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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preliminary_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminary_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Preliminary work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood-derived_vaccine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood-derived_vaccine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Blood-derived vaccine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-derived_vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recombinant_vaccine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recombinant_vaccine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Recombinant vaccine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recombinant_vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunization_schedule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunization_schedule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Immunization schedule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunization_schedule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Brand names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis B vaccine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8" title="لقاح التهاب الكبد الفيروسي ب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لقاح التهاب الكبد الفيروسي ب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A8" title="واکسن هپاتیت ب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="واکسن هپاتیت ب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="হেপাটাইটিস বি টিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেপাটাইটিস বি টিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%89%D1%83_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82_B" title="Ваксина срещу вирусен хепатит B – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ваксина срещу вирусен хепатит B" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacc%C3%AD_contra_l%27hepatitis_B" title="Vaccí contra l'hepatitis B – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vaccí contra l'hepatitis B" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katemera_wa_Hepataitisi_B" title="Katemera wa Hepataitisi B – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Katemera wa Hepataitisi B" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushonga_unodzivirira_Hepatitis_B" title="Mushonga unodzivirira Hepatitis B – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mushonga unodzivirira Hepatitis B" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis-B-Impfstoff" title="Hepatitis-B-Impfstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hepatitis-B-Impfstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%B7%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%92" title="Εμβόλιο ηπατίτιδας Β – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εμβόλιο ηπατίτιδας Β" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuna_contra_la_hepatitis_B" title="Vacuna contra la hepatitis B – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacuna contra la hepatitis B" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A8" title="واکسن هپاتیت ب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکسن هپاتیت ب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccin_contre_l%27h%C3%A9patite_B" title="Vaccin contre l'hépatite B – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vaccin contre l'hépatite B" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%ED%98%95_%EA%B0%84%EC%97%BC_%EB%B0%B1%EC%8B%A0" title="B형 간염 백신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="B형 간염 백신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF_B-%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Հեպատիտ B-ի պատվաստանյութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեպատիտ B-ի պատվաստանյութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cgw%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%8Dgb%E1%BB%A5gba_Hepata%E1%BB%8Btis_B" title="Ọgwụ ọgbụgba Hepataịtis B – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọgwụ ọgbụgba Hepataịtis B" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaksin_hepatitis_B" title="Vaksin hepatitis B – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vaksin hepatitis B" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccino_anti-epatite_B" title="Vaccino anti-epatite B – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vaccino anti-epatite B" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanjo_ya_Homa_ya_Manjano_B" title="Chanjo ya Homa ya Manjano B – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chanjo ya Homa ya Manjano B" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatito_B_vakcina" title="Hepatito B vakcina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hepatito B vakcina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccin_anti_HBV" title="Vaccin anti HBV – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vaccin anti HBV" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ngwel%C3%A9_ma_Epat%C3%ADte_B" title="Mángwelé ma Epatíte B – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mángwelé ma Epatíte B" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_elleni_v%C3%A9d%C5%91olt%C3%A1s" title="Hepatitis B elleni védőoltás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hepatitis B elleni védőoltás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹെപറ്റൈറ്റിസ് ബി വാക്സിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെപറ്റൈറ്റിസ് ബി വാക്സിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="हिपॅटायटीस बी लस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिपॅटायटीस बी लस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaksin_hepatitis_B" title="Vaksin hepatitis B – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vaksin hepatitis B" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%92_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гепатит В вакцин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гепатит В вакцин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="အသည်းရောင်အသားဝါ ဘီရောဂါကာကွယ်ဆေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသည်းရောင်အသားဝါ ဘီရောဂါကာကွယ်ဆေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E3%83%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3" title="B型肝炎ワクチン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="B型肝炎ワクチン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ହେପାଟାଇଟିସ ବି ଟିକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହେପାଟାଇଟିସ ବି ଟିକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹੈਪੇਟਾਈਟਸ ਬੀ ਟੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਪੇਟਾਈਟਸ ਬੀ ਟੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczepionka_przeciw_wirusowi_zapalenia_w%C4%85troby_typu_B" title="Szczepionka przeciw wirusowi zapalenia wątroby typu B – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szczepionka przeciw wirusowi zapalenia wątroby typu B" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacina_contra_hepatite_B" title="Vacina contra hepatite B – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vacina contra hepatite B" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccin_antihepatic_B" title="Vaccin antihepatic B – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vaccin antihepatic B" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_B" title="Вакцина против гепатита B – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вакцина против гепатита B" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjovo_weHepatitis_B" title="Umjovo weHepatitis B – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Umjovo weHepatitis B" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatiitti_B_-rokote" title="Hepatiitti B -rokote – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hepatiitti B -rokote" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="கல்லீரல் அழற்சி வகை பி தடுப்பூசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்லீரல் அழற்சி வகை பி தடுப்பூசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="హెపటైటిస్ బి టీకా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హెపటైటిస్ బి టీకా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5" title="วัคซีนตับอักเสบบี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัคซีนตับอักเสบบี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatit_B_a%C5%9F%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Hepatit B aşısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hepatit B aşısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%92" title="Вакцина проти гепатиту В – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вакцина проти гепатиту В" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%AFc-xin_vi%C3%AAm_gan_si%C3%AAu_vi_B" title="Vắc-xin