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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Explosion radiative des amniotes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Explosion_radiative_des_amniotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amniotes_anciens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amniotes_anciens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Amniotes anciens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amniotes_anciens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caractéristiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caractéristiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caractéristiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caractéristiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cladogramme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cladogramme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cladogramme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cladogramme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amniota</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 69 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سلويات – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلويات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Амниоттар – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Амниоттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Амніёты – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амніёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Амніёты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амніёты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Амниоти – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амниоти" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnioti" title="Amnioti – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Amnioti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotes" title="Amniotes – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amniotes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanat%C3%AD" title="Blanatí – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blanatí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnioten" title="Amnioten – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amnioten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%AC" title="Αμνιωτά – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμνιωτά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amni%C3%B4t" title="Amniôt – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Amniôt" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Amniote" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniulo" title="Amniulo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amniulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آب‌پرده‌داران – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب‌پرده‌داران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesikalvolliset" title="Vesikalvolliset – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesikalvolliset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotas" title="Amniotas – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amniotas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99" title="בעלי שפיר עוברי – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי שפיר עוברי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F" title="ऐम्नीओट – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐम्नीओट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnioti" title="Amnioti – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amnioti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ze_amnyotik" title="Ze amnyotik – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ze amnyotik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magzatburkosok" title="Magzatburkosok – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magzatburkosok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ամնիոտներ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամնիոտներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E9%A1%9E" title="有羊膜類 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="有羊膜類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ამნიონიანები – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამნიონიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinefrawin" title="Tinefrawin – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tinefrawin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Амниоттар – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Амниоттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EB%A7%89%EB%A5%98" title="양막류 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양막류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotai" title="Amniotai – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amniotai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnioti" title="Amnioti – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amnioti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniot" title="Amniot – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amniot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotar" title="Amniotar – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amniotar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnioter" title="Amnioter – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amnioter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owodniowce" title="Owodniowce – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Owodniowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Амниоты – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амниоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Amniote" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnioti" title="Amnioti – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amnioti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amniote" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanovce" title="Blanovce – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Blanovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Амниоте – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амниоте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnioter" title="Amnioter – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amnioter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="அம்னியோட்டா – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அம்னியோட்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఉల్బధారులు – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉల్బధారులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Амниот – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Амниот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniyot" title="Amniyot – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amniyot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Амніоти – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амніоти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotalar" title="Amniotalar – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amniotalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_m%C3%A0ng_%E1%BB%91i" title="Động vật có màng ối – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật có màng ối" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="羊膜动物 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="羊膜动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Amniota" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E8%86%9C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="羊膜動物 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羊膜動物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181537#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Amniota"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible 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imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amniota" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Amniota" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q181537" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p id="sous_titre_h1" class="noexcerpt">Amniotes</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r204255952">.