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in development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Difficulties_in_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HIV_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>HIV structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Animal model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical trials</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_trials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical trials subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phase_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Phase I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Phase II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Phase III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_possible_vaccines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_possible_vaccines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification of possible vaccines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_of_possible_vaccines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification of possible vaccines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_possible_vaccines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filtering_virions_from_blood_(Stage_I)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filtering_virions_from_blood_(Stage_I)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Filtering virions from blood (Stage I)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filtering_virions_from_blood_(Stage_I)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches_to_catching_the_virion_(Stage_I-III,_VI,_VII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches_to_catching_the_virion_(Stage_I-III,_VI,_VII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Approaches to catching the virion (Stage I-III, VI, VII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approaches_to_catching_the_virion_(Stage_I-III,_VI,_VII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaches_to_destroying_or_damaging_the_virion_or_its_parts_(Stage_I-VII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches_to_destroying_or_damaging_the_virion_or_its_parts_(Stage_I-VII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Approaches to destroying or damaging the virion or its parts (Stage I-VII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approaches_to_destroying_or_damaging_the_virion_or_its_parts_(Stage_I-VII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blocking_replication_(Stage_V)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blocking_replication_(Stage_V)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Blocking replication (Stage V)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blocking_replication_(Stage_V)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological,_chemical_or_physical_approaches_to_inhibit_the_process_of_phases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological,_chemical_or_physical_approaches_to_inhibit_the_process_of_phases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Biological, chemical or physical approaches to inhibit the process of phases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological,_chemical_or_physical_approaches_to_inhibit_the_process_of_phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhibiting_the_functionality_of_infected_cells_(Stage_VI-VII)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibiting_the_functionality_of_infected_cells_(Stage_VI-VII)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Inhibiting the functionality of infected cells (Stage VI-VII)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibiting_the_functionality_of_infected_cells_(Stage_VI-VII)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Future work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لقاح فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لقاح فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-Impfstoff" title="HIV-Impfstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="HIV-Impfstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuna_contra_el_VIH" title="Vacuna contra el VIH – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacuna contra el VIH" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="واکسن اچ‌آی‌وی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکسن اچ‌آی‌وی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacina_contra_o_VIH" title="Vacina contra o VIH – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vacina contra o VIH" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_%EB%B0%B1%EC%8B%A0_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C" title="HIV 백신 개발 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="HIV 백신 개발" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkirar_rigakafin_cutar_kanjamau" title="Kirkirar rigakafin cutar kanjamau – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kirkirar rigakafin cutar kanjamau" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaksin_HIV" title="Vaksin HIV – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vaksin HIV" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccino_contro_l%27HIV" title="Vaccino contro l'HIV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vaccino contro l'HIV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="എച്ച്.ഐ.വി. വാക്സിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എച്ച്.ഐ.വി. വാക്സിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaksin_HIV" title="Vaksin HIV – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vaksin HIV" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="HIVワクチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="HIVワクチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د اچ‌آی‌وي واکسین جوړونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اچ‌آی‌وي واکسین جوړونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacina_contra_o_HIV" title="Vacina contra o HIV – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vacina contra o HIV" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-rokote" title="HIV-rokote – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="HIV-rokote" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="วัคซีนเอชไอวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัคซีนเอชไอวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایچ آئی وی ویکسین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایچ آئی وی ویکسین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1t_tri%E1%BB%83n_v%E1%BA%AFc-xin_HIV" title="Phát triển vắc-xin HIV – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phát triển vắc-xin HIV" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1479804#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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#a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_approaches_for_HIV_vaccine_development.