure for selecting the head of the organisation and the enrolment of pre-adolescents. However, the organisation's internal democracy which was written into its constitution, remained a 'dead letter'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689-82">[82]</a> On 11 July 1949, the Government of India lifted the ban on the RSS by issuing a communique stating that the decision to lift the ban on the RSS had been taken in view of the RSS leader Golwalkar's undertaking to make the group's loyalty towards the Constitution of India and acceptance and respect towards the National Flag of India more explicit in the Constitution of the RSS, which was to be worked out in a democratically.<a href="#cite_note-Curran1950-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noorani2000-71">[71]</a>: 60 After the ban was revoked RSS resumed its activities.<a href="#cite_note-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165-74">[74]</a> The 1960s saw the volunteers of the RSS join the different social and political movements. Movements that saw a large presence of volunteers included the <a href="/wiki/Bhoodan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoodan">Bhoodan</a>, a land reform movement led by prominent Gandhian <a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a> led by another Gandhian <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-martha-85">[85]</a> RSS supported trade union, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a> and political party <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> also grew into considerable prominence by the end of the decade. Another prominent development was the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Hindu_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Hindu Parishad">Vishwa Hindu Parishad</a> (VHP), an organisation of Hindu religious leaders, supported by the RSS, to unite the various Hindu religious denominations and to usher a social reform. The first VHP meeting in Mumbai was attended among others by all the Shankaracharyas, Jain leaders, Sikh leader Master <a href="/wiki/Tara_Singh_Malhotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tara Singh Malhotra">Tara Singh Malhotra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> and contemporary Hindu leaders like <a href="/wiki/Swami_Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Chinmayananda">Swami Chinmayananda</a>. From its initial years, the VHP led a concerted attack on the social evils of untouchability and casteism while launching social welfare programmes in the areas of education and health care, especially for the Scheduled Castes, backward classes, and the tribals.<a href="#cite_note-smith-86">[86]</a> The organisations started and supported by the RSS volunteers came to be known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a>. The next few decades saw a steady growth of the influence of the Sangh Parivar in the social and political space of India.<a href="#cite_note-smith-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayodhya_dispute">Ayodhya dispute</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ayodhya dispute" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: अयोध्या विवाद) is a political, historical and socio-religious debate in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, centred on a plot of land in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> district, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. The main issues revolve around access to a site traditionally regarded as the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, the history and location of the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Babri Mosque">Babri Mosque</a> at the site, and whether a previous Hindu temple was demolished or modified to create the mosque. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_and_gender_minorities">Sexual and gender minorities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sexual and gender minorities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Contrary to the lean of conservative parties in the western world, the BJP has been supported by sexual minorities such as women and LGBTQ.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The party was influential in sponsoring a serious of agitations in support of women and protests against the alleged rape and murder of a woman doctor, a movement that has been called "reclaim the night".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Hindutva_and_Hindu_Rashtra">Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hindu Rashtra (disambiguation)">Hindu Rashtra</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarkar">Sarkar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sarkar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benoy_Kumar_Sarkar" title="Benoy Kumar Sarkar">Benoy Kumar Sarkar</a></div> Professor <a href="/wiki/Benoy_Kumar_Sarkar" title="Benoy Kumar Sarkar">Benoy Kumar Sarkar</a> coined the term Hindu Rastra. In his book named Building of Hindu Rastra (হিন্দু রাস্ট্রের গড়ন) presented the idea of structural of Hindu state and directives for the socio-economic and political system of the Hindu state. He is deemed the pioneer ideologue of Hindu Rashtra. Many people identify his philosophy as 'Sarkarism'. His writings on this subject amounted to nearly 30,000 pages.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> A complete list of his publications is contained in Bandyopadhyay's book The Political Ideas of Benoy Kumar Sarkar.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <ul><li>1914/1921 The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>1916 The beginning of Hindu culture as world-power (A.D. 300-600)<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li>1916 Chinese Religion Through Hindu Eyes<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>1918 Hindu achievements in exact science a study in the history of scientific development<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li></ul> In 1919, he authored a study in the American Political Science Review presenting a "Hindu <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory of international relations</a>" which drew on thinkers such as Kautilya, Manu and Shookra, and the text of the Mahabharata.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[98]</a> In 1921, he authored a Political Science Quarterly study presenting a "Hindu Theory of the State."<a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[98]</a> According to Barry Buzan and Amitav Acharya, Sarkar's works "may be the first major IR contributions by an Indian, and one of the first modern efforts to develop an indigenous Non-Western theory of IR."<a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Savarkar">Savarkar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Savarkar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/210px-Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/210px-Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/315px-Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/420px-Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Veer Savarkar, formulator of the <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> philosophy, on a 1970 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> Savarkar was one of the first in the twentieth century to attempt a definitive description of the term "Hindu" in terms of what he called Hindutva meaning Hinduness.<a href="#cite_note-savarkar-99">[99]</a> The coinage of the term "Hindutva" was an attempt by Savarkar who was non religious and a rationalist, to de-link it from any religious connotations that had become attached to it. He defined the word Hindu as: "He who considers India as both his Fatherland and Holyland". He thus defined Hindutva ("Hindu-ness") or Hindu as different from Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-savarkar-99">[99]</a> This definition kept the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) outside its ambit and considered only <a href="/wiki/Indian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">native religious denominations</a> as Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> This distinction was emphasised on the basis of territorial loyalty rather than on religious practices. In this book which was written in the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a>, Savarkar wrote "Their [Muslims' and Christians'] holy land is far off in Arabia or Palestine. Their mythology and Godmen, ideas and heroes are not the children of this soil. Consequently, their names and their outlook smack of foreign origin. Their love is divided".<a href="#cite_note-savarkar-99">[99]</a> Savarkar had made it clear that Hindutva is not the same thing as Hinduism and it does not concern religion or rituals but the basis of India’s national character.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> Savarkar also defined the concept of Hindu Rashtra (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> Hindu Polity).<a href="#cite_note-jain-101">[101]</a> The concept of Hindu Polity called for the protection of Hindu people and their culture and emphasised that political and economic systems should be based on native thought rather than on the concepts borrowed from the West. