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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Tenure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1929_mayoral_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929_mayoral_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1929 mayoral election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929_mayoral_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayor_of_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor_of_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mayor of New York </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mayor_of_New_York-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mayor of New York subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mayor_of_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1933_mayoral_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1933_mayoral_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 1933 mayoral election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1933_mayoral_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Agenda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African-American_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 African-American politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ethnic politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Public works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 1939 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political positions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political positions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Prohibition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazi_detention_of_sister,_brother-in-law,_and_niece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_detention_of_sister,_brother-in-law,_and_niece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Nazi detention of sister, brother-in-law, and niece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_detention_of_sister,_brother-in-law,_and_niece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Namesakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fiorello La Guardia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيوريلو لا غوارديا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيوريلو لا غوارديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A7%DA%86._%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فییورلو اچ. لاقواردیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فییورلو اچ. لاقواردیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fiorello H. La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_LaGuardia" title="Fiorello LaGuardia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fiorello LaGuardia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fiorello H. La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A7%DA%86._%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فییورلو اچ. لاگواردیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فییورلو اچ. لاگواردیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%98%A4%EB%A0%90%EB%A1%9C_%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%BC%EB%94%94%EC%95%84" title="피오렐로 라과디아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피오렐로 라과디아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%B8_%D4%BC%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆյորելլո Լա Գուարդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆյորելլո Լա Գուարդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="פיורלו לה גוארדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיורלו לה גוארדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florellus_LaGuardia" title="Florellus LaGuardia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Florellus LaGuardia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيوريلو اتش لا جوارديا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيوريلو اتش لا جوارديا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="フィオレロ・ラガーディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィオレロ・ラガーディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_LaGuardia" title="Fiorello LaGuardia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fiorello LaGuardia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فیوریلو لا گارڈیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فیوریلو لا گارڈیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%A4%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Ла Гуардия, Фьорелло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ла Гуардия, Фьорелло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fiorello La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_Henry_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello Henry La Guardia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fiorello Henry La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fiorello H. La Guardia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fiorello H. 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (1882–1947)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Fiorello H. La Guardia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Guardia_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_Guardia_%28cropped%29.png/220px-La_Guardia_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_Guardia_%28cropped%29.png/330px-La_Guardia_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/La_Guardia_%28cropped%29.png/440px-La_Guardia_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1499" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">La Guardia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1940</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd Director General of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration" title="United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration">United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 1, 1946 – December 31, 1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Herbert H. Lehman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">99th <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1934 – January 1, 1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_P._O%27Brien" title="John P. O'Brien">John P. O'Brien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Dwyer" title="William O'Dwyer">William O'Dwyer</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_Conference_of_Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United States Conference of Mayors">President of the United States Conference of Mayors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1935–1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Daniel Hoan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Kelly" title="Edward Joseph Kelly">Edward Joseph Kelly</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from New York</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Siegel" title="Isaac Siegel">Isaac Siegel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Lanzetta" title="James J. Lanzetta">James J. Lanzetta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="New York's 20th congressional district">20th district</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1917 – December 31, 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Farley" title="Michael F. Farley">Michael F. Farley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_D._Perlman" title="Nathan D. Perlman">Nathan D. Perlman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="New York's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th President of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Aldermen" title="New York City Board of Aldermen">New York City Board of Aldermen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1920 – December 31, 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Moran" title="Robert L. Moran">Robert L. Moran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Hulbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray Hulbert">Murray Hulbert</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Fiorello Enrico Raffaelo La Guardia</div> (1882-12-11)December 11, 1882 New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 20, 1947(1947-09-20) (aged 64) New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Roosevelt Progressive</a> (1916) <a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1914)" title="American Party (1914)">American</a> (1916) <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1918) <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">LaFollette Progressive</a> (1924) <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a> (1924) Progressive Labor (1926) City Fusion (1933–1941) <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor</a> (1937–1941) Ind. Progressive (1937) United City (1941)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Thea Almerigotti</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1919; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1921)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Marie Fisher</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1929)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_School" title="Dwight School">Timothy Dwight School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">New York University School of Law</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiorello_LaGuardia_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fiorello La Guardia's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fiorello_LaGuardia_Signature.svg/128px-Fiorello_LaGuardia_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fiorello_LaGuardia_Signature.svg/192px-Fiorello_LaGuardia_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fiorello_LaGuardia_Signature.svg/256px-Fiorello_LaGuardia_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="224" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">United States Army Air Service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1917–1919</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian front</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Fiorello Henry La Guardia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/fiːəˈrɛloʊ ləˈɡwɑːrdiə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">fee-ə-REL-oh lə-GWAR-dee-ə</a>; born Fiorello Raffaele Enrico La Guardia,<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Italian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[fjoˈrɛllo raf.faˈɛ.le enˈriːko la ˈɡwardja]</a>; December 11, 1882 – September 20, 1947) was an American attorney and politician who represented New York in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> and served as the 99th <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">mayor of New York City</a> from 1934 to 1946. He was known for his irascible, energetic, and charismatic personality and diminutive, rotund stature.<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> An ideologically <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">socialist</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, La Guardia was frequently cross-endorsed by parties other than his own, especially parties on the left under <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_electoral_fusion_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="New York's electoral fusion laws">New York's electoral fusion laws</a>. A panel of 69 scholars in 1993 ranked him as the best big-city mayor in American history.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> Born to a family of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian immigrants</a> in New York City, La Guardia quickly became interested in politics at a young age. Before <a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Mayoralty of Fiorello La Guardia">his mayoralty</a>, La Guardia represented <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in the U.S. House of Representatives and later served in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Aldermen" title="New York City Board of Aldermen">New York City Board of Aldermen</a>. Amidst the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, La Guardia campaigned on his support for <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs and won the <a href="/wiki/1933_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1933 New York City mayoral election">1933 election</a>. As mayor during the Great Depression and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, La Guardia unified the city's transit system; expanded construction of public housing, playgrounds, parks, and airports; reorganized the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York Police Department</a>; and implemented federal New Deal programs within the city. He pursued a long series of political reforms, curbing the power of the powerful Irish-controlled <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> political machine that controlled the Democratic Party in Manhattan. He also re-established merit-based employment and promotion within city administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989-5">[3]</a> La Guardia was a highly visible national political figure. His support for the New Deal and relationship with President Roosevelt crossed party lines, brought federal funds to New York City, and cut off patronage to La Guardia's Tammany enemies. La Guardia's WNYC radio program "Talk to the People", which aired from December 1941 until December 1945, expanded his public influence beyond the borders of the city.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiorello_La_Guardia_Age_13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of 13 year old Fiorello La Guaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Fiorello_La_Guardia_Age_13.png/220px-Fiorello_La_Guardia_Age_13.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Fiorello_La_Guardia_Age_13.png 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>La Guardia at age 13</figcaption></figure> Fiorello Raffaele Enrico La Guardia, with Raffaele later removed and Enrico <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanized</a> to Henry, was born in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>, New York City, on December 11, 1882, to Achille Luigi Carlo La Guardia and Irene Luzzatto-Coen. He was named in honor of his maternal grandmother, paternal grandfather, and uncle. Achille was born in <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, on March 26, 1849, and his father, Don Raffaele La Guardia, was a municipal official. Achille visited the United States in 1878, while on tour with <a href="/wiki/Adelina_Patti" title="Adelina Patti">Adelina Patti</a>. Irene, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Luzzatto" title="Luzzatto">Luzzatto</a> family, was born in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, on July 18, 1859. They married on June 3, 1880, after having known each other for half a year. Achille, a former <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, was an atheist and Irene was a nonpracticing Jew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner19894-5-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8">[6]</a> Achille prohibited his children from speaking Italian and Fiorello would not become proficient in Italian until his time as a consular agent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner19897-9">[7]</a> Achille enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in 1885, and served in the <a href="/wiki/11th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="11th Infantry Regiment (United States)">11th Infantry Regiment</a> as a warrant officer and chief musician. His family lived in the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>, New York, and the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a> during his time at Fort Sully, <a href="/wiki/Madison_Barracks" title="Madison Barracks">Madison Barracks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Huachuca" title="Fort Huachuca">Fort Huachuca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Whipple,_Arizona" title="Fort Whipple, Arizona">Whipple Barracks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner19897-9-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-8">[6]</a> Fiorello was enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott, Arizona</a>, and practiced that religion all his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198912-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> The onset of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> led to their transfer to St. Louis, Missouri, and then Achille was sent to <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>. Fiorello attempted to join the army, but was rejected. He was accepted as a <a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">war correspondent</a> for the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a>. Achille and Fiorello did not reach Cuba because Achille contracted <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> after consuming <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_beef_scandal" title="United States Army beef scandal">embalmed beef</a>. He was discharged from the military on account of his illness and given a pension of $8 per month (equivalent to $293 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198916-17-13">[11]</a> The La Guardia family moved to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, and Achille died in <a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">Capodistria</a> on October 21, 1904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198917-18-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198921-15">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaGuardia_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A statue of former NYC Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia in Greenwich Village, near the campus of New York University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LaGuardia_statue.jpg/170px-LaGuardia_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LaGuardia_statue.jpg/255px-LaGuardia_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/LaGuardia_statue.jpg/340px-LaGuardia_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="2925" /></a><figcaption>Monument of La Guardia in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>, on the campus of <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a></figcaption></figure> La Guardia became a clerk at the U.S. consulate in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> and worked there from 1901 to 1904. He then served as the agent in charge of the US consulate in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Fiume</a> from 1904 to 1906. He left Europe after failing to gain a promotion to consul-general in Fiume or an appointment as consul-general in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>. He worked as an interpreter for the immigration services at <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> from November 6, 1907, to 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198918-19-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198922-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-congressional_biography-18">[16]</a> He was a Croatian, Italian, and German interpreter and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, who met La Guardia during his time at Ellis Island, described him as "a gifted interpreter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198924-25-19">[17]</a> Upon returning to the U.S., La Guardia worked as a fireproof brick manufacturer in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Ohio" title="Portsmouth, Ohio">Portsmouth, Ohio</a>. He returned to New York City and worked a series of odd jobs such as a translator for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Children" title="New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children">New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children</a>, a steamship company clerk, stenographer at <a href="/wiki/Pratt_Institute" title="Pratt Institute">Pratt Institute</a>, and a clerk for <a href="/wiki/Abercrombie_%26_Fitch" title="Abercrombie & Fitch">Abercrombie & Fitch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198923-24-20">[18]</a> In 1912, around 60,000 garment workers went on strike and La Guardia, who was friends with <a href="/wiki/August_Bellanca" title="August Bellanca">August Bellanca</a>, gave speeches in Italian and Yiddish in support of the strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198923-24-20">[18]</a> La Guardia graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_School" title="Dwight School">Dwight School</a>, a private school on the Upper West Side of New York City.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">New York University School of Law</a> and was admitted to the bar in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-congressional_biography-18">[16]</a> He became a member of the Garibaldi Lodge of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic Order</a> in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198929-22">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Tanner" title="Frederick C. Tanner">Frederick C. Tanner</a> recommended La Guardia for a job working for the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York" title="Attorney General of New York">Attorney General of New York</a> on September 15, 1911, and he served as the deputy attorney general from January 1, 1915, to 1917.<a href="#cite_note-congressional_biography-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198932-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198936-24">[22]</a> He left the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> in the 1930s stating that it devoted "its efforts to special interests rather than to the uplift and welfare of the profession".