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id="toc-Climate_Change_Impacts_on_the_German_Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_Change_Impacts_on_the_German_Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate Change Impacts on the German Coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_Change_Impacts_on_the_German_Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate Change Adaptation Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate Change Adaptation Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics_for_the_North_Sea_and_Baltic_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics_for_the_North_Sea_and_Baltic_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>European Climate Change Adaptation Politics for the North Sea and Baltic Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics_for_the_North_Sea_and_Baltic_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics_for_the_North_Sea_and_the_Baltic_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics_for_the_North_Sea_and_the_Baltic_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>German Climate Change Adaptation Politics for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics_for_the_North_Sea_and_the_Baltic_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mecklenburg-Vorpommern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schleswig-Holstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schleswig-Holstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Schleswig-Holstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schleswig-Holstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bremen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bremen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Bremen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bremen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Hamburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower-Saxony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower-Saxony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Lower-Saxony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower-Saxony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation_Strategies_in_Coastal_Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_Strategies_in_Coastal_Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Protection</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptation_Strategies_in_Coastal_Protection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Protection subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_Strategies_in_Coastal_Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastal_Protection_Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_Protection_Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Coastal Protection Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_Protection_Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation_in_Practical_Coastal_Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_in_Practical_Coastal_Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Adaptation in Practical Coastal Protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_in_Practical_Coastal_Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation_Strategies_of_the_Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_Strategies_of_the_Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adaptation Strategies of the Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptation_Strategies_of_the_Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptation Strategies of the Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_Strategies_of_the_Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism_Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tourism Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_Climate_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_Climate_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Impacts of Climate Change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_Climate_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation_Strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_Strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Adaptation Strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_Strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing_Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing_Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Fishing Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing_Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_Climate_Change_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_Climate_Change_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Impacts of Climate Change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_Climate_Change_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation_strategies_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_strategies_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Adaptation strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_strategies_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Shipping industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Port_of_Hamburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_of_Hamburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Port of Hamburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_of_Hamburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_climate_change_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_climate_change_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.1</span> <span>Impacts of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_climate_change_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptation_strategies_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_strategies_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1.2</span> <span>Adaptation strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_strategies_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Climate change adaptation strategies</div> <p><b>Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast</b> include European, national, and regional politics, different economic and civilian sectors as well as coastal protection. In general, <i>climate change</i> refers to statistically identifiable changes in climate properties that persist over a longer period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC) defines it as a change in climate caused by human activity that can be observed in addition to natural climate variability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be described as <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">anthropogenic climate change</a>. Climate change poses local level impacts on the German coast and for the present and future, suitable adaptation strategies are necessary. In 2008, the Federal Cabinet of Germany decided on a German Climate Change Adaptation Strategy with the objective of creating a national action framework for reducing the risks for the population, habitats as well as the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_Coast_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Germany_Coast_adm_location_map.svg/220px-Germany_Coast_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Germany_Coast_adm_location_map.svg/330px-Germany_Coast_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Germany_Coast_adm_location_map.svg/440px-Germany_Coast_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Map