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3{font-size:0.99em}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 .entete,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3 caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3 p.bloc{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3 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.entete{background-color:MediumAquamarine}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.algue caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.algue p.bloc{background-color:#bfffe6}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.archaea .entete{background-color:darkgray}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.archaea caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.archaea p.bloc{background-color:lightgray}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.protiste .entete{background-color:khaki}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.protiste caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.protiste p.bloc{background-color:PaleGoldenrod}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.virus .entete{background-color:#d1d1f9}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.virus caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.virus p.bloc{background-color:Lavender}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.neutre .entete{background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.neutre caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.neutre p.bloc{background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.bacterie .entete,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.eucaryote .entete,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.procaryote .entete{background-color:lightgrey}.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.bacterie caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.bacterie p.bloc,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.eucaryote caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.eucaryote p.bloc,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.procaryote caption,.mw-parser-output .taxobox_v3.procaryote p.bloc{background-color:#e6e6e6}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 .taxobox_classification{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 .taxobox_classification .rnormal,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3.zoologie .taxobox_classification .normal,.mw-parser-output div.taxobox_v3 th[scope="row"]{font-style:normal}</style><div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large taxobox_v3 zoologie animal bordered" style="width:20em"> <div class="entete" style=""> <div>Amniota</div> </div><div class="images"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Amniota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Amniota.jpg/240px-Amniota.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Amniota.jpg/360px-Amniota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Amniota.jpg/480px-Amniota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span> </div> <div class="legend">De haut en bas et de gauche à droite, des exemples d'amniotes : un <i><a href="/wiki/Edaphosaurus" title="Edaphosaurus">Edaphosaurus</a></i> et un <a href="/wiki/Renard_roux" title="Renard roux">Renard roux</a> de forme <a href="/wiki/Renard_argent%C3%A9" title="Renard argenté">mélanique</a> (deux <a href="/wiki/Synapside" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapside">synapsides</a>) ainsi qu'un <a href="/wiki/Cobra_royal" title="Cobra royal">Cobra royal</a> et un <a href="/wiki/Alecto_%C3%A0_t%C3%AAte_blanche" title="Alecto à tête blanche">Alecto à tête blanche</a> (deux <a href="/wiki/Sauropside" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropside">sauropsides</a>).</div><table class="taxobox_classification"><caption style=""><a href="/wiki/Classification_scientifique_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Classification scientifique des espèces">Classification</a></caption><tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8gne_(biologie)" title="Règne (biologie)">Règne</a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/Embranchement_(biologie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embranchement (biologie)">Embranchement</a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sous-embranchement" title="Sous-embranchement"><abbr class="abbr" title="Sous-embranchement">Sous-embr.</abbr></a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/Infra-embranchement" title="Infra-embranchement"><abbr class="abbr" title="Infra-embranchement">Infra-embr.</abbr></a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata_(Vertebrata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomata (Vertebrata)">Gnathostomata</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/Super-classe_(biologie)" title="Super-classe (biologie)">Super-classe</a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="width:8em;"><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a></th> <td> <span class="normal"><a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptiliomorpha</a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="bloc"><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a></p><div class="center taxobox_classification"><b><span class="normal"><span style="font-style: normal">Amniota</span></span></b><br /><span class="rnormal"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a>, <a href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</a></b></small></span></div> <p class="bloc"><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clades</a> de rang inférieur</p> <div class="left"> <ul><li>† <i><a href="/wiki/Casineria" title="Casineria">Casineria</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ?</li> <li><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kraterokheirodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kraterokheirodon (page inexistante)">Kraterokheirodon</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Irmis05_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irmis05-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> <ul><li>† <a href="/wiki/Caseasauria" title="Caseasauria">Caseasauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupelycosauria" title="Eupelycosauria">Eupelycosauria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> <ul><li>† <a href="/wiki/Recumbirostra" title="Recumbirostra">Recumbirostra</a><sup id="cite_ref-Infernovenator_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infernovenator-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pardoetal2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardoetal2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ?</li> <li>† <a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureptilia" title="Eureptilia">Eureptilia</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cladogram_Amniota_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cladogram_Amniota_B.jpg/250px-Cladogram_Amniota_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cladogram_Amniota_B.jpg/330px-Cladogram_Amniota_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cladogram_Amniota_B.jpg/500px-Cladogram_Amniota_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>Cladogramme des amniotes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <b>amniotes</b> (<b>Amniota</b>) sont un <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">tétrapodes</a> qui ont la particularité de disposer d'un <a href="/wiki/Sac_amniotique" title="Sac amniotique">sac amniotique</a>, protégeant l'<a href="/wiki/Embryon" title="Embryon">embryon</a> ou le <a href="/wiki/F%C5%93tus" title="Fœtus">fœtus</a>. Il y a environ 360 millions d'années, les ancêtres de tous les <a href="/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Vertébrés">vertébrés</a> terrestres ont commencé à <a href="/wiki/Sortie_des_eaux" title="Sortie des eaux">sortir de l'eau</a>. Cette <a href="/wiki/%C3%89volution_(biologie)" title="Évolution (biologie)">évolution</a> a été facilitée par deux innovations <a href="/wiki/Physiologie" title="Physiologie">physiologiques</a> majeures : d'une part une forte <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9ratine" title="Kératine">kératinisation</a> de la peau qui se recouvre d'écailles cornées (ou de dérivés d'écailles : plumes, poils) qui favorise la lutte contre la <a href="/wiki/Dessiccation" title="Dessiccation">dessiccation</a>, et d'autre part l'apparition de l'œuf cléidoïque (pour « clos », plus connu sous le nom d'<a href="/wiki/%C5%92uf_amniotique" title="Œuf amniotique">œuf amniotique</a>, d'après le nom de la membrane, l'<a href="/wiki/Amnios" title="Amnios">amnios</a>, qui protège des chocs et de la dessiccation l'embryon se développant dans un milieu aqueux indispensable, le <a href="/wiki/Liquide_amniotique" title="Liquide amniotique">liquide amniotique</a>, tandis que le petit se développe dans une coquille ou dans l'<a href="/wiki/Ut%C3%A9rus" title="Utérus">utérus</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le clade <i>Amniota</i>, aujourd'hui bien soutenu<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, regroupe les <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">sauropsides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reptile" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> et <a href="/wiki/Oiseaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Oiseaux">oiseaux</a>) et les <a href="/wiki/Synapside" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapside">synapsides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a> et lignées apparentées disparues) ; parmi les <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">tétrapodes</a> actuels, les amniotes, issus des amphibiens <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptiliomorphes</a>, constituent <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">cladistiquement</a> le groupe-frère des <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">lissamphibiens</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explosion_radiative_des_amniotes">Explosion radiative des amniotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Explosion radiative des amniotes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Explosion radiative des amniotes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amniotes_anciens">Amniotes anciens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Amniotes anciens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Amniotes anciens"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les amniotes sont un groupe d'environ 20 600 espèces de <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">tétrapodes</a> (sur 24 800) ayant acquis la capacité de produire des <a href="/wiki/%C5%92uf_amniotique" title="Œuf amniotique">œufs amniotiques</a> à coquille, offrant à l'<a href="/wiki/Embryon" title="Embryon">embryon</a> la possibilité de se développer dans un milieu aqueux protégé de la <a href="/wiki/Dessiccation" title="Dessiccation">dessiccation</a>, ce qui leur a permis de s'émanciper du milieu aquatique pour leur appariement et leur ponte. </p><p>À partir de cette capacité fonctionnelle, les groupes d'amniotes se sont différenciés, caractéristiques d'une <a href="/wiki/Radiation_%C3%A9volutive" title="Radiation évolutive">radiation adaptative</a> occupant de nombreuses <a href="/wiki/Niche_%C3%A9cologique" title="Niche écologique">niches écologiques</a>. Parmi les plus spécifiques, on peut citer : </p> <ul><li>Les <a href="/wiki/Tortue" title="Tortue">tortues</a> ont diversifié les modalités de protection des plaques osseuses engendrées par la peau (suivant la même logique fonctionnelle que les <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusques</a>, environ 200 millions d'années auparavant).</li> <li>Les <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamates</a> ont conservé la capacité de se reproduire hors de l'eau, mais parmi eux les <a href="/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes">serpents</a> et quelques autres groupes ont progressivement évolué vers un stade vermiforme, abandonnant le déplacement sur les membres.</li> <li>Les <a href="/wiki/Dinosauria" title="Dinosauria">dinosaures</a> ont eux aussi connu une <a href="/wiki/Radiation_%C3%A9volutive" title="Radiation évolutive">radiation adaptative</a> en milieu terrestre (puis aérien : dinosaures aviens, c'est-à-dire les <a href="/wiki/Oiseau" title="Oiseau">oiseaux</a>). L'<a href="/wiki/Extinction_Cr%C3%A9tac%C3%A9-Pal%C3%A9og%C3%A8ne" title="Extinction Crétacé-Paléogène">extinction de nombreuses lignées</a> lors de la transition <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque" title="Mésozoïque">mésozoïque</a>-<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9nozo%C3%AFque" title="Cénozoïque">cénozoïque</a> a laissé le champ libre à la <a href="/wiki/Radiation_%C3%A9volutive" title="Radiation évolutive">radiation</a> des <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">mammifères</a>.</li> <li>Les <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">mammifères</a>, issus des <a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">cynodontes</a> de la transition <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ozo%C3%AFque" title="Paléozoïque">paléozoïque</a>-<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9sozo%C3%AFque" title="Mésozoïque">mésozoïque</a>, étaient nombreux et <a href="/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9volutive_des_mammif%C3%A8res" title="Histoire évolutive des mammifères">plus diversifiés qu'aujourd'hui</a> du point de vue <a href="/wiki/Phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogénétique">phylogénétique</a>, mais pas du point de vue morphologique : avant l'<a href="/wiki/Extinction_Cr%C3%A9tac%C3%A9-Pal%C3%A9og%C3%A8ne" title="Extinction Crétacé-Paléogène">extinction Crétacé-Paléogène</a> la plupart étaient de petite taille, <a href="/wiki/Insectivora" title="Insectivora">insectivores</a> et ressemblant à des rats. L'extinction des dinosaures (hormis les oiseaux) libéra de nombreuses <a href="/wiki/Niche_%C3%A9cologique" title="Niche écologique">niches écologiques</a> et permit la radiation évolutive des mammifères qui produisirent à leur tour des lignées de formes et tailles très différentes, terrestres, <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera">aériennes</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re_marin" title="Mammifère marin">maritimes</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r223867407">.mw-parser-output div.NavFrame{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border:1px var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);border-style:solid;margin-bottom:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output div.NavFrame div.NavHead{min-height:1.6em;font-weight:bold;background-color:#efefef;color:var(--color-emphasized,#000);text-align:center}.mw-parser-output div.NavContent{display:block;margin:0;text-align:left}body:not(.mw-mf) .mw-parser-output div.NavFrame{padding:2px;text-align:center;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:95%}body:not(.mw-mf) .mw-parser-output div.NavPic{padding:2px;float:left}body:not(.mw-mf) .mw-parser-output div.NavEnd{height:0;clear:both}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div.NavFrame div.NavHead{background-color:#27292d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table