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989344-25">[23]</a> In 1925, La Guardia formed the La Guardia Publishing Company using his savings and a second mortgage to publish L'Americolo, an Italian-language magazine. He competed against Generoso Pope's <a href="/wiki/Il_Progresso_Italo-Americano" title="Il Progresso Italo-Americano">Il Progresso Italo-Americano</a> and Corriere d'America. The magazine failed, with La Guardia losing $15,000 and his mortgage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989135-137-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_politics">Local politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Local politics">edit</a>]</div> La Guardia joined the Republican club while attending NYU School of Law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198924-27">[25]</a> He supported <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 presidential election</a> and replaced William Chadbourne as <a href="/wiki/Precinct_captain" title="Precinct captain">district captain</a> due to Chadbourne's support for <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> campaign. La Guardia refused to support <a href="/wiki/John_Purroy_Mitchel" title="John Purroy Mitchel">John Purroy Mitchel</a>'s Fusion campaign during the 1913 mayoral election despite Mitchel's support among Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198932-33-28">[26]</a> Republican political boss <a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Koenig" title="Samuel S. Koenig">Samuel S. Koenig</a> convinced La Guardia to run in the 1919 special election for President of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Aldermen" title="New York City Board of Aldermen">New York City Board of Aldermen</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>'s resignation to become <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">governor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198967-29">[27]</a> La Guardia defeated <a href="/wiki/William_M._Bennett" title="William M. Bennett">William M. Bennett</a> for the Republican nomination and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Windels" title="Paul Windels">Paul Windels</a> worked as his campaign manager. During the campaign he was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Union" title="Citizens Union">Citizens Union</a>. He defeated Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Moran" title="Robert L. Moran">Robert L. Moran</a>. Moran suffered from a <a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">spoiler effect</a> caused by Michael Kelly, a former Democrat, running as the Liberty Party candidate. La Guardia supported Republican presidential and gubernatorial candidates <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Nathan L. Miller</a> during the 1920 election. However, he later attacked Miller for his public transit policies and getting rid of welfare programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198974-75-30">[28]</a> His opposition to Miller ruined his chances in the <a href="/wiki/1921_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1921 New York City mayoral election">1921 mayoral election</a> and the Republican nomination was given to Henry Curran. He attempted to defeat Curran in the primary, despite warnings from Koenig and Windels and was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198977-78-31">[29]</a> La Guardia considered running in the <a href="/wiki/1922_New_York_state_election" title="1922 New York state election">1922 gubernatorial election</a> and published his ideas for the Republican state platform in the column in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Journal-American" title="New York Journal-American">New York Evening Journal</a> given to him by <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>. Koenig was able to compromise with La Guardia to avoid a primary with Miller. La Guardia favored Smith, the Democratic nominee, during the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections">Elections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaGuardia_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/LaGuardia_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>La Guardia during the <a href="/wiki/70th_United_States_Congress" title="70th United States Congress">70th United States Congress</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1929</figcaption></figure> La Guardia ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="New York's 14th congressional district">New York's 14th congressional district</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1914 United States House of Representatives elections">1914 election</a>. He chose to run as he noticed during a <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_25th_State_Assembly_district" title="New York's 25th State Assembly district">25th Assembly district</a> Republican club meeting that nobody was nominated for it as Frederick Marshall unexpectedly withdrew. The district was a strongly <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>. He lost to Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Farley" title="Michael F. Farley">Michael F. Farley</a>, whom he accused of being illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198933-35-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Quarterly1985883-34">[32]</a> Clarence Fay, the Republican district leader in the 25th Assembly district, sought to have <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III" title="Hamilton Fish III">Hamilton Fish III</a> nominated for the seat in the <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1916 United States House of Representatives elections">1916 election</a>. Tanner unsuccessfully attempted to convince La Guardia to not run. Fish withdrew before the primary and La Guardia won the Republican nomination. He appealed to the different ethnic groups in the district and was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_Staats-Zeitung" title="New Yorker Staats-Zeitung">New Yorker Staats-Zeitung</a> which traditionally supported Democratic candidates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198938-39-35">[33]</a> He defeated Farley by 357 votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Quarterly1985888-36">[34]</a> Tammany Hall and the Democrats supported La Guardia in the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1918 United States House of Representatives elections">1918 election</a> in order to prevent an anti-war <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a> victory. He defeated Socialist nominee <a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a> in the election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198957-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Quarterly1985894-38">[36]</a> La Guardia resigned from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> on December 31, 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198969-70-39">[37]</a> He was given the Republican nomination for <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="New York's 20th congressional district">New York's 20th congressional district</a> to succeed retiring Representative <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Siegel" title="Isaac Siegel">Isaac Siegel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1922 United States House of Representatives elections">1922 election</a>. He defeated Democratic nominee Henry Frank and Socialist nominee <a href="/wiki/William_Karlin" title="William Karlin">William Karlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198986-87-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198990-91-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Quarterly1985904-42">[40]</a> La Guardia attended the <a href="/wiki/Conference_for_Progressive_Political_Action" title="Conference for Progressive Political Action">Conference for Progressive Political Action</a> in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198995-43">[41]</a> Koenig told La Guardia that his renomination was dependent on him supporting the Republicans in the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 presidential election</a>. La Guardia considered supporting the Democrats but declined to do so after the nomination of <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a>. He gave his support to <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a>. La Guardia announced his departure from the Republican Party on the front page of The New York Times. He and Gilbert Roe managed La Follette's presidential campaign in the eastern United States. La Guardia, running with the Socialist nomination, raised $3,764.25 (equivalent to $66,923 in 2023) and defeated Frank and Siegel in the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1924 United States House of Representatives elections">election</a>. La Guardia's partisan affiliation in Congress was labeled as Socialist and <a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a>, the only other Socialist in Congress, described him as "my whip".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989100-106-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989146-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Quarterly1985909-46">[44]</a> La Guardia returned to the Republican Party in the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1926 United States House of Representatives elections">1926 election</a> and won by 55 votes against Democratic nominee H. Warren Hubbard and Socialist nominee George Dobsevage. He was the only Republican elected to the U.S. House from New York City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989147-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Quarterly1985914-48">[46]</a> He defeated Democratic nominee Saul J. Dickheiser in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections">1928 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Quarterly1985919-49">[47]</a> He defeated Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Vincent_H._Auleta" title="Vincent H. Auleta">Vincent H. Auleta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1930 United States House of Representatives elections">1930 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Quarterly1985924-50">[48]</a> La Guardia considered running for reelection to Congress as a Democrat in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1932 United States House of Representatives elections">1932 election</a> and the option received support from <a href="/wiki/William_Green_(U.S._labor_leader)" title="William Green (U.S. labor leader)">William Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a>. Political boss <a href="/wiki/John_H._McCooey" title="John H. McCooey">John H. McCooey</a> supported him running as a Democrat, but Tammany Hall leader <a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Hines" title="James Joseph Hines">James Joseph Hines</a> opposed him and had the nomination given to <a href="/wiki/James_J._Lanzetta" title="James J. Lanzetta">James J. Lanzetta</a>. Lanzetta defeated La Guardia in the election due to the <a href="/wiki/Coattail_effect" title="Coattail effect">coattail effect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Jr." title="Robert M. La Follette Jr.">Robert M. La Follette Jr.</a> stated that "the people have temporarily lost one of their most faithful servants".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989193-196-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECongressional_Quarterly1985929-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tenure">Tenure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tenure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Guardia_airforce.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Fiorello La Guaria wearing an aviator uniform, 1917" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/La_Guardia_airforce.png/220px-La_Guardia_airforce.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="427" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/La_Guardia_airforce.png 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>La Guardia wearing his aviator uniform in 1917</figcaption></figure> La Guardia was interested in airplanes and served as a director and attorney for <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mario_Bellanca" title="Giuseppe Mario Bellanca">Giuseppe Mario Bellanca</a>'s company. He enlisted to fight in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and was promoted to captain by October 1917. He and Major General William Ord Ryan trained Italian pilots in <a href="/wiki/Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198948-53">[51]</a> La Guardia became <a href="/wiki/Pilot_licensing_and_certification" title="Pilot licensing and certification">certified to fly</a> on December 12, 1917. King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a> gave him the Flying Cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198955-56-54">[52]</a> La Guardia rose to the rank of major in command of a unit of <a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.44" class="mw-redirect" title="Caproni Ca.44">Caproni Ca.44</a> bombers on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War I)">Italian-Austrian front</a>. While he was away at war his office was managed by Harry Andrews and Marie Fisher while constituent services were handled by Representative <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Siegel" title="Isaac Siegel">Isaac Siegel</a>. A petition with over 3,000 signatures was given to Speaker <a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a> on January 8, 1918, asking for La Guardia's seat to be vacated, but Clark refused to allow a motion to vacate La Guardia's seat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198956-57-55">[53]</a> During La Guardia's tenure in the U.S. House, he served on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a> committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989148-56">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oswald Garrison Villard">Oswald Garrison Villard</a>, editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, stated that he was "the most valuable member of Congress today".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989151-57">[55]</a> La Guardia supported impeaching Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Andrew Mellon</a> on the grounds of him serving as a director of a private company, the <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Aluminum Company of America</a>, while serving in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">presidential cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989180-58">[56]</a> La Guardia requested the pardon of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mooney" title="Thomas Mooney">Thomas Mooney</a>. In 1931, James Smith, a black railroad porter, was put on trial for assault but was unable to pay for a lawyer. La Guardia took the case <a href="/wiki/Pro_bono" title="Pro bono">pro bono</a> after being requested by <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a> and Smith was acquitted on September 26.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989192-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1929_mayoral_election">1929 mayoral election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1929 mayoral election">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1929_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1929 New York City mayoral election">1929 New York City mayoral election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City_Mayor_1929.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/New_York_City_Mayor_1929.png/220px-New_York_City_Mayor_1929.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/New_York_City_Mayor_1929.png/330px-New_York_City_Mayor_1929.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/New_York_City_Mayor_1929.png/440px-New_York_City_Mayor_1929.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption>Results of the 1929 mayoral election. La Guardia did not carry a single State Assembly district.</figcaption></figure> La Guardia's supporters wanted him to run for mayor in the <a href="/wiki/1925_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1925 New York City mayoral election">1925 election</a>, but he declined as he would be unlikely to defeat <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Walker" title="Jimmy Walker">Jimmy Walker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989147-47">[45]</a> He received the Republican nomination on August 1, 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989160-60">[58]</a> In 1929, La Guardia ran for Mayor once again. This time, he received the Republican nomination, once again defeating William Bennett.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> However, he lost the general election to Walker in a landslide.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayor_of_New_York">Mayor of New York</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mayor of New York">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Mayoralty of Fiorello La Guardia">Mayoralty of Fiorello La Guardia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933_mayoral_election">1933 mayoral election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1933 mayoral election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1933_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1933 New York City mayoral election">1933 New York City mayoral election</a></div> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Walker" title="Jimmy Walker">Jimmy Walker</a> and his Irish-run <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> were forced out of office by scandal and La Guardia was determined to replace him. La Guardia ran on the Fusion Party platform, which was supported by Republicans, reform-minded Democrats, and independents.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> La Guardia had enormous determination, high visibility, the support of reformer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Seabury_(judge)" title="Samuel Seabury (judge)">Samuel Seabury</a> and a divisive primary contest. He also represented previously underrepresented communities, appealed to a wide range of cultural backgrounds with his lineage.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> He secured the nominations and expected an easy win against incumbent Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_P._O%27Brien" title="John P. O'Brien">John P. O'Brien</a>; however, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_V._McKee" title="Joseph V. McKee">Joseph V. McKee</a> entered the race as the nominee of the new "Recovery Party" at the last minute. McKee was a formidable opponent, sponsored by Bronx Democratic boss <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Edward J. Flynn</a>. La Guardia promised a more honest government, championing for greater efficiency and inclusiveness.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> La Guardia's win was based on a complex coalition of Republicans (mostly middle-class <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a> in the boroughs outside Manhattan), a minority of reform-minded Democrats, Socialists, a large proportion of middle-class Jews, and the great majority of Italians, whose votes had previously been overwhelmingly loyal to Tammany.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> During his mayoralty, La Guardia served as president of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Mayors" title="United States Conference of Mayors">United States Conference of Mayors</a> from 1935 until 1945.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agenda">Agenda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Agenda">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Fiorello_LaGuardia_in_Hyde_Park_-_NARA_-_196764.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Fiorello_LaGuardia_in_Hyde_Park_-_NARA_-_196764.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Fiorello_LaGuardia_in_Hyde_Park_-_NARA_-_196764.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Fiorello_LaGuardia_in_Hyde_Park_-_NARA_-_196764.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Fiorello_LaGuardia_in_Hyde_Park_-_NARA_-_196764.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Fiorello_LaGuardia_in_Hyde_Park_-_NARA_-_196764.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_Fiorello_LaGuardia_in_Hyde_Park_-_NARA_-_196764.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>La Guardia and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></figcaption></figure> La Guardia came to office in January 1934 with five main goals:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989-5">[3]</a> <ul><li>Restore the financial health and break free from the bankers' control</li> <li>Expand the federally funded work-relief program for the unemployed</li> <li>End corruption in government and racketeering in key sectors of the economy</li> <li>Replace patronage with a merit-based civil service, with high prestige</li> <li>Modernize the infrastructure, especially transportation and parks</li></ul> La Guardia achieved most of the first four goals in his first hundred days, as FDR gave him 20% of the entire national <a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">CWA</a> budget for work relief. La Guardia then collaborated closely with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>, with support from the governor, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Herbert Lehman</a>, to upgrade the decaying infrastructure. The city was favored by the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> in terms of funding for public works projects. La Guardia's modernization efforts were publicized in the 1936 book New York Advancing: A Scientific Approach to Municipal Government, edited by <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_B._Rankin" title="Rebecca B. Rankin">Rebecca B. Rankin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African-American_politics">African-American politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: African-American politics">edit</a>]</div> In 1935, a riot took place in Harlem. Termed the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_riot_of_1935" title="Harlem riot of 1935">Harlem riot of 1935</a>, it has been described as the first modern race riot because it was committed primarily against property rather than persons. During the riots, La Guardia and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Thomas_Delany" title="Hubert Thomas Delany">Hubert Delany</a> walked through the streets in an effort to calm the situation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> After the riots, La Guardia convened the Mayor's Commission on Conditions of Harlem to determine the causes of the riot and a detailed report was prepared.