German Coast</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Adaptation</i> is a contested, widely discussed term with no general definition. For the German Adaptation Strategy the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> is utilized, stating that adaptation is the adjustment of natural or human systems to occurring or expected changes in climate in order to reduce harm. This approach views climate change as the major source of vulnerability and does not consider any social causes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>German Coast</i> comprises 1600 km to the west at the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and 2100 km to the east at the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. In total, five states border the German coast. <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> are part of the North Sea region; <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> border the Baltic Sea and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> is located at both seas. <i>Coast</i> can be defined as the zone where the land is considerably influenced by the sea and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Climate_Change_Adaptation_at_the_German_Coast">History of Climate Change Adaptation at the German Coast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Climate Change Adaptation at the German Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coastal inhabitants in Germany have always been exposed to the forces of nature, especially to storm floods and had to adapt to changing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is assumed that in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> in the 11th century, people started to build dykes to protect living and usable spaces from <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and storm floods.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adaptation especially to the <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">Anthropogenic Climate Change</a> started in the 21st century, although initially the focus has been on climate protection. The German Government took up climate change adaptation for the first time in 2005 in the frame of its climate protection programme.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_Change_Impacts_on_the_German_Coast">Climate Change Impacts on the German Coast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate Change Impacts on the German Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain and reliable predictions for impacts of <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">anthropogenic climate change</a> on the German coast regarding <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> and storm flood heights do not exist. Different models show different results and it is assumed that all changes in the range of the results have the same likelihood to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the end of the 21st century, the temperature is expected to rise between +0.6 °C and +6.2 °C in comparison to 1961–1990.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the same period of time, a change of precipitation between -47% and +73% is likely.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sea level and storm floods are complex phenomena and are influenced by diverse factors, such as astronomical (<a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>), meteorological (<a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a>), and tectonic (isostatic movements) variables which makes it even more difficult to predict how they will change with climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, sea level is expected to rise in line with the expected global average rise in sea level. According to the Intergovernmental Penal on Climate Change (<a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a>) 5th Assessment Report, global average sea level is predicted to rise 0.26-0.55 m in the period 2081–2100 in relation to 1986-2005 sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies show that at the German <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast, sea level from 1843-2008 has risen between 1,6 and 1,8 mm per year. Higher values have been observed at the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and lower values at the Lower Saxon coast.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In future, sea level rise at the North Sea is expected to be higher than the global average as a result of post-glacial <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">land depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is now statistical evidence existing on how the storm flood height will change in future at the Baltic Sea. At both seas, a rise in storm flood height is expected due to climate change related <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics">Climate Change Adaptation Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate Change Adaptation Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European, national as well as regional politics play a role in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> at the German <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> coast. In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> presented the White Paper Adapting to Climate Change: Towards a European framework for action which was a first approach to joint climate change adaptation politics. In 2013, the European Union established the EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change. National and local climate change adaptation programs for the German coast are often considered as part of the EU Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change. In a local setting, <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> is an important part of adaptation politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics_for_the_North_Sea_and_Baltic_Sea">European Climate Change Adaptation Politics for the North Sea and Baltic Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European Climate Change Adaptation Politics for the North Sea and Baltic Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German North Sea is part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Region_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sea Region Programme">North Sea Region</a> (NSR) Program 2014 - 2020 of the European Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This regional European development fund includes <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal zones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. NSR developed a cooperation program, which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> in August 2015. The cooperation program focuses on adaptation to climate change impacts and on preserving the environment, stimulating a <a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">green economy</a>, promoting green transportation and mobility as well as supporting growth in the North Sea Region. Another actor in climate change adaptation in the German North Sea Region is the Wadden Sea Secretariat, a cooperation between Denmark, The