Article 49 - Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties | European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights

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rights ?</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/about-fundamental-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/27">What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/0-preamble" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12713">Preamble</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-i-dignity" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/7">Title I: Dignity</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/1-human-dignity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12736"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 1 - </span>Human dignity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/2-right-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12759"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 2 - </span>Right to life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/3-right-integrity-person" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12782"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 3 - </span>Right to integrity of the person</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/4-prohibition-torture-and-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment-or-punishment" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12805"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 4 - </span>Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/5-prohibition-slavery-and-forced-labour" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12828"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 5 - </span>Slavery / Forced Labour</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-ii-freedoms" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/8">Title II: Freedoms</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/6-right-liberty-and-security" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13081"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 6 - </span>Right to liberty and security</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/7-respect-private-and-family-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13104"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 7 - </span>Respect for private and family life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/8-protection-personal-data" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13127"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 8 - </span>Protection of personal data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/9-right-marry-and-right-found-family" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13150"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 9 - </span>Right to marry and right to found a family</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/10-freedom-thought-conscience-and-religion" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12851"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 10 - </span> Freedom of thought, conscience and religion</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/11-freedom-expression-and-information" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12874"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 11 - </span> Freedom of expression and information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/12-freedom-assembly-and-association" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12897"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 12 - </span> Freedom of assembly and of association</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/13-freedom-arts-and-sciences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12920"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 13 - </span> Freedom of the arts and sciences</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/14-right-education" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12943"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 14 - </span> Right to education</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/15-freedom-choose-occupation-and-right-engage-work" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12966"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 15 - </span> Freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/16-freedom-conduct-business" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12989"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 16 - </span> Freedom to conduct a business</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/17-right-property" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13012"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 17 - </span> Right to property</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/18-right-asylum" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13035"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 18 - </span> Right to asylum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/19-protection-event-removal-expulsion-or-extradition" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13058"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 19 - </span> Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-iii-equality" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/9">Title III: Equality</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/20-equality-law" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13173"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 20 - </span> Equality before the law</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/21-non-discrimination" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13196"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 21 - </span> Non-discrimination</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/22-cultural-religious-and-linguistic-diversity" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13219"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 22 - </span> Cultural, religious and linguistic diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/23-equality-between-women-and-men" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13242"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 23 - </span> Equality between women and men</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/24-rights-child" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13265"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 24 - </span> The rights of the child</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/25-rights-elderly" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13288"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 25 - </span> The rights of the elderly</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/26-integration-persons-disabilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13311"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 26 - </span> Integration of persons with disabilities</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-iv-solidarity" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/10">Title IV: Solidarity</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/27-workers-right-information-and-consultation-within-undertaking" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13334"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 27 - </span> Workers' right to information and consultation within the undertaking</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/28-right-collective-bargaining-and-action" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13357"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 28 - </span> Right of collective bargaining and action</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/29-right-access-placement-services" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13380"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 29 - </span> Right of access to placement