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> The report identified "injustices of discrimination in employment, the aggressions of the police, and the racial segregation" as conditions which led to the outbreak of rioting;<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> however, the mayor shelved the committee's report, and did not make it public. The report would be unknown, except that a black New York newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam News">Amsterdam News</a>, subsequently published it in serial form.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_politics">Ethnic politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnic politics">edit</a>]</div> La Guardia governed in an uneasy alliance with New York's Jews and liberal <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">WASPs</a>, together with ethnic Italians and Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayor1993-66">[64]</a> An unorthodox Republican, he also ran as the nominee of the <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a>, a union-dominated anti-<a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany</a> left wing group that supported Roosevelt for president beginning in 1936. La Guardia supported Roosevelt, chairing the Committee of Independent Voters for Roosevelt and his running mate, <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, with Senator George Norris during the <a href="/wiki/1940_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 U.S. presidential election">1940 presidential election</a>. La Guardia was the city's first Italian-American mayor, but was not a typical Italian New Yorker. He was a Republican <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopalian</a> who had grown up in Arizona and had a Triestine Jewish mother<a href="#cite_note-IlPiccolo-67">[65]</a> and a lapsed Catholic father. He spoke several languages; when working at Ellis Island, he was certified as an interpreter for <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> It served him well during a contentious congressional campaign in 1922. When Henry Frank, a Jewish opponent, accused him of antisemitism, La Guardia rejected the suggestion that he publicly disclose that his mother was Jewish as "self-serving". Instead, La Guardia dictated an open letter in Yiddish that was also printed in Yiddish. In it, he challenged Frank to publicly and openly debate the issues of the campaign entirely in the Yiddish language. Frank, although he was Jewish, could not speak the language and was forced to decline—and lost the election.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> La Guardia's 1933 campaign coincided with the rise of racial and religious hostilities in Germany, and he supported a more anti-Nazi response while in office.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> He publicly supported groups that engaged in boycotts of German goods and spoke alongside Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Samuel_Wise" title="Stephen Samuel Wise">Stephen S. Wise</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> In 1935, La Guardia caused an international stir when he denied a masseur license to a German immigrant, stating that Germany had violated a treaty guaranteeing equal treatment of American professionals by discriminating against American Jews.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> Despite threats from Germany (including a bomb threat against New York City's German Consulate), La Guardia continued to use his position as mayor to denounce Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> During his reelection campaign in 1937, speaking before the Women's Division of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a>, he called for the creation of a special pavilion at the upcoming <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">New York World's Fair</a>, "a chamber of horrors" for "that brown-shirted fanatic," referring to Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> He also led anti-Nazi rallies and promoted legislation to facilitate the U.S. rescue of the Jewish refugees.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> He also appointed more racially and religiously diverse judges to various New York courts, which was one of his most powerful weapons against Nazi prejudice.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> These appointments included <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Loew_Whitney" title="Rosalie Loew Whitney">Rosalie Loew Whitney</a>, Herbert O'Brien, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Bolin" title="Jane Bolin">Jane Bolin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Thomas_Delany" title="Hubert Thomas Delany">Hubert Thomas Delany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> La Guardia would soon regret appointing O'Brien, who used his position as Domestic Relations judge to oppose some New Deal policies, leading to La Guardia's condemnation of him with the famous line, "Senator, I have made a lot of good appointments and I think I am good ... but when I make a mistake, it's a beaut."<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> La Guardia criticized the <a href="/wiki/Gangster" title="Gangster">gangsters</a> who brought a negative stereotype and shame to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989350–68-74">[72]</a> His first action as mayor was to order the chief of police to arrest mob boss <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a> on whatever charges could be found. La Guardia then went after the gangsters with a vengeance, stating in a radio address to the people of New York in his distinct voice, "Let's drive the bums out of town." In 1934 he went on a search-and-destroy mission looking for mob boss <a href="/wiki/Frank_Costello" title="Frank Costello">Frank Costello</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Slot_machine" title="Slot machine">slot machines</a>, rounding up thousands of the "one armed bandits," swinging a sledgehammer and dumping them off a barge into the water for the newspapers and media. In 1935 La Guardia appeared at the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Terminal_Market" title="Bronx Terminal Market">Bronx Terminal Market</a> to institute a citywide ban on the sale, display, and possession of <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichokes</a>, whose prices were inflated by mobsters. When prices went down, the ban was lifted.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> In 1936, La Guardia had special prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, a future Republican presidential candidate, single out Lucky Luciano for prosecution. Dewey led a successful investigation into Luciano's lucrative prostitution operation, eventually sending Luciano to jail with a 30–50 year sentence. The case was made into the 1937 movie <a href="/wiki/Marked_Woman" title="Marked Woman">Marked Woman</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a>. La Guardia proved successful in shutting down the <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> theaters, whose shows offended his sensibilities.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> He also came to the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> creators <a href="/wiki/Joe_Simon" title="Joe Simon">Joe Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a>, when they were openly threatened by sympathizers of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> with their new <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> character, <a href="/wiki/Captain_America" title="Captain America">Captain America</a>, when he arranged police protection.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> As part of his campaign against organized crime in the early 1940s, La Guardia banned <a href="/wiki/Pinball" title="Pinball">pinball</a> games, calling them gambling machines. The ban held until 1976, when avid player <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sharpe_(pinball)" title="Roger Sharpe (pinball)">Roger Sharpe</a> proved the actual skill involved in the game.<a href="#cite_note-PopularMecg1-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopularMecg2-79">[77]</a> La Guardia spearheaded major raids throughout the city, collecting thousands of machines. The mayor participated with police in destroying machines with <a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer" title="Sledgehammer">sledgehammers</a> before dumping the remnants into the city's rivers.<a href="#cite_note-PopularMecg2-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_works">Public works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public works">edit</a>]</div> La Guardia's admirers credit him, among other things, with restoring the economy of New York City during and after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>. He is given credit for many massive public works programs administered by his powerful Parks Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>, which employed thousands of voters. The mayor's relentless lobbying for federal funds allowed New York to develop its economic infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Shefter_1992_30-80">[78]</a> To obtain large-scale federal money the mayor became a close ally of Roosevelt and New Deal agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">CWA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">PWA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a>, which poured $1.1 billion into the city from 1934 to 1939. In turn, he gave FDR a showcase for <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> achievement, helped defeat FDR's political enemies in Tammany Hall (the Democratic party machine in Manhattan). He and Moses built highways, bridges and tunnels, transforming the physical landscape of New York City. The <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Highway" title="West Side Highway">West Side Highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_River_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="East River Drive">East River Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Battery_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Battery Tunnel">Brooklyn Battery Tunnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge">Triborough Bridge</a>, and two airports (<a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a>, and, later, <a href="/wiki/JFK_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="JFK Airport">Idlewild, now JFK Airport</a>) were built during his mayoralty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2013197,_256–68,_318-81">[79]</a> In 1943, La Guardia saved the Mecca Temple on 55th Street from demolition. Together with New York City Council President <a href="/wiki/Newbold_Morris" title="Newbold Morris">Newbold Morris</a>, La Guardia converted the building to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Center" title="New York City Center">New York City Center</a> of Music and Dance. On December 11, 1943, City Center opened its doors with a concert from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>—La Guardia even conducted a rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner."<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939">1939</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1939">edit</a>]</div> 1939 was a busy year, as he opened the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fair</a> at <a href="/wiki/Flushing_Meadows%E2%80%93Corona_Park" title="Flushing Meadows–Corona Park">Flushing Meadows–Corona Park</a>, Queens, opened New York Municipal Airport No. 2 in Queens (later renamed Fiorello H. La Guardia Field), and had the city buy out the <a href="/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company" title="Interborough Rapid Transit Company">Interborough Rapid Transit Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Manhattan_Transit_Corporation" title="Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation">Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation</a>, thus completing the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_City_Subway#Unification" title="History of the New York City Subway">public takeover</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> system. The U.S. arrival of <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Trapp" title="Georg von Trapp">Georg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Von_Trapp" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Von Trapp">Maria Von Trapp</a> and their children from <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> that fall at <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> who would eventually become the Trapp Family Singers was another significant decade-ending event that year in La Guardia's mayoralty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform">Reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reform">edit</a>]</div> Responding to popular disdain for the sometimes corrupt City Council, La Guardia successfully proposed a reformed 1938 City Charter that created a powerful new <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate" title="New York City Board of Estimate">New York City Board of Estimate</a>, similar to a corporate board of directors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] La Guardia was also a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Ives-Quinn_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Ives-Quinn Act">Ives-Quinn Act</a>, "a law that would ban discrimination in employment on the bases of 'race, creed, color or national origin' and task a new agency, the New York State Commission Against Discrimination (SCAD), with education and enforcement."<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> The bill passed in 1945, making New York the first state in the country to create an agency tasked with handling employment discrimination complaints.<a href="#cite_note-:3-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> In 1941 during the run-up to American involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, President Roosevelt appointed La Guardia first director of the new <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civilian_Defense" title="Office of Civilian Defense">Office of Civilian Defense</a> (OCD). Roosevelt was an admirer of La Guardia; after meeting <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> for the first time he described him as "an English Mayor La Guardia".<a href="#cite_note-Thompson1996-83">[81]</a> The OCD was the national agency responsible for preparing for blackouts, air raid wardens, sirens, and shelters in case of German <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">air raids</a>. The goal was to psychologically mobilize many thousands of middle-class volunteers to make them feel part of the war effort. At the urging of aviation advocate <a href="/wiki/Gill_Robb_Wilson" title="Gill Robb Wilson">Gill Robb Wilson</a>, La Guardia, in his capacity as Director of the OCD, created the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</a> with <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Administrative_Order_9" class="extiw" title="s:Administrative Order 9">Administrative Order 9</a>, signed by him on December 1, 1941, and published December 8, 1941.<a href="#cite_note-CAPP50-5-84">[82]</a> La Guardia remained Mayor of New York, shuttling back and forth with three days in Washington and four in the city in an effort to do justice to two herculean jobs. La Guardia focused on setting up air raid systems and training volunteer wardens; however, Roosevelt appointed his wife <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> as his assistant. She issued calls for actors to lead a volunteer talent program, and dancers to start a physical fitness program. That led to widespread ridicule and the president replaced both of them in December 1941 with a full-time director <a href="/wiki/James_M._Landis" title="James M. Landis">James M. Landis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> The war ended the Great Depression in the city. Unemployment ended, and the city was a gateway for military supplies and soldiers sent to Europe, with the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Brooklyn Navy Yard</a> providing many of the warships and the garment trade providing uniforms. The city's great financiers, however, were less important in decision-making than the policymakers in Washington, and very high wartime taxes were not offset by heavy war spending. New York was not a center of heavy industry and did not see a wartime boom, as defense plants were built elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Roosevelt refused to make La Guardia a general and was unable to provide fresh money for the city. By 1944, the city was short of funds to pay for La Guardia's new programs. La Guardia was frustrated and his popularity slipped away and he ran so poorly in straw polls in 1945 that he did not run for a fourth term.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In July 1945, when the city's newspapers were closed by a strike, La Guardia famously read the <a href="/wiki/Daily_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily strip">comics</a> on the radio.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political positions">edit</a>]</div> La Guardia opposed the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> and stated that "if you pass this bill and if it is enacted into law you change all that our flag ever stood for and stands for".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198945-92">[90]</a> He supported the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a> in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198985-93">[91]</a> He voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989129-94">[92]</a> He proposed legislation to create a <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">holiday</a> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989192-59">[57]</a> As a congressman, La Guardia was a tireless and vocal champion of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> causes, including relaxed restriction on immigration, removal of <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. troops from Nicaragua</a> to speaking up for the rights and livelihoods of striking miners, impoverished farmers, oppressed minorities, and struggling families. He supported <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive income taxes</a>, greater government oversight of <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>, and national employment insurance for workers idled by the Great Depression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinn1969-95">[93]</a> He supported allowing the direct election of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">Governor of Puerto Rico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989192-59">[57]</a> In domestic policies, La Guardia tended toward <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and wanted to <a href="/wiki/Nationalize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalize">nationalize</a> and regulate; however, he was never close to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a> and never bothered to read <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Karl Marx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinn1969267–70-96">[94]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> on October 3, 1935, a Black protest of Italian vendors at the King Julius General Market on Lenox and 118th Street turned into a riot and 1,200 extra New York City policemen were deployed on "war duty" to quell the riot.<a href="#cite_note-Pearce-Ethiopia-978-1-5107-1874-6-97">[95]</a> In December 1935, at an Italian-American rally, attended by 20,000, in Madison Square Garden, La Guardia presented a $100,000 check to the Italian Consul General, part of a total $700,000 raised from Italian-Americans to help fund the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaGumina-1999-Wop-100">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> La Guardia sponsored labor legislation and railed against immigration quotas. His major legislation was the <a href="/wiki/Norris%E2%80%93La_Guardia_Act" title="Norris–La Guardia Act">Norris–La Guardia Act</a>, cosponsored with Nebraska senator <a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George Norris</a> in 1932. It circumvented Supreme Court limitations on the activities of labor unions, especially as those limitations were imposed between the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Antitrust Act</a> in 1914 and the end of the 1920s. Based on the theory that the lower courts are creations not of the Constitution but of Congress, and that Congress, therefore, has wide power in defining and restricting their jurisdiction, the act forbids issuance of injunctions to sustain anti-union contracts of employment, to prevent ceasing or refusing to perform any work or remain in any relation of employment, or to restrain acts generally constituting component parts of strikes, boycotts, and picketing. It also said courts could no longer enforce <a href="/wiki/Yellow-dog_contract" title="Yellow-dog contract">yellow-dog contracts</a>, which are labor contracts prohibiting a worker from joining a union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinn1969226–30-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> La Guardia opposed an attempt to raise the sales tax during the Great Depression and instead supported taxes on luxury items and a graduated income tax for people earning more than $100,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989180-181-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> La Guardia supported the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. He called for Fiume to be given to Italy despite it being promised to <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198961-104">[102]</a> He supported the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>, but criticized Ambassador <a href="/wiki/David_R._Francis" title="David R. Francis">David R. Francis</a> for supporting <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198965-105">[103]</a> La Guardia had a reputation for his disdain of <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>; instead he supported using American influence abroad on behalf of democracy or for national independence or against autocracy. He used his influence to speak in favor of the League of Nations and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a> as well as peace and disarmament conferences.