Netherlands, and Germany that has been established in 1978 to protect the <a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> as an ecological entity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wadden Sea Secretariat addresses and communicates the impacts of climate change on the Wadden Sea. In 1998, the working group Coastal Protection and Sea Level Rise (CPSL) was founded, dealing with the impacts of climate change. Until 2010, the CPSL has published three reports, which provided information for governmental conferences. </p><p>The Baltic Sea Region Program was developed by the EU Climate Adaptation Platform (Climate-ADAPT) to strengthen development and cooperation between the abutting nations of the Baltic Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the predecessor EU Project BALTADAPT (Baltic Sea Region Climate Change Adaptation Strategy) published an action plan for climate change adaptation in the Baltic Sea regions. It focused on strategies for building and sharing knowledge of climate change adaptation, mainstreaming it and on connecting the strategies of the nations in the Baltic Sea Region to adapt to climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Politics_for_the_North_Sea_and_the_Baltic_Sea">German Climate Change Adaptation Politics for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German Climate Change Adaptation Politics for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political framework for climate change adaptation in Germany is given by the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding climate change at the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, the strategy states that the expected magnitude of damage due to climate change is unclear. In 2011, the German government presented an action plan for climate change adaptation which includes resolutions from the Wadden Sea Secretariat for the North Sea Region. In behalf of the Federal Environmental Agency (UBA), the project <i>KüstenKlima</i> (2014) by the <i>Institut Raum & Energie</i> (...) published a strategy for climate protection and climate change adaptation at the German coast mainly due to coastal management. In the report, it was highlighted that an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">integrated coastal zone management</a> (IKZM) is an important method for adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IKZM is an informal management approach to strengthen <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> by means of integration, communication, good coordination practice, and participation. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Education_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Education and Research">Federal Ministry of Education and Research</a> (BMBF) facilitates the project <i>KLIMZUG - Klimawandel in Regionen zukunftsfähig gestalten</i> <i>(2008-2014)</i> which includes adaptation strategies in seven model regions in Germany. The "KLIMZUG" program aimed to integrate climate change adaptation processes into regional development. Three of this model regions are located at the German coast. The program "KLIMZUG-NORD" focuses on the metropolitan region <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, the program "RADOST" on adaptation strategies for the German Baltic Sea coast and "nordwest2050" is a research project for climate change adaptation and innovation processes for the metropolitan region of <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the level of <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a> there are also individual climate change adaptation programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state government of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> presented a first climate protection program in the year 1997 (<i>Aktionsplan Klimaschutz Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</i>). </p><p>The Baltic Sea region of Mecklenburg Vorpommern is part of the EU BALTADAPT program.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Schleswig-Holstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the German adaptation strategy to climate change, the state government of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> for the first time presented a strategy for climate change adaptation (<i>Fahrplan Anpassung an den Klimawandel</i>) in 2011. The program was updated in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proximity to <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> strongly influenced the program which can be recognized in the highlighted topics water economy and protection of the sea and soil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bremen">Bremen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bremen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides actions in coastal protection, there is the project <i>KLAS - Klimaanpassungsstrategie an extreme Regenereignisse in der Stadtgemeinde Bremen</i> promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Environment,_Nature_Conservation_and_Nuclear_Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety">Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety</a> (BMU). The program aims to develop a better risk management for strong rain events.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamburg">Hamburg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hamburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> is a model region for the national project KLIMZUG-NORD. A strategy for climate change adaptation was developed in 2011. In 2013, an action plan for climate change adaptation was published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lower-Saxony">Lower-Saxony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lower-Saxony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state government of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower-Saxony</a> established a government commission for climate protection and adaptation in 2008 to develop a strategy for climate change adaptation and protection. In 2013, the state government enacted the <i>Klimapolitische Umsetzungsstrategie Niedersache</i>n. This program includes coastal protection strategies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptation_Strategies_in_Coastal_Protection">Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adaptation Strategies in Coastal Protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to DIN 4047–2, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastal protection</a> comprises measures defending the shoreline against destructive interactions with the sea. That includes the protection of the coastal lowlands against flooding to allow the use of these areas as well as the protection of the coastline against shoreline recession and coastal erosion. </p><p>When it comes to climate change adaptation, coastal protection in Germany divides into three categories of measures:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Defence of the existing coastline <ul><li>"hard" solutions (e.g. heightening and fortification of levees)</li> <li>"soft" solutions (e.g. establishment of shallow water areas for retention of floods)</li></ul></li> <li>Adaptation to extreme weather events, e.g. by building on dwelling mounds or other forms of constructional