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mukherjee">Mukherjee</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mukherjee" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="470"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 297px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="297" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee_1978_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Syama Prasad Mukherjee, who founded the Hindu nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>, on a 1978 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> Mookerjee was the founder of the Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> party, the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>. Mookerjee was firmly against Nehru's invitation to the Pakistani PM, and their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries. He wanted to hold Pakistan directly responsible for the terrible influx of millions of Hindu refugees from <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, who had left the state fearing religious suppression and violence aided by the state. After consultation with Golwalkar of RSS, Mookerjee founded Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 at Delhi and he became the first President of it. The BJS was ideologically close to the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> and widely considered the political arm of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Nationalism">Hindu Nationalism</a>. It was opposed to appeasement of India's Muslims. The BJS also favored a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code of India">uniform civil code</a> governing personal law matters for both Hindus and Muslims, wanted to ban cow slaughter and end the special status given to the Muslim-majority state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>. The BJS founded the <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> agenda which became the wider political expression of India's Hindu majority. Mookerjee opposed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>'s decision to grant <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> a special status with its own flag and Prime Minister. According to Congress's decision, no one, including the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> could enter into <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> without the permission of Kashmir's <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Prime_Ministers_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir">Prime Minister</a>. In opposition to this decision, he entered Kashmir on 11 May 1953. Thereafter, he was arrested and jailed in a dilapidated house.<a href="#cite_note-zz-102">[102]</a> Syama Prasad had suffered from dry pleurisy and coronary troubles, and was taken to hospital one and a half months after his arrest due to complications arising from the same.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He was administered penicillin despite having informed the doctor-in-charge of his allergy to penicillin, and he died on 23 June 1953. Mookherjee's death later compelled Nehru to remove the Permit system, the post of Sadar-e-Riayasat and of Prime Minister of Jammu & Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Though Mukherjee was not associated with RSS, he is widely revered by members and supporters of the RSS and the <a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Hindu_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Hindu Parishad">Vishwa Hindu Parishad</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golwalkar">Golwalkar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Golwalkar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Madhav_Sadashiv_Golwalkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhav Sadashiv Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a>, the second head of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), was to further this non-religious, territorial loyalty based definition of "Hindu" in his book Bunch of Thoughts. Hindutva and Hindu Rashtra would form the basis of Golwalkar's ideology and that of the RSS. While emphasising <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>, Golwalkar believed that Semitic monotheism and exclusivism were incompatible with and against the native Hindu culture. He wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Those creeds (Islam and Christianity) have but one prophet, one scripture and one God, other than whom there is no path of salvation for the human soul. It requires no great intelligence to see the absurdity of such a proposition.</blockquote> He added: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As far as the national tradition of this land is concerned, it never considers that with a change in the method of worship, an individual ceases to be the son of the soil and should be treated as an alien. Here, in this land, there can be no objection to God being called by any name whatever. Ingrained in this soil is love and respect for all faiths and religious beliefs. He cannot be a son of this soil at all who is intolerant of other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-bunch-104">[104]</a></blockquote> He further would echo the views of Savarkar on territorial loyalty, but with a degree of inclusiveness, when he wrote "So, all that is expected of our Muslim and Christian co-citizens is the shedding of the notions of their being 'religious minorities' as also their foreign mental complexion and merging themselves in the common national stream of this soil."<a href="#cite_note-bunch-104">[104]</a> After the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, Golwalkar and Hindu Mahasabha's senior leaders such as Shyama Prasad Mukharji founded a new political party as Jan Sangh,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> many of Hindu Mahasabha members joined Jan Sangh. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deendayal_Upadhyaya">Deendayal Upadhyaya</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Deendayal Upadhyaya" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Deendayal_Upadhyaya" title="Deendayal Upadhyaya">Deendayal Upadhyaya</a>, another RSS ideologue, presented <a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral Humanism</a> as the political philosophy of the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh in the form of four lectures delivered in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> on 22–25 April 1965 as an attempt to offer a third way, rejecting both communism and capitalism as the means for socio-economic emancipation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_descriptions">Contemporary descriptions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Contemporary descriptions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Later thinkers of the RSS, like H. V. Sheshadri and K. S. Rao, were to emphasise on non-theocratic nature of the word "Hindu Rashtra", which they believed was often inadequately translated, ill interpreted and wrongly stereotyped as a theocratic state. In a book, H. V. Sheshadri, the senior leader of the RSS writes "As Hindu Rashtra is not a religious concept, it is also not a political concept. It is generally misinterpreted as a theocratic state or a religious Hindu state. Nation (Rashtra) and State (Rajya) are entirely different and should never be mixed up. The state is purely a political concept. The State changes as the political authority shifts from person to person or party to party. But the people in the Nation remain the same.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> They would maintain that the concept of Hindu Rashtra is in complete agreement with the principles of secularism and democracy.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The concept of "'Hindutva" continues to be espoused by organisations like the RSS and political parties like the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP). But the definition does not have the same rigidity with respect to the concept of "holy land" laid down by Savarkar, and stresses on inclusivism and patriotism. BJP leader and the then leader of the opposition, <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, in 1998, articulated the concept of "holy land" in Hindutva as follows: "Mecca can continue to be holy for the Muslims but India should be holier than the holy for them. You can go to a mosque and offer namaz, you can keep the <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">roza</a>. We have no problem. But if you have to choose between Mecca or Islam and India you must choose India. All the Muslims should have this feeling: we will live and die only for this country."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In a 1995 landmark judgment, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> observed that "Ordinarily, Hindutva is understood as a way of life or a state of mind and is not to be equated with or understood as religious <a href="/wiki/Hindu_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu fundamentalism">Hindu fundamentalism</a>. A Hindu may embrace a non-Hindu religion without ceasing to be a Hindu and since the Hindu is disposed to think synthetically and to regard other forms of worship, strange gods and divergent doctrines as inadequate rather than wrong or objectionable, he tends to believe that the highest divine powers complement each other for the well-being of the world and mankind."