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Various_approaches_for_HIV_vaccine_development.jpg/220px-Various_approaches_for_HIV_vaccine_development.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Various_approaches_for_HIV_vaccine_development.jpg/330px-Various_approaches_for_HIV_vaccine_development.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Various_approaches_for_HIV_vaccine_development.jpg/440px-Various_approaches_for_HIV_vaccine_development.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Various approaches for HIV vaccine development</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>HIV vaccine</b> is a potential <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> that could be either a preventive vaccine or a <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">therapeutic vaccine</a>, which means it would either protect individuals from being infected with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> or treat HIV-infected individuals. It is thought that an HIV vaccine could either induce an immune response against HIV (active vaccination approach) or consist of preformed antibodies against HIV (passive vaccination approach).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two active vaccine regimens, studied in the <a href="/wiki/RV_144" title="RV 144">RV 144</a> and Imbokodo trials, showed they can prevent HIV in some individuals; however, the protection was in relatively few individuals, and was not long lasting. For these reasons, no HIV vaccines have been licensed for the market yet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difficulties_in_development">Difficulties in development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Difficulties in development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, after it was confirmed that HIV caused AIDS, the United States <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Human_Services_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and Human Services Secretary">Health and Human Services Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Margaret Heckler</a> declared that a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> would be available within two years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, priming the <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive immunity">adaptive immune</a> system to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Viral_envelope" title="Viral envelope">viral envelope</a> proteins did not prevent HIV acquisition. </p><p>Many factors make the development of an HIV vaccine different from other classic vaccines (as of 1996):<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Classic vaccines mimic natural immunity against reinfection as seen in individuals recovered from infection; there are few recovered AIDS patients.</li> <li>Most vaccines protect against disease, not against infection; HIV infection may remain latent for long periods before causing AIDS.</li> <li>Most effective vaccines are whole-killed or live-attenuated organisms; killed HIV-1 does not retain antigenicity and the use of a live retrovirus vaccine raises safety issues.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV_structure">HIV structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: HIV structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiv_gross.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hiv_gross.png/220px-Hiv_gross.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hiv_gross.png/330px-Hiv_gross.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hiv_gross.png/440px-Hiv_gross.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>HIV structure cycle</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epitope" title="Epitope">epitopes</a> of the viral envelope are more variable than those of many other viruses. Furthermore, the functionally important epitopes of the <a href="/wiki/Gp120" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp120">gp120</a> protein are masked by <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimerisation">trimerisation</a> and receptor-induced conformational changes making it difficult to block with neutralizing antibodies. </p><p>The ineffectiveness of previously developed vaccines primarily stems from two related factors: </p> <ul><li>First, HIV is highly mutable. Because of the virus's ability to rapidly respond to selective pressures imposed by the immune system, the population of virus in an infected individual typically evolves so that it can evade the two major arms of the adaptive immune system; humoral (<a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a>-mediated) and cellular (mediated by <a href="/wiki/T_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="T cells">T cells</a>) immunity.</li> <li>Second, HIV isolates are themselves highly variable. HIV can be categorized into multiple subtypes with a high degree of genetic divergence. Therefore, the immune responses raised by any vaccine need to be broad enough to account for this variability. Any vaccine that lacks this breadth is unlikely to be effective.</li></ul> <p>The difficulties in stimulating a reliable <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> response has led to the attempts to develop a vaccine that stimulates a response by <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T-lymphocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte">cytotoxic T-lymphocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17502236_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17502236-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18425263_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18425263-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another response to the challenge has been to create a single peptide that contains the least variable components of all the known HIV strains.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17912361_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17912361-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It had been observed that a few, but not all, HIV-infected individuals naturally produce <a href="/wiki/Broadly_neutralizing_HIV-1_antibodies" title="Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies">broadly neutralizing antibodies</a> (BNAbs) which keep the virus suppressed, and these people <a href="/wiki/Long-term_nonprogressor" title="Long-term nonprogressor">remain asymptomatic for decades</a>. Since the 2010s a core candidate is VRC01 and similar BNAbs, as they have been found in multiple unrelated people.