preventions</li> <li>Moving away from coastal areas to less affected regions, not using or extensively using the coastal regions</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_Protection_Policy">Coastal Protection Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coastal Protection Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%BCstenschutz_in_Hohwacht_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/K%C3%BCstenschutz_in_Hohwacht_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-K%C3%BCstenschutz_in_Hohwacht_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/K%C3%BCstenschutz_in_Hohwacht_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-K%C3%BCstenschutz_in_Hohwacht_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/K%C3%BCstenschutz_in_Hohwacht_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-K%C3%BCstenschutz_in_Hohwacht_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Groynes in Howacht (Schleswig-Holstein) at the Baltic Sea coast</figcaption></figure> <p>Coastal protection in Germany is organised and structured by legal regulations. Climate change adaptation in Germany has to be integrated in coastal protection plans on all spatial levels in order to achieve effective adaptation of the coastal protection sector. German administration distinguishes between active and passive coastal protection. Active coastal protection refers to measures that support floodplain reclamation and approaches to relocate acting forces (<a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">current</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">breaking wave</a>) seawards (e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a>) whereas passive coastal protection solidifies the shoreline (so-called <i>hold the line</i> approaches) and supports the absorption of incoming forces to avoid harmful consequences. Passive coastal protection can include <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groynes" class="mw-redirect" title="Groynes">groynes</a>, detached <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwaters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Revetments" class="mw-redirect" title="Revetments">revetments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important actors in coastal risk management are political authorities, inhabitants of the respective region (households) as well as investors.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, coastal protection in Germany is focussed on technical protection measures (i.a. <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>, artificial flood barriers). This approach has already been followed in the <i>Generalplan Deichverstärkung, Deichverkürzung und Küstenschutz des Landes Schleswig-Holstein</i> of 1963, a specific coastal protection plan for <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today (2017-2020), technical measures are still most probable to be funded by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the German Federal agency for the environment (UBA), coastal protection currently focusses on the fortification and heightening of levees and other protective structures, including retaining structures. It is a matter of discussion if and how these types of linear "hard" protection measures can in the face of climate change be extended to planar "soft" protection measures (e.g. (re-)instalment of shallow water areas to simultaneously reach nature conservation and climate protection goals).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Facing future climate risks, coastal protection increasingly integrates landscape-based prevention measures.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German government aims to enhance synergies between "hard" and "soft" coastal protection measures by means of the <i>Integriertes Küstenzonenmanagement</i> approach (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated Coastal Zone Management</a><i>,</i> IKZM). Its former general principle of "defending at all cost" is currently converting towards "living with water" and is putting stronger emphasis on changing climatic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means for example that in spaces where neither individuals nor material values are at risk, it is an option to partially open up dykes and thereby enable self-acting adaptation. Connected to that is the expressed ambition to coordinate adaptation measures, to fit coastal areas in an overall spatial context and to involve a wide range of relevant actors (e.g. authorities, interest groups, science). Essential weight is put on harmonising economic and social beneficiary claims with protection interests in the coastal zone by elaborating on development trajectories, conflict potentials and solutions at an early stage of planning. Another aspect of coordinated adaptation in coastal protection refers to connections between urban and rural areas. Coastal protection in <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural areas</a> in northern Germany should be seen in connection with protection measures in big cities such as <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> where discussed "soft" measures are less easily to implement. In the cities, linear protection measures like levees and flood walls will probably be further enhanced/fostered but it would be interesting for cities to participate in solutions of laminar coastal protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_in_Practical_Coastal_Protection">Adaptation in Practical Coastal Protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adaptation in Practical Coastal Protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to find and establish adequate measures to adapt coastal protection to climate change, responsible actors in coastal protection need to have sound and detailed local and hydromorphological knowledge. Even with that, it is very difficult to predict direct and indirect consequences of climate change on the German coast.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Challenging for planning authorities is a lack of clear information on future sea level dynamics. As there are no exact prognoses for <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> at the German coasts, planners of coastal protection measures as well as the inhabitants of the region are facing considerable uncertainties. Related to sea level rise, coastal protection has to react to higher base levels in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm flood</a>. High storm flood levels are expected to be faster reached and longer lasting and storm floods that once only occurred every 350 years are predicted to happen once every 100 years by the middle of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in winter, stronger storms and higher levels of storm floods are expected as much as changes in sea conditions that cause major cases of coastal erosion and can pose more strain on <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> by increased wave runup.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing levees have usually been constructed to protect the hinterland against floods that statistically occur once every 350 years. As a result of the expected sea level rise, storm floods become more likely and the levees have to be adapted to that in their construction.