services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/30-protection-event-unjustified-dismissal" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13403"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 30 - </span> Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/31-fair-and-just-working-conditions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13426"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 31 - </span> Fair and just working conditions</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/32-prohibition-child-labour-and-protection-young-people-work" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13449"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 32 - </span> Prohibition of child labour and protection of young people at work</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/33-family-and-professional-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13472"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 33 - </span> Family and professional life</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/34-social-security-and-social-assistance" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13495"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 34 - </span> Social security and social assistance</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/35-health-care" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13518"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 35 - </span> Health care</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/36-access-services-general-economic-interest" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13541"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 36 - </span> Access to services of general economic interest</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/37-environmental-protection" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13564"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 37 - </span> Environmental protection</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/38-consumer-protection" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13587"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 38 - </span> Consumer protection</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-v-citizens-rights" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/11">Title V: Citizens' rights</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/39-right-vote-and-stand-candidate-elections-european-parliament" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13610"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 39 - </span> Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the European Parliament</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/40-right-vote-and-stand-candidate-municipal-elections" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13633"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 40 - </span> Right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/41-right-good-administration" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13656"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 41 - </span> Right to good administration</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/42-right-access-documents" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13679"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 42 - </span> Right of access to documents</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/43-european-ombudsman" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13702"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 43 - </span> European Ombudsman</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/44-right-petition" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13725"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 44 - </span> Right to petition</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/45-freedom-movement-and-residence" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13748"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 45 - </span> Freedom of movement and of residence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/46-diplomatic-and-consular-protection" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13771"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 46 - </span> Diplomatic and consular protection</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-vi-justice" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/12">Title VI: Justice</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/47-right-effective-remedy-and-fair-trial" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13794"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 47 - </span> Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/48-presumption-innocence-and-right-defence" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13817"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 48 - </span> Presumption of innocence and right of defence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/49-principles-legality-and-proportionality-criminal-offences-and-penalties" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13840" class="is-active"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 49 - </span> Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/50-right-not-be-tried-or-punished-twice-criminal-proceedings-same-criminal" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13863"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 50 - </span> Right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal proceedings for the same criminal offence</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/title/title-vii-general-provisions" class="FraMainChildren" target="_self" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/13">Title VII: General provisions</a> <div class="submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu"> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/51-field-application" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13886"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 51 - </span> Field of application</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/52-scope-and-interpretation-rights-and-principles" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13909"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 52 - </span> Scope and interpretation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/53-level-protection" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13932"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 53 - </span> Level of protection</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/eu-charter/article/54-prohibition-abuse-rights" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13955"><span class="eu-charter-article-num-wrapper"> 54 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<a href=/en/eu-charter/article/48-presumption-innocence-and-right-defence title="Previous article"><span><i class="fas fa-arrow-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Previous article</span></span></a> </div> <p class="FRCCurrent FRCCurrentArticle"> Article 49 - Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties</p> <div class="FRCBtn FRCBtnArticle"> <a href=/en/eu-charter/article/50-right-not-be-tried-or-punished-twice-criminal-proceedings-same-criminal title="Next article"><span><i class="fas fa-arrow-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Next article</span></span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="view-mode-full"> <div class ='main-charter-article'> <h2>Article 49 - Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties </h2> <div class="field field-node--field-info-body field-name-field-info-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><p>1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national law or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed. If, subsequent to the commission of a criminal offence, the law provides for a lighter penalty, that shall be applicable.<br> 2. This Article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles recognised by the community of nations.<br> 3. The severity of penalties must not be disproportionate to the criminal offence.