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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1ste_millennium" title="1ste millennium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1ste millennium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="الألفية الميلادية الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألفية الميلادية الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileniu_I" title="Mileniu I – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mileniu I" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_ary_pete%C4%A9ha" title="Su ary peteĩha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Su ary peteĩha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_minillik" title="I minillik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I minillik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="প্রথম সহস্রাব্দ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম সহস্রাব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="1 тысячагоддзе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1 тысячагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="I тысячагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="I тысячагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1 хилядолетие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1 хилядолетие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._milenij" title="1. milenij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1. milenij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C3%B1_milved" title="Iañ milved – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iañ milved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="I мянган – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="I мянган" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C2%B7lenni_I" title="Mil·lenni I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mil·lenni I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._tis%C3%ADcilet%C3%AD" title="1. tisíciletí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1. tisíciletí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._%C3%A5rtusinde" title="1. årtusinde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1. årtusinde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_1" title="لألفية 1 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لألفية 1" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Jahrtausend" title="1. Jahrtausend – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1. Jahrtausend" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._aastatuhat" title="1. aastatuhat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1. aastatuhat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%CE%B7_%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="1η χιλιετία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1η χιλιετία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ACm_mil%C3%A8ni" title="Prìm milèni – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Prìm milèni" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_milenio" title="I milenio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="I milenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-a_jarmilo" title="1-a jarmilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1-a jarmilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._milurtekoa" title="1. milurtekoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1. milurtekoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="هزاره یکم (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هزاره یکم (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._%C3%A1rat%C3%BAsund" title="1. áratúsund – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1. áratúsund" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire" title="Ier millénaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ier millénaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1e_milennium" title="1e milennium – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1e milennium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_m%C3%ACle-bliadhna" title="1 mìle-bliadhna – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1 mìle-bliadhna" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83" title="1-гӀа эзаршу – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1-гӀа эзаршу" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B2%9C%EB%85%84%EA%B8%B0" title="제1천년기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1천년기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._tisu%C4%87lje%C4%87e" title="1. tisućljeće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1. tisućljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1ma_yarmilo" title="1ma yarmilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1ma yarmilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuna_a_milenio" title="Umuna a milenio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Umuna a milenio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-1" title="Milenium ke-1 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Milenium ke-1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._%C3%A1r%C3%BE%C3%BAsundi%C3%B0" title="1. árþúsundið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1. árþúsundið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_millennio" title="I millennio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="I millennio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="האלף הראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האלף הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="I ათასწლეული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="I ათასწლეული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenia_ya_1" title="Milenia ya 1 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milenia ya 1" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_1" title="Millennium 1 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Millennium 1" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._t%C5%ABksto%C5%A1gade" title="1. tūkstošgade – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1. tūkstošgade" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Joerdausend" title="1. Joerdausend – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1. Joerdausend" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_t%C5%ABkstantmetis" title="1 tūkstantmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1 tūkstantmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_millennio" title="I millennio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="I millennio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/0xyxyxymoi" title="0xyxyxymoi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="0xyxyxymoi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._%C3%A9vezred" title="1. évezred – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1. évezred" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १ ले सहस्रक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १ ले सहस्रक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="I ვითოშწანურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="I ვითოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_pertama" title="Milenium pertama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Milenium pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purmeiro_mil%C3%A9nio_depuis_de_Cristo" title="Purmeiro milénio depuis de Cristo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Purmeiro milénio depuis de Cristo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81_%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁ ထောင်စုနှစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁ ထောင်စုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1e_millennium" title="1e millennium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1e millennium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%80" title="1千年紀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1千年紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_millennio" title="I millennio – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="I millennio" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1-ра эзар шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1-ра эзар шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._juard%C3%BC%C3%BCsen" title="1. juardüüsen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1. juardüüsen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millenni_I" title="Millenni I – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Millenni I" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-mingyillik" title="1-mingyillik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1-mingyillik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_tysi%C4%85clecie_n.e." title="I tysiąclecie n.e. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I tysiąclecie n.e." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeiro_mil%C3%A9nio_d.C." title="Primeiro milénio d.C. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeiro milénio d.C." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileniul_I" title="Mileniul I – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mileniul I" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="1. тысячроча – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1. тысячроча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1-е тысячелетие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1-е тысячелетие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1-кы тыһыынча сыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1-кы тыһыынча сыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakete_1" title="Ngwagakete 1 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakete 1" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primu_millenniu" title="Primu millenniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Primu millenniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="1 වන සහස්‍රවර්ෂය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1 වන සහස්‍රවර්ෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1st millennium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._tis%C3%ADcro%C4%8Die" title="1. tisícročie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1. tisícročie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._tiso%C4%8Dletje" title="1. tisočletje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1. tisočletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%DB%95%D9%85" title="ھەزارەی ١ەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەزارەی ١ەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="1. миленијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1. миленијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._milenijum" title="1. milenijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1. milenijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_vuosituhat" title="Ensimmäinen vuosituhat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen vuosituhat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/0000-talet_(millennium)" title="0000-talet (millennium) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="0000-talet (millennium)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_milenyo" title="Unang milenyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unang milenyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="1-ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1-ஆம் ஆயிரமாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%81%E1%80%B5%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_1" title="ပီႁူဝ်ႁဵင် 1 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ႁဵင် 1" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="คริสต์สหัสวรรษที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์สหัสวรรษที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-nji_m%C3%BC%C5%88%C3%BDyllyk" title="1-nji müňýyllyk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1-nji müňýyllyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-%D1%88%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="1-ше тисячоліття – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1-ше тисячоліття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7_%DB%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="پہلا ہزارہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پہلا ہزارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_ni%C3%AAn_k%E1%BB%B7_1" title="Thiên niên kỷ 1 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên niên kỷ 1" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-1_nga_yukottuig" title="Ika-1 nga yukottuig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-1 nga yukottuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E5%8D%83%E7%BA%AA" title="1千纪 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1千纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80r%C3%BAnd%C3%BAn_1k" title="Ẹ̀rúndún 1k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀rúndún 1k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4" title="第1千年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第1千年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_t%C5%ABkstontmetis" title="1 tūkstontmetis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1 tūkstontmetis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E5%8D%83%E7%BA%AA" title="1千纪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1千纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25868#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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style="text-align:right;"><small><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennia</a>:</small> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st millennium BC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st millennium AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium AD</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><small><a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">Centuries</a>:</small> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th century</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1st_millennium_montage.png/400px-1st_millennium_montage.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/1st_millennium_montage.png 1.5x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="388" usemap="#ImageMap_e229f8b48a7d590a" resource="/wiki/File:1st_millennium_montage.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_e229f8b48a7d590a"><area href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" shape="rect" coords="6,4,131,124" alt="Jesus Christ" title="Jesus Christ" /><area href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" shape="rect" coords="138,4,295,121" alt="Roman Empire" title="Roman Empire" /><area href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" shape="rect" coords="302,11,402,73" alt="Great Mosque of Mecca" title="Great Mosque of Mecca" /><area href="/wiki/Chess" shape="rect" coords="299,80,403,152" alt="Chess" title="Chess" /><area href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" shape="rect" coords="9,136,123,256" alt="Attila the Hun" title="Attila the Hun" /><area href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" shape="rect" coords="132,127,221,249" alt="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD" /><area href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" shape="rect" coords="225,160,402,253" alt="Early Middle Ages" title="Early Middle Ages" /><area href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" shape="rect" coords="1,1,407,283" alt="Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan" /><area href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" shape="rect" coords="1,1,407,283" alt="Pilate's court" title="Pilate's court" /></map><figcaption>From top left, clockwise: Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, the central figure in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>; The <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, a landmark of the once-mighty <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Great Mosque of Mecca</a>, the holiest site of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a>, a new board game, becomes popular around the globe; The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> falls, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>; The skeletal remains of a young woman, known as the "ring lady", killed by the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> in AD 79; <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Hun_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun Empire">Hunnic Empire</a>, which takes most of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> (Background: Reproduction of ancient mural from <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, National Museum of Anthropology, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_in_1_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_in_1_CE.png/400px-World_in_1_CE.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_in_1_CE.png/600px-World_in_1_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/World_in_1_CE.png/800px-World_in_1_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world in 1 AD, at the beginning of the new millennium.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>first millennium</b> of the <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">anno Domini</a> or <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> spanning the years <a href="/wiki/AD_1" title="AD 1">1</a> to <a href="/wiki/AD_1000" title="AD 1000">1000</a> (<a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st</a> to <a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th</a> centuries; in astronomy: <a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">JD</a> <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006172142550000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">721</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">425</span>.5</span> – <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006208666750000000♠"></span>2<span style="margin-left:.25em;">086</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">667</span>.5</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The <a href="/wiki/World_population_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="World population estimates">world population</a> rose more slowly than during the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">preceding millennium</a>, from about 200 million in the year 1 to about 300 million in the year 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-HYDE2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HYDE2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Western Eurasia (<a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>), the first millennium was a time of great transition from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The 1st century saw the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, followed by its gradual decline during the period of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Great Migrations</a>. The second half of the millennium is characterized as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> in Europe, and marked by the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking expansion</a> in the west, and the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (Eastern Roman Empire) in the east. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Buddhism">spread of Buddhism</a> to East Asia. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> is replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a>, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers' use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. The <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period#Yamato_court" title="Kofun period">Yamato court</a> was established. The North <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> was divided among <a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">numerous kingdoms</a> throughout the first millennium, until the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> expanded rapidly from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> to western Asia, India, North Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> (700–1200). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Classic Era</a> (200–900). <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica. In <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, pre-Incan, <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">coastal</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazca" title="Nazca">cultures</a> flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> rose at the end of the millennium in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> river valleys. Numerous cities were built; <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>, the largest, was based in present-day <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. The construction of <a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a> at Cahokia was begun in 900–950. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> reaches <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> by about the 5th century. The <a href="/wiki/Trans_Saharan_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans Saharan slave trade">trans Saharan slave trade</a> spans the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a> by the 9th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilizations,_kingdoms_and_dynasties"><span id="Civilizations.2C_kingdoms_and_dynasties"></span>Civilizations, kingdoms and dynasties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_millennium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Civilizations, kingdoms and dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Kingdoms and civilizations of the 1st millennium AD</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Africa </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Asia / Oceania </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Europe </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Pre-Columbian Americas </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <dl><dt>North Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (31 BC–698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal kingdom">Vandal kingdom</a> (435–534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> (632–661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a> (788–974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> (909–1171)</li></ul> <dl><dt>East Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a> (110 BC – 940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span>–940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Nubia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Nubia">Christian Nubia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span>–1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harla_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Harla Kingdom">Harla Kingdom</a> (after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</a> (before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Pastoral Iron Age</a> (after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Sultanate of Mogadishu</a> (after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Showa">Sultanate of Showa</a> (896–1286)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sahara / West Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Pastoral Neolithic">Pastoral Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a> (3rd century–1240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</a> (948–)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Central / Southern Africa</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Stone_Age" title="Late Stone Age">Late Stone Age</a> rock art: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidzar" title="Bidzar">Bidzar</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matobo_National_Park" title="Matobo National Park">Matobo National Park</a> rock art (Zimbabwe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyero_rock_paintings" title="Nyero rock paintings">Nyero rock paintings</a> (Uganda)</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt>West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> (331 BC – AD 428)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Iberia</a> (302 BC – AD 580)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BC – AD 224)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (27 BC – 1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> (226–651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a> (588–888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> (632–661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tao-Klarjeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Tao-Klarjeti">Principality of Tao-Klarjeti</a> (813–1008)</li></ul> <dl><dt>East Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC – AD 220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> (37 BC – AD 668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyeo kingdom">Buyeo</a> (150 BC - AD 494)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> (18 BC - AD 660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> (57 BC - AD 935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> (220–280)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a> (304–439)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> (420–589)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (581–618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> (698–926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> (907–1125)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Central Asia</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cities_along_the_Silk_Road" title="Cities along the Silk Road">Cities along the Silk Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a> (–625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> (1st century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (30–375)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>) (–234)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> (440s–670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> (330–555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a> (539–1219)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> (552–744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> (618–842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> (660-1240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a> (673–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> (744–840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a> (766–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak confederation</a> (880–1200)</li></ul> <dl><dt>South Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 BC</span> – 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a> (12 BC – 130)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> (30–375)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> (280–590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> (350–655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushyabhuti_dynasty" title="Pushyabhuti dynasty">Pushyabhuti dynasty</a> (500–647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari dynasty</a> (550–800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri dynasty</a> (550–625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Gupta_dynasty" title="Later Gupta dynasty">Later Guptas</a> (590–700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> (753–982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> (300–1279)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> (750–1162)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Southeast Asia</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianization of Southeast