div.NavFrame a{color:#88a3e8}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table div.NavFrame a.new{color:#fd7865}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div.NavFrame div.NavHead{background-color:#27292d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table div.NavFrame a{color:#88a3e8}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table div.NavFrame a.new{color:#fd7865}}</style><div class="NavFrame" style="" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="">Place des amniotes parmi les animaux</div> <div class="NavContent" style=""> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="wikitable centre"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="18">EXPLOSION RADIATIVE DES <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">ANIMAUX</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="border-bottom:0"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" title="Eukaryota">EUKARYOTES</a><br />  └─o <b><a href="/wiki/Metazoa" title="Metazoa">ANIMAUX</a></b> : </p> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9t%C3%A9rotrophie" title="Hétérotrophie">se nourrissent<br />d'organismes dont<br />ils sont dissociés</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td colspan="16" bgcolor="#eeeeee" style="border-bottom:0"> <p> ├─o <a href="/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">Éponges</a><br />  ├─o <a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoaires</a><br />  ├───o <a href="/wiki/Radiata" title="Radiata">Radiaires</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Cténaires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaires</a>)<br />  └───o <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">BILATÉRIENS</a> : </p> </td> <td><br /><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hydre_(zoologie)" title="Hydre (zoologie)">hydres</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9duse_(animal)" title="Méduse (animal)">méduses</a><br />symétrie bilatérale</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="21" bgcolor="#eeeeee" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td colspan="8" align="center" bgcolor="#ffddcc"><a href="/wiki/Protostomia" title="Protostomia">PROTOSTOMIENS</a> </td> <td colspan="8" align="center" bgcolor="#ccddff"><a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" title="Deuterostomia">DEUTÉROSTOMIENS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td colspan="8" bgcolor="#ffddbb" style="border-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">LOPHOTROCHOZOAIRES</a> : </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="7" bgcolor="#eedddd" style="border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" title="Echinodermata">Échinodermes</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">CHORDÉS</a></b> :</li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <br /><small><a href="/wiki/Chorde" title="Chorde">notochorde</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="6" align="center" bgcolor="#ffddbb" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="6" bgcolor="#ffddaa" style="border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plathelminthes" title="Plathelminthes">Plathelminthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelida" title="Annelida">Annélides</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">MOLLUSQUES</a></b> :</li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="3"><small>vers plats</small><br /><small>vers à anneaux</small><br />  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="18" bgcolor="#eedddd" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td rowspan="5" colspan="6" bgcolor="#e2e2e4" style="border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordata" title="Cephalochordata">Céphalochordés</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactoriens</a></i> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunicata" title="Tunicata">Tuniciers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Vertébrés">Vertébrés</a></i> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myxinidae" title="Myxinidae">Myxines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Lamproies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Poissons cartilagineux</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">POISSONS typiques</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcoptérygiens</a> :</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="5"><small><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A2ne" title="Crâne">crâne</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Squelette" title="Squelette">squelette</a><br /><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2choire" title="Mâchoire">mâchoires</a><br />squel. osseux<br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mail_dentaire" title="Émail dentaire">émail</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffddaf" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="4" bgcolor="#ffcf9a"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastéropodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9phalopode" title="Céphalopode">Céphalopodes</a></li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="3"><small>double coquille<br />reptation<br />crâne, bec corné</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td colspan="7" bgcolor="#f6d4b6" style="border-bottom:0;border-right:0"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">ECDYSOZOAIRES</a> : </td> <td bgcolor="#f6d4b6" style="border-right:0"><small><a href="/wiki/Mue_des_arthropodes" title="Mue des arthropodes">mues</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuticule_(zoologie)" title="Cuticule (zoologie)">cuticulaires</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="13" bgcolor="#e2e2e4" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="5" bgcolor="#ccccee" style="border-bottom:0"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">TÉTRAPODES</a></b> : </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r223867407" /><div class="NavFrame" style="margin-bottom:0;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style=""><a href="/wiki/Amphibia" title="Amphibia">AMPHIBIENS</a></div> <div class="NavContent" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnophiona" title="Gymnophiona">Gymnophiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudata" title="Caudata">Urodèles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoures" title="Anoures">Anoures</a></li></ul></div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AMNIOTES</a> :</li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="4"><small>pattes et<br />doigts<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Poche_des_eaux" title="Poche des eaux">sac amniotique</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="12" bgcolor="#f6d4b6" style="border-top:0"> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="6" bgcolor="#eeccaf" style="border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda">Nématodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrades</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arthropodes" title="Arthropodes">ARTHROPODES</a></b> :</li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="3"> <br /> <br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> externe</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="9" bgcolor="#eeccaa" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="5" bgcolor="#eebf9d" style="border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trilobita" title="Trilobita">Trilobites</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Extinction_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Extinction des espèces">†</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">CHÉLICÉRÉS</a> :</li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9lic%C3%A8re" title="Chélicère">chélicères</a> </td> <td