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These antibodies mimic CD4 and compete for the conserved CD4 binding site. These antibodies all share a <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germline</a> origin in the <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_heavy_chain" title="Immunoglobulin heavy chain">V<sub>H</sub> chain</a>, where only a few human <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> of the IVIG1-2 gene are able to produce such an antibody.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34489473_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34489473-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Env is a protein on the HIV surface that enables to infect cells. Env extends from the surface of the HIV virus particle. The spike-shaped protein is "trimeric" — with 3 identical molecules, each with a cap-like region called glycoprotein 120 (gp120) and a stem called glycoprotein 41 (gp41) that anchors Env in the viral membrane. Only the functional portions of Env remain constant, but these are generally hidden from the immune system by the molecule's structure. X-ray analyses and low-resolution electron microscopy have revealed the overall architecture and some critical features of Env. But higher resolution imaging of the overall protein structure has been elusive because of its complex, delicate structure. Three new papers use stabilized forms of Env to gain a clearer picture of the intact trimer. An NCI research team led by Dr. Sriram Subramaniam used cryo-electron microscopy to examine the Env structure. The study appeared on October 23, 2013, in <i>Nature Structural and Molecular Biology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_model">Animal model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Animal model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG/220px-2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG/330px-2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG/440px-2006-12-09_Chipanzees_D_Bruyere.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> Young chimpanzees from <a href="/wiki/Tchimpounga_Sanctuary" title="Tchimpounga Sanctuary">Tchimpounga Sanctuary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The typical <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">animal model</a> for vaccine research is the monkey, often the <a href="/wiki/Macaque" title="Macaque">macaque</a>. Monkeys can be infected with <a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">SIV</a> or the chimeric SHIV for research purposes. However, the well-proven route of trying to induce neutralizing antibodies by vaccination has stalled because of the great difficulty in stimulating antibodies that neutralise heterologous primary HIV isolates.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some vaccines based on the virus envelope have protected chimpanzees or macaques from homologous virus challenge,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in clinical trials, humans who were immunised with similar constructs became infected after later exposure to HIV-1.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some differences between SIV and HIV that may introduce challenges in the use of an animal model. The animal model can be extremely useful but at times controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a new animal model strongly resembling that of HIV in humans. Generalized immune activation as a direct result of activated CD4+ T cell killing - performed in mice allows new ways of testing HIV behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">NIAID</a>-funded SIV research has shown that challenging monkeys with a <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a> (CMV)-based SIV vaccine results in containment of virus. Typically, virus replication and dissemination occurs within days after infection, whereas vaccine-induced T cell activation and recruitment to sites of viral replication take weeks. Researchers hypothesized that vaccines designed to maintain activated effector memory T cells might impair viral replication at its earliest stage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Specific vaccines may also need specialized animal models. For example, vaccines designed to produce VRC01-type antibodies require human-like V<sub>H</sub> alleles to be present. For organisms like mice, the human allele must be inserted into their genome to produce a useful mimic.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murines are also experimental animals in AIDS and also murine AIDS and human AIDS are similar. Immunological analysis and genetic studies reveal resistant gene(s) in the H-2 complex of mice, an indication that genetic differences in mice could modify features of HIV disease. The defective murine leukemia virus is the major etiologic agent of MAIDS, which seems to be able to induce disease in the absence of virus replication. Target cell proliferation and oligoclonal expansion are induced by the virus, which suggests repressed immunity seen in mice thus referred to as paraneoplastic syndrome. This is further supported by the good response(s) of MAIDS mice to antineoplastic agents. This animal model is useful in demonstrating the emergence of novel hypotheses about AIDS, including the roles of defective HIV and HIV replication in the progression of the disease, and also the importance of identifying the HIV targeted cells <i>in vivo.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_trials">Clinical trials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several vaccine candidates are in varying phases of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_I">Phase I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phase I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most initial approaches have focused on the <a href="/wiki/HIV_envelope" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV envelope">HIV envelope</a> protein. At least thirteen different <a href="/wiki/Gp120" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp120">gp120</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gp160" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp160">gp160</a> envelope candidates have been evaluated, in the US predominantly through the AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Group. Most research focused on gp120 rather than gp41/gp160, as the latter is generally more difficult to produce and did not initially offer any clear advantage over gp120 forms. Overall, they have been safe and immunogenic in diverse populations, have induced neutralizing antibody in nearly 100% recipients, but rarely induced <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell" title="Cytotoxic T cell">CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes</a> (CTL). Mammalian derived envelope preparations have been better inducers of neutralizing antibody than candidates produced in yeast and