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Hindu_Rashtra_movements_in_Nepal">Hindu Rashtra movements in Nepal</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hindu Rashtra movements in Nepal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> In 2008, Nepal was declared a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> after the Maoist led <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">1996–2006 Nepalese Civil War</a> and the following <a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">2006 Nepalese revolution</a> led to the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Nepal">monarchy of Nepal</a>. Before becoming a <a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">secular republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> was the world's only country to have <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> as its <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a> changed its constitution to support monarchy and the re-establishment of the Hindu state.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In December 2015, a pro-Hindu and a pro-monarchy protest was held at <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The chairperson of <a href="/wiki/CPN-Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN-Maoist">CPN-Maoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Prachanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachanda">Prachanda</a>, claimed that Muslims were oppressed by the state and assured the Muslim crowd of Muslim Mukti Morcha to give special rights to Muslims in order to appease the community and garner Muslim support as his party faced losses in the <a href="/wiki/Terai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Terai region">Terai region</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> However, during the 2015 "Hindu Rashtra" campaigning in Nepal by the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Muslims" title="Nepalese Muslims">Nepalese Muslim</a> groups demanded Nepal to be a "Hindu Rashtra" (Hindu Nation) under which they claimed to "feel secure" compared to the secular constitution. Nepalese Muslim groups also opined that the increasing influences of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity in Nepal</a> that promote conversion against all other faiths is a reason they want Nepal to have a Hindu state identity under which all religions are protected.<a href="#cite_note-THT_Nepali-Muslim-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-ET_Nepali-Muslim-116">[116]</a> Muslim leader Babu Khan Pathan who is the chairperson of the Muslim Rashtrawadi Manch <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a> supported the Hindu Rashtra campaign and claimed that 80 percent Muslim citizens of <a href="/wiki/Banke_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Banke district">Banke district</a> supported the restoration of Hindu state. He gave the following clarification for the support of Hindu statehood in Nepal: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Turning the country secular is nothing but a design to break the longstanding unity among Muslims and Hindus. So there is no alternative to reinstating the country’s old Hindu State identity in order to allow fellow citizens to live with religious tolerance. We don't need a secular identity, but want to see the country called Hindu State as this ensures safety and peace for all. We are Nepali Muslims and proud of it, because we have our unique culture of being the Muslims of this land. Everything was going well until we were ambushed by political parties’ sudden decision to declare the country secular, which is deplorable as it is clear that they acted at the behest of foreign agents. <a href="#cite_note-THT_Nepali-Muslim-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-ET_Nepali-Muslim-116">[116]</a></blockquote> While announcing the party manifesto for the <a href="/wiki/2017_Nepalese_general_election" title="2017 Nepalese general election">2017 Nepalese general election</a>, the pro Hindu <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rashtriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a> chairperson <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Thapa" title="Kamal Thapa">Kamal Thapa</a> stated that Hindu statehood is the only means of establishing national unity and stability. He stated that the secularization of the state was done without the involvement of general public and thus, a referendum was due on the issue. Furthermore, chairperson Thapa argued that the conversion of Nepal into a secular republic was an organised attempt to weaken the national identity of Nepal and the religious conversions have seriously affected the indigenous and <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party_Nepal" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal">Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal</a> has stated support for a Hindu state with <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> and registered an amendment proposal for such on 19 March 2017.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> On 30 November 2020, a pro-Hindu and a pro-monarchy protest was held at Kathmandu. Similar protests were held on other major cities like <a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butwal" title="Butwal">Butwal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On 4 December 2020, mass protests were held at <a href="/wiki/Maitighar" title="Maitighar">Maitighar</a> that ended in <a href="/wiki/Baneshwar" title="Baneshwar">Naya Baneshwar</a> demanding the restoration of Hindu statehood with <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The protestors carried the national flags and posters of the founding father of modern Nepal, King <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, and chanted slogans supporting Hindu statehood. Protestors claimed the Hindu statehood is a means of national unity and well being of the people. This protest is considered one of the biggest pro-monarchy demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On 11 January 2021, mass protests were held at <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> demanding the restoration of Hindu statehood with monarchy. Police baton charged at the protestors around the <a href="/wiki/Singha_Durbar" title="Singha Durbar">Prime Minister's Office</a> resulting in protestors responding with stones and sticks.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In August 2021, similar protests led by former Nepal Army General Rookmangud Katawal were also observed.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir">Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffron terror">Saffron terror</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jain-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Jain_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJain,_Girilal1994" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Girilal (1994). The Hindu Phenomenon. New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86112-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86112-32-8"><bdi>978-81-86112-32-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Phenomenon&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-86112-32-8&rft.au=Jain%2C+Girilal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chatterjee-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chatterjee_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chatterjee_2-1">b</a> Chatterjee Partha (1986) </li> <li id="cite_note-Veer-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Veer_3-7">h</a> Peter van der Veer, Hartmut Lehmann, Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia, Princeton University Press, 1999 p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-li-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-li_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-li_4-1">b</a> Li Narangoa, R. B. Cribb Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945, Published by Routledge, 2003 p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-bhatt-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatt_5-7">h</a> Bhatt, Chetan, Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths, Berg Publishers (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-348-6">978-1-85973-348-6</a>. 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Chand. pp. 27–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+history+of+India%2C+including+the+nationalist+movement&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=27-38&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Vidya+Dhar+Mahajan&rft.au=Savitri+Mahajan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/hindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar/cid/1699550">"Hindutva is not the same as Hinduism said Savarkar"</a>. The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hindutva+is+not+the+same+as+Hinduism+said+Savarkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Famp%2Findia%2Fhindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar%2Fcid%2F1699550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeidig2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leidig, Eviane (26 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861">"Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism"</a>. Patterns of Prejudice. 