viêm gan siêu vi B – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vắc-xin viêm gan siêu vi B" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91aqu_Hepatite_B" title="Ñaqu Hepatite B – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ñaqu Hepatite B" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80j%E1%BA%B9s%C3%A1ra_j%E1%BA%B9%CC%80d%E1%BB%8D%CC%80j%E1%BA%B9%CC%80d%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_B" title="Àjẹsára jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ B – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àjẹsára jẹ̀dọ̀jẹ̀dọ̀ B" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="乙型肝炎疫苗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乙型肝炎疫苗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="乙型肝炎疫苗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乙型肝炎疫苗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q117749#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Vaccine against hepatitis B</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B vaccine</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Engerix_B_(Hepatitis_B)_vaccine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Engerix_B_%28Hepatitis_B%29_vaccine.jpg/220px-Engerix_B_%28Hepatitis_B%29_vaccine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Engerix_B_%28Hepatitis_B%29_vaccine.jpg/330px-Engerix_B_%28Hepatitis_B%29_vaccine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Engerix_B_%28Hepatitis_B%29_vaccine.jpg/440px-Engerix_B_%28Hepatitis_B%29_vaccine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1604" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hepatitis B vaccine</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccine description</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> virus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaccine#Types" title="Vaccine">Vaccine type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Recombivax HB, Engerix-B, Heplisav-B, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/hepatitis_b_vaccine.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a607014.html">a607014</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Hepatitis+B+vaccine">Hepatitis B vaccine</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> B2<sup id="cite_ref-drugs.com_pregnancy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs.com_pregnancy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">Intramuscular</a> (IM)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antiviral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07BC01</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J07BC01">WHO</a></span>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a><sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Heplisav_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Heplisav-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Recombivax_HB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Recombivax_HB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Engerix-B_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Engerix-B-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDA_PreHevbrio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_PreHevbrio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-only<sup id="cite_ref-Heplisav_B_EPAR_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heplisav_B_EPAR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PreHevbri_EPAR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PreHevbri_EPAR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PreHevbri_EU_approval_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PreHevbri_EU_approval-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16131310">16131310</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB11627">DB11627</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>none</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/IFJ010MNE4">IFJ010MNE4</a></span></li><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/XL4HLC6JH6">XL4HLC6JH6</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D04432">D04432</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=447912967&page2=Hepatitis+B+vaccine">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hepatitis B vaccine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> that prevents <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes those with <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">poor immune function</a> such as from <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> and those born <a href="/wiki/Premature_infant" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature infant">premature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also recommended that health-care workers be vaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In healthy people, routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood testing to verify that the vaccine has worked is recommended in those at high risk.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional doses may be needed in people with poor immune function but are not necessary for most people.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those who have been exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">hepatitis B virus</a> (HBV) but not immunized, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_immune_globulin" title="Hepatitis B immune globulin">hepatitis B immune globulin</a> should be given in addition to the vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaccine is given by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">injection into a muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serious side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine are very uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pain may occur at the site of injection.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is safe for use during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> or while <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has not been linked to <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hepatitis B vaccines are produced with <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> techniques and contain <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">immunologic adjuvant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are available both by themselves and in combination with other vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first hepatitis B vaccine was approved in the United States in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recombinant version came to market in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO23rd_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO23rd-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both versions were developed by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a> and his team.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States vaccination is recommended for nearly all babies at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many countries routinely vaccinate infants against hepatitis B. In countries with high rates of hepatitis B infection, vaccination of newborns has not only reduced the risk of infection, but has also led to a marked reduction in <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>. This was reported in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> where the implementation of a nationwide hepatitis B vaccination program in 1984 was associated with a decline in the incidence of childhood <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang_1997_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang_1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, the vaccine is offered to <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM), usually as part of a sexual health check-up. A similar situation is in operation in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many areas, vaccination against hepatitis B is also required for all health-care and laboratory staff.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0113225288-c12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0113225288-c12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both types of the vaccine, the plasma-derived vaccine (PDV) and <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant vaccine">recombinant vaccine</a> (RV), seems to be able to elicit similar protective anti-HBs levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2005_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) issued recommendations for vaccination against hepatitis B among patients with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22189894_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22189894-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommends a <a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">pentavalent vaccine</a>, combining vaccines against <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">pertussis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> type B</a> with the vaccine against hepatitis B.