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Keeping in line with these beliefs, La Guardia supported the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish independence movement</a> and the anti-tsarist <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917 but later opposed the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, as he disapproved of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1946, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> sent the ex-mayor as an envoy to Brazil but diplomacy was not his forte. Truman then gave him a major job as head of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration" title="United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration">United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</a> (UNRRA), with responsibility for helping millions of desperate refugees in Europe. La Guardia was exhausted and after seeing the horrors of war in Europe called for a massive aid program. Critics ridiculed that as worldwide WPA and the biggest boondoggle ever. He sided with <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> in calling for peaceful coexistence with the Soviet Union, and attacked the new breed of Cold Warriors.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> He provided UNRRA funds to the Soviets despite warnings that the Kremlin was funneling the money towards its military. UNRRA shut down at the end of 1946. Despite his declining health, La Guardia attacked the emerging "<a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>" that promised American financial and military intervention to stop the spread of Communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989579–588-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Prohibition">edit</a>]</div> La Guardia opposed <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989110-109">[107]</a> He was one of the first Republicans in Congress to voice their opinions against prohibition.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> He testified to that effect before the first session of Congress in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> On June 19, 1926, La Guardia mixed near beer and malt extract, which were legal, to create <a href="/wiki/Low-alcohol_beer" title="Low-alcohol beer">2% beer</a> in order to protest prohibition. He was immune from prosecution as a member of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989112-113-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiorello_La_Guardia_and_family_in_1890s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Fiorello La Guardia and his family during their time at Fort Whipple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fiorello_La_Guardia_and_family_in_1890s.png/220px-Fiorello_La_Guardia_and_family_in_1890s.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fiorello_La_Guardia_and_family_in_1890s.png/330px-Fiorello_La_Guardia_and_family_in_1890s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fiorello_La_Guardia_and_family_in_1890s.png/440px-Fiorello_La_Guardia_and_family_in_1890s.png 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>La Guardia and his family during their time at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Whipple,_Arizona" title="Fort Whipple, Arizona">Fort Whipple, Arizona</a>, in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiorello_and_Thea_La_Guardia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Fiorello La Guardia and Thea Almerigotti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fiorello_and_Thea_La_Guardia.png/220px-Fiorello_and_Thea_La_Guardia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fiorello_and_Thea_La_Guardia.png/330px-Fiorello_and_Thea_La_Guardia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Fiorello_and_Thea_La_Guardia.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>La Guardia and his wife Thea Almerigotti</figcaption></figure> La Guardia met Thea Almerigotti, an immigrant from Trieste, while marching in a union picket line in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198937-113">[111]</a> They married on March 8, 1919, in a Catholic ceremony at <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(Midtown_Manhattan)" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198960-114">[112]</a> Their daughter, Fioretta Thea La Guardia, was born in June 1920 but died on May 8, 1921, and Thea died on November 29. The death of his wife was described as "the greatest tragedy of La Guardia's life" by M.R. Werner, who aided La Guardia when he wrote his autobiography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198976-79-115">[113]</a> Marie Fisher, La Guardia's second wife, had volunteered for La Guardia's 1916 congressional campaign and had become his secretary after his election. They were married by Rev. <a href="/wiki/Ole_J._Kvale" title="Ole J. Kvale">Ole J. Kvale</a>, a Lutheran like Fisher, on February 28, 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989152-154-116">[114]</a> They adopted two children: <ul><li>Eric Henry (born 1930), a <a href="/wiki/Hobart_College,_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobart College, Geneva">Hobart College</a> graduate who became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></li> <li>Jean Marie (1928–1962), La Guardia's niece from his first marriage, the biological daughter of Thea's sister, a <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> graduate who later became an editor of <a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_(magazine)" title="Mademoiselle (magazine)">Mademoiselle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_detention_of_sister,_brother-in-law,_and_niece">Nazi detention of sister, brother-in-law, and niece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nazi detention of sister, brother-in-law, and niece">edit</a>]</div> La Guardia's sister, the writer <a href="/wiki/Gemma_La_Guardia_Gluck" title="Gemma La Guardia Gluck">Gemma La Guardia Gluck</a><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Leiter,_Jewish_Exponent_Staff-123">[121]</a> and brother-in-law, Herman Gluck were living in Hungary and were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> on June 7, 1944,<a href="#cite_note-Nanda_Herbermann,_Hester_Baer,_Elizabeth_Roberts_Baer-124">[122]</a> when the Nazis took control of <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> knew that Gemma was La Guardia's sister and ordered her to be held as a political prisoner. She and Herman were deported to <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a> in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-126">[124]</a> Gemma did not learn until her release that Herman had died at Mauthausen.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-126">[124]</a> Gemma was transferred from Mauthausen to the notorious women's <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">concentration camp at Ravensbrück</a>, fifty miles from <a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Germany">Berlin</a>, where—unbeknownst to Gemma at the time—her daughter Yolanda (whose husband also died in the camps) and baby grandson were also held for a year in a separate barracks.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Gemma Gluck, who was held in Block II of the camp and assigned prisoner #44139,<a href="#cite_note-Nanda_Herbermann,_Hester_Baer,_Elizabeth_Roberts_Baer-124">[122]</a> was one of the few survivors of Ravensbrück,<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> one of the few American-born women interned by the Nazis along with <a href="/wiki/Virginia_d%27Albert-Lake" title="Virginia d'Albert-Lake">Virginia d'Albert-Lake</a>, and wrote about her time there.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> The Germans abandoned Gluck, her daughter, and her grandson for a possible hostage exchange in April 1945 as the Soviets advanced on Berlin. After the liberation of the camps, Gemma later wrote that the Soviets were "<a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">violating girls and women</a> of all ages", and the three struggled as <a href="/wiki/Displaced_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced person">displaced persons</a> in postwar Berlin because they did not speak German and had no identity papers, money, or means of documenting where they had been.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Leiter,_Jewish_Exponent_Staff-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-132">[130]</a> Gemma finally managed to get word to the Americans, who contacted Fiorello, who was then director of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration" title="United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration">United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</a> (UNRRA) and had been unable to locate his sister and brother-in-law since their disappearance. He worked to get them on the immigration lists but asserted in a letter, included in the appendix of Gemma's memoir, that her "case was the same as that of hundreds of thousands of displaced people" and "no exceptions can be made". It took two years for her to be cleared and sent to the United States. She returned to New York in May 1947, where she was reunited with her brother only four months before his death. As he had made no provision for her, she lived the remainder of her life in very reduced circumstances in a public housing project in Queens until her death in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Leiter,_Jewish_Exponent_Staff-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-132">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiorello_LaGuardia_Grave_1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fiorello_LaGuardia_Grave_1024.jpg/300px-Fiorello_LaGuardia_Grave_1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fiorello_LaGuardia_Grave_1024.jpg/450px-Fiorello_LaGuardia_Grave_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Fiorello_LaGuardia_Grave_1024.jpg/600px-Fiorello_LaGuardia_Grave_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>The grave of La Guardia</figcaption></figure> La Guardia was a man of short stature; his height is sometimes given as 5 feet 0 inches (1.52 m), but an article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in 2006 gave his height as 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m).<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> La Guardia died of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> in his home at 5020 Goodridge Avenue, in the <a href="/wiki/Fieldston,_Bronx" title="Fieldston, Bronx">Fieldston</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale, Bronx</a>, on September 20, 1947, aged 64.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> La Guardia is interred at <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)" title="Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)">Woodlawn Cemetery</a> in the Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists, and urban experts conducted by Melvin G. Holli of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</a> ranked La Guardia as the best American big-city mayor to serve between the years 1820 and 1993.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> According to a biographer, Mason B. Williams, his close collaboration with Roosevelt's New Deal proved a striking success in linking national money and local needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2013-137">[135]</a> La Guardia enabled the political recognition of new groups that had been largely excluded from the political system, such as Jews and Italians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBayor1993-66">[64]</a> His administration (in cooperation with Robert Moses) gave New York its modern infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Shefter_1992_30-80">[78]</a> His far-sighted goals raised ambitions for new levels of urban possibility. According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kessner" title="Thomas Kessner">Thomas Kessner</a>, trends since his tenure mean that "people would be afraid of allowing anybody to take that kind of power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989-5">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Namesakes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiorello_La_Guardia_Stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fiorello_La_Guardia_Stamp.jpg/170px-Fiorello_La_Guardia_Stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Fiorello_La_Guardia_Stamp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>14¢ La Guardia U.S. postage stamp issued April 24, 1972<a href="#cite_note-Lidman-138">[136]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiorello_LaGuardia_footstone_800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fiorello_LaGuardia_footstone_800.jpg/170px-Fiorello_LaGuardia_footstone_800.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fiorello_LaGuardia_footstone_800.jpg/255px-Fiorello_LaGuardia_footstone_800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fiorello_LaGuardia_footstone_800.jpg/340px-Fiorello_LaGuardia_footstone_800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2086" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Footstone" title="Footstone">footstone</a> of La Guardia</figcaption></figure> New York's <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Community_College" title="LaGuardia Community College">LaGuardia Community College</a>, <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="LaGuardia Place">LaGuardia Place</a>, and various parks and buildings around New York City are named for him. Known for his love of music, La Guardia was noted for spontaneously conducting professional and student orchestras and was instrumental in the creation of the High School of Music & Art in 1936, now renamed the <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_H._LaGuardia_High_School_of_Music_%26_Art_and_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts">Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> During his mayoralty, in May 1935, the city's 258-acre shelter for its homeless and unemployed men in <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Orange_County,_New_York" title="Chester, Orange County, New York">Chester, Orange County, New York</a> was renamed Camp La Guardia. It operated under that name for 72 years before closing in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> honored La Guardia with a 14-cent postage stamp.<a href="#cite_note-Lidman-138">[136]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, LaGuardia Street and LaGuardia interchange are named in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> A street in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, Croatia, is named after Fiorello La Guardia. La Guardia worked in Rijeka as a U.S. Consular Agent from 1903 to 1906, when the city was known as Fiume and was under Hungarian administration. It was during this time that Rijeka's port played a vital role in connecting the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the United States, featuring direct passenger service between Rijeka and New York.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" title="Statue of Fiorello H. La Guardia">Statue of Fiorello H. La Guardia</a>, Manhattan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guardia_and_Wagner_Archives" title="La Guardia and Wagner Archives">La Guardia and Wagner Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_NYC_Teamsters_Truckers_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 NYC Teamsters Truckers Strike">1938 NYC Teamsters Truckers Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guardia_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="La Guardia Commission">La Guardia Commission</a>, a study on <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> in U.S. society</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_York_City" title="List of mayors of New York City">List of mayors of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections#1929_to_1973" title="New York City mayoral elections">New York City mayoral elections</a> for votes in 1929, 1933, 1937 and 1941.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City#1900s–1940s" title="Timeline of New York City">Timeline of New York City</a>, 1930s–1940s</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnyc.org/series/talk-to-the-people">Mayor LaGuardia "Talk to the people" series on WNYC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suddenlysenior.com/the-compassion-of-mayor-laguardia/">Fiorello LaGuardia (The Compassion of New York's Famous Mayor)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>La Guardia, Fiorello H. (1948). The Making of an Insurgent: An Autobiography. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> He signed his surname as a single word with no space between the La and the capitalized G which follows, but also with no space between his initial F and the surname; in his lifetime his surname was almost always written as two words. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Only five feet, two inches (1.57 m) tall, he was called "the Little Flower" (Fiorello is Italian for "little flower"). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/features/greenbook_mayors.shtml">"The Green Book: Mayors of the City of New York"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514024824/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/features/greenbook_mayors.shtml">Archived</a> May 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the official NYC website. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Melvin G. Holli, The American Mayor: The Best and the Worst Big-City Leaders (Pennsylvania State UP, 1999), p. 4–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner1989_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner1989_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner1989_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessner1989">Kessner 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnyc.org/series/talk-to-the-people">"Talk to the People | WNYC"</a>. 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Retrieved June 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wallace%2C+La+Guardia+to+Talk&rft.date=1946-12-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F12%2F25%2Farchives%2Fwallace-la-guardia-to-talk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989579–588-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner1989579–588_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessner1989">Kessner 1989</a>, pp. 579–588. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989110-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner1989110_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessner1989">Kessner 1989</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2009" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Michael A. 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Harvard University Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674040090" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674040090"><bdi>978-0674040090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dry+Manhattan%3A+Prohibition+in+New+York+City&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674040090&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGyQqk-hxaO4C%26pg%3DPA234234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302115351/https://prohibition.osu.edu/american-prohibition-1920/fiorella-laguardia-prohibition">"Fiorella LaGuardia on Prohibition | Temperance & Prohibition"</a>. prohibition.osu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prohibition.osu.edu/american-prohibition-1920/fiorella-laguardia-prohibition">the original</a> on March 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prohibition.osu.edu&rft.atitle=Fiorella+LaGuardia+on+Prohibition+%7C+Temperance+%26+Prohibition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprohibition.osu.edu%2Famerican-prohibition-1920%2Ffiorella-laguardia-prohibition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989112-113-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner1989112-113_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessner1989">Kessner 1989</a>, p. 112-113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198937-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner198937_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessner1989">Kessner 1989</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198960-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner198960_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessner1989">Kessner 1989</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner198976-79-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner198976-79_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessner1989">Kessner 1989</a>, p. 76-79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessner1989152-154-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessner1989152-154_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKessner1989">Kessner 1989</a>, p. 152-154. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.washington.edu/people/eric-laguardia">"Eric LaGuardia | Department of English | University of Washington"</a>. english.washington.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720052503/https://english.washington.edu/people/eric-laguardia">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Eric+LaGuardia+%7C+Department+of+English+%7C+University+of+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.washington.edu%2Fpeople%2Feric-laguardia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16124coll1/id/15016/">"Letter form Jean Marie LaGuardia, jobs and futures editor at Mademoiselle magazine, to Margery A. Thackwray, dated July 24, 1953, asking if any updates are necessary for the information Mademoiselle has on the LCU"</a>. cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720055444/https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16124coll1/id/15016/">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org&rft.atitle=Letter+form+Jean+Marie+LaGuardia%2C+jobs+and+futures+editor+at+Mademoiselle+magazine%2C+to+Margery+A.