54 (3): 215–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861">10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F84144">10852/84144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221839031">221839031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Hindutva+as+a+variant+of+right-wing+extremism&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-237&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F84144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221839031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2020.1759861&rft.aulast=Leidig&rft.aufirst=Eviane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0031322X.2020.1759861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatnaik1993" class="citation journal cs1">Patnaik, Prabhat (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517631">"The Fascism of Our Times"</a>. Social Scientist. 21 (3/4): 69–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517631">10.2307/3517631</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293">0970-0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517631">3517631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Fascism+of+Our+Times&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=69-77&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0970-0293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3517631&rft.aulast=Patnaik&rft.aufirst=Prabhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattMukta2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bhatt, Chetan; Mukta, Parita (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/014198700328935">"Hindutva in the West: mapping the antinomies of diaspora nationalism"</a>. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 23 (3): 407–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F014198700328935">10.1080/014198700328935</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-9870">0141-9870</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143287533">143287533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnic+and+Racial+Studies&rft.atitle=Hindutva+in+the+West%3A+mapping+the+antinomies+of+diaspora+nationalism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-441&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143287533%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0141-9870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F014198700328935&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Chetan&rft.au=Mukta%2C+Parita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F014198700328935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parel-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Parel_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Parel2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Parel" title="Anthony Parel">Anthony Parel</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC">Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-rule</a>. Lexington Books. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0137-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-0137-7</bdi></a>. <q>The agendas of Hindutva though strong on the issues of self - identity and self - definition, have tended to be separatist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+Freedom%2C+and+Self-rule&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0137-7&rft.au=Anthony+Parel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsErf-DzVI9EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varadarajan-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Varadarajan_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddharth_Varadarajan2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siddharth_Varadarajan" title="Siddharth Varadarajan">Siddharth Varadarajan</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kc9GmFWePUC">Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy</a>. Penguin Books. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302901-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-302901-4"><bdi>978-0-14-302901-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat%2C+the+Making+of+a+Tragedy&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-302901-4&rft.au=Siddharth+Varadarajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1kc9GmFWePUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2125/stories/20041217006712900.htm">"Frontline.in"</a>. www.frontline.in. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frontline.in&rft.atitle=Frontline.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2125%2Fstories%2F20041217006712900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilfred-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilfred_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilfred_14-1">b</a> On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies, By Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3448-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3448-2">978-90-279-3448-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Gould2004" class="citation book cs1">William Gould (15 April 2004). Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45195-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45195-6"><bdi>978-1-139-45195-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+and+the+Language+of+Politics+in+Late+Colonial+India&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45195-6&rft.au=William+Gould&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a>, one of the main votaries of Hindutva has stated that it believes in a cultural connotation of the term Hindu. "The term Hindu in the conviction as well as in the constitution of the RSS is a cultural and civilizational concept and not a political or religious dogma. The term as a cultural concept will include and did always include all including Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Muslims, Christians and Parsis. The cultural nationality of India, in the conviction of the RSS, is Hindu and it was inclusive of all who are born and who have adopted Bharat as their Motherland, including Muslims, Christians and Parsis. The answering association submit that it is not just a matter of RSS conviction, but a fact borne out by history that the Muslims, Christians and Parsis too are Hindus by culture although as religions they are not so." Quoting RSS General Secretary's reply to the Tribunal constituted under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967 to hear the case on the RSS, Organiser, 6 June 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaij_Nath_Puri1975" class="citation book cs1">Baij Nath Puri (1975). History of Indian Administration: Medieval period. p. 273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Administration%3A+Medieval+period&rft.pages=273&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Baij+Nath+Puri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. M.E.Sharpe. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3757-4"><bdi>978-0-7656-3757-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+and+Survey+of+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=M.E.Sharpe&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3757-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanddra_Mauli_Mani2009" class="citation book cs1">Chanddra Mauli Mani (2009). A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana). Northern Book Centre. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-256-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-256-1"><bdi>978-81-7211-256-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+through+India%27s+Past+%28Great+Hindu+Kings+after+Harshavardhana%29&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-256-1&rft.au=Chanddra+Mauli+Mani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeera_Kosambi2000" class="citation book cs1">Meera Kosambi (2000). Intersections: Socio-cultural Trends in Maharashtra. Orient Blackswan. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1878-0"><bdi>978-81-250-1878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intersections%3A+Socio-cultural+Trends+in+Maharashtra&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-250-1878-0&rft.au=Meera+Kosambi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidyut_ChakrabartyBhuwan_Kumar_Jha2019" class="citation book cs1">Bidyut Chakrabarty; Bhuwan Kumar Jha (2019). Hindu Nationalism in India: Ideology and Politics. Routledge. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-75399-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-75399-8"><bdi>978-1-000-75399-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+in+India%3A+Ideology+and+Politics&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-000-75399-8&rft.au=Bidyut+Chakrabarty&rft.au=Bhuwan+Kumar+Jha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaraharinath,_YogiAcharya,_Baburam2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Naraharinath" title="Yogi Naraharinath">Naraharinath, Yogi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Baburam_Acharya" title="Baburam Acharya">Acharya, Baburam</a> (2014). Badamaharaj Prithivi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh (2014 Reprint ed.). Kathmandu: Shree Krishna Acharya. pp. 4, 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99933-912-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-99933-912-1-0"><bdi>978-99933-912-1-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Badamaharaj+Prithivi+Narayan+Shah+ko+Divya+Upadesh&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pages=4%2C+5&rft.edition=2014+Reprint&rft.pub=Shree+Krishna+Acharya&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-99933-912-1-0&rft.au=Naraharinath%2C+Yogi&rft.au=Acharya%2C+Baburam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harkadai-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harkadai_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harkadai_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harkadai_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/OPSA/article/download/1133/1558">Harka Gurung</a>, Nepjol</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harka+Gurung&rft.pub=Nepjol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2FOPSA%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1133%2F1558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198865-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDharam_Vir198865_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDharam_Vir1988">Dharam Vir 1988</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorgström198011-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorgstr%C3%B6m198011_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorgstr%C3%B6m1980">Borgström 1980</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20127_26-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Stiller, L. F. (1993). Nepal: Growth of a Nation. Human Resources Development Research Center, Kathmandu. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofer1979" class="citation book cs1">Hofer, Andras (1979). The Caste Hierarchy and the State of Nepal: A Study of the Muluki Ain of 1854. Universitatsverlag Wagner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caste+Hierarchy+and+the+State+of+Nepal%3A+A+Study+of+the+Muluki+Ain+of+1854&rft.pub=Universitatsverlag+Wagner&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Hofer&rft.aufirst=Andras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuneratne2002" class="citation book cs1">Guneratne, Arjun (2002). Many Tongues, One People: The Making of Tharu Identity in Nepal. 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Harvard University Press. pp. 156–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03059-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03059-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03059-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+Within%3A+Democracy%2C+Religious+Violence%2C+and+India%27s+Future&rft.pages=156-&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03059-6&rft.au=Martha+Craven+Nussbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWS_0saaC-jkC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGChitkara2004-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MGChitkara2004_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGChitkara2004_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._G._Chitkara2004" class="citation book cs1">M. G. Chitkara (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ifuxzl9NM5sC&pg=PA251">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: National Upsurge</a>. APH Publishing. pp. 251–254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-465-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-465-7"><bdi>978-81-7648-465-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashtriya+Swayamsevak+Sangh%3A+National+Upsurge&rft.pages=251-254&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-465-7&rft.au=M.+G.+Chitkara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Difuxzl9NM5sC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noorani2000-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noorani2000_71-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Gafoor_Abdul_Majeed_Noorani2000" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PnBFW7cdtsC&pg=PT60">The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour</a>. LeftWord Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87496-13-7"><bdi>978-81-87496-13-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+RSS+and+the+BJP%3A+A+Division+of+Labour&rft.pub=LeftWord+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-87496-13-7&rft.au=Abdul+Gafoor+Abdul+Majeed+Noorani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PnBFW7cdtsC%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParanjoy_Guha_ThakurtaShankar_Raghuraman2004" class="citation book cs1">Paranjoy Guha Thakurta; Shankar Raghuraman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha">A Time of Coalitions: Divided We Stand</a>. SAGE. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeofcoalitions0000guha/page/131">131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+of+Coalitions%3A+Divided+We+Stand&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Paranjoy+Guha+Thakurta&rft.au=Shankar+Raghuraman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeofcoalitions0000guha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> RSS played an important role in anti-Muslim violence during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947. </li> <li id="cite_note-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murder_Mahatma_Gandhi_1970,_page_165_74-2">c</a> Report of Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi, By India (Republic). Commission of Inquiry into Conspiracy to Murder Mahatma Gandhi, Jeevan Lal Kapur, Published by Ministry of Home affairs, 1970, page 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2020" class="citation web cs1">Jha, Dhirendra K. (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/historical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss">"Historical records expose the lie that Nathuram Godse left the RSS"</a>. The Caravan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Caravan&rft.atitle=Historical+records+expose+the+lie+that+Nathuram+Godse+left+the+RSS&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Dhirendra+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaravanmagazine.in%2Freportage%2Fhistorical-record-expose-lie-godse-left-rss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-76"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_76-0">^</a> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarawanMcCormackReynolds2008" class="citation book cs1">Karawan, Ibrahim A.; McCormack, Wayne; Reynolds, Stephen E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ol-63orWw68C&pg=PA87">Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8660-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8660-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-8660-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Values+and+Violence%3A+Intangible+Aspects+of+Terrorism&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8660-1&rft.aulast=Karawan&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim+A.&rft.au=McCormack%2C+Wayne&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dol-63orWw68C%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenugopal2016" class="citation news cs1">Venugopal, Vasudha (8 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nathuram-godse-never-left-rss-says-his-family/articleshow/54159375.cms">"Nathuram Godse never left RSS, says his family"</a>. The Economic Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Nathuram+Godse+never+left+RSS%2C+says+his+family&rft.date=2016-09-08&rft.aulast=Venugopal&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fnathuram-godse-never-left-rss-says-his-family%2Farticleshow%2F54159375.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAR-77"><a href="#cite_ref-IAR_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_James_Larson1995" class="citation book cs1">Gerald James Larson (1995). India's Agony Over Religion. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2412-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2412-X"><bdi>0-7914-2412-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Agony+Over+Religion&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7914-2412-X&rft.au=Gerald+James+Larson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh201582-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh201582_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2015">Singh 2015</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-PLJ100-79"><a href="#cite_ref-PLJ100_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanicker" class="citation book cs1">Panicker, P L John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7178/9/09_chapter%202.pdf#page=79">Gandhian approach to communalism in contemporary India</a> (PDF). p. 100. Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhian+approach+to+communalism+in+contemporary+India&rft.pages=100&rft.aulast=Panicker&rft.aufirst=P+L+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsg.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F10603%2F7178%2F9%2F09_chapter%25202.pdf%23page%3D79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199688,_89_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, pp. 88, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200714-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham200714_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham2007">Graham 2007</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot199689_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot1996">Jaffrelot 1996</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-Curran1950-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Curran1950_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran1950" class="citation journal cs1">Curran, Jean A. (17 May 1950). "The RSS: Militant Hinduism". Far Eastern Survey. 