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protection level of these so-called "hard" technical coastal protection measures is currently determined on the basis of records from historic flooding events, and extrapolation (updating) of the previous sea level trends. Experts demand to better include a risk-oriented design of coastal protection measures and land use planning at the German coast and to integrate <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change scenarios">climate change scenarios</a> (e.g. by respecting long-term climate change scenarios and the suspected rising sea level).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Innovative coastal protection measures require consistent economic incentives. In Germany, these can be compensations in the case of income losses resulting from coastal protection measures or buying land for setting back <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>. Further, (re-)established water areas can be interesting for <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German Federal government can fund up to 70% of the investment costs that the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a> spend for coastal protection measures. Within the <i>Sonderrahmenplan: Maßnahmen des Küstenschutzes in Folge des Klimawandels (2009-2025)</i> (<i>special framework for climate change related coastal protection measures</i>), 25 million euros are provided by the state and the Länder. Other funding can be applied from the European development funds <a href="/wiki/EAFRD" class="mw-redirect" title="EAFRD">EAFRD</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Regional_Development_Fund" title="European Regional Development Fund">ERDF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is expected that the total costs for coastal protection will considerably rise within the next year to reach 800 to 1000 billion euros.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptation_Strategies_of_the_Economy">Adaptation Strategies of the Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adaptation Strategies of the Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climate change influences the economy in German coastal regions which makes an adaptation in time necessary. This affects different economic sectors like the <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a> or shipping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_Industry">Tourism Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impacts_of_Climate_Change">Impacts of Climate Change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impacts of Climate Change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strandk%C3%B6rbe-langeoog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Strandk%C3%B6rbe-langeoog.jpg/220px-Strandk%C3%B6rbe-langeoog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Strandk%C3%B6rbe-langeoog.jpg/330px-Strandk%C3%B6rbe-langeoog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Strandk%C3%B6rbe-langeoog.jpg/440px-Strandk%C3%B6rbe-langeoog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1742" /></a><figcaption>beach chairs on Langeoog</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> implies risks and opportunities for the regional tourism of the German coast.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher temperatures and less precipitation in summer can enhance the attractiveness of coastal tourist destinations in Germany and extend the bathing season. The bathing season could be up to 60 days longer in 2100 which can entail around 25-30 percent more tourists. Higher numbers of visitors can open opportunities for the tourism industry, but can also lead to an overload for the local infrastructure. It increases the utilization pressure on <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> which is problematic as some places at the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> have reached their capacity limit already.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negative consequences are expected due to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and bigger waves which cause beach <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and contribute to an inland shifting of the coastline. This can adversely affect the beach tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Water sports</a> and other tourism activities can be limited due to heavy swell. Heavy rainfalls and floods can damage tourism institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An increasing growth of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algaes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> and bacteria can deteriorate the water quality. This can be dangerous for the health of tourists and therefore reduce the attractiveness of the affected places.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfishes</a> can reduce the attractiveness of seaside resorts.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adaptation_Strategies">Adaptation Strategies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Adaptation Strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate change adaptation strategies of the German coast are usually only indirectly linked to tourism as they are mainly coastal protection strategies, but also beneficial for the tourism industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adaptation possibilities depend on the individual characteristics of the specific holiday destinations. A difficulty is that climate change is not the only influencing factor on the tourism industry. Other external factors like different travel behavior or demographic changes have to be considered as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, so called "no-regret-measures" are useful, which are strategies that are also beneficial without the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> as they contribute to a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> of a certain region.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most important is the preservation of the touristic potential of the regions which means the protection of nature. Second, visitors increasingly demand a climate-conscious behavior of the tourist providers. Every measure should be accompanied with information material for guests and local inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some strategies want to strengthen offers that are independent from climate change like indoor halls or wellness.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current focus of climate change adaptation in the tourism industry is on sharing of information with all decision makers, network building and the development of strategic planning concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adaptation willingness so far is rather low because of the complexity, uncertainty and the potential chances like a longer bathing season.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing_Industry">Fishing Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fishing Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadus_morhua_(Dorsch,_Kabeljau).