bacteria. Although the vaccination process involved many repeated "<a href="/wiki/Booster_dose" title="Booster dose">booster</a>" injections, it was challenging to induce and maintain the high anti-gp120 antibody <a href="/wiki/Titer" title="Titer">titers</a> necessary to have any hope of neutralizing an HIV exposure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The availability of several recombinant <a href="/wiki/Canarypox" title="Canarypox">canarypox</a> <a href="/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine" title="Viral vector vaccine">vectors</a> has provided interesting results that may prove to be generalizable to other <a href="/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector">viral vectors</a>. Increasing the complexity of the canarypox vectors by including more genes/epitopes has increased the percent of volunteers that have detectable CTL to a greater extent than did increase the dose of the viral vector. CTLs from volunteers were able to kill <a href="/wiki/PBMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PBMC">peripheral blood mononuclear cells</a> infected with primary isolates of HIV, suggesting that induced CTLs could have biological significance. Besides, cells from at least some volunteers were able to kill cells infected with HIV from other clades, though the pattern of recognition was not uniform among volunteers. The canarypox vector is the first candidate HIV vaccine that has induced cross-clade functional CTL responses. The first phase I trial of the candidate vaccine in Africa was launched early in 1999 with Ugandan volunteers. The study determined the extent to which Ugandan volunteers have CTL that are active against the subtypes of HIV prevalent in Uganda, A and D. In 2015, a Phase I trial called HVTN 100 in South Africa tested the combination of a canarypox vector ALVAC and a gp120 protein adapted for the subtype C HIV common in sub-Saharan Africa, with the MF59 adjuvant. Those who received the vaccine regimen produced strong immune responses early on and the regimen was safe.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other strategies that have progressed to phase I trials in uninfected persons include peptides, <a href="/wiki/Lipopeptide" title="Lipopeptide">lipopeptides</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA vaccination">DNA</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Attenuation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attenuation (biology)">attenuated</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> vector, p24, etc. Specifically, candidate vaccines that induce one or more of the following are being sought: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutralizing_antibody" title="Neutralizing antibody">neutralizing antibodies</a> active against a broad range of HIV primary isolates;</li> <li>cytotoxic T cell responses in a vast majority of recipients;</li> <li>strong mucosal <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune responses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2011, researchers in National Biotech Centre in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> unveiled data from the Phase I clinical trial of their new vaccine, <a href="/wiki/MVA-B" title="MVA-B">MVA-B</a>. The vaccine induced an immunological response in 92% of the healthy subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_News_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, results were published of the first Phase I human clinical trial of a killed whole-HIV-1 vaccine, <a href="/wiki/SAV001" title="SAV001">SAV001</a>. HIV used in the vaccine was chemically and physically deadened through radiation. The trial, conducted in Canada in 2012, demonstrated a good safety profile and elicited antibodies to HIV-1.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dr. Chil-Yong Kang of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Schulich_School_of_Medicine_%26_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry">Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry</a> in Canada, the developer of this vaccine, antibodies against gp120 and p24 increased to 8-fold and 64-fold, respectively after vaccination.<sup id="cite_ref-urlHIV_vaccine_produces_no_adverse_effects_in_trials_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlHIV_vaccine_produces_no_adverse_effects_in_trials-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The VRC01 line of research produced an "eOD-GT8" antigen which specifically exposes the CD4 binding site for immunization, refined over time to expose less of the other sites.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it turns out that most (but not all)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34489473_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34489473-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> humans do have the required alleles, the problem shifted to the method of delivery. In 2021, after promising results in tests with mice and primates, scientists announced that they plan to conduct a Phase 1 trial of an <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA vaccine</a> against HIV if a further developed (via their 'env–gag VLP mRNA platform' which contains eOD-GT8<sup id="cite_ref-eOD-GT8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eOD-GT8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) vaccine is confirmed safe and effective.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 17, 2022 <a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Vaccine_Initiative" title="International AIDS Vaccine Initiative">IAVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moderna" title="Moderna">Moderna</a> launched a phase I trial of a HIV vaccine with mRNA technology.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 14, 2022 the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> reported that it had launched a "clinical trial of three mRNA HIV vaccines". The phase one trial is expected to conclude July 2023.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_II">Phase II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phase II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Preventive HIV vaccines</i> </p> <ul><li>A recombinant Adenovirus-5 HIV vaccine (called V520) was tested in two Phase 2b studies, Phambili and STEP. On December 13, 2004, recruitment began for the <a href="/wiki/STEP_study" class="mw-redirect" title="STEP study">STEP study</a>, a 3,000-participant <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial#Phase_II" title="Clinical trial">phase II clinical trial</a> of a novel HIV vaccine, at sites in North America, South America, the Caribbean and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial was co-funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a> (NIAID), which is a division of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH), and the pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck & Co.