Asia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> (650–1377)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Oceania</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tuʻi Tonga Empire</a> (950s–1865)</li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt>Southeastern Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (27 BC – 1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic invasion of the Balkans">Slavic expansion</a> (500–800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a> (682–1018)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC – 480)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (584–1071)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a> (568–774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> (697-)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> (751-843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (754–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Iberia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC – 480)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> (409–585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> (418–720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Córdoba</a> (756–929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> (720–910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> (910–1230)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Western / Central Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Germanic expansion</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span> BC – AD 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> (27 BC – 480)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early Christian Ireland</a> (400–800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> (410-597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Francia</a> (511–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a> (555–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a> (631–658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> (751-843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> (833-907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> (843–987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> (843–962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> (870–1198)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a> (895-1000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a> (925–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> (927–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capetian_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Capetian France">Capetian France</a> (987–)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Eastern Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatia" title="Sarmatia">Sarmatia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 467 BC</span> – AD 370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a> (438 BC – AD 370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Roman Crimea</a> (47 BC – AD 340)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200</span>–370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200</span>–370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic Empire">Hunnic Empire</a> (370s–469)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> (6th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar Khaganate">Avar Khaganate</a> (567 – after 822)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar Khaganate">Khazar Khaganate</a> (650–969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> (660-1240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> (882–1240)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a> (1–500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendel_Period" title="Vendel Period">Vendel Period</a> (550–790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> (790–1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway</a> (872–)</li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt>Mesoamerica</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a> (250–900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> (550–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900</span>–1168)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitlan_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Teuchitlan tradition">Teuchitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Kaan Kingdom</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>South America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span>–700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwanaku empire">Tiwanaku empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span>–1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>–1000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Quito" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Quito">Cara culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span> – ?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900</span> – ?)</li></ul> <dl><dt>North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–1600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Settlement" title="Eastern Settlement">Norse Greendland</a> (985 – 15th century)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_millennium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The events in this section are organized according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">United Nations geoscheme</a></i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Events and trends of the 1st millennium AD </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;text-align:center;">  </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Africa </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Americas </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Asia </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Europe </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Oceania </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st century</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_70" title="AD 70">AD 70</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Amanikhatashan" title="Amanikhatashan">Kandake Amanikhatashan</a> sends Kushite cavalry to aid Roman Emperor in Jerusalem revolt<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_100" title="AD 100">AD 100</a></b> rise of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_100" title="AD 100">AD 100</a></b> Khoekhoe reach southern coast of Africa<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1" title="AD 1">AD 1</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cahuachi" title="Cahuachi">Cahuachi</a> established<sup id="cite_ref-Americas200_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_50" title="AD 50">AD 50</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_the_Sun" title="Pyramid of the Sun">Pyramid of the Sun</a> began<sup id="cite_ref-Americas200_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_25" title="AD 25">AD 25</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> reestablished under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Guangwu</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_33" title="AD 33">AD 33</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Christianity begins</a> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_70" title="AD 70">AD 70</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a><br /> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_9" title="AD 9">AD 9</a></b> Rhine established as boundary between Rome and Germany<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_47" title="AD 47">AD 47</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Roman_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman London">London</a> founded<br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_58" title="AD 58">AD 58</a></b> Alpes Cottiae becomes a Roman province<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_79" title="AD 79">AD 79</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii destroyed</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1" title="AD 1">AD 1</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands colonized</a><sup id="cite_ref-oceania1500_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceania1500-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd century</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_150" title="AD 150">150</a></b> Rhapta, hint of pre-<a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/200" title="200">200</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu reach east Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa332_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa332-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/200" title="200">200</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok culture</a> ends </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_150" title="AD 150">150</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cahuachi" title="Cahuachi">Cahuachi</a> becomes dominant ceremonial site in southern Peru<sup id="cite_ref-Americas200_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/184" title="184">184</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_106" title="AD 106">106</a></b> Dacia becomes a Roman province<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/166" title="166">166</a></b> Siege of Aquileia<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/180" title="180">180</a></b> End