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gadus_morhua_%28Dorsch%2C_Kabeljau%29.jpg/220px-Gadus_morhua_%28Dorsch%2C_Kabeljau%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gadus_morhua_%28Dorsch%2C_Kabeljau%29.jpg/330px-Gadus_morhua_%28Dorsch%2C_Kabeljau%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gadus_morhua_%28Dorsch%2C_Kabeljau%29.jpg/440px-Gadus_morhua_%28Dorsch%2C_Kabeljau%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>codfish</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impacts_of_Climate_Change_2">Impacts of Climate Change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Impacts of Climate Change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a consequence of climate change, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> will warm up. The CO<sub>2</sub> content of the water will increase which makes it more acid. Together with extreme weather events and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, it will threaten long exiting habitats. Fish stocks and the population of <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine organisms</a> as well as marine food webs and rivalry situations are changing.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the North Sea, the warmer water leads to a shift of the habitats of cold-loving fish stocks like <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a> to lower water temperatures in the North. The population of other marine animals will decline due to warmer winters.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Favored by the warming of the sea, new species that have lived in more southern areas before like <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovies</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster" title="Pacific oyster">Pacific oyster</a> will appear in the North Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baltic Sea as a <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> is characterized by a highly sensitive ecosystem. Small changes in temperature, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> and oxygen content lead to a significant shift in the compound of species.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change can shift the walking and spawning seasons of fishes and the vulnerability to infections and parasites is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shift of habitats of fish populations to the North combines with big financial losses for the local fishing industry which is an important economic sector for some structurally weak coastal areas. It especially affects very small, financially weak fishing companies. If these losses can be compensated by new species is not known yet. Coastal production facilities are in danger of being flooded or damaged by sea level rise and storm floods. Higher swell and extreme weather events can deteriorate the fishing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It's hard to differentiate between the consequences of climate change and other influencing stress factors like <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, shipping or pollutants in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adaptation_strategies_2">Adaptation strategies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Adaptation strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different technical possibilities to make the fishing industry more sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improved fishing techniques and mesh sizes for nets contribute to reduce by-catches.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A real-time monitoring of the catches could support the establishment of sanctuaries by justifying seasonal and territorial restrictions for the fishery.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It makes an adaptation of the catch amount and fished species possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protection zones would help to recover the full reproductivity of fish stocks. It is important to explain the consumers which fish species can be bought and which not. New sources of income for fishermen, for example in the tourism industry, could be another strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping_industry">Shipping industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Shipping industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The potential climate change impacts at the German coast will pose risks and chances for the shipping industry to which especially harbours will have to adapt to. The economic efficiency of waterways, shipping routes and construction measures depend on water conditions, current as well as sediment transport. The three KLIMZUG projects "RADOST", "nordwest2050" and "KLIMZUG-NORD" include research and adaptation strategies for harbours and the shipping industry in general.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_new_container_ship_MOL_Tribute_on_the_Elbe_with_destination_port_of_Hamburg_-_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_new_container_ship_MOL_Tribute_on_the_Elbe_with_destination_port_of_Hamburg_-_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_new_container_ship_MOL_Tribute_on_the_Elbe_with_destination_port_of_Hamburg_-_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_new_container_ship_MOL_Tribute_on_the_Elbe_with_destination_port_of_Hamburg_-_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_new_container_ship_MOL_Tribute_on_the_Elbe_with_destination_port_of_Hamburg_-_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_new_container_ship_MOL_Tribute_on_the_Elbe_with_destination_port_of_Hamburg_-_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_new_container_ship_MOL_Tribute_on_the_Elbe_with_destination_port_of_Hamburg_-_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>Container ship MOL on the river Elbe with destination to the Harbour of Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Port_of_Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Port of Hamburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Impacts_of_climate_change_3">Impacts of climate change</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Impacts of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It exists high uncertainty concerning the impacts of climate change on the local scale of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a>. A rise in sea level is expected to cause increased tidal range as well as higher flood current speed which will have effects on the water level of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe river</a>. Higher quantities of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> and extreme rainfalls related to climate change can lead to increased groundwater potential. Lower precipitation which is also likely can cause higher upstream transportation of sediments. </p><p>Floods caused by storm floods, rise in water level due to climate change related <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, higher precipitation and extreme rainfall can lead to disruption of transportation and can have negative effects on industries that depend on harbours. Stronger winds can complicate the storage of empty containers as well as navigation in the Harbour of Hamburg. Inland water transport can be hampered by the rise in sea level as for example the passing underneath bridges might not be possible any more for bigger ships. Increased sediment deposit can lead to lower water level which will limit the size of suitable ships. In contrast, higher air temperature and ice melting can have positive effects for the Hamburg Harbour economy. Less ice and snow would cause less damage on buildings and infrastructure in general which means less costs for reparation. Furthermore, less costs for disruption would result. With the melting of ice, a new shorter waterway to <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> would be accessible. This could be a more time and cost-effective alternative to the current shipping route.