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class=" fra-charter-articles-tabs field-group-tabs-wrapper"><div data-horizontal-tabs class="horizontal-tabs clearfix"> <ul data-horizontal-tabs-list class="horizontal-tabs-list visually-hidden"></ul> <div data-horizontal-tabs-panes><input class="horizontal-tabs-active-tab" type="hidden" /> <details class="fra-explanations js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="explanations"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="explanations" aria-expanded="false">Explanations</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-explanations_entity_view js-view-dom-id-1f55b141ed0e73309622163337e4e051d6516c92fdfb99243efbdeb3fea391b1"> <div class="item-list explanations-view-tab"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-explanations-text"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-explanations-text">Text: </span><div class="field-content"><p>This Article follows the traditional rule of the non-retroactivity of laws and criminal sanctions. There has been added the rule of the retroactivity of a more lenient penal law, which exists in a number of Member States and which features in Article 15 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.</p> <p>Article 7 of the ECHR is worded as follows:</p> <p><em>‘1. No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed.<br> 2. This Article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations.’</em></p> <p>In paragraph 2, the reference to ‘civilised’ nations has been deleted; this does not change the meaning of this paragraph, which refers to crimes against humanity in particular. In accordance with Article 52(3), the right guaranteed here therefore has the same meaning and scope as the right guaranteed by the ECHR.</p> <p>Paragraph 3 states the general principle of proportionality between penalties and criminal offences which is enshrined in the common constitutional traditions of the Member States and in the case-law of the Court of Justice of the Communities.</p> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-explanations-source"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-explanations-source">Source: </span><div class="field-content">Official Journal of the European Union C 303/17 - 14.12.2007</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-explanations-comment"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-explanations-comment">Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights: </span><div class="field-content">These explanations were originally prepared under the authority of the Praesidium of the Convention which drafted the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Although they do not as such have the status of law, they are a valuable tool of interpretation intended to clarify the provisions of the Charter.</div></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="fra-case-law-references js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="case-law-references"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="case-law-references" aria-expanded="false">Case Law References</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-case_law_references_entity_view js-view-dom-id-58b272e07cebb850d76f0243008bdb24682e3b905705942e90602c66d40b8600"> <form class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-fra-charter-articles-tabs-case-law-references-entity-view" action="/en/eu-charter/article/49-principles-legality-and-proportionality-criminal-offences-and-penalties" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-fra-charter-articles-tabs-case-law-references-entity-view" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id js-form-item-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id"> <label for="edit-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id--2">Deciding body</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id" multiple="multiple" name="field_info_deciding_body_type_target_id[]" id="edit-field-info-deciding-body-type-target-id--2" size="3" class="form-select"><option value="721" selected="selected">Court of Justice of the European Union</option><option value="722" selected="selected">European Court of Human Rights</option><option value="723" selected="selected">National Court/Tribunal</option></select> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--4"><div class="search-wrapper"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input class="success button radius js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-fra-charter-articles-tabs-3" type="submit" id="edit-submit-fra-charter-articles-tabs--3" value="Search" /> </div> </div> </form> <div class="item-list case-law-references-view-tab"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-35122-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-351/22 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Neves 77 Solutions SRL v Agenţia Naţională de Administrare Fiscală – Direcţia Generală Antifraudă Fiscală</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-09-10T12:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">Court (Grand Chamber)</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Foreign and security policy</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:723</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-c-20224-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU C‑202/24 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">MA, intervening party: Minister for Justice and Equality</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-07-29T12:00:00Z">29 July 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">Court (Grand Chamber)</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Justice, freedom and security</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:649</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-23421-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-234/21 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Défense Active des Amateurs d’Armes ASBL and Others v Conseil des ministres</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2024-03-05T12:00:00Z">05 March 2024</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Justice, freedom and security</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2024:200</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-65521-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-655/21 / Judgment </a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Criminal proceedings against G. ST. T.</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2023-10-19T12:00:00Z">19 October 2023</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Justice, freedom and security</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2023:791</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-16422-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C-164/22 / Judgment </a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Ministerio Fiscal v Juan</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2023-09-21T12:00:00Z">21 September 2023</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Justice, freedom and security</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2023:684</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/cjeu-case-c-10723-judgment" hreflang="en">CJEU Case C‑107/23 / Judgment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Criminal proceedings against C.I. and Others</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2023-07-24T12:00:00Z">24 July 2023</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Justice of the European Union</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Justice, freedom and security</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:EU:C:2023:606</div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/belgium-constitutional-court-nr-1112023" hreflang="en">Belgium / Constitutional Court / Nr. 111/2023</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Order of Flemish Bars and Alain Claes and the de facto association “Belgian Association of Tax Lawyers” and others v. The Government of the Brussels-Capital Region and the Flemish Government</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2023-07-20T12:00:00Z">20 July 2023</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">National Court/Tribunal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">Constitutional Court</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:BE:GHCC:2023:ARR.111 </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/romania-supreme-court-justice-and-cassation-decision-no-144rc2023" hreflang="en">Romania / Supreme Court of Justice and Cassation / Decision no. 144/RC/2023</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">National Anticorruption Agency, Bacau office and defendants A. and B.