of the Macromannic Wars<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th style="width:10%;text-align:center;">  </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Africa </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Americas </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Asia </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Europe </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Oceania </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd century</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/212" title="212">212</a></b> Egyptians granted Roman citizenship<sup id="cite_ref-africa332_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa332-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/230" title="230">230</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a> wars with <a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Himyar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Saba</a> alliance<br /><b><a href="/wiki/300" title="300">300</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a> prints own coins </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/250" title="250">250</a></b> Rise of <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_los_Cerros" title="Laguna de los Cerros">Laguna de los Cerros</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/292" title="292">292</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Stela 29 inscribed</a><sup id="cite_ref-Americas200_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/300" title="300">300</a></b> Tikàl conquers El Mirador<sup id="cite_ref-Americas200_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/208" title="208">208</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Red_Cliffs" title="Battle of Red Cliffs">Battle of Red Cliffs</a> during the <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="End of the Han dynasty">decline of the Han dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/280" title="280">280</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wu_by_Jin" title="Conquest of Wu by Jin">Jin reunifies China</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/212" title="212">212</a></b> Roman citizenship extended to all free people in the empire<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/214" title="214">214</a></b> Hispania divided into Gallaecia, Tarraconensis, Baetica and Lusitania<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/286" title="286">286</a></b> Diocletian divides the empire East and West<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/300" title="300">300</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Eastern Polynesian culture develops</a><sup id="cite_ref-oceania1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceania1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th century</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/333" title="333">333</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a> converts to Christianity<br /> <b><a href="/wiki/350" title="350">350</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe comes to an end </a><sup id="cite_ref-africa332_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa332-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/350" title="350">350</a></b> King of Anwar, Kaja Maja </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/378" title="378">378</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/El_Per%C3%BA_(Maya_site)" title="El Perú (Maya site)">Waka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uaxactun" title="Uaxactun">Uaxactun</a>, the beginning of its conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a><sup id="cite_ref-ngm.nationalgeographic.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngm.nationalgeographic.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/319" title="319">319</a></b> Rise of <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> in South Asia<br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_383" title="AD 383">383</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fei_River" title="Battle of Fei River">Battle of Fei River</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/393" title="393">393</a></b> Last <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> </td> <td> <p><b><a href="/wiki/313" title="313">313</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a><sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/370" title="370">370</a></b> Huns invade Eastern Europe<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/396" title="396">396</a></b> Alaric and the Visigoths invade Greece<sup id="cite_ref-europe200_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th style="width:10%;text-align:center;">  </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Africa </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Americas </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Asia </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Europe </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Oceania </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th century</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/401" title="401">401</a></b> c. camel main transport for trans-Sahara <br /><b><a href="/wiki/429" title="429">429</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Vandals#Kingdom_in_North_Africa" title="Vandals">Vandal invasion</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa332_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa332-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/AD_500" title="AD 500">500</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> split into <a href="/wiki/Nobadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobadia">Nobadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a> </td> <td>  </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_420" title="AD 420">420</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> period begins </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/407" title="407">407</a></b> Vandals enter Iberia<sup id="cite_ref-europe400_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe400-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/421" title="421">421</a></b> Romans defeat Persians<sup id="cite_ref-europe400_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe400-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/476" title="476">476</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">Fall of Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-europe400_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe400-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/AD_500" title="AD 500">500</a></b> Settlement of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii#First_human_settlement_–_Ancient_Hawaiʻi_(1000–1778)" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#History" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tuamotu" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tuamotu">Tuamotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a><sup id="cite_ref-oceania1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceania1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th century</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/520" title="520">520</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kaleb_of_Axum" title="Kaleb of Axum">Kaleb</a> attacks <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/533" title="533">533</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius invades Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa332_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa332-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/540" title="540">540</a></b> Nubia converts to <a href="/wiki/Monophysite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophysite">monophysite</a> Christianity </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/600" title="600">600</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Wari%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari'">Wari'</a> conquer Peru<sup id="cite_ref-Americas600_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas600-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/600" title="600">600</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Construction of Palenque</a><sup id="cite_ref-Americas200_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/538" title="538">538</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> introduced in Japan.