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2019)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is not yet sufficient evidence on how effective this pentavalent vaccine is in relation to the individual vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pentavalent vaccine combining vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">poliomyelitis</a> is approved in the U.S. and is recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices</a> (ACIP).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hepatitis B vaccination, hepatitis B immunoglobulin, and the combination of hepatitis B vaccine plus hepatitis B immunoglobulin, all are considered as preventive for babies born to mothers infected with <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">hepatitis B virus</a> (HBV).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination is superior for protecting these infants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of being vaccinated during pregnancy to prevent <a href="/wiki/Vertical_transmission" title="Vertical transmission">vertical transmission</a> of hepatitis B to infants has not been studied.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25385500_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25385500-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hepatitis B immunoglobulin before birth has not been well studied.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28188612_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28188612-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies have found that that <a href="/wiki/Immune_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune memory">immune memory</a> against HepB is sustained for at least 30 years after vaccination, and protects against clinical disease and chronic HepB infection, even in cases where <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">anti-hepatitis B surface antigen</a> (anti-Hbs) levels decline below detectable levels.<sup id="cite_ref-ImmunizeHepB_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImmunizeHepB-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing to confirm successful immunization or sustained immunity is not necessary or recommended for most people, but is recommended for infants born to a mother who tests positive for HBsAg or whose HBsAg status is not known; for healthcare and public safety workers; for <a href="/wiki/Immunocompromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocompromise">immunocompromised</a> people such as <a href="/wiki/Haemodialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemodialysis">haemodialysis</a> patients, <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> patients, <a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_stem_cell_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematopoietic stem cell transplant">haematopoietic stem cell transplant</a> [HSCT] recipients, or people receiving <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>; and for sexual partners of HBsAg-positive people.<sup id="cite_ref-ImmunizeHepB_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImmunizeHepB-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An anti-Hbs antibody level above 100<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/International_unit" title="International unit">mIU</a>/ml is deemed adequate, and occurs in about 85–90% of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0113225288_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0113225288-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An antibody level between 10 and 100<span class="nowrap"> </span>mIU/ml is considered a poor response, and these people should receive a single booster vaccination at this time, but do not need further retesting.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0113225288_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0113225288-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who fail to respond (anti-Hbs antibody level below 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>mIU/ml) should be tested to exclude current or past hepatitis B infection, and given a repeat course of three vaccinations, followed by further retesting 1–4 months after the second course. Those who still do not respond to a second course of vaccination may respond to <a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">intradermal injection</a><sup id="cite_ref-Filippelli2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filippelli2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to a high dose vaccine<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to a double dose of a combined <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">hepatitis A</a> and B vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who still fail to respond will require hepatitis B <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulin</a> (HBIG) if later exposed to the hepatitis B virus.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0113225288_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0113225288-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poor responses are mostly associated with being over the age of 40 years, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco smoking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Filippelli2014_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filippelli2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8254852_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8254852-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also in <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcoholics</a>, especially if with <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">advanced liver disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9316554_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9316554-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who are immunosuppressed or on <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> may not respond as well and require larger or more frequent doses of vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0113225288_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0113225288-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one study suggests that hepatitis B vaccination is less effective in patients with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immune response to the hepatitis B vaccine can be impaired by the presence of parasitic infections such as <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">helminthiasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration_of_protection">Duration of protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Duration of protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hepatitis B vaccine is now believed to provide indefinite protection. Older literature assumed that immunity would wane with antibody titers and only effectively last five to seven years,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but immune-challenge studies show that even after 30 years, the immune system maintains the ability to produce an <a href="/wiki/Anamnestic_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamnestic response">anamnestic response</a>, i.e. to rapidly bump up antibody levels when the previously seen antigen is detected.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17298912_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17298912-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shows that the <a href="/wiki/Immunological_memory" title="Immunological memory">immunological memory</a> is not affected by the loss of antibody levels. As a result, subsequent antibody testing and administration of booster doses is not required in successfully vaccinated immunocompetent individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17291637_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17291637-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10683019_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10683019-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK guidelines suggest that people who respond to the vaccine and are at risk of occupational exposure, such as for healthcare workers, a single booster is recommended five years after initial immunization.