</a> Merck developed V520 to stimulate HIV-specific cellular immunity, which prompts the body to produce T cells that kill HIV-infected cells. In previous smaller trials, this vaccine was found to be safe, because of the lack of adverse effects on the participants. The vaccine showed induced cellular immune responses against HIV in more than half of volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-AIDSepidemicupdate_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIDSepidemicupdate-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V520 contains a weakened <a href="/wiki/Adenovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenovirus">adenovirus</a> that serves as a carrier for three subtype B HIV genes (<i>gag,</i> <i>pol</i> and <i>nef</i>). Subtype B is the most prevalent HIV subtype in the regions of the study sites. Adenoviruses are among the main causes of upper respiratory tract ailments such as the <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>. Because the vaccine contains only three HIV genes housed in a weakened adenovirus, study participants cannot become infected with HIV or get a respiratory infection from the vaccine. It was announced in September 2007 that the trial for V520 would be stopped after it determined that vaccination with V520 appeared associated with an increased risk of HIV infection in some recipients.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foremost issue facing the recombinant adenovirus that was used is the high prevalence of the adenovirus-specific antibodies as a result of prior exposure to adenovirus. Adenovirus vectors and many other <a href="/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine" title="Viral vector vaccine">viral vectors</a> currently used in HIV vaccines will induce a rapid memory immune response against the vector. This results in an impediment to the development of a T cell response against the inserted antigen (HIV antigens)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of the trial prompted the reexamination of vaccine development strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18597681_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18597681-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVTN_505" title="HVTN 505">HVTN 505</a>, a Phase IIb study, was launched in 2009 but halted in 2013 due to meeting requirements of futility.</li> <li>Potential broadly neutralizing antibodies have been cloned in the laboratory (monoclonal antibodies) and are being tested in <a href="/wiki/Passive_immunity" title="Passive immunity">passive vaccination</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eOD-GT8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eOD-GT8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2016, there was the launch of the Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials (HVTN 703 and HVTN 704), the first phase IIb trials of a monoclonal antibody for HIV prevention. HVTN 703 and HVTN 704 found that the VRC01 monoclonal antibody, which targets the CD4 binding site, was not able to prevent HIV acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, Janssen and the HVTN launched the phase IIb trial called HVTN 705/Imbokodo, testing the mosaic vector vaccine Ad26.Mos4.HIV and the aluminum phosphate-adjuvanted Clade C gp140 vaccines which are designed to prevent infection of all HIV subtypes around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021 the <a href="/wiki/NIH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIH">NIH</a> announced that the Imbokodo Phase 2b study did not provide statistically significant reduction in HIV infection.<sup id="cite_ref-nih2021_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih2021-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2019, Terevac-VIH, a vaccine from Cuba, was determined to have passed the first stage of clinical trials after two years and move to the second stage of development.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Therapeutic HIV vaccines</i> </p><p>Biosantech developed a therapeutic vaccine called Tat Oyi, which targets the tat protein of HIV. It was tested in France in a double-blind Phase I/II trial with 48 HIV-positive patients who had reached viral suppression on <a href="/wiki/Highly_active_antiretroviral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly active antiretroviral therapy">Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy</a> and then stopped antiretrovirals after getting the intradermal Tat Oyi vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_III">Phase III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phase III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Preventive HIV vaccines</i> </p><p>There have been no passive preventive HIV vaccines to reach Phase III yet, but some active preventive HIV vaccine candidates have entered Phase III. </p> <ul><li>In February 2003, <a href="/wiki/VaxGen" title="VaxGen">VaxGen</a> announced that their <a href="/wiki/AIDSVAX" title="AIDSVAX">AIDSVAX B/E</a> vaccine was a failure in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> as there was not a statistically significant reduction of HIV infection within the study population.</li> <li>AIDSVAX B/E was a component, along with ALVAC, of the <a href="/wiki/RV_144" title="RV 144">RV 144</a> vaccine trial in Thailand that showed partial efficacy in preventing HIV. The AIDSVAX B/E and ALVAC vaccines targeted the <a href="/wiki/Gp120" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp120">gp120</a> part of the HIV envelope. The study involved 16,395 participants who did not have HIV infection, 8197 of whom were given treatment consisting of two experimental vaccines targeting <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">HIV types B and E</a> that are prevalent in Thailand, while 8198 were given a placebo. The participants were tested for HIV every six months for three years. After three years, the vaccine group had HIV infection rates reduced by about 30% compared with those in the placebo group. However, after taking into account the seven people who already had HIV before getting vaccinated (two in the placebo group, five in the vaccine group) the difference was 26%.