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adaptation_strategies_3">Adaptation strategies</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Adaptation strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the implementation of adaptation strategies, it has to be dealt with a high uncertainty concerning the changes, the assessment of their likelihood as well as the calculation of the necessary resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the protection against increased floods and storm floods, on the one hand, technical solutions such as further dykes and the fortification of existing ones, flood barriers and on the other hand, the restoration of natural flood plains are being discussed. It might be necessary to raise existing bridges, roads and railways to ensure the crossability for bigger ships.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drainage systems will have to be adapted in order to deal with longer and higher storm floods as well as with higher middle Elbe water level. For the increased sediment transport, a regular maintenance of the water way in order to maintain a shippable water level will be necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unfccc.int/">"UNFCCC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNFCCC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funfccc.int%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+adaptation+strategies+on+the+German+coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622131004/https://www.bmu.de/themen/klima-energie/klimaschutz/anpassung-an-den-klimawandel/">"BMU Adaptation Strategy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmu.de/themen/klima-energie/klimaschutz/anpassung-an-den-klimawandel/">the original</a> on 2021-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BMU+Adaptation+Strategy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmu.de%2Fthemen%2Fklima-energie%2Fklimaschutz%2Fanpassung-an-den-klimawandel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+adaptation+strategies+on+the+German+coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassettFogelman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bassett, Thomas J.; Fogelman, Charles (August 2013). "Déjà vu or something new? The adaptation concept in the climate change literature". <i>Geoforum</i>. <b>48</b>: 42–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoforum.2013.04.010">10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7185">0016-7185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoforum&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9j%C3%A0+vu+or+something+new%3F+The+adaptation+concept+in+the+climate+change+literature&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=42-53&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoforum.2013.04.010&rft.issn=0016-7185&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft.au=Fogelman%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+adaptation+strategies+on+the+German+coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldoceanreview.com/wor-1/">"World Ocean Review 2010"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Ocean+Review+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldoceanreview.com%2Fwor-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+adaptation+strategies+on+the+German+coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723004130/http://germanwatch.org/klima/nord09.pdf">"Germanwatch"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://germanwatch.org/klima/nord09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germanwatch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgermanwatch.org%2Fklima%2Fnord09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+adaptation+strategies+on+the+German+coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bau.uni-siegen.de/fwu/wb/veranstaltungen/mustok/tag_1_beitrag_hofstede.pdf">"Hofstede"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hofstede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bau.uni-siegen.de%2Ffwu%2Fwb%2Fveranstaltungen%2Fmustok%2Ftag_1_beitrag_hofstede.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+adaptation+strategies+on+the+German+coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/klima-energie/klimafolgen-anpassung/anpassung-auf-bundesebene">"UBA history"</a>. 2013-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UBA+history&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umweltbundesamt.de%2Fthemen%2Fklima-energie%2Fklimafolgen-anpassung%2Fanpassung-auf-bundesebene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+adaptation+strategies+on+the+German+coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norddeutscher-klimamonitor.de/">"Norddeutscher Klimamonitor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norddeutscher+Klimamonitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norddeutscher-klimamonitor.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+adaptation+strategies+on+the+German+coast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasseurJacobSchuck-Zöller2016" class="citation book cs1">Brasseur, Guy P.; <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Jacob" title="Daniela Jacob">Jacob, Daniela</a>; Schuck-Zöller, Susanne (2016-10-31). <i>Klimawandel in Deutschland : Entwicklung, Folgen, Risiken und Perspektiven</i>. 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Berlin. RADOST-Berichtsreihe, Bericht Nr. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koppe, B., Schmidt, M., & Strotmann, T. (2012). IAPH-report on seaports and climate change and implementation case study for the port of Hamburg. In <i>The 6th Chinese-German Joint Symposium on Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering (JOINT 2012) National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung</i> (Vol. 23, No. 26.9, p. 2012).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klimabuendnis-kieler-bucht.de/tag/klimzug/"><i>Klimabündnis Kieler Bucht</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://klimzug-nord.de/index.php/page/2010-01-13-KLIMAFOLGEN-UND-ANPASSUNG">KLIMZUG-NORD - Strategische Anpassungsansäze zum Klimawandel in der Metropolregion Hamburg: <i>Klimafolgen und Anpassung</i></a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&oldid=1236698343">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast&oldid=1236698343</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_adaptation" title="Category:Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_in_Germany" title="Category:Climate change in Germany">Climate change in Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 July 2024, at 03:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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