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0113225288_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0113225288-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serious side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine are very rare.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pain may occur at the site of injection.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally considered safe for use, during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> or while <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has not been linked to <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2017_13-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Multiple sclerosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies have looked for an association between recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> (MS) in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Mar2013_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mar2013-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most studies do not support a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccination and demyelinating diseases such as MS.<sup id="cite_ref-Mar2013_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mar2013-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDCFAQ_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCFAQ-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mouchet2018_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mouchet2018-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 study reported a significant increase in risk within three years of vaccination. Some of these studies were criticized for methodological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This controversy created public misgivings about hepatitis B vaccination, and hepatitis B vaccination in children remained low in several countries. A 2006 study concluded that evidence did not support an association between hepatitis B vaccination and <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">sudden infant death syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic fatigue syndrome">chronic fatigue syndrome</a>, or multiple sclerosis.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2007 study found that the vaccination does not seem to increase the risk of a first episode of MS in childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hepatitis B vaccination has not been linked to onset of autoimmune diseases in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Elwood2018_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elwood2018-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immunization-hepb3-of-one-year-old-children.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Immunization-hepb3-of-one-year-old-children.png/280px-Immunization-hepb3-of-one-year-old-children.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Immunization-hepb3-of-one-year-old-children.png/420px-Immunization-hepb3-of-one-year-old-children.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Immunization-hepb3-of-one-year-old-children.png/560px-Immunization-hepb3-of-one-year-old-children.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Share of one-year-olds vaccinated against hepatitis B, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The following is a list of countries by the percentage of infants receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine as published by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Hepatitis B (HepB3) immunization coverage<br />among one-year-olds worldwide </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Coverage % </th></tr> <tr> <td>Afghanistan</td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albania</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Algeria</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andorra</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Angola</td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antigua and Barbuda</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armenia</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Azerbaijan</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahamas</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahrain</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bangladesh</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barbados</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belarus</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belize</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benin</td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhutan</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bolivia (Plurinational State of)</td> <td>83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Botswana</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brunei Darussalam</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria</td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burkina Faso</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burundi</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Côte d'Ivoire</td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cabo Verde</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cambodia</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cameroon</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central African Republic</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chad</td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colombia</td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Comoros</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Congo</td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cook Islands</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Costa Rica</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cuba</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyprus</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czech Republic</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Democratic People's Republic of Korea</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Democratic Republic of the Congo</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djibouti</td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominica</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominican Republic</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecuador</td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egypt</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Salvador</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Equatorial Guinea</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eritrea</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estonia</td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eswatini</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethiopia</td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fiji</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gabon</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gambia</td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ghana</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grenada</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guatemala</td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guinea</td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guinea-Bissau</td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guyana</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haiti</td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honduras</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia</td> <td>79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iran (Islamic Republic of)</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iraq</td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jamaica</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jordan</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kazakhstan</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kenya</td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiribati</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kuwait</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kyrgyzstan</td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lao People's Democratic Republic</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latvia</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanon</td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lesotho</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liberia</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Libya</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luxembourg</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macedonia</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madagascar</td> <td>74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malawi</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malaysia</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maldives</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mali</td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marshall