19 (10): 93–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3023941">10.2307/3023941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023941">3023941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=The+RSS%3A+Militant+Hinduism&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=93-98&rft.date=1950-05-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3023941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3023941%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=Jean+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Suresh Ramabhai, Vinoba and his mission, Published by Akhil Bharat Sarv Seva Sangh, 1954 </li> <li id="cite_note-martha-85"><a href="#cite_ref-martha_85-0">^</a> Martha Craven Nussbaum, The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future, Published by Harvard University Press, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02482-3">978-0-674-02482-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_86-1">b</a> Smith, David James, Hinduism and Modernity P189, Blackwell Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20862-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20862-3">0-631-20862-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/04/how-the-bjp-wins-over-women?lang=en&center=global">"How the BJP Wins Over Women"</a>. carnegieendowment.orgundefined. Retrieved 29 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carnegieendowment.orgundefined&rft.atitle=How+the+BJP+Wins+Over+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fresearch%2F2024%2F04%2Fhow-the-bjp-wins-over-women%3Flang%3Den%26center%3Dglobal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymirror.lk/international/LGBTQ-community-shows-strong-support-for-PM-Modi-in-Indian-General-Election/107-284092">"LGBTQ community shows strong support for PM Modi in Indian General Election - International | Daily Mirror"</a>. www.dailymirror.lk. 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The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 29 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kolkata+doctor+rape+and+murder%3A+BJP+announces+series+of+protest+programmes+in+West+Bengal+from+August+28&rft.date=2024-08-26&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.au=PTI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fwest-bengal%2Fkolkata-doctor-rape-and-murder-bjp-announces-series-of-protest-programmes-in-west-bengal-from-august-28%2Farticle68567652.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/today-in-politics-bengal-bjp-continues-protests-kolkata-rape-murder-9538816/">"Today in Politics: Bengal BJP continues protests over Kolkata rape-murder"</a>. 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Bagchi, Calcutta, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8364-1336-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8364-1336-9">0-8364-1336-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12419520">12419520</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> published in two parts, the first in 1914 and the later in 1921: Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1914) The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology (Part 1) Pânini Office, Allahabad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2005865">2005865</a>; and Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1914) The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology (Part 2, with appendices by Brajendranáth Seal) Sudhindra Natha Vasu, Allahabad, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48121776">48121776</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1916) The beginning of Hindu culture as world-power (A.D. 300-600) Commercial Press, Shanghai, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5732399">5732399</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1916) Chinese Religion Through Hindu Eyes: a study in the tendencies of Asiatic mentality Commercial Press, Shanghai, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82020">82020</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1918) Hindu achievements in exact science a study in the history of scientific development Longmans, Green and Co., New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1193853">1193853</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1919" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400015926/type/journal_article">"Hindu Theory of International Relations"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Monarchy+is+necessary+in+Nepal%3F&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindiapost.com%2F2009%2F10%2F28%2Fwhy-monarchy-is-necessary-in-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Conger2008" class="citation web cs1">George Conger (18 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031409/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/news/?NewsID=1471">"Nepal moves to become a secular republic"</a>. Religious Intelligence. 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Retrieved 25 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RPP&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2&rft.au=RPP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frppn.org%2Fabout%2Fabout-rppn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/hundreds-of-hindu-protesters-clash-with-police-in-nepals-capital-demanding-hindu-state">"Hundreds of Hindu protesters clash with police in Nepal's capital, demanding Hindu state"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 7 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Hindu+protesters+clash+with+police+in+Nepal%27s+capital%2C+demanding+Hindu+state&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fhundreds-of-hindu-protesters-clash-with-police-in-nepals-capital-demanding-hindu-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Once-Hindu-Nepal-to-give-Muslims-rights/articleshow/3216022.cms">"Once Hindu Nepal to give Muslims rights – Times of India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 10 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Once+Hindu+Nepal+to+give+Muslims+rights+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2008-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Frest-of-world%2FOnce-Hindu-Nepal-to-give-Muslims-rights%2Farticleshow%2F3216022.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-THT_Nepali-Muslim-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THT_Nepali-Muslim_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-THT_Nepali-Muslim_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/muslims-demand-hindu-state/">"Muslims demand Hindu state"</a>. 9 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslims+demand+Hindu+state&rft.date=2015-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fmuslims-demand-hindu-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ET_Nepali-Muslim-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ET_Nepali-Muslim_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ET_Nepali-Muslim_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/muslims-in-nepal-demand-a-hindu-state/articleshow/48456574.cms">"Muslims in Nepal demand a Hindu state"</a>. The Economic Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Muslims+in+Nepal+demand+a+Hindu+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fworld-news%2Fmuslims-in-nepal-demand-a-hindu-state%2Farticleshow%2F48456574.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2017/11/08/rpp-firm-on-hindu-state-monarchy">"RPP 'firm on Hindu state, monarchy'"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RPP+%27firm+on+Hindu+state%2C+monarchy%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fmiscellaneous%2F2017%2F11%2F08%2Frpp-firm-on-hindu-state-monarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiwakar2017" class="citation news cs1">Diwakar (19 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/rpp-registers-amendment-proposal-demanding-hindu-state/">"RPP registers Constitution amendment proposal demanding Hindu state"</a>. The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=RPP+registers+Constitution+amendment+proposal+demanding+Hindu+state&rft.date=2017-03-19&rft.au=Diwakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fkathmandu%2Frpp-registers-amendment-proposal-demanding-hindu-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/demonstration-held-in-favor-of-monarchy-in-kathmandu/">"Mass demonstration in Kathmandu in favor of restoration of monarchy in Nepal"</a>. 8 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+demonstration+in+Kathmandu+in+favor+of+restoration+of+monarchy+in+Nepal&rft.date=2024-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fdemonstration-held-in-favor-of-monarchy-in-kathmandu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2020/12/05/despite-district-administration-s-order-pro-monarchy-pro-hindu-forces-hold-rally-in-kathmandu">"Despite district administration's order, pro-monarchy, pro-Hindu forces hold rally in Kathmandu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Despite+district+administration%27s+order%2C+pro-monarchy%2C+pro-Hindu+forces+hold+rally+in+Kathmandu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fvalley%2F2020%2F12%2F05%2Fdespite-district-administration-s-order-pro-monarchy-pro-hindu-forces-hold-rally-in-kathmandu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/mass-protest-in-kathmandu-demanding-restoration-of-constitutional-monarchy-in-nepal/">"Mass protest in Kathmandu demanding restoration of constitutional monarchy"</a>. 8 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+protest+in+Kathmandu+demanding+restoration+of+constitutional+monarchy&rft.date=2024-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyrepublica.nagariknetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fmass-protest-in-kathmandu-demanding-restoration-of-constitutional-monarchy-in-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/thousands-in-nepal-demand-return-of-centuriesold-monarchy-protesters-khadga-prasad-oli-monarchy-monarchy-riot-police-b1785354.html">"Thousands in Nepal demand return of centuries-old monarchy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a>. 