<br /><b><a href="/wiki/570" title="570">570</a></b> Birth of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/507" title="507">507</a></b> Battle of Vouillé<sup id="cite_ref-europe400_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe400-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/535" title="535">535</a></b> Byzantine army invades Italy<sup id="cite_ref-europe400_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe400-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/585" title="585">585</a></b> Visigoths conquer Suevi kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-europe400_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europe400-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th style="width:10%;text-align:center;">  </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Africa </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Americas </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Asia </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Europe </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Oceania </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/641" title="641">641</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslims invade Africa</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa600_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa600-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/690" title="690">690</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Za dynasty founded</a><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/697" title="697">697</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Carthage#Islamic_conquests" title="Carthage">Carthage destroyed</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa600_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa600-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/650" title="650">650</a></b> Settlement of <a href="/wiki/Xochitecatl" title="Xochitecatl">Xochitecatl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cacaxtla" title="Cacaxtla">Cacaxtla</a><sup id="cite_ref-Americas600_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas600-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/700" title="700">700</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-Americas600_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas600-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/618" title="618">618</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">established</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/632" title="632">632</a></b> Rise of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/651" title="651">651</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Persia">Islamic conquest of Persia</a> </td> <td>c.<b><a href="/wiki/680" title="680">680</a></b> <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgarian Empire</a> is founded </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/700" title="700">700</a></b> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="History of the Cook Islands">Settlement of the Cook Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-oceania1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceania1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th century</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/702" title="702">702</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum#Foreign_relations,_trade,_and_economy" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum attacks Arabia</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa600_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa600-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/706" title="706">706</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Arabic in Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa600_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa600-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/789" title="789">789</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Independent Morocco</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa600_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa600-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/738" title="738">738</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Quirigu%C3%A1" title="Quiriguá">Quiriguá</a> becomes independent of <a href="/wiki/Copan" class="mw-redirect" title="Copan">Copan</a> <p><b><a href="/wiki/750" title="750">750</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Cenote" title="Sacred Cenote">Sacred Cenote</a> built at <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a><sup id="cite_ref-Americas600_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas600-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/780" title="780">780</a></b> Murals at <a href="/wiki/Bonampak" title="Bonampak">Bonampak</a> abandoned<sup id="cite_ref-Americas600_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas600-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/738" title="738">738</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Caliphate campaigns in India</a> and invasion of India by <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> is averted <br /><b><a href="/wiki/755" title="755">755</a></b> <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Shi Rebellion</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/717" title="717">717</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople">Siege of Constantinople</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/718" title="718">718</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Islamic conquest of Spain</a> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th style="width:10%;text-align:center;">  </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Africa </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Americas </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Asia </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Europe </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Oceania </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a>   </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/801" title="801">801</a></b> c. <a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem Empire</a> founded<br /><b><a href="/wiki/801" title="801">801</a></b>c. Aksum declines, capital moved to interior<br /><b><a href="/wiki/900" title="900">900</a></b>c. Igbo-Ukwu founded<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/835" title="835">835</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Ganlu_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganlu Incident">Ganlu Incident</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/872" title="872">872</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Norway unites</a><br />c.<b><a href="/wiki/874" title="874">874</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Settlement of Iceland</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/896" title="896">896</a></b> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Middle_Ages_(895–1526)" title="History of Hungary">Hungarians invade Carpathia</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <th><a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th century</a> </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/905" title="905">905</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids ejected</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa600_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa600-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/909" title="909">909</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid established</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa600_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa600-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/969" title="969">969</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat captured</a><sup id="cite_ref-africa600_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-africa600-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/950" title="950">950</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Great_Serpent_Mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Serpent Mound">Great Serpent Mound</a> constructed<sup id="cite_ref-Americas600_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Americas600-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b><a href="/wiki/990" title="990">990</a></b> Toltecs conquer <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/907" title="907">907</a></b> Political upheaval of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties</a> begins<br /><b><a href="/wiki/960" title="960">960</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> established </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/958" title="958">958</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Jelling_stones" title="Jelling stones">Denmark unites</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/985" title="985">985</a></b> Erik the Red founds colony in Greenland </td> <td><b>1000</b> Polynesians build stone temples<sup id="cite_ref-oceania1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oceania1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventions,_discoveries,_introductions"><span id="Inventions.2C_discoveries.2C_introductions"></span>Inventions, discoveries, introductions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_millennium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inventions, discoveries, introductions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Inventions, discoveries and introductions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Communication </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Math and Science </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Agriculture </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Transportation </th> <th style="width:18%;text-align:center;">Warfare </th></tr> <tr style="style="vertical-align:top;"> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a><sup id="cite_ref-who_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic system">Ptolemaic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Steel</a></li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">Hops</a></li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">Stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Magnetic compass</a></li></ol> </td> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a><sup id="cite_ref-who_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centuries_and_decades">Centuries and decades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_millennium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Centuries and decades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="3" border="0"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:right;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st century</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/0s" title="0s">0s</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/10s" title="10s">10s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/20s" title="20s">20s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/30s" title="30s">30s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/40s" title="40s">40s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/50s" title="50s">50s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/60s" title="60s">60s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/70s" title="70s">70s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/80s" title="80s">80s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/90s" title="90s">90s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd century</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/100s_(decade)" title="100s (decade)">100s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/110s" title="110s">110s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/120s" title="120s">120s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/130s" title="130s">130s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/140s" title="140s">140s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/150s" title="150s">150s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/160s" title="160s">160s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/170s" title="170s">170s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/180s" title="180s">180s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/190s" title="190s">190s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd century</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/200s_(decade)" title="200s (decade)">200s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/210s" title="210s">210s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/220s" title="220s">220s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/230s" title="230s">230s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/240s" title="240s">240s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/250s" title="250s">250s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/260s" title="260s">260s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/270s" title="270s">270s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/280s" title="280s">280s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/290s" title="290s">290s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th century</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/300s_(decade)" title="300s (decade)">300s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/310s" title="310s">310s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/320s" title="320s">320s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/330s" title="330s">330s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/340s" title="340s">340s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/350s" title="350s">350s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/360s" title="360s">360s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/370s" title="370s">370s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/380s" title="380s">380s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/390s" title="390s">390s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th century</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/400s_(decade)" title="400s (decade)">400s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/410s" title="410s">410s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/420s" title="420s">420s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/430s" title="430s">430s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/440s" title="440s">440s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/450s" title="450s">450s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/460s" title="460s">460s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/470s" title="470s">470s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/480s" title="480s">480s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/490s" title="490s">490s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th century</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/500s_(decade)" title="500s (decade)">500s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/510s" title="510s">510s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/520s" title="520s">520s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/530s" title="530s">530s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/540s" title="540s">540s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/550s" title="550s">550s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/560s" title="560s">560s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/570s" title="570s">570s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/580s" title="580s">580s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/590s" title="590s">590s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/600s_(decade)" title="600s (decade)">600s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/610s" title="610s">610s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/620s" title="620s">620s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/630s" title="630s">630s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/640s" title="640s">640s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/650s" title="650s">650s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/660s" title="660s">660s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/670s" title="670s">670s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/680s" title="680s">680s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/690s" title="690s">690s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th century</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/700s_(decade)" title="700s (decade)">700s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/710s" title="710s">710s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/720s" title="720s">720s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/730s" title="730s">730s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/740s" title="740s">740s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/750s" title="750s">750s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/760s" title="760s">760s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/770s" title="770s">770s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/780s" title="780s">780s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/790s" title="790s">790s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/800s_(decade)" title="800s (decade)">800s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/810s" title="810s">810s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/820s" title="820s">820s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/830s" title="830s">830s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/840s" title="840s">840s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/850s" title="850s">850s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/860s" title="860s">860s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/870s" title="870s">870s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/880s" title="880s">880s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/890s" title="890s">890s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century">10th century</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/900s_(decade)" title="900s (decade)">900s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/910s" title="910s">910s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/920s" title="920s">920s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/930s" title="930s">930s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/940s" title="940s">940s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/950s" title="950s">950s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/960s" title="960s">960s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/970s" title="970s">970s</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/980s" title="980s">980s</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/990s" title="990s">990s</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_millennium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1227779487">"Julian Day Number from Date Calculator"</a>. <i>keisan.casio.