</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2023-02-28T12:00:00Z">28 February 2023</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">National Court/Tribunal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">Supreme Court of Justice and Cassation</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content"></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content"></div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/malta-court-criminal-appeal-inferior-0" hreflang="en">Malta / Court of Criminal Appeal (Inferior)</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">IL-PULIZIJA vs BORG STEPHEN ET.</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2022-09-20T12:00:00Z">20 September 2022</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">National Court/Tribunal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Criminal Appeal (Inferior)</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Justice, freedom and security</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content"></div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/en/caselaw-reference/malta-court-appeal-civil-superior" hreflang="en">Malta / Court of Appeal (Civil, Superior)</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-subtitle"><div class="field-content">Zammit Joseph vs. Kummisarju Tal-Pulizija Et</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-decision-date"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-decision-date">Decision date: </span><div class="field-content"><time datetime="2022-06-22T12:00:00Z">22 June 2022</time> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body-type"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body-type">Deciding body type: </span><div class="field-content">National Court/Tribunal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-deciding-body"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-deciding-body">Deciding body: </span><div class="field-content">Court of Appeal (Civil, Superior)</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-type-of-case-law"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-type-of-case-law">Type: </span><div class="field-content">Decision</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-policy-area"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-policy-area">Policy area: </span><div class="field-content">Justice, freedom and security</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-ecli"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-ecli">ECLI (European case law identifier): </span><div class="field-content">ECLI:MT:ACIV:2022:132839</div></div></li> </ul> </div> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> <nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="pagination pager__items js-pager__items"> <li class="pager__item is-active current"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Current page </span>1 </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to page 2"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>2</a> </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a 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class="visually-hidden">Last page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">»</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="national-constitutional-law js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="national-constitutional-law"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="national-constitutional-law" aria-expanded="false">National Constitutional Law</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-ncl_entity_view js-view-dom-id-874103d0ac83f86734f391b388b4cfe395ee6491b2c2fa08f844f124c7f8c647"> <form class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-fra-charter-articles-tabs-ncl-entity-view" action="/en/eu-charter/article/49-principles-legality-and-proportionality-criminal-offences-and-penalties" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-fra-charter-articles-tabs-ncl-entity-view" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-field-fra-country-target-id js-form-item-field-fra-country-target-id"> <label for="edit-field-fra-country-target-id--2">Country</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-field-fra-country-target-id" multiple="multiple" name="field_fra_country_target_id[]" id="edit-field-fra-country-target-id--2" size="9" class="form-select"><option value="995">-Austria</option><option value="996">-Belgium</option><option value="997">-Bulgaria</option><option value="998">-Croatia</option><option value="999">-Cyprus</option><option value="1000">-Czechia</option><option value="1001">-Denmark</option><option value="1002">-Estonia</option><option value="1003">-Finland</option><option value="1004">-France</option><option value="1005">-Germany</option><option value="1006">-Greece</option><option value="1007">-Hungary</option><option value="1008">-Ireland</option><option value="1009">-Italy</option><option value="1010">-Latvia</option><option value="1011">-Lithuania</option><option value="1012">-Luxembourg</option><option value="1013">-Malta</option><option value="1014">-Netherlands</option><option value="1015">-Poland</option><option value="1016">-Portugal</option><option value="1017">-Romania</option><option value="1018">-Slovakia</option><option value="1019">-Slovenia</option><option value="1020">-Spain</option><option value="1021">-Sweden</option><option value="1022">-United Kingdom</option></select> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--5"><div class="search-wrapper"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input class="success button radius js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-fra-charter-articles-tabs-4" type="submit" id="edit-submit-fra-charter-articles-tabs--4" value="Search" /> </div> </div> </form> <header> <h2>52 results found</h2> </header> <div class="item-list constitutional-law-view-tab"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001840" target="_blank">Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Netherlands</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Artikel 16 Geen feit is strafbaar dan uit kracht van een daaraan voorafgegane wettelijke strafbepaling.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.usoud.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/ustavni_soud_www/Pravni_uprava/AJ/Listina_English_version.pdf">Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Czechia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 39 Only a law may designate which acts constitute a crime and what penalties, or other detriments to rights or property, may be imposed for committing them. Article 40 (1) Only a court may decide on guilt and on the punishment for criminal offences. (...) (6) The question whether an act is punishable or not shall be considered, and penalties shall be imposed, in accordance with the law in effect at the time the act was committed. A subsequent law shall be applied if it is more favorable for the offender.