rowspan="9" bgcolor="#ccccee" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="#ddccdd" style="border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">SAUROPSIDES</a></b> :</li></ul> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="6" bgcolor="#ddccdd" style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" bgcolor="#dfcceb" style="border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tortue" title="Tortue">Tortues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lépidosauriens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archosauria" title="Archosauria">ARCHOSAURIENS</a> :        </li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9zard" title="Lézard">lézards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes">serpents</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" bgcolor="#eebf9d" style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" bgcolor="#ddcccf"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limulidae" title="Limulidae">Limules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachnida" title="Arachnida">ARACHNIDES</a></li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <br /><small><a href="/wiki/Araneae" title="Araneae">araignées</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Scorpiones" title="Scorpiones">scorpions</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="4" bgcolor="#dfcceb" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" bgcolor="#ccbbee" style="border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterosauria" title="Pterosauria">Ptérosaures</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Extinction_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Extinction des espèces">†</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosauria" title="Dinosauria">DINOSAURES</a> :</li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="5" bgcolor="#eebf9d" style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancrustacea" title="Pancrustacea">PANCRUSTACÉS</a> :</li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Mandibule" title="Mandibule">mandibules</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ccbbee" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" bgcolor="#88eeff" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Oiseau" title="Oiseau">OISEAUX</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><small>adaptation<br />au vol</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" bgcolor="#eebf9d" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" bgcolor="#eebbff"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crustac%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacé">CRUSTACÉS</a></li></ul> </td> <td rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Crabe" title="Crabe">crabes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palinuridae" title="Palinuridae">langoustes</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0;border-bottom:0">  </td> <td colspan="4" bgcolor="#ddccdd" style="border-top:0; border-bottom:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">SYNAPSIDES</a> :</li></ul> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:0">  </td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#bbcc99"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecte" title="Insecte">INSECTES</a></li></ul> </td> <td><small>6 pattes,<br /><a href="/wiki/Larve" title="Larve">larves</a></small> </td> <td bgcolor="#ddccdd" style="border-top:0">  </td> <td colspan="3" bgcolor="#eebb66" align="center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammif%C3%A8re" title="Mammifère">MAMMIFÈRES</a></li></ul> </td> <td><small><a href="/wiki/Glande_sudoripare" title="Glande sudoripare">gl. sudoripares</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9ocortex" title="Néocortex">néocortex</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div> <hr /> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caractéristiques"><span id="Caract.C3.A9ristiques"></span>Caractéristiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Caractéristiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Caractéristiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg/20px-Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg/40px-Logo_travaux_orange-simple.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="219" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Amniota" title="Spécial:EditPage/Amniota">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a></div></div> <p>Depuis la divergence entre les <a href="/wiki/Proto-t%C3%A9trapodes" title="Proto-tétrapodes">Tétrapodes souches</a> aquatiques et les <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">tétrapodes</a> amniotes, <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptiliomorphes</a>, ces derniers connaissent une <a href="/wiki/Radiation_%C3%A9volutive" title="Radiation évolutive">radiation évolutive</a>. Leur « <a href="/wiki/Sortie_des_eaux" title="Sortie des eaux">sortie des eaux</a> » s'accompagne de la <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_(biologie)" title="Colonisation (biologie)">colonisation</a> de nombreuses <a href="/wiki/Niche_%C3%A9cologique" title="Niche écologique">niches écologiques</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Biosph%C3%A8re" title="Biosphère">biosphère</a> terrestre, ce qui leur permet une radiation évolutive, les possibilités de diversification étant telles qu'une grande diversité de <a href="/wiki/Plans_d%27organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plans d'organisation">plans d'organisation</a> et de taille ont pu émerger<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Cette diversité se manifeste particulièrement dans la région craniofaciale où se concentrent des <a href="/wiki/Organes_sensoriels" class="mw-redirect" title="Organes sensoriels">organes sensoriels</a> en lien notamment avec l'alimentation et des transitions vers des comportements de <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9dation" title="Prédation">prédation</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les amniotes possèdent des <a href="/wiki/Griffe_(anatomie)" title="Griffe (anatomie)">griffes</a>, étuis <a href="/wiki/Corne_(mati%C3%A8re)" title="Corne (matière)">cornés</a> couvrant les <a href="/wiki/Phalange_(os)" title="Phalange (os)">phalanges</a> terminales des <a href="/wiki/Doigt" title="Doigt">doigts</a> (formant notamment des <a href="/wiki/Sabot_(ongle)" title="Sabot (ongle)">sabots</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/Ungulata" title="Ungulata">ongulés</a>, et des <a href="/wiki/Ongle" title="Ongle">ongles</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/Primate" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate">primates</a>), ce qui les distingue de l'autre grand groupe actuel des vertébrés tétrapodes, les <a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">lissamphibiens</a> (seul groupe survivant de la <a href="/wiki/Classe_(biologie)" title="Classe (biologie)">classe</a> des <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" title="Amphibia">amphibiens</a>) dont les quatre membre locomoteurs (correspondant aux deux paires de <a href="/wiki/Membre_chiridien" title="Membre chiridien">membres chiridiens</a>) sont munis de doigts nus<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cladogramme">Cladogramme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Cladogramme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Cladogramme"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Tetrapod_Cladogram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tetrapod_Cladogram.png/370px-Tetrapod_Cladogram.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tetrapod_Cladogram.png/555px-Tetrapod_Cladogram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tetrapod_Cladogram.png/740px-Tetrapod_Cladogram.