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keisan.casio.com&rft.atitle=Julian+Day+Number+from+Date+Calculator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeisan.casio.com%2Fexec%2Fsystem%2F1227779487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HYDE2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HYDE2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein Goldewijk, K. , A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1466-8238.2010.00587.x">10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/download/index-2.html">pbl.nl</a>). Goldewijk et al. (2011) estimate 188 million as of the year 1, citing a literature range of 170 million (low) to 300 million (high). Out of the estimated 188 million, 116 million are estimated for Asia (<a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>), 44 million for Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, 15 million for Africa (including <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman North Africa</a>), 12 million for <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> and South America. North America and Oceania were at or below one million. For 1000, they estimate the world population at 295 million. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://geo.public.data.uu.nl/vault-hyde-data/HYDE%203.1%5B1655214378%5D/original/supplementary.zip">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jr Ph D Grant Bishop Williams(2009). Abraham's Other Sons. AuthorHouse: pp. 50,51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438997094" title="Special:BookSources/9781438997094">9781438997094</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehret, Christopher (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, p. 177, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X">0-8139-2085-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Americas200-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Americas200_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas200_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas200_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas200_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas200_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas200_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227042137/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/200BC-AD600">"World Timeline of the Americas 200 BC - AD 600"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/200BC-AD600">the original</a> on 2009-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Timeline+of+the+Americas+200+BC+-+AD+600&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F200BC-AD600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europe200-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe200_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313034346/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/200BC-AD400">"World Timeline of Europe 200 BC-AD 400 Roman"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/200BC-AD400">the original</a> on 2009-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Timeline+of+Europe+200+BC-AD+400+Roman&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F200BC-AD400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oceania1500-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oceania1500_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121015652/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/1500BC-AD1">"World Timeline of the Oceania 1500 BC-AD 1"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/1500BC-AD1">the original</a> on 2008-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Timeline+of+the+Oceania+1500+BC-AD+1&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Foceania%2F1500BC-AD1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-africa332-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-africa332_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa332_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa332_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa332_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa332_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224122826/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/332BC-AD400">"World Timeline of Africa 332 BC-AD 400"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/332BC-AD400">the original</a> on 2009-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Timeline+of+Africa+332+BC-AD+400&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F332BC-AD400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oceania1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oceania1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oceania1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oceania1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oceania1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529171108/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/AD1-1100">"World Timeline of Oceania AD 1-1100"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/oceania/AD1-1100">the original</a> on 2009-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Timeline+of+Oceania+AD+1-1100&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Foceania%2FAD1-1100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngm.nationalgeographic.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ngm.nationalgeographic.com_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2007/08/maya-rise-fall/gugliotta-text">"National Geographic Magazine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fprint%2F2007%2F08%2Fmaya-rise-fall%2Fgugliotta-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europe400-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europe400_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe400_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe400_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe400_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe400_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe400_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227014820/http://worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/AD400-800">"World Timeline of Europe AD 400-800 Early medieval"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/europe/AD400-800">the original</a> on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Timeline+of+Europe+AD+400-800+Early+medieval&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Feurope%2FAD400-800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Americas600-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Americas600_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas600_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas600_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas600_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas600_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Americas600_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227034310/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/AD600-1000">"World Timeline of the Americas AD 600-1000"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/americas/AD600-1000">the original</a> on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Timeline+of+the+Americas+AD+600-1000&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Famericas%2FAD600-1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-africa600-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-africa600_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa600_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa600_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa600_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa600_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa600_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa600_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-africa600_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090313185620/http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/AD600-1500">"World Timeline of Africa AD 600-1500"</a>. The British Museum. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtimelines.org.uk/world/africa/AD600-1500">the original</a> on 2009-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Timeline+of+Africa+AD+600-1500&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtimelines.org.uk%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2FAD600-1500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1st+millennium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. The History of African Cities South of the Sahara. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005, p. 45, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55876-303-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55876-303-1">1-55876-303-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&display_order=5&content_type_id=60600&mini_id=52979">"Who Built it First"</a>. <i>Ancient Discoveries</i>. A&E Television Networks. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429202316/http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&display_order=5&content_type_id=60600&mini_id=52979">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future" title="Timeline of the far future">4th and later</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a> / <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium 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