+Thackwray%2C+dated+July+24%2C+1953%2C+asking+if+any+updates+are+necessary+for+the+information+Mademoiselle+has+on+the+LCU.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp16124coll1%2Fid%2F15016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laguardiafoundation.org">"Fiorello H. LaGuardia Foundation – promoting global sustainable development"</a>. www.laguardiafoundation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118065007/http://www.laguardiafoundation.org/">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.laguardiafoundation.org&rft.atitle=Fiorello+H.+LaGuardia+Foundation+%E2%80%93+promoting+global+sustainable+development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laguardiafoundation.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2007" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Michael A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu">Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 235, 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03057-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03057-2"><bdi>978-0-674-03057-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204152827/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dry+Manhattan%3A+Prohibition+in+New+York+City&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=235%2C+236&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03057-2&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.barnard.edu/object/5107/barnard-alumnae-magazine-july-1955#page/18/mode/2up">"Barnard Alumnae Magazine, July 1955 | Barnard Digital Collections"</a>. digitalcollections.barnard.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720074759/https://digitalcollections.barnard.edu/object/5107/barnard-alumnae-magazine-july-1955#page/18/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcollections.barnard.edu&rft.atitle=Barnard+Alumnae+Magazine%2C+July+1955+%7C+Barnard+Digital+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.barnard.edu%2Fobject%2F5107%2Fbarnard-alumnae-magazine-july-1955%23page%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.barnard.edu/object/bulletin-19470604-1/barnard-bulletin-june-4-1947-page-1?solr%5Bquery%5D=%22Jean%20La%20Guardia%22&solr%5Bparams%5D%5BdefType%5D=dismax&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bsort%5D=mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort%20asc&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet%5D=true&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.mincount%5D=1&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.limit%5D=30&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B1%5D=mods_subject_topic_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B2%5D=mods_genre_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B3%5D=mods_relatedItem_host_titleInfo_title_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.date%5D%5B0%5D=mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.date.start%5D=1888-01-01T00:00:01Z&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.date.end%5D=NOW&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.date.gap%5D=+10YEAR&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.date.start%5D=NOW/YEAR-20YEARS&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.date.end%5D=NOW&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.date.gap%5D=+1YEAR&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.mincount%5D=0&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfq%5D%5B0%5D=RELS_EXT_isViewableByUser_literal_ms:%22anonymous%22%20OR%20RELS_EXT_isViewableByRole_literal_ms:%22anonymous%20user%22%20OR%20((*:*%20-RELS_EXT_isViewableByUser_literal_ms:%5B*%20TO%20*%5D)%20AND%20(*:*%20-RELS_EXT_isViewableByRole_literal_ms:%5B*%20TO%20*%5D))">"Barnard Bulletin, June 4, 1947, page 1 | Barnard Digital Collections"</a>. digitalcollections.barnard.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213052101/https://digitalcollections.barnard.edu/object/bulletin-19470604-1/barnard-bulletin-june-4-1947-page-1?solr%5Bquery%5D=%22Jean+La+Guardia%22&solr%5Bparams%5D%5BdefType%5D=dismax&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bsort%5D=mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort+asc&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet%5D=true&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.mincount%5D=1&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.limit%5D=30&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B1%5D=mods_subject_topic_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B2%5D=mods_genre_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.field%5D%5B3%5D=mods_relatedItem_host_titleInfo_title_ms&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.date%5D%5B0%5D=mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.date.start%5D=1888-01-01T00%3A00%3A01Z&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.date.end%5D=NOW&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.date.gap%5D=+10YEAR&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.date.start%5D=NOW%2FYEAR-20YEARS&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.date.end%5D=NOW&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfacet.date.gap%5D=+1YEAR&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.mincount%5D=0&solr%5Bparams%5D%5Bfq%5D%5B0%5D=RELS_EXT_isViewableByUser_literal_ms%3A%22anonymous%22+OR+RELS_EXT_isViewableByRole_literal_ms%3A%22anonymous+user%22+OR+%28%28%2A%3A%2A+-RELS_EXT_isViewableByUser_literal_ms%3A%5B%2A+TO+%2A%5D%29+AND+%28%2A%3A%2A+-RELS_EXT_isViewableByRole_literal_ms%3A%5B%2A+TO+%2A%5D%29%29">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcollections.barnard.edu&rft.atitle=Barnard+Bulletin%2C+June+4%2C+1947%2C+page+1+%7C+Barnard+Digital+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.barnard.edu%2Fobject%2Fbulletin-19470604-1%2Fbarnard-bulletin-june-4-1947-page-1%3Fsolr%255Bquery%255D%3D%2522Jean%2520La%2520Guardia%2522%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255BdefType%255D%3Ddismax%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bsort%255D%3Dmods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort%2520asc%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet%255D%3Dtrue%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet.mincount%255D%3D1%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet.limit%255D%3D30%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet.field%255D%255B1%255D%3Dmods_subject_topic_ms%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet.field%255D%255B2%255D%3Dmods_genre_ms%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet.field%255D%255B3%255D%3Dmods_relatedItem_host_titleInfo_title_ms%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet.date%255D%255B0%255D%3Dmods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.date.start%255D%3D1888-01-01T00%3A00%3A01Z%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.date.end%255D%3DNOW%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.date.gap%255D%3D%2B10YEAR%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet.date.start%255D%3DNOW%2FYEAR-20YEARS%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet.date.end%255D%3DNOW%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfacet.date.gap%255D%3D%2B1YEAR%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bf.mods_originInfo_dateCreated_sort.facet.mincount%255D%3D0%26solr%255Bparams%255D%255Bfq%255D%255B0%255D%3DRELS_EXT_isViewableByUser_literal_ms%3A%2522anonymous%2522%2520OR%2520RELS_EXT_isViewableByRole_literal_ms%3A%2522anonymous%2520user%2522%2520OR%2520%28%28%2A%3A%2A%2520-RELS_EXT_isViewableByUser_literal_ms%3A%255B%2A%2520TO%2520%2A%255D%29%2520AND%2520%28%2A%3A%2A%2520-RELS_EXT_isViewableByRole_literal_ms%3A%255B%2A%2520TO%2520%2A%255D%29%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Leiter,_Jewish_Exponent_Staff-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Leiter,_Jewish_Exponent_Staff_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Leiter,_Jewish_Exponent_Staff_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Leiter,_Jewish_Exponent_Staff_123-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiter2008" class="citation journal cs1">Leiter, Robert (January 31, 2008). 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Rememberwomen.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614181815/http://www.rememberwomen.org/Library/BkReviews/main.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=Mayor+LaGuardia%27s+Sister&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.aulast=Brawarsky&rft.aufirst=Sandee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rememberwomen.org%2FLibrary%2FBkReviews%2Fmain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGluck2007" class="citation book cs1">Gluck, Gemma La Guardia (2007) [originally published as My Story in 1961]. Saidel, Rochelle G. (ed.). Fiorello's Sister: Gemma La Guardia Gluck's Story (Religion, Theology, and the Holocaust). <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiorello%27s+Sister%3A+Gemma+La+Guardia+Gluck%27s+Story+%28Religion%2C+Theology%2C+and+the+Holocaust%29&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gluck&rft.aufirst=Gemma+La+Guardia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGluck1961" class="citation book cs1">Gluck, Gemma La Guardia (1961). My Life.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Gluck&rft.aufirst=Gemma+La+Guardia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rememberwomen.org/Library/BkReviews/main.html">"Book reviews at Rememberwomen.org of Fiorello's Sister: Gemma La Guardia Gluck's Story, New Expanded Edition (2007) edited by Rochelle G. Saidel of My Story by Gemma La Guardia Gluck (1961), edited by S. L. Shneiderman"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614181815/http://www.rememberwomen.org/Library/BkReviews/main.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+reviews+at+Rememberwomen.org+of+Fiorello%27s+Sister%3A+Gemma+La+Guardia+Gluck%27s+Story%2C+New+Expanded+Edition+%282007%29+edited+by+Rochelle+G.+Saidel+of+My+Story+by+Gemma+La+Guardia+Gluck+%281961%29%2C+edited+by+S.+L.+Shneiderman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rememberwomen.org%2FLibrary%2FBkReviews%2Fmain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sewell_Chan" title="Sewell Chan">Chan, Sewell</a> (December 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://empirezone.blogs.nytimes.com/2006/12/04/the-mayors-tall-tales/">"The Empire Zone: The Mayor's Tall Tales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905185703/http://empirezone.blogs.nytimes.com/2006/12/04/the-mayors-tall-tales/">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Empire+Zone%3A+The+Mayor%27s+Tall+Tales&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Sewell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fempirezone.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F04%2Fthe-mayors-tall-tales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Jackson, Nancy Beth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE7D91E3CF934A25751C0A9649C8B63&scp=1&sq=%22richard+simon%22+riverdale&st=nyt">"If You're Thinking of Living In/Fieldston; A Leafy Enclave in the Hills of the Bronx"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611085058/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE7D91E3CF934A25751C0A9649C8B63&scp=1&sq=%22richard+simon%22+riverdale&st=nyt">Archived</a> June 11, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on September 20, 1947. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. February 17, 2002. Retrieved May 3, 2008. "Fiorello H. La Guardia, a three-time mayor of New York, lived and died at 5020 Goodridge Avenue." </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1211.html">"La Guardia Is Dead; City Pays Homage To 3-Time Mayor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204194656/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1211.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=La+Guardia+Is+Dead%3B+City+Pays+Homage+To+3-Time+Mayor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F1211.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolli1999" class="citation book cs1">Holli, Melvin G. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved June 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Spy+Who+Knew+LaGuardia&rft.date=2010-07-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Alpher&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F09%2Fopinion%2F09iht-edalpher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangiafico" class="citation web cs1">Mangiafico, Luciano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afsa.org/our-man-fiume-fiorello-laguardia%E2%80%99s-short-diplomatic-career">"Our Man in Fiume: Fiorello LaGuardia's Short Diplomatic Career"</a>. American Foreign Service Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Foreign+Service+Association&rft.atitle=Our+Man+in+Fiume%3A+Fiorello+LaGuardia%27s+Short+Diplomatic+Career&rft.aulast=Mangiafico&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafsa.org%2Four-man-fiume-fiorello-laguardia%25E2%2580%2599s-short-diplomatic-career&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongressional_Quarterly1985" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congressionalqua0000unse">Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections</a> (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a>. 1985. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871873392" title="Special:BookSources/9780871873392"><bdi>9780871873392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Quarterly%27s+Guide+to+U.S.+Elections&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780871873392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongressionalqua0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayor1993" class="citation book cs1">Bayor, Ronald H. (1993). Fiorello La Guardia: Ethnicity and Reform. Harlan Davidson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88295-894-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88295-894-1"><bdi>0-88295-894-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiorello+La+Guardia%3A+Ethnicity+and+Reform&rft.pub=Harlan+Davidson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-88295-894-1&rft.aulast=Bayor&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffers2002" class="citation book cs1">Jeffers, H. Paul (2002). The Napoleon of New York. pp. 275–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleon+of+New+York&rft.pages=275-90&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Jeffers&rft.aufirst=H.+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessner1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kessner" title="Thomas Kessner">Kessner, Thomas</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fiorellohlaguard00kess">Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York</a>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Education" title="McGraw Hill Education">McGraw Hill Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-034244-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-034244-X"><bdi>0-07-034244-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiorello+H.+LaGuardia+and+the+Making+of+Modern+New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Education&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-07-034244-X&rft.aulast=Kessner&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiorellohlaguard00kess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Guardia_Gluck2007" class="citation book cs1">La Guardia Gluck, Gemma (2007) [1961]. Saidel, Rochelle (ed.). Fiorello's Sister: Gemma La Guardia Gluck's Story. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0861-5"><bdi>978-0-8156-0861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiorello%27s+Sister%3A+Gemma+La+Guardia+Gluck%27s+Story&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0861-5&rft.aulast=La+Guardia+Gluck&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Mason B. (2013). City of Ambition: FDR, La Guardia, and the Making of Modern New York. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06691-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06691-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06691-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Ambition%3A+FDR%2C+La+Guardia%2C+and+the+Making+of+Modern+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06691-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mason+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cityofambitionfd0000will">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn1969" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hNdePcjrdUC&pg=PA7">LaGuardia in Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7617-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-7617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LaGuardia+in+Congress&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7617-4&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hNdePcjrdUC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Brooks, Emily (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncpress.org/book/9781469676593/gothams-war-within-a-war/">Gotham's War within a War: Policing and the Birth of Law-and-Order Liberalism in World War II–Era New York City</a>. University of North Carolina Press.</li> <li>Brodsky, Alyn. (2003). The Great Mayor: Fiorello La Guardia and the Making of the City of New York. New York: Truman Talley Books.</li> <li>Capeci, Dominic J. "From Different Liberal Perspectives: Fiorello H. La Guardia, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., and Civil Rights in New York City, 1941-1943." Journal of Negro History 62#2 1977, pp. 160–73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2717176">online</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2717176">in JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaro1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Caro" title="Robert Caro">Caro, Robert</a> (1974). <a href="/wiki/The_Power_Broker" title="The Power Broker">The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York</a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-48076-3"><bdi>978-0-394-48076-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/834874">834874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+Broker%3A+Robert+Moses+and+the+Fall+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F834874&rft.isbn=978-0-394-48076-3&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Elliott, Lawrence. (1983). Little Flower: The Life and Times of Fiorello La Guardia. New York: William Morrow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-02057-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-02057-7">0-688-02057-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/littleflowerlife00elli">online</a></li> <li>Garrett, Charles. (1961). The La Guardia Years: Machine and Reform Politics in New York City. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goldstein_(writer_born_1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Goldstein (writer born 1942)">Goldstein, Richard</a>. Helluva Town: The Story of New York City During World War II (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/23/AR2010042302259.html">Online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">Gunther, John</a> (1947). "The Not-So-Little Flower". <a href="/wiki/Inside_U.S.A._(book)" title="Inside U.S.A. (book)">Inside U.S.A.</a>. New York City, London: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideusa00guntrich/page/578">578–588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Not-So-Little+Flower&rft.btitle=Inside+U.S.A.&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+London&rft.pages=578-588&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiorello+La+Guardia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Heckscher_II" title="August Heckscher II">Heckscher II, August</a>. (1978). When La Guardia Was Mayor: New York's Legendary Years. New York: W.W. Norton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-07534-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-07534-6">0-393-07534-6</a>.</li> <li>Jeffers, H. Paul. (2002). The Napoleon of New York: Mayor Fiorello La Guardia. New York: John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-02465-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-02465-1">0-471-02465-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonofnewyor0000jeff">online</a>.</li> <li>Kaufman, Herbert. "Fiorello H. La Guardia, Political Maverick" <a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a> 1990 105(1): 113–122. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0032-3195">0032-3195</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2151228">in Jstor</a></li> <li>Mann, Arthur H. (1959). La Guardia: A Fighter Against His Times 1882–1933. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott; scholarly biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laguardia0000unse">online</a> <ul><li>La Guardia comes to power: 1933 (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laguardiacomesto0000unse">online</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fiorello_LaGuardia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fiorello LaGuardia">Fiorello LaGuardia</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Fiorello_Henry_LaGuardia" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:Fiorello Henry LaGuardia">Fiorello Henry LaGuardia</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1211.html">Obituary, New York Times, September 21, 1947 La Guardia Is Dead; City Pays Homage To 3-Time Mayor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=1">La Guardia and Wagner Archives/Fiorello H. La Guardia Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200501155808/http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/COLLECTIONS.