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cladogramme" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladogramme">Cladogramme</a> des <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" title="Tetrapoda">tétrapodes</a> illustrant la position phylogénétique des amniotes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg/330px-Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg/500px-Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg/620px-Cladograma_de_la_diversificaci%C3%B3n_de_los_amniotas..jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Cladogramme mettant en lumière les relations de parenté phylogénétique existant entre les différents groupes des amniotes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Cladogramme" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladogramme">cladogramme</a> ici présenté illustre la <a href="/wiki/Phylog%C3%A9nie" title="Phylogénie">phylogénie</a> (les rapports de parenté) des amniotes. Il montre une version simplifiée des rapports de parenté établis par Laurin et Reisz (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-laurin&reisz1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laurin&reisz1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Le cladogramme recouvre le groupe tel qu'établi selon la définition du <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ontologie" title="Paléontologie">paléontologue</a> américain <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Gauthier">Jacques Gauthier</a>. </p> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; font-size:100%;line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><b>Amniota</b> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> (les mammifères et leurs parents éteints)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ruskea_rotta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/80px-Ruskea_rotta.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/120px-Ruskea_rotta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/160px-Ruskea_rotta.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="110" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Mesosauridae" title="Mesosauridae">Mesosauridae</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Mesosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mesosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/80px-Mesosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mesosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/120px-Mesosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mesosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/160px-Mesosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><a href="/wiki/Reptile" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Millerettidae" title="Millerettidae">Millerettidae</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg/120px-Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg/250px-Milleretta_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><span style="color:white;">Non nommé</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pareiasauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasauria">Pareiasauria</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/120px-Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/250px-Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><span style="color:white;">Non nommé</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procolophonoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procolophonoidea (page inexistante)">Procolophonoidea</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:RhipaeosaurusDB12_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/RhipaeosaurusDB12_flipped.jpg/80px-RhipaeosaurusDB12_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/RhipaeosaurusDB12_flipped.jpg/120px-RhipaeosaurusDB12_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/RhipaeosaurusDB12_flipped.jpg/160px-RhipaeosaurusDB12_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="692" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tortue" title="Tortue">Testudines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tortues_terrestres" title="Tortues terrestres">tortues terrestres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortue_aquatique" title="Tortue aquatique">tortues aquatiques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tortue_marine" title="Tortue marine">tortues marines</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg/80px-Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg/120px-Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg/160px-Psammobates_geometricus_1872_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="671" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><a href="/wiki/Eureptilia" title="Eureptilia">Eureptilia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Captorhinidae" title="Captorhinidae">Captorhinidae</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg/120px-Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg/250px-Labidosaurus_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="596" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><a href="/wiki/Romeriida" title="Romeriida">Romeriida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table class="clade" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em; border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><abbr class="abbr" title="éteint">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Protorothyrididae" title="Protorothyrididae">Protorothyrididae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Protorothyris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Protorothyris.jpg/70px-Protorothyris.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Protorothyris.jpg/105px-Protorothyris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Protorothyris.jpg/140px-Protorothyris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black);"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-emphasized, black); padding:0 0.2em; vertical-align:bottom; text-align:center; position:relative;"><br /> </td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Diapsida" title="Diapsida">Diapsida</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9zard" title="Lézard">lézards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes">serpents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodiliens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oiseau" title="Oiseau">oiseaux</a>, etc.)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Zoology_of_Egypt_(1898)_(Varanus_griseus).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_griseus%29.png/40px-Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_griseus%29.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_griseus%29.png/60px-Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_griseus%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_griseus%29.png/120px-Zoology_of_Egypt_%281898%29_%28Varanus_griseus%29.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="465" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Titanoboa_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/60px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/90px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/120px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Purussaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Purussaurus_BW.jpg/120px-Purussaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Purussaurus_BW.jpg/250px-Purussaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="318" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_(1908)_(Antwerpener_Breiftaube).