Islands</td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mauritania</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mauritius</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Micronesia (Federated States of)</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monaco</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mongolia</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montenegro</td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morocco</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mozambique</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myanmar</td> <td>89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Namibia</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nauru</td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nepal</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands</td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nicaragua</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niger</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nigeria</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niue</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oman</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pakistan</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palau</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panama</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Papua New Guinea</td> <td>56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraguay</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peru</td> <td>83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philippines</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qatar</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Republic of Korea</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Republic of Moldova</td> <td>89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania</td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russian Federation</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rwanda</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Kitts and Nevis</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Lucia</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samoa</td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>San Marino</td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>São Tomé and Príncipe</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saudi Arabia</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senegal</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seychelles</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sierra Leone</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Singapore</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solomon Islands</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Somalia</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Lanka</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sudan</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suriname</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Swaziland</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden</td> <td>76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syrian Arab Republic</td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tajikistan</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Timor-Leste</td> <td>76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Togo</td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tonga</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad and Tobago</td> <td>89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunisia</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkey</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkmenistan</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuvalu</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uganda</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ukraine</td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Arab Emirates</td> <td>98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Republic of Tanzania</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States of America</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uruguay</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uzbekistan</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vanuatu</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)</td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Viet Nam</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yemen</td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zambia</td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zimbabwe</td> <td>89 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preliminary_work">Preliminary work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preliminary work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1963, the American physician/geneticist <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Blumberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Baruch Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a>, working at the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Chase_Cancer_Center" title="Fox Chase Cancer Center">Fox Chase Cancer Center</a>, discovered what he called the "Australia Antigen" (<a href="/wiki/HBsAg" title="HBsAg">HBsAg</a>) in the serum of an <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal person</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14239025_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14239025-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, this protein was found to be part of the virus that causes "serum hepatitis" (hepatitis B) by <a href="/wiki/Virologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Virologist">virologist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Prince&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Prince (page does not exist)">Alfred Prince</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-12-782150-3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-12-782150-3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, Blumberg won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for his work on hepatitis B (sharing it with <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Carleton Gajdusek</a> for his work on <a href="/wiki/Kuru_(disease)" title="Kuru (disease)">kuru</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blumberg had identified Australia antigen, the important first step, and later discovered the way to make the first hepatitis B vaccine. Blumberg's vaccine was a unique approach to the production of a vaccine; that is, obtaining the immunizing antigen directly from the blood of human carriers of the virus. In October 1969, acting on behalf of the Institute for Cancer Research, they filed an application for a patent for the production of a vaccine. This patent [USP 3,636,191] was subsequently (January 1972) granted in the United States and other countries. In 2002, Blumberg published a book, <i>Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book, Blumberg wrote: “It took some time before the concept was accepted by virologists and vaccine manufacturers who were more accustomed to dealing with vaccines produced by attenuation of viruses, or the use of killed viruses produced in tissue culture, or related viruses that were non-pathogenic protective (i.e., smallpox). However, by 1971, we were able to interest <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a>, which had considerable experience with vaccines." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood-derived_vaccine">Blood-derived vaccine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blood-derived vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the next few years, a series of human and primate observations by scientists including <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a> (who was responsible for vaccines at Merck), <a href="/wiki/Saul_Krugman" title="Saul Krugman">S. Krugman</a>, R. Purcell, P. Maupas, and others provided additional support for the vaccine. In 1980, the results of the first field trial were published by W. Szmuness and his colleagues in New York City." </p><p>The American microbiologist/vaccinologist Maurice Hilleman at <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a> used three treatments (<a href="/wiki/Pepsin" title="Pepsin">pepsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>) of blood serum together with rigorous filtration to yield a product that could be used as a safe vaccine. Hilleman hypothesized that he could make an HBV vaccine by injecting patients with hepatitis B surface protein. In theory, this would be very safe, as these excess surface proteins lacked infectious viral DNA. The immune system, recognizing the surface proteins as foreign, would manufacture specially shaped antibodies, custom-made to bind to, and destroy, these proteins. Then, in the future, if the patient were infected with HBV, the immune system could promptly deploy protective antibodies, destroying the viruses before they could do any harm.