<sup id="cite_ref-Rerks-Ngarm2009_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rerks-Ngarm2009-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered that participants receiving vaccines in the RV 144 trial who produced <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a> antibodies against the <a href="/w/index.php?title=V2_loop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V2 loop (page does not exist)">V2 loop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Envelope_glycoprotein_GP120" title="Envelope glycoprotein GP120">HIV outer envelope</a> were 43% less likely to become infected than those who did not, while <a href="/wiki/IgA" class="mw-redirect" title="IgA">IgA</a> production was associated with a 54% greater risk of infection than those who did not produce the antibodies (but not worse than placebo). Viruses collected from vaccinated participants had mutations in the V2 region. Tests of a vaccine for <a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">SIV</a> in monkeys found greater resistance to SIV in animals producing antibodies against this region. Therefore, further research is expected to focus on creating vaccines designed to provoke an IgG reaction against the V2 loop.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2020, the phase IIb-III trial <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="[[HVTN_702]]"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><a href="/wiki/HVTN_702" title="HVTN 702">HVTN 702</a></span></span>/"Uhambo" found that ALVAC/gp120/MF59 vaccinations were safe, and caused no harm, but had no efficacy in HIV prevention in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Vaccinations with the Uhambo vaccine regimen began late 2016 and stopped early 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2020, the Ad26.Mos4.HIV plus adjuvanted clade C gp140 vaccine regimen entered a phase III trial called HVTN 706/"Mosaico". The regimen is a combination of an adenovirus vector vaccine engineered against multiple global strains of HIV, and a protein vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial was ended in January 2023 due to ineffectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Therapeutic HIV vaccines</i> </p><p>No therapeutic HIV vaccine candidates have reached phase 3 testing yet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A July 2012 report of the HIV Vaccines & Microbicides Resource Tracking Working Group estimates that $845 million was invested in HIV vaccine research in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-url_Investing_to_End_the_AIDS_Epidemic:_A_new_Era_for_HIV_Prevention_Research_and_Development_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url_Investing_to_End_the_AIDS_Epidemic:_A_new_Era_for_HIV_Prevention_Research_and_Development-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic issues with developing an HIV vaccine include the need for advance purchase commitment (or <a href="/wiki/Advance_market_commitments" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance market commitments">advance market commitments</a>) because after an AIDS vaccine has been developed, governments and NGOs may be able to bid the price down to <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-url_SSRN_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url_SSRN-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_possible_vaccines">Classification of possible vaccines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classification of possible vaccines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theoretically, any possible HIV vaccine must inhibit or stop the HIV virion replication cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The targets of a vaccine could be the following stages of the HIV virion cycle: </p> <ul><li>Stage I. Free state</li> <li>Stage II. Attachment</li> <li>Stage III. Penetration</li> <li>Stage IV. Uncoating</li> <li>Stage V. Replication</li> <li>Stage VI. Assembling</li> <li>Stage VII. Releasing</li></ul> <p>Therefore, the following list comprises the current possible approaches for an HIV vaccine: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filtering_virions_from_blood_(Stage_I)"><span id="Filtering_virions_from_blood_.28Stage_I.29"></span>Filtering virions from blood (Stage I)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Filtering virions from blood (Stage I)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Biological, chemical and/or physical approaches for removing the HIV virions from the blood.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches_to_catching_the_virion_(Stage_I-III,_VI,_VII)"><span id="Approaches_to_catching_the_virion_.28Stage_I-III.2C_VI.2C_VII.29"></span>Approaches to catching the virion (Stage I-III, VI, VII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Approaches to catching the virion (Stage I-III, VI, VII)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">Phagocytosis</a> of the HIV virions.</li> <li>Chemical or organically based capture (creation of any skin or additional membrane around the virion) of HIV virions</li> <li>Chemical or organic attachments to the virion</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches_to_destroying_or_damaging_the_virion_or_its_parts_(Stage_I-VII)"><span id="Approaches_to_destroying_or_damaging_the_virion_or_its_parts_.28Stage_I-VII.29"></span>Approaches to destroying or damaging the virion or its parts (Stage I-VII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Approaches to destroying or damaging the virion or its parts (Stage I-VII)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here, "damage" means inhibiting or stopping the ability of virion to process any of the <i>Phase II-VII</i>. Here are the different classification of methods: </p> <ul><li>By nature of method: <ul><li>Physical methods (<i>Stage I-VII</i>)</li> <li>Chemical and biological methods (<i>Stage I-VII</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>By damaging target of the <a href="/wiki/HIV#Structure_and_genome" title="HIV">HIV virion structure</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Damaging the <a href="/wiki/Envelope_glycoprotein_GP120" title="Envelope glycoprotein GP120">Docking Glycoprotein gp120</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Stage I-III, VI, VII</i>)</li> <li>Damaging the <a href="/wiki/Gp41" title="Gp41">Transmembrane Glycoprotein gp41</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Stage I-III, VI, VII</i>)</li> <li>Damaging the virion matrix (<i>Stage I-III, VI, VII</i>)</li> <li>Damaging the virion Capsid (<i>Stage I-III, VI, VII</i>)</li> <li>Damaging the Reverse Transcriptase (<i>Stage I-VII</i>)</li> <li>Damaging the RNA (<i>Stage I-VII</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blocking_replication_(Stage_V)"><span id="Blocking_replication_.28Stage_V.29"></span>Blocking replication (Stage V)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Blocking replication (Stage V)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Insertion into blood chemical or organic compounds which binds to the <a href="/wiki/Gp120" class="mw-redirect" title="Gp120">gp120</a>. Hypothetically, it can be pieces of the <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a> cell membranes with receptors. Any chemical and organic alternative (with the ability to bind the gp120) of these receptors also can be used.