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/40px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/60px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/120px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="698" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'inclusion des Testudines (les <a href="/wiki/Tortue" title="Tortue">tortues</a>) au sein des <a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a> n'est plus soutenue depuis que des recherches <a href="/wiki/Phylog%C3%A9nie" title="Phylogénie">phylogénétiques</a> plus récentes ont eu lieu. Toutes les études de <a href="/wiki/Phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Phylogénétique moléculaire">phylogénétique moléculaire</a> les situent au sein des <a href="/wiki/Diapsida" title="Diapsida">diapsides</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rieppel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieppel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, mais à l'intérieur de ce groupe, la discussion reste ouverte entre les chercheurs qui les classent parmi <a href="/wiki/Archosauria" title="Archosauria">archosaures</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mannen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mannen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ceux qui en font le groupe-frère des archosaures<sup id="cite_ref-Zardoya_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zardoya-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iwabe_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iwabe-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roos_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Katsu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katsu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et ceux qui depuis l'analyse dirigée en 2012 par Lyson <i>et al.</i>, les considèrent comme le groupe-frère des <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">lépidosaures</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Vertébrés">Vertébrés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniota_(classification_phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique)" title="Amniota (classification phylogénétique)">Amniota (classification phylogénétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%92uf_(t%C3%A9lol%C3%A9cithe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Œuf (télolécithe)">Œuf (télolécithe)</a>, l'œuf des amniotes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PatonSmithsonClack1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._L._PatonT._R._SmithsonJ._A._Clack1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> R. L. <span class="nom_auteur">Paton</span>, T. R. <span class="nom_auteur">Smithson</span> et J. A. <span class="nom_auteur">Clack</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 398, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6727,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1999-04-08" data-sort-value="1999-04-08">8 avril 1999</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">508–513</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/19071">10.1038/19071</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Natur.398..508P">1999Natur.398..508P</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204992355">204992355</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+amniote-like+skeleton+from+the+Early+Carboniferous+of+Scotland&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.issue=6727&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft.au=Smithson%2C+T.+R.&rft.au=Clack%2C+J.+A.&rft.date=1999-04-08&rft.volume=398&rft.pages=508%E2%80%93513&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F19071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAmniota"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irmis05-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Irmis05_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="IrmisParker2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._B._IrmisW._G._Parker2005">R. B. <span class="nom_auteur">Irmis</span> et W. G. <span class="nom_auteur">Parker</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Unusual tetrapod teeth from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Arizona, USA</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences">Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 42, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 7,‎ <time>2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1339–1345</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-031">10.1139/e05-031</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005CaJES..42.1339I">2005CaJES..42.1339I</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46418796">46418796</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3331/06577d4d482f9a3e011c791471c5360b74a7.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unusual+tetrapod+teeth+from+the+Upper+Triassic+Chinle+Formation%2C+Arizona%2C+USA&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Earth+Sciences&rft.issue=7&rft.aulast=Irmis&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft.au=Parker%2C+W.+G.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=1339%E2%80%931345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fe05-031&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F3331%2F06577d4d482f9a3e011c791471c5360b74a7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAmniota"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infernovenator-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Infernovenator_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MannPardoMaddin2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arjan_MannJason_D._PardoHillary_C._Maddin2019">Arjan Mann, Jason D. Pardo et Hillary C. Maddin, « <cite style="font-style:normal"><i>Infernovenator steenae</i>, a new serpentine recumbirostran from the 'Mazon Creek' Lagertätte further clarifies lysorophian origins</cite> », <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 187, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>2019</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">506–517</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz026">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz026</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27Infernovenator+steenae%27%27%2C+a+new+serpentine+recumbirostran+from+the+%27Mazon+Creek%27+Lagert%C3%A4tte+further+clarifies+lysorophian+origins&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Arjan&rft.au=Jason+D.+Pardo&rft.au=Hillary+C.+Maddin&rft.date=2019&rft.volume=187&rft.pages=506%E2%80%93517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlz026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAmniota"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pardoetal2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pardoetal2017_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PardoSzostakiwskyjAhlbergAnderson2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jason_D._PardoMatt_SzostakiwskyjPer_E._AhlbergJason_S._Anderson2017">Jason D. Pardo, Matt Szostakiwskyj, Per E. Ahlberg et Jason S. Anderson, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Hidden morphological diversity among early tetrapods</cite> », <i>Nature</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 546, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 7660,‎ <time>2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">642–645</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28636600">28636600</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature22966">10.1038/nature22966</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.546..642P">2017Natur.546..642P</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1880/113382">1880/113382</a></span> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2478132">2478132</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hidden+morphological+diversity+among+early+tetrapods&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.issue=7660&rft.aulast=Pardo&rft.aufirst=Jason+D.