<sup id="cite_ref-PPAA_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPAA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hilleman collected blood from gay men and <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_drug_users" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug users">intravenous drug users</a>—groups known to be at risk for <a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">viral hepatitis</a>. This was in the late 1970s, when HIV was yet unknown to medicine. In addition to the sought-after hepatitis B surface proteins, the blood samples likely contained HIV. Hilleman devised a multistep process to purify this blood so that only the hepatitis B surface proteins remained. Every known virus was killed by this process, and Hilleman was confident that the vaccine was safe.<sup id="cite_ref-PPAA_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPAA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first large-scale trials for the blood-derived vaccine were performed on gay men, in accordance with their high-risk status. Later, Hilleman's vaccine was falsely blamed for igniting the AIDS epidemic. (See <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Szmuness" title="Wolf Szmuness">Wolf Szmuness</a>) But, although the purified blood vaccine seemed questionable, it was determined to have indeed been free of HIV. The purification process had destroyed all viruses—including HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-PPAA_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPAA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaccine was approved in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recombinant_vaccine">Recombinant vaccine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recombinant vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blood-derived hepatitis B vaccine was withdrawn from the marketplace in 1986, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a>'s improved recombinant hepatitis B vaccine which was approved by the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> on 23 July 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first human vaccine produced by recombinant DNA methods.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this work, scientists at <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck & Co.</a> collaborated with <a href="/wiki/William_J._Rutter" title="William J. Rutter">William J. Rutter</a> and colleagues at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at San Francisco">University of California at San Francisco</a>, as well as Benjamin Hall and colleagues at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, William J. Rutter, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_DT_Valenzuela" title="Pablo DT Valenzuela">Pablo DT Valenzuela</a> and Edward Penhoet (<a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>) co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Chiron_Corporation" title="Chiron Corporation">Chiron Corporation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Emeryville,_California" title="Emeryville, California">Emeryville, California</a>, which collaborated with Merck.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recombinant vaccine is based on Hepatitis B surface antigen (<a href="/wiki/HBsAg" title="HBsAg">HBsAg</a>) gene inserted into <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>) cells which are free of any concerns associated with human blood products.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the yeast to produce only the noninfectious surface protein, without any danger of introducing actual viral DNA into the final product.<sup id="cite_ref-PPAA_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPAA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaccine contains the <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">adjuvant</a> amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, a two-dose HBV vaccine for adults, Heplisav-B gained U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Heplisav_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Heplisav-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses recombinant HB surface antigen, similar to previous vaccines, but includes a novel CpG 1018 adjuvant, a 22-mer phosphorothioate-linked oligodeoxynucleotide. It was non-inferior with respect to immunogenicity.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2021, Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant) (Prehevbrio) was approved by the FDA.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_PreHevbrio_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_PreHevbrio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunization_schedule">Immunization schedule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Immunization schedule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US CDC <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a> first recommended the vaccine for all newborns in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this, the vaccine was only recommended for high-risk groups. As of the 1991 recommendation for universal newborn Hepatitis B vaccination, no other vaccines were routinely recommended for all newborns in the United States, and remains one of the very few vaccines routinely recommended for administration at birth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, Hepatitis B surface antigen (<a href="/wiki/HBsAg" title="HBsAg">HBsAg</a>). It is produced by yeast cells, into which the gene for HBsAg has been inserted.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterward an immune system <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> to HBsAg is established in the bloodstream. The antibody is known as <i>anti-HBs</i>. This antibody and immune system memory then provide immunity to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 December 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Medicinal_Products_for_Human_Use" title="Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use">Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use</a> (CHMP) of the <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA) adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Heplisav<span class="nowrap"> </span>B, intended for the active immunization against hepatitis<span class="nowrap"> </span>B virus infection (HBV).<sup id="cite_ref-Heplisav_B:_Pending_EC_decision_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heplisav_B:_Pending_EC_decision-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The applicant for this medicinal product is Dynavax GmbH.<sup id="cite_ref-Heplisav_B:_Pending_EC_decision_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heplisav_B:_Pending_EC_decision-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Heplisav_B_EPAR_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heplisav_B_EPAR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 February 2022, the CHMP adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product PreHevbri, intended for the active immunization against hepatitis B virus infection (HBV).<sup id="cite_ref-PreHevbri:_Pending_EC_decision_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PreHevbri:_Pending_EC_decision-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The applicant for this medicinal product is VBI Vaccines B.V.