</li> <li>Insertion into blood chemical or organic compounds which binds to the receptors of the CD4 cells.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological,_chemical_or_physical_approaches_to_inhibit_the_process_of_phases"><span id="Biological.2C_chemical_or_physical_approaches_to_inhibit_the_process_of_phases"></span>Biological, chemical or physical approaches to inhibit the process of phases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biological, chemical or physical approaches to inhibit the process of phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Biological, chemical or physical approach to inhibit the <i>Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Integration, Replication, Assembling and/or Releasing.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibiting_the_functionality_of_infected_cells_(Stage_VI-VII)"><span id="Inhibiting_the_functionality_of_infected_cells_.28Stage_VI-VII.29"></span>Inhibiting the functionality of infected cells (Stage VI-VII)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inhibiting the functionality of infected cells (Stage VI-VII)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhibiting the life functions of infected cells: </p> <ul><li>Inhibiting the metabolism of infected cells</li> <li>Inhibiting the energy exchange of infected cells</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_work">Future work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Future work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been reports that HIV patients coinfected with <i><a href="/wiki/GB_virus_C" title="GB virus C">GB virus C</a></i> (GBV-C), also called hepatitis G virus, can survive longer than those without GBV-C, but the patients may be different in other ways. GBV-C is potentially useful in the future development of an HIV vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Live attenuated vaccines are highly successful against polio, rotavirus and measles, but have not been tested against HIV in humans. Reversion to live virus has been a theoretical safety concern that has to date prevented clinical development of a live attenuated HIV-1 vaccine. Scientists are researching novel strategies to develop a non-virulent live attenuated HIV-1 vaccine. For example, a genetically modified form of HIV has been created in which the virus's <a href="/wiki/Codons" class="mw-redirect" title="Codons">codons</a> (a sequence of three <a href="/wiki/Nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotides">nucleotides</a> that form genetic code) are manipulated to rely on an <a href="/wiki/Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids" title="Non-proteinogenic amino acids">unnatural amino acid</a> for proper protein translation, which allows it to replicate. Because this amino acid is foreign to the human body, the virus cannot reproduce.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent evidence suggests using universal CAR NK cells against HIV<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output 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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV_vaccine_development&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817112159/http://www.vrc.nih.gov/">Vaccine Research Center (VRC)</a>- Information concerning Preventive HIV vaccine research studies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hiv-vaccine-development">NIAID HIV vaccine site</a> (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Acquired_Immunodeficiency_Syndrome" title="Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome">DAIDS</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaccinealliance.org">Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iavi.org">International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avac.org">AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hivresearch.org">U.S. Military HIV Research Program (MHRP)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://briandeer.com/vaxgen-aidsvax.htm">Investigation of first candidate vaccine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hiv.gov/">HIV.gov - The U.S. Federal Domestic HIV/AIDS Resource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991123222842/http://hivtest.org/">HIVtest.org - Find an HIV testing site near you</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/08/health/hiv-aids-research.html">Bit by Bit, Scientists Gain Ground on AIDS</a> - The New York Times, March 8, 2019</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template talk:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HIV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV" title="Structure and genome of HIV">structure and genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">subtypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_classification_system_for_HIV_infection" title="CDC classification system for HIV infection">CDC classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_disease_progression_rates" title="HIV disease progression rates">disease progression rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Addiction_and_HIV_Data_Archive_Program" title="National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program">National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS">pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_disease_staging_system_for_HIV_infection_and_disease" title="WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease">WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Children" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Adults_and_Adolescents" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents">Teens / Adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">Countries by AIDS prevalence rate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/50px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/75px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/100px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1112" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS">Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS-defining_clinical_condition" title="AIDS-defining clinical condition">AIDS-defining clinical condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_infiltrative_lymphocytosis_syndrome" title="Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome">Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy" title="HIV-associated lipodystrophy">Lipodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy" title="HIV-associated nephropathy">Nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_cardiomyopathy" title="HIV-associated cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">Neurocognitive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_pruritus" title="HIV-associated pruritus">Pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_superinfection" title="HIV superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis co-infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_Drug_Resistance_Database" title="HIV Drug Resistance Database">HIV Drug Resistance Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innate_resistance_to_HIV" title="Innate resistance to HIV">Innate resistance to HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serostatus" title="Serostatus">Serostatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_challenges_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Nutritional challenges of HIV/AIDS">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">Multiple sex partners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Museum_and_Educational_Center" title="World AIDS Museum and Educational Center">World AIDS Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ray_Brown" title="Timothy Ray Brown">Timothy Ray Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Patient" title="Berlin Patient">Berlin Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Castillejo" title="Adam Castillejo">The London Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edmonds_(patient)" title="Paul Edmonds (patient)">City of Hope Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Women and HIV/AIDS">Women and HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">HIV and homosexual men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">Circumcision and HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_HIV_treatment" title="Cost of HIV treatment">Cost of treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-affected_community" title="HIV-affected community">HIV-affected community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_ribbon" title="Red ribbon">Red ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV-positive_people" title="List of HIV-positive people">List of HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">HIV/AIDS in the porn industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV.gov" title="HIV.gov">HIV.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_Developing_Countries_Clinical_Trials_Partnership" title="European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership">European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation" title="Elton John AIDS Foundation">Elton John AIDS Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International AIDS Conference">International AIDS Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Society" title="International AIDS Society">International AIDS Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS">Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_campaign" title="Sing campaign">The SING Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Against_AIDS" title="Youth Against AIDS">YAA/Youthforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Me_(Sia_song)" title="Free Me (Sia song)">"Free Me"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMHC" title="GMHC">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reports_from_the_Holocaust" title="Reports from the Holocaust">Reports from the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Without_Art" title="Day Without Art">Day Without Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert" title="The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert">The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayds" title="Ayds">Ayds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Armenia" title="HIV/AIDS in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bangladesh" title="HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bhutan" title="HIV/AIDS in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">China (PRC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_East_Timor" title="HIV/AIDS in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Indonesia" title="HIV/AIDS in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iraq" title="HIV/AIDS in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Japan" title="HIV/AIDS in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jordan" title="HIV/AIDS in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malaysia" title="HIV/AIDS in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nepal" title="HIV/AIDS in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Philippines" title="HIV/AIDS in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Taiwan" title="HIV/AIDS in Taiwan">Taiwan (ROC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Europe" title="HIV/AIDS in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mexico" title="HIV/AIDS in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_El_Salvador" title="HIV/AIDS in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guatemala" title="HIV/AIDS in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Honduras" title="HIV/AIDS in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nicaragua" title="HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Caribbean" title="HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti" title="HIV/AIDS in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jamaica" title="HIV/AIDS in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_America" title="HIV/AIDS in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Argentina" title="HIV/AIDS in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bolivia" title="HIV/AIDS in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Brazil" title="HIV/AIDS in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Colombia" title="HIV/AIDS in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guyana" title="HIV/AIDS in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Peru" title="HIV/AIDS in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uruguay" title="HIV/AIDS in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_Zealand" title="HIV/AIDS in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV/AIDS_cases_and_deaths_registered_by_region" title="List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region">List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaccines" title="Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaccines" title="Template talk:Vaccines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity" title="Artificial induction of immunity">Artificial induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479804#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88007929">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007541787005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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