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=1">Archived</a> May 1, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210063910/http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/Advanced_Search.aspx?ViwType=1&ColID=1">oral interviews from the La Guardia and Wagner Archives/Fiorello H. La Guardia Oral History database</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dossena.org/tiziano/laguardia.html">Tiziano Thomas Dossena, "Fiorello La Guardia" in Bridge Apulia USA, No.3 (Italy, 1998)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082537/http://www.dossena.org/tiziano/laguardia.html">Archived</a> June 10, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/puzzlemaster/5429338693/in/photostream">1919 passport photo of Fiorello La Guardia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/tags/mayor_laguardia/">WNYC Archives blogs featuring Mayor La Guardia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suddenlysenior.com/the-compassion-of-mayor-laguardia/">Fiorello LaGuardia (The Compassion of New York's Famous Mayor)</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Farley" title="Michael F. Farley">Michael F. Farley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="New York's 14th congressional district">New York's 14th congressional district</a> March 4, 1917 – December 31, 1919 (resigned) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_D._Perlman" title="Nathan D. Perlman">Nathan D. Perlman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Siegel" title="Isaac Siegel">Isaac Siegel</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="New York's 20th congressional district">New York's 20th congressional district</a> March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Lanzetta" title="James J. Lanzetta">James J. Lanzetta</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_D._Waterman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank D. Waterman (page does not exist)">Frank D. Waterman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Republican Nominee for Mayor of New York City</a> 1929 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Pounds" title="Lewis H. Pounds">Lewis H. Pounds</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_P._O%27Brien" title="John P. O'Brien">John P. O'Brien</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a> 1934–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Dwyer" title="William O'Dwyer">William O'Dwyer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civilian_Defense" title="Office of Civilian Defense">Director of Civilian Defense</a> 1941–1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Landis" title="James M. Landis">James Landis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Herbert H. Lehman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/UNRRA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNRRA">Director-General of the UNRRA</a> 1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Ward_Rooks" title="Lowell Ward Rooks">Lowell Ward Rooks</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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McClellan Jr.">McClellan</a> (1904–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jay_Gaynor" title="William Jay Gaynor">Gaynor</a> (1910–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardolph_L._Kline" title="Ardolph L. Kline">Kline</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Purroy_Mitchel" title="John Purroy Mitchel">Mitchel</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Hylan" title="John Francis Hylan">Hylan</a> (1918–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Collins" title="William T. Collins">Collins</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Walker" title="Jimmy Walker">Walker</a> (1926–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_V._McKee" title="Joseph V. McKee">McKee</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._O%27Brien" title="John P. O'Brien">O'Brien</a> (1933)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">La Guardia</a> (1934–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Dwyer" title="William O'Dwyer">O'Dwyer</a> (1946–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_R._Impellitteri" title="Vincent R. Impellitteri">Impelitteri</a> (1950–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Wagner</a> (1954–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">Lindsay</a> (1966–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Beame</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Koch</a> (1978–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">Dinkins</a> (1990–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Giuliani</a> (1994–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Bloomberg</a> (2002–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">de Blasio</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Adams</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.0em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party_nominees_for_mayor_of_New_York_City_since_the_1898_consolidation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_NYC_mayoral_nominees" title="Template:Republican NYC mayoral nominees"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_NYC_mayoral_nominees" title="Template talk:Republican NYC mayoral nominees"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_NYC_mayoral_nominees" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican NYC mayoral nominees"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party_nominees_for_mayor_of_New_York_City_since_the_1898_consolidation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> nominees for <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_York_City" title="List of mayors of New York City">mayor of New York City</a> since the <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">1898 consolidation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Tracy" title="Benjamin F. Tracy">Benjamin F. Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mills_Ivins_Sr." title="William Mills Ivins Sr.">William Mills Ivins Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bannard" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Bannard">Otto Bannard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Purroy_Mitchel" title="John Purroy Mitchel">John Purroy Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Bennett" title="William M. Bennett">William M. Bennett</a></li> <li>Henry H. Curran</li> <li>Frank D. Waterman</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fiorello La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Pounds" title="Lewis H. Pounds">Lewis H. Pounds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fiorello La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_J._Goldstein" title="Jonah J. Goldstein">Jonah J. Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbold_Morris" title="Newbold Morris">Newbold Morris</a></li> <li>Edward F. Corsi</li> <li>Harold Riegelman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Christenberry" title="Robert K. Christenberry">Robert K. Christenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lefkowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lefkowitz">Louis Lefkowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Marchi" title="John J. Marchi">John J. Marchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_M._Goodman" title="Roy M. Goodman">Roy M. Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a></li> <li>Diane McGrath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lhota" title="Joe Lhota">Joe Lhota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malliotakis" title="Nicole Malliotakis">Nicole Malliotakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Sliwa" title="Curtis Sliwa">Curtis Sliwa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.0em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Mayor_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States_Conference_of_Mayors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Conference_of_Mayors_Presidents" title="Template:United States Conference of Mayors Presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Conference_of_Mayors_Presidents" title="Template talk:United States Conference of Mayors Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Conference_of_Mayors_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Conference of Mayors Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States_Conference_of_Mayors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Mayors" title="United States Conference of Mayors">United States Conference of Mayors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Semmes_Walmsley" title="T. Semmes Walmsley">Walmsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Hoan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Kelly" title="Edward Joseph Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Welsh" title="George W. Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Green" title="Cooper Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Lawrence" title="David L. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Kennelly" title="Martin H. Kennelly">Kennelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Burke" title="Thomas A. Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Robinson" title="Elmer Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hynes_(politician)" title="John Hynes (politician)">Hynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner_Jr." title="Robert F. Wagner Jr.">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Poulson" title="Norris Poulson">Poulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">R. J. Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_Dilworth" title="Richardson Dilworth">Dilworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Haydon_Burns" title="W. Haydon Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze">Celebrezze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Lee" title="Richard C. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Selland" title="Arthur L. Selland">Selland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Tucker" title="Raymond Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Blaisdell" title="Neal Blaisdell">Blaisdell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Cavanagh" title="Jerome Cavanagh">Cavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Barr" title="Joseph M. Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Schrunk" title="Terry Schrunk">Schrunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_D._Maltester" title="Jack D. Maltester">Maltester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tate_(mayor)" title="James Tate (mayor)">Tate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maier" title="Henry Maier">Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louie_Welch" title="Louie Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Martin_(politician)" title="Roy Martin (politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alioto" title="Joseph Alioto">Alioto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Landrieu" title="Moon Landrieu">M. E. Landrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Gibson" title="Kenneth A. Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Alexander_(politician)" title="Lee Alexander (politician)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._McNichols_Jr." title="William H. McNichols Jr.">McNichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Carver" title="Richard E. Carver">Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hatcher" title="Richard G. Hatcher">Hatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Boosalis" title="Helen Boosalis">Boosalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fulton" title="Richard Fulton">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Padilla" title="Hernán Padilla">Padilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nathan_Morial" title="Ernest Nathan Morial">E. Morial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Riley_Jr." title="Joseph P. Riley Jr.">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Berkley" title="Richard L. Berkley">Berkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Holland" title="Arthur John Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Whitmire" title="Kathy Whitmire">Whitmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Isaac" title="Bob Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Flynn" title="Raymond Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Althaus" title="William Althaus">Althaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Abramson" title="Jerry Abramson">Abramson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Ashe" title="Victor Ashe">Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Rice" title="Norm Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Daley" title="Richard M. Daley">R. M. Daley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Helmke" title="Paul Helmke">Helmke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deedee_Corradini" title="Deedee Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Webb" title="Wellington Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Brent_Coles" title="H. Brent Coles">Coles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Morial" title="Marc Morial">M. Morial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Menino" title="Thomas Menino">Menino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Garner_(politician)" title="James Garner (politician)">Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Plusquellic" title="Don Plusquellic">Plusquellic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_O%27Neill" title="Beverly O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Guido" title="Michael Guido">Guido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Palmer" title="Douglas Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manny_Diaz_(Florida_politician)" title="Manny Diaz (Florida politician)">Diaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Nickels" title="Greg Nickels">Nickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kautz" title="Elizabeth Kautz">Kautz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Villaraigosa" title="Antonio Villaraigosa">Villaraigosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nutter" title="Michael Nutter">Nutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Smith_(Arizona_politician)" title="Scott Smith (Arizona politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Johnson_(basketball)" title="Kevin Johnson (basketball)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Rawlings-Blake" title="Stephanie Rawlings-Blake">Rawlings-Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Cornett" title="Mick Cornett">Cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Landrieu" title="Mitch Landrieu">M. J. Landrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_K._Benjamin" title="Stephen K. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Barnett_(politician)" title="Bryan Barnett (politician)">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Fischer" title="Greg Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Whaley" title="Nan Whaley">Whaley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Suarez" title="Francis Suarez">Suarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Schieve" title="Hillary Schieve">Schieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ginther" title="Andrew Ginther">Ginther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_65th–66th_&amp;_68th–72nd_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_65th–66th_&amp;_68th–72nd_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">New York</a>'s delegation(s) to the 65th–66th & 68th–72nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/65th_United_States_Congress" title="65th United States Congress">65th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/James_Wolcott_Wadsworth_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.">J. Wadsworth Jr.</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/William_M._Calder" title="William M. Calder">W. Calder</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Fitzgerald" title="John J. Fitzgerald">J. Fitzgerald</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Riordan" title="Daniel J. Riordan">D. Riordan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Winthrop_Fairchild" title="George Winthrop Fairchild">G. Fairchild</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_P._Maher" title="James P. Maher">J. Maher</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Luther_W._Mott" title="Luther W. Mott">L. Mott</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Bennett_Smith" title="Charles Bennett Smith">C. Smith</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruckner" title="Henry Bruckner">H. Bruckner</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_F._Carew" title="John F. Carew">J. Carew</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Chandler" title="Walter M. Chandler">W. Chandler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Dale" title="Harry H. Dale">H. Dale</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Dooling" title="Peter J. Dooling">P. Dooling</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Dunn" title="Thomas B. Dunn">T. Dunn</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Griffin" title="Daniel J. Griffin">D. Griffin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Mann_Hamilton" title="Charles Mann Hamilton">C. Hamilton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_S._Parker" title="James S. Parker">J. Parker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Platt" title="Edmund Platt">E. Platt</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/C._Pope_Caldwell" title="C. Pope Caldwell">P. Caldwell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/S._Wallace_Dempsey" title="S. Wallace Dempsey">W. Dempsey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_V._Flynn" title="Joseph V. Flynn">J. Flynn</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Reuben_L._Haskell" title="Reuben L. Haskell">R. Haskell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Hicks" title="Frederick C. Hicks">F. Hicks</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Murray_Hulbert" title="George Murray Hulbert">G. Hulbert</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(Representative)" title="James W. Husted (Representative)">J. Husted</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Meyer_London" title="Meyer London">M. London</a> (S)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_W._Magee" title="Walter W. Magee">W. Magee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Pratt" title="Harry H. Pratt">H. Pratt</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Rowe" title="Frederick W. Rowe">F. Rowe</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rollin_B._Sanford" title="Rollin B. Sanford">R. Sanford</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Siegel" title="Isaac Siegel">I. Siegel</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Homer_P._Snyder" title="Homer P. Snyder">H. Snyder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Oscar_W._Swift" title="Oscar W. Swift">O. Swift</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Ward" title="Charles B. Ward">C. Ward</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Gould" title="Norman J. Gould">N. Gould</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">B. Snell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_L._Fairchild" title="Benjamin L. Fairchild">B. Fairchild</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_B._Francis" title="George B. Francis">G. Francis</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. La Guardia</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">G. Lunn</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Oliver" title="Daniel C. Oliver">D. Oliver</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Archie_D._Sanders" title="Archie D. Sanders">A. Sanders</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Sullivan" title="Christopher D. Sullivan">C. Sullivan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_F._Waldow" title="William F. Waldow">W. Waldow</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Smith" title="Thomas Francis Smith">T. Smith</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_E._Cleary" title="William E. Cleary">W. Cleary</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Delaney" title="John J. Delaney">Jo. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerome_F._Donovan" title="Jerome F. Donovan">J. Donovan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Griffin" title="Anthony J. Griffin">A. Griffin</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/66th_United_States_Congress" title="66th United States Congress">66th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/James_Wolcott_Wadsworth_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.">J. Wadsworth Jr.