<sup id="cite_ref-PreHevbri:_Pending_EC_decision_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PreHevbri:_Pending_EC_decision-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PreHevbri was approved for medical use in the European Union in April 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-PreHevbri_EPAR_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PreHevbri_EPAR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PreHevbri_EU_approval_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PreHevbri_EU_approval-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Brand names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common brands available are Recombivax HB (<a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Recombivax_HB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Recombivax_HB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engerix-B (<a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GSK</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Engerix-B_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Engerix-B-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elovac B (Human Biologicals Institute, a division of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Immunologicals_Limited" title="Indian Immunologicals Limited">Indian Immunologicals Limited</a>), Genevac B (<a href="/wiki/Serum_Institute_of_India" title="Serum Institute of India">Serum Institute</a>), Shanvac B, Heplisav-B,<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Heplisav_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Heplisav-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heplisav_B_EPAR_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heplisav_B_EPAR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Prehevbrio,<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_PreHevbrio_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_PreHevbrio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Twinrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Twinrix">Twinrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GSK</a>) is a vaccine against <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a> and hepatitis B.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDA_Twinrix_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_Twinrix-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pediarix" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediarix">Pediarix</a> is a vaccine against <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">pertussis</a>, hepatitis B, and <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">poliomyelitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vaxelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaxelis">Vaxelis</a> is a vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, <a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae"><i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> type B</a> (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate), and hepatitis B.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fendrix (hepatitis B (rDNA) vaccine (adjuvanted, adsorbed)) was approved for medical use in the European Union in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-drugs.com_pregnancy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drugs.com_pregnancy_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hepatitis-b-adult-vaccine.html">"Hepatitis b adult vaccine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings"</a>. <i>Drugs.com</i>. 27 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027035336/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/hepatitis-b-adult-vaccine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Hepatitis+b+adult+vaccine+Pregnancy+and+Breastfeeding+Warnings&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fpregnancy%2Fhepatitis-b-adult-vaccine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1684/smpc">"Engerix B SmPC"</a>. Datapharm. 24 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922194519/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1684/smpc">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engerix+B+SmPC&rft.pub=Datapharm&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicines.org.uk%2Femc%2Fproduct%2F1684%2Fsmpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1684/smpc">"HBVaxPro SmPC"</a>. Datapharm. 12 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922194519/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1684/smpc">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=Heplisav-B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fvaccines-blood-biologics%2Fvaccines%2Fheplisav-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA_Recombivax_HB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Recombivax_HB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Recombivax_HB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/recombivax-hb">"Recombivax HB"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA)</i>. 24 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211084714/https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/recombivax-hb">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1503.htm">"Heplisav B Product information"</a>. <i>Union Register of medicinal products</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PreHevbri:_Pending_EC_decision-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PreHevbri:_Pending_EC_decision_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PreHevbri:_Pending_EC_decision_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/prehevbri">"PreHevbri: Pending EC decision"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA)</i>. 25 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227043811/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/prehevbri">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Twinrix-hepatitis-A--amp--hepatitis-B--recombinant--vaccine-231">"Hepatitis A & hepatitis B recombinant vaccine - Drug Summary"</a>. <i>www.pdr.net</i>. Prescriber's Digital Reference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604060328/https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Twinrix-hepatitis-A--amp--hepatitis-B--recombinant--vaccine-231">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pdr.net&rft.atitle=Hepatitis+A+%26+hepatitis+B+recombinant+vaccine+-+Drug+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdr.net%2Fdrug-summary%2FTwinrix-hepatitis-A--amp--hepatitis-B--recombinant--vaccine-231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA_Twinrix-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Twinrix_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/twinrix">"Twinrix"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922202740/https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/twinrix">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=Pediarix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fvaccines-blood-biologics%2Fvaccines%2Fpediarix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis">"Vaxelis EPAR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA)</i>. 19 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017045354/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/vaxelis">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Medicines+Agency+%28EMA%29&rft.atitle=Vaxelis+EPAR&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2FEPAR%2Fvaxelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaxelis">"Vaxelis"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA)</i>. STN 125563. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017044241/https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaxelis">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft.atitle=Vaxelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fvaccines-blood-biologics%2Fvaxelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/fendrix">"Fendrix EPAR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">European Medicines Agency</a> (EMA)</i>. 2 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Medicines+Agency+%28EMA%29&rft.atitle=Fendrix+EPAR&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fmedicines%2Fhuman%2FEPAR%2Ffendrix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay2019" class="citation book cs1">Ramsay M, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hepatitis-b-the-green-book-chapter-18">"Chapter 18: Hepatitis B"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book"><i>Immunisation Against Infectious Disease</i></a>. Public Health England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+18%3A+Hepatitis+B&rft.btitle=Immunisation+Against+Infectious+Disease&rft.pub=Public+Health+England&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fhepatitis-b-the-green-book-chapter-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallWodiHamborskyMorelli2021" class="citation book cs1">Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-10-hepatitis-b.html">"Chapter 10: Hepatitis B"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/"><i>Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases</i></a> (14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+Hepatitis+B&rft.btitle=Epidemiology+and+Prevention+of+Vaccine-Preventable+Diseases&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fpinkbook%2Fhcp%2Ftable-of-contents%2Fchapter-10-hepatitis-b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepatitis_B_vaccine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hepatitis_B_vaccine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B vaccine</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.html">"Hepatitis B Vaccine Information Statement"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). 