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Thousands+in+Nepal+demand+return+of+centuries-old+monarchy&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fthousands-in-nepal-demand-return-of-centuriesold-monarchy-protesters-khadga-prasad-oli-monarchy-monarchy-riot-police-b1785354.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeans2021" class="citation web cs1">Means, Other (9 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/growing-calls-for-restoring-hindu-state-in-nepal/">"In Nepal, Calls Grow for the Restoration of a Hindu State"</a>. The Diplomat – The Diplomat is a current-affairs magazine for the Asia-Pacific, with news and analysis on politics, security, business, technology and life across the region.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat+%E2%80%93+The+Diplomat+is+a+current-affairs+magazine+for+the+Asia-Pacific%2C+with+news+and+analysis+on+politics%2C+security%2C+business%2C+technology+and+life+across+the+region.&rft.atitle=In+Nepal%2C+Calls+Grow+for+the+Restoration+of+a+Hindu+State&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft.aulast=Means&rft.aufirst=Other&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F12%2Fgrowing-calls-for-restoring-hindu-state-in-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2012" class="citation cs2">Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC">Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839</a>, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-813-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-813-2"><bdi>978-81-8069-813-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thapa+Politics+in+Nepal%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Bhim+Sen+Thapa%2C+1806%E2%80%931839&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-813-2&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Kumar+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PP1yElRzIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerPach_IIIHolland1998" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Debra; Pach III, Alfred; Holland, Dorothy (1998). Selves in Time and Place: Identities, Experience, and History in Nepal. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8599-8"><bdi>978-0-8476-8599-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selves+in+Time+and+Place%3A+Identities%2C+Experience%2C+and+History+in+Nepal&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8599-8&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft.au=Pach+III%2C+Alfred&rft.au=Holland%2C+Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesserschmidt1992" class="citation book cs1">Messerschmidt, Donald Alan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwBHAQAAIAAJ">Muktinath: Himalayan pilgrimage, a cultural & historical guide</a>. Sahayogi Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muktinath%3A+Himalayan+pilgrimage%2C+a+cultural+%26+historical+guide&rft.pub=Sahayogi+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Messerschmidt&rft.aufirst=Donald+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuwBHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharam_Vir1988" class="citation book cs1">Dharam Vir (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEHODCDK-8kC&pg=PA56">Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment</a>. Northern Book Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-39-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85119-39-7"><bdi>978-81-85119-39-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Polity+in+Nepal%3A+An+Asian+Experiment&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-85119-39-7&rft.au=Dharam+Vir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEHODCDK-8kC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgström1980" class="citation cs2">Borgström, Bengt-Erik (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxY1AAAAIAAJ">The patron and the panca: village values and pancayat democracy in Nepal</a>, Vikas House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-0997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-0997-5"><bdi>978-0-7069-0997-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+patron+and+the+panca%3A+village+values+and+pancayat+democracy+in+Nepal&rft.pub=Vikas+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7069-0997-5&rft.aulast=Borgstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Bengt-Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxY1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1988" class="citation cs2">Stone, Linda (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7jfAAAAMAAJ">Illness Beliefs and Feeding the Dead in Hindu Nepal: An Ethnographic Analysis</a>, E. Mellen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-060-7"><bdi>978-0-88946-060-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illness+Beliefs+and+Feeding+the+Dead+in+Hindu+Nepal%3A+An+Ethnographic+Analysis&rft.pub=E.+Mellen&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-060-7&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7jfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKara2012" class="citation cs2">Kara, Siddharth (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DLTnRNgVHIC">Bonded Labor: Tackling the System of Slavery in South Asia</a>, Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52801-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-52801-6"><bdi>978-0-231-52801-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonded+Labor%3A+Tackling+the+System+of+Slavery+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-52801-6&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=Siddharth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_DLTnRNgVHIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2007" class="citation cs2">Graham, Bruce Desmond (3 December 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxMgPAAACAAJ">Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05374-7"><bdi>978-0-521-05374-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism+and+Indian+Politics%3A+The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Bharatiya+Jana+Sangh&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05374-7&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxMgPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation cs2">Singh, Neerja (28 July 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl-JCwAAQBAJ">Patel, Prasad and Rajaji: Myth of the Indian Right</a>, SAGE Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5150-266-1"><bdi>978-93-5150-266-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%2C+Prasad+and+Rajaji%3A+Myth+of+the+Indian+Right&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.isbn=978-93-5150-266-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Neerja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNl-JCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharat_Prakashan1955" class="citation book cs1">Bharat Prakashan (1955). Shri Guruji: The Man and His Mission, On the Occasion of His 51st Birthday. Delhi: Bharat Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24593952">24593952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shri+Guruji%3A+The+Man+and+His+Mission%2C+On+the+Occasion+of+His+51st+Birthday&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Bharat+Prakashan&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24593952&rft.au=Bharat+Prakashan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1968" class="citation cs2">Graham, B. D. (1968), "Syama Prasad Mookerjee and the communalist alternative", in D. A. Low (ed.), Soundings in Modern South Asian History, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CO7K5">B0000CO7K5</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syama+Prasad+Mookerjee+and+the+communalist+alternative&rft.btitle=Soundings+in+Modern+South+Asian+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CO7K5%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=B.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyal1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Des_Raj_Goyal" title="Des Raj Goyal">Goyal, Des Raj</a> (1979). Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Delhi: Radha Krishna Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0566-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-0566-8"><bdi>978-0-8364-0566-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rashtriya+Swayamsevak+Sangh&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Radha+Krishna+Prakashan&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-0566-8&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=Des+Raj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElst2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b_ltAAAAMAAJ">Decolonizing the Hindu mind: ideological development of Hindu revivalism</a>. Rupa & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-519-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-519-7"><bdi>978-81-7167-519-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonizing+the+Hindu+mind%3A+ideological+development+of+Hindu+revivalism&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7167-519-7&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db_ltAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElst2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, Koenraad</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9G3XAAAAMAAJ">The Saffron Swastika: The Notion of "Hindu Fascism"</a>. Voice of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-69-9"><bdi>978-81-85990-69-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saffron+Swastika%3A+The+Notion+of+%22Hindu+Fascism%22&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-85990-69-9&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9G3XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2002" class="citation cs2">King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bacchetta, Paola."Gendered Fractures in Hindu Nationalism: On the Subject-Members of the Rashtra Sevika Samiti."In The Oxford India Hinduism: A Reader, edited by <a href="/wiki/Vasudha_Dalmia" title="Vasudha Dalmia">Vasudha Dalmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stietencron" title="Heinrich von Stietencron">Heinrich von Stietencron</a>, 373–395. London and Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Bacchetta, Paola. Gender in the Hindu Nation: RSS Women as Ideologues. New Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2004.