</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/William_M._Calder" title="William M. Calder">W. Calder</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Riordan" title="Daniel J. Riordan">D. Riordan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Goldfogle" title="Henry M. Goldfogle">H. Goldfogle</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_P._Maher" title="James P. Maher">J. Maher</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Luther_W._Mott" title="Luther W. Mott">L. Mott</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_F._Carew" title="John F. Carew">J. Carew</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Dooling" title="Peter J. Dooling">P. Dooling</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Dunn" title="Thomas B. Dunn">T. Dunn</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_S._Parker" title="James S. Parker">J. Parker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Platt" title="Edmund Platt">E. Platt</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/C._Pope_Caldwell" title="C. Pope Caldwell">P. Caldwell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/S._Wallace_Dempsey" title="S. Wallace Dempsey">W. Dempsey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Reuben_L._Haskell" title="Reuben L. Haskell">R. Haskell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Hicks" title="Frederick C. Hicks">F. Hicks</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(Representative)" title="James W. Husted (Representative)">J. Husted</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_W._Magee" title="Walter W. Magee">W. Magee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Rowe" title="Frederick W. Rowe">F. Rowe</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rollin_B._Sanford" title="Rollin B. Sanford">R. Sanford</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Siegel" title="Isaac Siegel">I. Siegel</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Homer_P._Snyder" title="Homer P. Snyder">H. Snyder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Ward" title="Charles B. Ward">C. Ward</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Gould" title="Norman J. Gould">N. Gould</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">B. Snell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. La Guardia</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Archie_D._Sanders" title="Archie D. Sanders">A. Sanders</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Sullivan" title="Christopher D. Sullivan">C. Sullivan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Smith" title="Thomas Francis Smith">T. Smith</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_E._Cleary" title="William E. Cleary">W. Cleary</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerome_F._Donovan" title="Jerome F. Donovan">J. Donovan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Griffin" title="Anthony J. Griffin">A. Griffin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Crowther" title="Frank Crowther">F. Crowther</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Cullen" title="Thomas H. Cullen">T. Cullen</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_V._Ganly" title="James V. Ganly">J. Ganly</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hill_(New_York_politician)" title="William Henry Hill (New York politician)">W. Hill</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alanson_B._Houghton" title="Alanson B. Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_B._Johnston" title="John B. Johnston">J. Johnston</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_MacCrate" title="John MacCrate">J. MacCrate</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Clarence_MacGregor" title="Clarence MacGregor">C. MacGregor</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_F._McKiniry" title="Richard F. McKiniry">R. McKiniry</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">J. Mead</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_J._O%27Connell_(politician)" title="David J. O'Connell (politician)">D. O'Connell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pell" title="Herbert Pell">H. Pell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Reed_(politician)" title="Daniel A. Reed (politician)">D. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowan" title="Joseph Rowan">J. Rowan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III" title="Hamilton Fish III">H. Fish III</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_D._Perlman" title="Nathan D. Perlman">N. Perlman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_D._Volk" title="Lester D. Volk">L. Volk</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/68th_United_States_Congress" title="68th United States Congress">68th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/James_Wolcott_Wadsworth_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.">J. Wadsworth Jr.</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">R. Copeland</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Riordan" title="Daniel J. Riordan">D. Riordan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Luther_W._Mott" title="Luther W. Mott">L. Mott</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_F._Carew" title="John F. Carew">J. Carew</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_S._Parker" title="James S. Parker">J. Parker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/S._Wallace_Dempsey" title="S. Wallace Dempsey">W. Dempsey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_W._Magee" title="Walter W. Magee">W. Magee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Homer_P._Snyder" title="Homer P. Snyder">H. Snyder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Ward" title="Charles B. Ward">C. Ward</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">B. Snell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Archie_D._Sanders" title="Archie D. Sanders">A. Sanders</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Sullivan" title="Christopher D. Sullivan">C. Sullivan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Griffin" title="Anthony J. Griffin">A. Griffin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_L._Fairchild" title="Benjamin L. Fairchild">B. Fairchild</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Crowther" title="Frank Crowther">F. Crowther</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Cullen" title="Thomas H. Cullen">T. Cullen</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Clarence_MacGregor" title="Clarence MacGregor">C. MacGregor</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">J. Mead</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Reed_(politician)" title="Daniel A. Reed (politician)">D. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III" title="Hamilton Fish III">H. Fish III</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_D._Perlman" title="Nathan D. Perlman">N. Perlman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_E._Cleary" title="William E. Cleary">W. Cleary</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Kindred" title="John J. Kindred">J. Kindred</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. La Guardia</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_D._Clarke" title="John D. Clarke">J. Clarke</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">O. Mills</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_V._Ganly" title="James V. Ganly">J. Ganly</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_J._O%27Connell_(politician)" title="David J. O'Connell (politician)">D. O'Connell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bacon" title="Robert L. Bacon">R. Bacon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Loring_M._Black_Jr." title="Loring M. Black Jr.">L. Black</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sol_Bloom" title="Sol Bloom">S. Bloom</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Boylan" title="John J. Boylan">J. Boylan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">E. Celler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Parker_Corning" title="Parker Corning">P. Conrning</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dickstein" title="Samuel Dickstein">S. Dickstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Meyer_Jacobstein" title="Meyer Jacobstein">M. Jacobstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_W._Lindsay" title="George W. Lindsay">G. Lindsay</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Oliver" title="Frank A. Oliver">F. Oliver</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Quayle_(politician)" title="John Quayle (politician)">J. Quayle</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gale_H._Stalker" title="Gale H. Stalker">G. Stalker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_I._Stengle" title="Charles I. Stengle">C. Stengle</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Taber" title="John Taber">J. Taber</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">M. Wainright</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Royal_Hurlburt_Weller" title="Royal Hurlburt Weller">R. Weller</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(New_York_representative)" title="John J. O'Connor (New York representative)">J. O'Connor</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anning_Smith_Prall" title="Anning Smith Prall">A. Prall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Sweet" title="Thaddeus C. Sweet">T. Sweet</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/69th_United_States_Congress" title="69th United States Congress">69th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/James_Wolcott_Wadsworth_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr.">J. Wadsworth Jr.</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">R. Copeland</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_F._Carew" title="John F. Carew">J. Carew</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_S._Parker" title="James S. Parker">J. Parker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/S._Wallace_Dempsey" title="S. Wallace Dempsey">W. Dempsey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_W._Magee" title="Walter W. Magee">W. Magee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">B. Snell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Archie_D._Sanders" title="Archie D. Sanders">A. Sanders</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Sullivan" title="Christopher D. Sullivan">C. Sullivan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Griffin" title="Anthony J. Griffin">A. Griffin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_L._Fairchild" title="Benjamin L. Fairchild">B. Fairchild</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Crowther" title="Frank Crowther">F. Crowther</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Cullen" title="Thomas H. Cullen">T. Cullen</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Clarence_MacGregor" title="Clarence MacGregor">C. MacGregor</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">J. Mead</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Reed_(politician)" title="Daniel A. Reed (politician)">D. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III" title="Hamilton Fish III">H. Fish III</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_D._Perlman" title="Nathan D. Perlman">N. Perlman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_E._Cleary" title="William E. Cleary">W. Cleary</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Kindred" title="John J. Kindred">J. Kindred</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. La Guardia</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">O. Mills</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_J._O%27Connell_(politician)" title="David J. O'Connell (politician)">D. O'Connell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bacon" title="Robert L. Bacon">R. Bacon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Loring_M._Black_Jr." title="Loring M. Black Jr.">L. Black</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sol_Bloom" title="Sol Bloom">S. Bloom</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Boylan" title="John J. Boylan">J. Boylan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">E. Celler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Parker_Corning" title="Parker Corning">P. Conrning</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dickstein" title="Samuel Dickstein">S. Dickstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Meyer_Jacobstein" title="Meyer Jacobstein">M. Jacobstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_W._Lindsay" title="George W. Lindsay">G. Lindsay</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Oliver" title="Frank A. Oliver">F. Oliver</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Quayle_(politician)" title="John Quayle (politician)">J. Quayle</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gale_H._Stalker" title="Gale H. Stalker">G. Stalker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Taber" title="John Taber">J. Taber</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">M. Wainright</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Royal_Hurlburt_Weller" title="Royal Hurlburt Weller">R. Weller</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(New_York_representative)" title="John J. O'Connor (New York representative)">J. O'Connor</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anning_Smith_Prall" title="Anning Smith Prall">A. Prall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Sweet" title="Thaddeus C. Sweet">T. Sweet</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frederick_M._Davenport" title="Frederick M. Davenport">F. Davenport</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harcourt_J._Pratt" title="Harcourt J. Pratt">H. Pratt</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lawrence_Somers" title="Andrew Lawrence Somers">A. Somers</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Tolley" title="Harold S. Tolley">H. Tolley</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/70th_United_States_Congress" title="70th United States Congress">70th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">R. Copeland</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">R. Wagner</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_F._Carew" title="John F. Carew">J. Carew</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_S._Parker" title="James S. Parker">J. Parker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/S._Wallace_Dempsey" title="S. Wallace Dempsey">W. Dempsey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_W._Magee" title="Walter W. Magee">W. Magee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">B. Snell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Archie_D._Sanders" title="Archie D. Sanders">A. Sanders</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Sullivan" title="Christopher D. Sullivan">C. Sullivan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Griffin" title="Anthony J. Griffin">A. Griffin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Crowther" title="Frank Crowther">F. Crowther</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Cullen" title="Thomas H. Cullen">T. Cullen</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Clarence_MacGregor" title="Clarence MacGregor">C. MacGregor</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">J. Mead</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Reed_(politician)" title="Daniel A. Reed (politician)">D. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III" title="Hamilton Fish III">H. Fish III</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Kindred" title="John J. Kindred">J. Kindred</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. La Guardia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_J._O%27Connell_(politician)" title="David J. O'Connell (politician)">D. O'Connell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bacon" title="Robert L. Bacon">R. Bacon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Loring_M._Black_Jr." title="Loring M. Black Jr.">L. Black</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sol_Bloom" title="Sol Bloom">S. Bloom</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Boylan" title="John J. Boylan">J. Boylan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">E. Celler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Parker_Corning" title="Parker Corning">P. Conrning</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dickstein" title="Samuel Dickstein">S. Dickstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Meyer_Jacobstein" title="Meyer Jacobstein">M. Jacobstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_W._Lindsay" title="George W. Lindsay">G. Lindsay</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Oliver" title="Frank A. Oliver">F. Oliver</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Quayle_(politician)" title="John Quayle (politician)">J. Quayle</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gale_H._Stalker" title="Gale H. Stalker">G. Stalker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Taber" title="John Taber">J. Taber</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">M. Wainright</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Royal_Hurlburt_Weller" title="Royal Hurlburt Weller">R. Weller</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(New_York_representative)" title="John J. O'Connor (New York representative)">J. O'Connor</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anning_Smith_Prall" title="Anning Smith Prall">A. Prall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Sweet" title="Thaddeus C. Sweet">T. Sweet</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_D._Clarke" title="John D. Clarke">J. Clarke</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frederick_M._Davenport" title="Frederick M. Davenport">F. Davenport</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harcourt_J._Pratt" title="Harcourt J. Pratt">H. Pratt</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lawrence_Somers" title="Andrew Lawrence Somers">A. Somers</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Carley" title="Patrick J. Carley">P. Carley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_W._Cohen" title="William W. Cohen">W. Cohen</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Fitzpatrick" title="James M. Fitzpatrick">J. Fitzpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_I._Sirovich" title="William I. Sirovich">W. Sirovich</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Hancock" title="Clarence E. Hancock">C. Hancock</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Francis_D._Culkin" title="Francis D. Culkin">F. Culkin</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/71st_United_States_Congress" title="71st United States Congress">71st</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">R. Copeland</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">R. Wagner</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_F._Carew" title="John F. Carew">J. Carew</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_S._Parker" title="James S. Parker">J. Parker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/S._Wallace_Dempsey" title="S. Wallace Dempsey">W. Dempsey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">B. Snell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Archie_D._Sanders" title="Archie D. Sanders">A. Sanders</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Sullivan" title="Christopher D. Sullivan">C. Sullivan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Griffin" title="Anthony J. Griffin">A. Griffin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Crowther" title="Frank Crowther">F. Crowther</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Cullen" title="Thomas H. Cullen">T. Cullen</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">J. Mead</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Reed_(politician)" title="Daniel A. Reed (politician)">D. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III" title="Hamilton Fish III">H. Fish III</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. La Guardia</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_J._O%27Connell_(politician)" title="David J. O'Connell (politician)">D. O'Connell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bacon" title="Robert L. Bacon">R. Bacon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Loring_M._Black_Jr." title="Loring M. Black Jr.">L. Black</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sol_Bloom" title="Sol Bloom">S. Bloom</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Boylan" title="John J. Boylan">J. Boylan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">E. Celler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Parker_Corning" title="Parker Corning">P. Conrning</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dickstein" title="Samuel Dickstein">S. Dickstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_W._Lindsay" title="George W. Lindsay">G. Lindsay</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Oliver" title="Frank A. Oliver">F. Oliver</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Quayle_(politician)" title="John Quayle (politician)">J. Quayle</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gale_H._Stalker" title="Gale H. Stalker">G. Stalker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Taber" title="John Taber">J. Taber</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">M. Wainright</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(New_York_representative)" title="John J. O'Connor (New York representative)">J. O'Connor</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anning_Smith_Prall" title="Anning Smith Prall">A. Prall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_D._Clarke" title="John D. Clarke">J. Clarke</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frederick_M._Davenport" title="Frederick M. Davenport">F. Davenport</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harcourt_J._Pratt" title="Harcourt J. Pratt">H. Pratt</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lawrence_Somers" title="Andrew Lawrence Somers">A. Somers</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Carley" title="Patrick J. Carley">P. Carley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Fitzpatrick" title="James M. Fitzpatrick">J. Fitzpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_I._Sirovich" title="William I. Sirovich">W. Sirovich</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Hancock" title="Clarence E. Hancock">C. Hancock</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Francis_D._Culkin" title="Francis D. Culkin">F. Culkin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_F._Brunner" title="William F. Brunner">W. Brunner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Cooke" title="Edmund F. Cooke">E. Cooke</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ruth_Baker_Pratt" title="Ruth Baker Pratt">R. Pratt</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_L._Whitley" title="James L. Whitley">J. Whitley</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Gavagan" title="Joseph A. Gavagan">J. Gavagan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Kennedy" title="Martin J. Kennedy">Ma. Kennedy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Rudd" title="Stephen A. Rudd">S. Rudd</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/72nd_United_States_Congress" title="72nd United States Congress">72nd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland" title="Royal S. Copeland">R. Copeland</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">R. Wagner</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_S._Parker" title="James S. Parker">J. Parker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">B. Snell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Archie_D._Sanders" title="Archie D. Sanders">A. Sanders</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Sullivan" title="Christopher D. Sullivan">C. Sullivan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Griffin" title="Anthony J. Griffin">A. Griffin</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Crowther" title="Frank Crowther">F. Crowther</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Cullen" title="Thomas H. Cullen">T. Cullen</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Mead" title="James M. Mead">J. Mead</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Reed_(politician)" title="Daniel A. Reed (politician)">D. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III" title="Hamilton Fish III">H. Fish III</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">F. La Guardia</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bacon" title="Robert L. Bacon">R. Bacon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Loring_M._Black_Jr." title="Loring M. Black Jr.">L. Black</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sol_Bloom" title="Sol Bloom">S. Bloom</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Boylan" title="John J. Boylan">J. Boylan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">E. Celler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Parker_Corning" title="Parker Corning">P. Conrning</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dickstein" title="Samuel Dickstein">S. Dickstein</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_W._Lindsay" title="George W. Lindsay">G. Lindsay</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Oliver" title="Frank A. Oliver">F. Oliver</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gale_H._Stalker" title="Gale H. Stalker">G. Stalker</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Taber" title="John Taber">J. Taber</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(New_York_representative)" title="John J. O'Connor (New York representative)">J. O'Connor</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anning_Smith_Prall" title="Anning Smith Prall">A. Prall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_D._Clarke" title="John D. Clarke">J. Clarke</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frederick_M._Davenport" title="Frederick M. Davenport">F. Davenport</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Harcourt_J._Pratt" title="Harcourt J. Pratt">H. Pratt</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lawrence_Somers" title="Andrew Lawrence Somers">A. Somers</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Carley" title="Patrick J. Carley">P. Carley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Fitzpatrick" title="James M. Fitzpatrick">J. Fitzpatrick</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_I._Sirovich" title="William I. Sirovich">W. Sirovich</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Hancock" title="Clarence E. Hancock">C. Hancock</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Francis_D._Culkin" title="Francis D. Culkin">F. Culkin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_F._Brunner" title="William F. Brunner">W. Brunner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Cooke" title="Edmund F. Cooke">E. Cooke</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ruth_Baker_Pratt" title="Ruth Baker Pratt">R. Pratt</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_L._Whitley" title="James L. Whitley">J. Whitley</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Gavagan" title="Joseph A. Gavagan">J. Gavagan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Martin_J._Kennedy" title="Martin J. Kennedy">Ma. Kennedy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Rudd" title="Stephen A. Rudd">S. Rudd</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Delaney" title="John J. Delaney">Jo. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Walter_G._Andrews" title="Walter G. Andrews">W. Andrews</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Millard" title="Charles D. Millard">C. Millard</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Third_Party_US_Reps" title="Template:Third Party US Reps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Third_Party_US_Reps" title="Template talk:Third Party US Reps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Third_Party_US_Reps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Third Party US Reps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and independent <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress">members of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00DDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Order_Party_of_Rhode_Island" title="Law and Order Party of Rhode Island">Law and Order Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Y._Cranston" title="Henry Y. Cranston">Henry Y. Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_R._Potter" title="Elisha R. Potter">Elisha R. Potter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F59100;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">William Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Rollins" title="James S. Rollins">James S. Rollins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF69B4;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Banning" title="Henry B. Banning">Henry B. Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blair" title="James G. Blair">James G. Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boarman" title="Alexander Boarman">Alexander Boarman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_George_Bromberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick George Bromberg">Frederick George Bromberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_(Arkansas_politician)" title="John Edwards (Arkansas politician)">John Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_A._Finkelnburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus A. Finkelnburg">Gustavus A. Finkelnburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Hynes" title="William Joseph Hynes">William Joseph Hynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Sheridan" title="George A. Sheridan">George A. Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Barlow" title="Bradley Barlow">Bradley Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Brumm" title="Charles N. Brumm">Charles N. Brumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Burrows" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Henry Burrows">Joseph Henry Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ford" title="Nicholas Ford">Nicholas Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Forsythe" title="Albert P. Forsythe">Albert P. Forsythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Gillette" title="Edward H. Gillette">Edward H. Gillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Sherwin_Hazeltine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ira Sherwin Hazeltine">Ira Sherwin Hazeltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Texas_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Texas politician)">George W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Ladd" title="George W. Ladd">George W. Ladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Lowe" title="William M. Lowe">William M. Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_De_La_Matyr" title="Gilbert De La Matyr">Gilbert De La Matyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mosgrove" title="James Mosgrove">James Mosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_H._Murch" title="Thompson H. Murch">Thompson H. Murch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theron_Moses_Rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Theron Moses Rice">Theron Moses Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Lindsay_Russell" title="Daniel Lindsay Russell">Daniel Lindsay Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luman_Hamlin_Weller" title="Luman Hamlin Weller">Luman Hamlin Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Bradley Wright">Hendrick Bradley Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hartman_Yocum" class="mw-redirect" title="Seth Hartman Yocum">Seth Hartman Yocum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 Black;"><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bowen" title="Henry Bowen">Henry Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stephen_Hooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stephen Hooper">Benjamin Stephen Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Libbey" title="Harry Libbey">Harry Libbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Murphy_Mayo" title="Robert Murphy Mayo">Robert Murphy Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_(judge)" title="John Paul (judge)">John Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_Wise" title="John Sergeant Wise">John Sergeant Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF6347;"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_P._Featherstone" title="Lewis P. Featherstone">Lewis P. Featherstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_I._Hopkins" title="Samuel I. Hopkins">Samuel I. Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Henry Smith (Wisconsin politician)">Henry Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_Atwater" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilbur Atwater">John Wilbur Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baker_(Kansas_politician)" title="William Baker (Kansas politician)">William Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Barlow" title="Charles A. Barlow">Charles A. Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calhoun_Bell" title="John Calhoun Bell">John Calhoun Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldor_Boen" title="Haldor Boen">Haldor Boen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_D._Botkin" title="Jeremiah D. Botkin">Jeremiah D. Botkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Cannon" title="Marion Cannon">Marion Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_H._Castle" title="Curtis H. Castle">Curtis H. Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Clover" title="Benjamin H. Clover">Benjamin H. Clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Davis (Kansas politician)">John Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Edwards" title="Caldwell Edwards">Caldwell Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Fowler" title="John Edgar Fowler">John Edgar Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Taylor_Goodwyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Taylor Goodwyn">Albert Taylor Goodwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laury_Greene" title="William Laury Greene">William Laury Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gunn_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gunn (congressman)">James Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittel_Halvorson" title="Kittel Halvorson">Kittel Halvorson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Harris_(Kansas_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Alexander Harris (Kansas politician)">William Alexander Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford_W._Howard" title="Milford W. Howard">Milford W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hudson" title="Thomas Jefferson Hudson">Thomas Jefferson Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Kelley" title="John Edward Kelley">John Edward Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omer_Madison_Kem" class="mw-redirect" title="Omer Madison Kem">Omer Madison Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Knowles" title="Freeman Knowles">Freeman Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Martin_(North_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H. Martin (North Carolina)">Charles H. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._McKeighan" title="William A. McKeighan">William A. McKeighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maxwell" title="Samuel Maxwell">Samuel Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_B._McCormick" title="Nelson B. McCormick">Nelson B. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Neville_(representative)" title="William Neville (representative)">William Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Otis" title="John G. Otis">John G. Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafe_Pence" title="Lafe Pence">Lafe Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_S._Peters" title="Mason S. Peters">Mason S. Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_R._Ridgely" title="Edwin R. Ridgely">Edwin R. Ridgely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Simpson" title="Jerry Simpson">Jerry Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_C._Shuford" title="Alonzo C. Shuford">Alonzo C. Shuford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Skinner_(politician)" title="Harry Skinner (politician)">Harry Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ledyard Stark">William Ledyard Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin_Strowd" class="mw-redirect" title="William Franklin Strowd">William Franklin Strowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Dhu_Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick Dhu Sutherland">Roderick Dhu Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Vincent" title="William D. Vincent">William D. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F2CED4;"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Glenn" title="Thomas L. Glenn">Thomas L. Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_Jones" title="William Carey Jones">William Carey Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Shafroth" title="John F. Shafroth">John F. Shafroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wilson" title="Edgar Wilson">Edgar Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fiorello La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_London" title="Meyer London">Meyer London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;">Progressive Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ryum_Amlie" title="Thomas Ryum Amlie">Thomas Ryum Amlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_J._Boileau" title="Gerald J. Boileau">Gerald J. Boileau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Chandler" title="Walter M. Chandler">Walter M. Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_C._Copley" title="Ira C. Copley">Ira C. Copley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Falconer" title="Jacob Falconer">Jacob Falconer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_J._Gehrmann" title="Bernard J. Gehrmann">Bernard J. Gehrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_R._Havenner" title="Franck R. Havenner">Franck R. Havenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinebaugh" title="William H. Hinebaugh">William H. Hinebaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_James_Hulings" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis James Hulings">Willis James Hulings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hull" title="Merlin Hull">Merlin Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Clyde_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Melville Clyde Kelly">Melville Clyde Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Josiah_MacDonald" title="William Josiah MacDonald">William Josiah MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitmell_P._Martin" title="Whitmell P. Martin">Whitmell P. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Sauthoff" title="Harry Sauthoff">Harry Sauthoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Schall" title="Thomas D. Schall">Thomas D. Schall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Schneider" title="George J. Schneider">George J. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_(American_politician)" title="William Stephens (American politician)">William Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Wilson Temple">Henry Wilson Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Thomson" title="Charles M. Thomson">Charles M. Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_R._Withrow" title="Gardner R. Withrow">Gardner R. Withrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Roy O. Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #66FF99;"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Arens" title="Henry M. Arens">Henry M. Arens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bernard_(American_politician)" title="John Bernard (American politician)">John Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_T._Buckler" title="Rich T. Buckler">Rich T. Buckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Leighton_Carss" title="William Leighton Carss">William Leighton Carss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hagen" title="Harold Hagen">Harold Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Johnson_(Minnesota_politician)" title="Dewey Johnson (Minnesota politician)">Dewey Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Johnson" title="Magnus Johnson">Magnus Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_J._Kvale" title="Ole J. Kvale">Ole J. Kvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_John_Kvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul John Kvale">Paul John Kvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Ernest Lundeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Shoemaker" title="Francis Shoemaker">Francis Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Teigan" title="Henry Teigan">Henry Teigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Wefald" title="Knud Wefald">Knud Wefald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF6347;"><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Isacson" title="Leo Isacson">Leo Isacson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CC0000;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York" title="Liberal Party of New York">Liberal Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_D._Davidson" title="Irwin D. Davidson">Irwin D. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Jr." title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a> (<a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">William Carney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Hiram_Randall" title="Charles Hiram Randall">Charles Randall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Shively" title="Benjamin F. Shively">Benjamin F. Shively</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Monopoly_Party" title="Anti-Monopoly Party">Anti-Monopoly</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Anderson" title="William B. Anderson">William B. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Illinois_politician)" title="Alexander Campbell (Illinois politician)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ronald_Chalmers" title="James Ronald Chalmers">James Ronald Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Emerson" title="Jo Ann Emerson">Jo Ann Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Foglietta" title="Thomas M. Foglietta">Thomas M. Foglietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kent_(American_politician)" title="William Kent (American politician)">William Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Lyon" title="Caleb Lyon">Caleb Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">Paul Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nichols_(politician)" title="John Nichols (politician)">John Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Ochiltree" title="Thomas P. Ochiltree">Thomas P. Ochiltree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Porter" title="Peter A. Porter">Peter A. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Reams" title="Frazier Reams">Frazier Reams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hawley_Seelye" title="Julius Hawley Seelye">Julius Hawley Seelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_William_Shreve" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton William Shreve">Milton William Shreve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hyatt_Smith" title="J. Hyatt Smith">J. Hyatt Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tuck" title="Amos Tuck">Amos Tuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington Wright">George Washington Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party (U.S. politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections">Notable third-party performances in United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312502#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312502#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312502#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081218052">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42633908">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14295/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCB6Hp98y7p7DJ7Vfcyd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11877848X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041744">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12372329f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12372329f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35951258">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074950142">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmpbwr4kwk0nt">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810656969305606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264001805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01516993?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a11ae47a-9638-4a02-8dcc-85da2f44b05b">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000007">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1159864">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11877848X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076352374">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582591">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ch0ffm">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wd428z">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&oldid=1257378236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiorello_La_Guardia&oldid=1257378236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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