&rft.au=Matt+Szostakiwskyj&rft.au=Per+E.+Ahlberg&rft.au=Jason+S.+Anderson&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=546&rft.pages=642%E2%80%93645&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature22966&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28636600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAmniota"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BeaumontCassierRichard2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="André_BeaumontPierre_CassierDaniel_Richard2009">André Beaumont, Pierre Cassier et Daniel Richard, <cite class="italique">Biologie animale. Les Cordés</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Dunod" title="Éditions Dunod">Dunod</a>, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 65<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologie+animale.+Les+Cord%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Pierre+Cassier&rft.au=Daniel+Richard&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAmniota"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">G. Lecointre & H. Le Guyader, Classification phylogénétique du vivant, 2006, <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">3<sup>e</sup></abbr> édition, Belin, Paris</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Benton1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michael_J_Benton1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Michael J Benton, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Phylogeny of the major tetrapod groups: morphological data and divergence dates</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Molecular Evolution</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 30, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time>1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">409–424</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101113">10.1007/BF02101113</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+the+major+tetrapod+groups%3A+morphological+data+and+divergence+dates&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=409%E2%80%93424&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02101113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAmniota"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Manzanares,_M._Ángela_Nieto2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Miguel_Manzanares,_M._Ángela_Nieto2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Miguel Manzanares, M. Ángela Nieto, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">A Celebration of the New Head and an Evaluation of the New Mouth</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Neuron</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 37, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 6,‎ <time>2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">895-898</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273%2803%2900161-2">10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00161-2</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Celebration+of+the+New+Head+and+an+Evaluation+of+the+New+Mouth&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.issue=6&rft.au=Miguel+Manzanares%2C+M.+%C3%81ngela+Nieto&rft.date=2003&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=895-898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2803%2900161-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAmniota"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Beaumont,_Pierre_Cassier,_Daniel_Richard2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="André_Beaumont,_Pierre_Cassier,_Daniel_Richard2009">André Beaumont, Pierre Cassier, Daniel Richard, <cite class="italique">Biologie animale. Les Cordés</cite>, Dunod, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 123<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologie+animale.+Les+Cord%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Beaumont%2C+Pierre+Cassier%2C+Daniel+Richard&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AAmniota"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laurin&reisz1995-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-laurin&reisz1995_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">M. Laurin et R. R. Reisz, (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Articles/Laurin_and_Reisz_1995.pdf">"A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny."</a> <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>, <b>113</b>: 165–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rieppel-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rieppel_11-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#RieppelDeBraga1996">Rieppel et DeBraga 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Müller2004">Müller 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mannen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mannen_13-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#MannenLi1999">Mannen et Li 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zardoya-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zardoya_14-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#ZardoyaMeyer1998">Zardoya et Meyer 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iwabe-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Iwabe_15-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#IwabeHaraKumazawaShibamoto2004">Iwabe <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roos-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Roos_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#RoosAggarwalJanke2007">Roos, Aggarwal et Janke 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katsu-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Katsu_17-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#KatsuBraunGuilletteIguchi2010">Katsu <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#LysonSperlingHeimbergGauthier2012">Lyson <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> 2012</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jean-Louis Hartenberger, <i>Une brève histoire des mammifères : bréviaire de mammalogie</i>, Belin 2001, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2701128603" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2701128603"><span class="nowrap">978-2701128603</span></a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Lecointre" title="Guillaume Lecointre">Guillaume Lecointre</a> (dir.), Corinne Fortin, Marie-Laure Le Louarn Bonnet, Gérard Guillot, <i>Guide critique de l'évolution</i>, Belin 2009, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7011-4797-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7011-4797-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7011-4797-0</span></a>)</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amniota&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Tolweb"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a></span></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Amniota"><i>Amniota </i></a></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="TPDB"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53189"><i>Amniota</i> Haeckel 1866</a></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="ADW"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">Animal Diversity Web</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Amniota/"><i>Amniota</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="NCBI"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <i><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a></i> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=32524"><i>Amniota</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?lin=s&p=has_linkout&id=32524">taxons inclus</a>)</span></li></ul> 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