</li> <li>Walter K. Andersen. 'Bharatiya Janata Party: Searching for the Hindu Nationalist Face', In The New Politics of the Right: Neo–Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies, ed. Hans–Georg Betz and Stefan Immerfall (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 219–232. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21134-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21134-1">0-312-21134-1</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21338-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21338-7">0-312-21338-7</a>)</li> <li>Partha Banerjee, In the Belly of the Beast: The Hindu Supremacist RSS and BJP of India (Delhi: Ajanta, 1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43318775">43318775</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Blank" title="Jonah Blank">Blank, Jonah</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arrowofblueskinn00blan">Arrow of the Blue-Skinned God</a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-56267-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-56267-3"><bdi>978-0-395-56267-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrow+of+the+Blue-Skinned+God&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-395-56267-3&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farrowofblueskinn00blan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainslie_T._Embree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainslie T. Embree">Ainslie T. Embree</a>, 'The Function of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: To Define the Hindu Nation', in Accounting for Fundamentalisms, The Fundamentalism Project 4, ed. Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 617–652. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50885-4">0-226-50885-4</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Gandhi, Rajmohan</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patellife00rajm">Patel: A Life</a>. Navajivan Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Navajivan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatellife00rajm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavarkar1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar</a> (1923). Hindutva. Delhi, India: Bharati Sahitya Sadan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindutva&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Bharati+Sahitya+Sadan&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Savarkar&rft.aufirst=Vinayak+Damodar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a>, Goel, Sita Ram, et al. Time for Stock-Taking – Whither Sangh Parivar? (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-48-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-48-4">978-81-85990-48-4</a></li> <li>Girilal Jain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124075058/http://www.hindubooks.org/HinduPhe/index.htm">The Hindu phenomenon</a>, South Asia Books (1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86112-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86112-32-8">978-81-86112-32-8</a>.</li> <li>H V Seshadri, K S Sudarshan, K. Surya Narayan Rao, Balraj Madhok: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401094903/http://www.hindubooks.org/whr/index.htm">Why Hindu Rashtra</a>, Suruchi Prakashan (1990), ASIN B001NX9MCA.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="external text" href="http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books.html">Voice of Dharma</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voice+of+Dharma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voiceofdharma.org%2Fbooks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiafacts.org/views-hindu-contemporary-activism/?singlepage=1">"Hindu contemporary activism"</a>. Indiafacts. 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiafacts&rft.atitle=Hindu+contemporary+activism&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiafacts.org%2Fviews-hindu-contemporary-activism%2F%3Fsinglepage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamodharan2011" class="citation web cs1">Damodharan, Dipin (1 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130117023950/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/245998">"Hindu Nation: The Undisputed Legacy of Every Indian"</a>. American Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/245998">the original</a> on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nation%3A+The+Undisputed+Legacy+of+Every+Indian&rft.pub=American+Chronicle&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.aulast=Damodharan&rft.aufirst=Dipin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanchronicle.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F245998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunj" class="citation journal cs1">Punj, Balbir K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820133700/http://www.southasianmedia.net/Magazine/Journal/hindu_rashtra.htm">"Hindu Rashtra"</a>. South Asian Journal. Archived from the original on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Journal&rft.atitle=Hindu+Rashtra&rft.aulast=Punj&rft.aufirst=Balbir+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasianmedia.net%2FMagazine%2FJournal%2Fhindu_rashtra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+nationalism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&oldid=1257409325">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&oldid=1257409325</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_nationalism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 19:40 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قومية هندوسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قومية هندوسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="হিন্দু জাতীয়তাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দু জাতীয়তাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="हिंदू राष्ट्रवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदू राष्ट्रवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduistischer_Nationalismus" title="Hinduistischer Nationalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hinduistischer Nationalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_hind%C3%BA" title="Nacionalismo hindú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nacionalismo hindú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindua_naciismo" title="Hindua naciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindua naciismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme_hindou" title="Nationalisme hindou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nationalisme hindou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="हिन्दू राष्ट्रवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दू राष्ट्रवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_Hindu" title="Nasionalisme Hindu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nasionalisme Hindu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalismo_ind%C3%B9" title="Nazionalismo indù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazionalismo indù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_indu" title="Nasionalisme indu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nasionalisme indu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoenationalisme" title="Hindoenationalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindoenationalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="हिन्दु राष्ट्रवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दु राष्ट्रवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ヒンドゥー・ナショナリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンドゥー・ナショナリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduistisk_nasjonalisme" title="Hinduistisk nasjonalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hinduistisk nasjonalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_hindu" title="Nacionalismo hindu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nacionalismo hindu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindunationalismi" title="Hindunationalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindunationalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindunationalism" title="Hindunationalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hindunationalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்து தேசியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்து தேசியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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