25 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hepatitis+B+Vaccine+Information+Statement&rft.pub=U.S.+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.date=2024-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fhcp%2Fvis%2Fvis-statements%2Fhep-b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepatitis+B+vaccine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Hepatitis+B+Vaccines">Hepatitis B Vaccines</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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id="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity" title="Artificial induction of immunity">Artificial induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genetic_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genetic_engineering" title="Template talk:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genetic_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically <br />modified<br /> organisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize" title="Genetically modified maize">Maize/corn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MON_810" title="MON 810">MON 810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MON_863" title="MON 863">MON 863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_corn_recall#StarLink_corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Starlink corn recall">StarLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_genetically_modified_maize" title="List of varieties of genetically modified maize">List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_potato" title="Genetically modified potato">Potato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amflora" title="Amflora">Amflora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_rice" title="Genetically modified rice">Rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_soybean" title="Genetically modified soybean">Soybean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundup_ready_soybean" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup ready soybean">Roundup ready soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistive_Gold" title="Vistive Gold">Vistive Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tomato" title="Genetically modified tomato">Tomato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavr_Savr" title="Flavr Savr">Flavr Savr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Genetic_modification" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bt_cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_wheat" title="Genetically modified wheat">Wheat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HB4_Wheat" title="HB4 Wheat">HB4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_brinjal" title="Genetically modified brinjal">Brinjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_canola" title="Genetically modified canola">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya#Genetically_engineered_cultivars" title="Papaya">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_rose" title="Blue rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartStax" title="SmartStax">SmartStax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_sugar_beet" title="Genetically modified sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco#Genetic_modification" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMH-11_Mustard" title="DMH-11 Mustard">Mustard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_animal" title="Genetically modified animal">Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mammal" title="Genetically modified mammal">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mouse" title="Genetically modified mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">Knockout mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncomouse" title="Oncomouse">Oncomouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enviropig" class="mw-redirect" title="Enviropig">Enviropig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_the_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman the Bull">Herman the Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockout_rat" title="Knockout rat">Knockout rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_(rabbit)" title="Alba (rabbit)">Rabbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_insect" title="Genetically modified insect">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GloFish" title="GloFish">GloFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified salmon">Salmon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism#Frogs" title="Genetically modified organism">Frogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_bacteria" title="Genetically modified bacteria">Bacteria</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_virus" title="Genetically modified virus">viruses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice-minus_bacteria" title="Ice-minus bacteria">Ice-minus bacteria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hepatitis B vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncolytic_virus" title="Oncolytic virus">Oncolytic virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques" title="Genetic engineering techniques">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Inserting DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium" title="Agrobacterium">Agrobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_gun" title="Gene gun">Biolistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroporation" title="Electroporation">Electroporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_transduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic transduction">Genetic transduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipofection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipofection">Lipofection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microinjection" title="Microinjection">Microinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">Somatic cell nuclear transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfection" title="Transfection">Transfection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">Recombinant DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenesis">Transgenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgenesis" title="Cisgenesis">Cisgenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharming_(genetics)" title="Pharming (genetics)">Pharming</a></li> <li>Companies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASF_Plant_Science" title="BASF Plant Science">BASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer#Bayer_CropScience" title="Bayer">Bayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dow_AgroSciences" title="Dow AgroSciences">Dow AgroSciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont Pioneer">DuPont Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngenta" title="Syngenta">Syngenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">humans</a> and<br /> diagnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">Gene knockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_knockdown" title="Gene knockdown">Gene knockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_targeting" title="Gene targeting">Gene targeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br /> articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgene" title="Transgene">Transgene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_of_genetically_modified_organisms" title="Detection of genetically modified organisms">Detection of genetically modified organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_in_fiction" title="Genetics in fiction">Genetics in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transfection" title="Reverse transfection">Reverse transfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">Genetic use restriction technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_genetic_engineering" title="Regulation of genetic engineering">Regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Protocol_on_Biosafety" title="Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety">Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in North America">North America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" 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