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Listina základních práv a svobod</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.usoud.cz/fileadmin/user_upload/ustavni_soud_www/Pravni_uprava/listina_zakladnich_prav_a_svobod.pdf">Listina základních práv a svobod</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Czechia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Článek 39 Jen zákon stanoví, které jednání je trestným činem a jaký trest, jakož i jaké jiné újmy na právech nebo majetku, ze za jeho spáchání uložit. Článek 40 (1) Jen soud rozhoduje o vině a trestu za trestné činy. (...) (6) Trestnost činu se posuzuje a trest se ukládá podle zákona účinného v době, kdy byl čin spáchán. Pozdějšího zákona se použije, jestliže je to pro pachatele příznivější.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Human Rights Act 1998</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents">Human Rights Act 1998</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">United Kingdom</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>See ECHR provisions of Article 7 which have been incorporated into UK law by the Human Rights Act 1998.. Schdule 1, Article 7 No punishment without law<br /> 1 No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed.<br /> 2 This Article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Instrument of Government</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.riksdagen.se/en/documents-and-laws/">Instrument of Government</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Sweden</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Chapter 2 - Fundamental rights and freedoms: Article 10 No one may be sentenced to a penalty or penal sanction for an act which was not subject to a penal sanction at the time it was committed. Nor may anyone be sentenced to a penal sanction which is more severe than that which was in force when the act was committed. The provisions<br /> laid down here with respect to penal sanctions also apply to forfeiture and other special legal effects of crime (...) </p> <p>Article 11 No court of law may be established on account of an act already committed, or for a particular dispute or otherwise for a particular case. Legal proceedings shall be carried out fairly and within a reasonable period of time. Proceedings in courts of law shall be open to the public.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/kungorelse-1974152-om-beslutad-ny-regeringsform_sfs-1974-152#K2">Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Sweden</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>2 kapitlet - Grundläggande fri- och rättigheter: 10 § Straff eller annan brottspåföljd får icke åläggas för gärning som icke var belagd med brottspåföljd, när den förövades. Ej heller får svårare brottspåföljd åläggas för gärningen än den som var föreskriven då. Vad nu sagts om brottspåföljd gäller även förverkande och annan särskild rättsverkan av brott.(...); 11 § Domstol får icke inrättas för redan begången gärning och ej heller för viss tvist eller i övrigt för visst mål. Förhandling vid domstol skall vara offentlig.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitutión Española</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/normas/constitucion/index.html">Constitutión Española</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Spain</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Artículo 9 (…) 3. La Constitución garantiza el principio de legalidad, la jerarquía normativa, la publicidad de las normas, la irretroactividad de las disposiciones sancionadoras no favorables o restrictivas de derechos individuales, la seguridad jurídica, la responsabilidad y la interdicción de la arbitrariedad de los poderes públicos. Artículo 25 1. Nadie puede ser condenado o sancionado por acciones u omisiones que en el momento de producirse no constituyan delito, falta o infracción administrativa, según la legislación vigente en aquel momento. 2. Las penas privativas de libertad y las medidas de seguridad estarán orientadas hacia la reeducación y reinserción social y no podrán consistir en trabajos forzados. El condenado a pena de prisión que estuviere cumpliendo la misma gozará de los derechos fundamentales de este Capítulo, a excepción de los que se vean expresamente limitados por el contenido del fallo condenatorio, el sentido de la pena y la ley penitenciaria. En todo caso, tendrá derecho a un trabajo remunerado y a los beneficios correspondientes de la Seguridad Social, así como al acceso a la cultura y al desarrollo integral de su personalidad. 3. La Administración civil no podrá imponer sanciones que, directa o subsidiariamente, impliquen privación de libertad.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf">Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Spain</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Section 9 (...) (3) The Constitution guarantees the principle of legality, the hierarchy of legal provisions, the publicity of legal statutes, the non-retroactivity of punitive provisions that are not favourable to or restrictive of individual rights, the certainty that the rule of law shall prevail, the accountability of public authorities, and the prohibition of arbitrary action of public authorities. </p> <p>Section 25(1) No one may be convicted or sentenced for actions or omissions which when committed did not constitute a criminal offence, misdemeanour or administrative offence under the law then in force. (2) Punishments entailing imprisonment and security measures shall be aimed at reeducation and social rehabilitation and may not involve forced labour. The person sentenced to prison shall enjoy, during the imprisonment, the fundamental rights contained in this Chapter except those expressly restricted by the content of the sentence, the purpose of the punishment and the penitentiary law. In any case, he or she shall be entitled to paid work and to the appropriate Social Security benefits, as well as to access to cultural opportunities and the overall development of his or her personality. (3) The Civil Administration may not impose penalties which directly of indirectly imply deprivation of freedom.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.us-rs.si/en/about-the-court/legal-basis/">Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Slovenia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 28 (Principle of Legality in Criminal Law) No one may be punished for an act which had not been declared a criminal offence under law, or for which a penalty had not been prescribed, at the time the act was performed. Acts that are criminal shall be established and the resulting penalties pronounced according to the law that was in force at the time the act was performed, save where a more recent law adopted is more lenient towards the offender.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Ustava Republike Slovenije</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.us-rs.si/o-sodiscu/pravna-podlaga/ustava/">Ustava Republike Slovenije</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Slovenia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>28. člen (načelo zakonitosti v kazenskem pravu)Nihče ne sme biti kaznovan za dejanje, za katero ni zakon določil, da je kaznivo, in ni zanj predpisal kazni, še preden je bilo dejanje storjeno. Dejanja, ki so kazniva, se ugotavljajo in kazni zanje izrekajo po zakonu, ki je veljal ob storitvi dejanja, razen če je novi zakon za storilca milejši.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Slovak Republic</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.vop.gov.sk/constitution-of-the-slovak-republic">Constitution of the Slovak Republic</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Slovakia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 49 Only the law shall lay down which conduct constitutes a criminal act, and what punishment, or other forms of deprivation of rights, or property, may be imposed for its commitment. Article 50 (...) (6) Whether any act is criminal is assessed, and punishment is determined, in accordance with the law valid at the time when the act was committed. A more recent law is applied, if it is more favorable for the perpetrator.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Ústava Slovenskej republiky</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/1992/460/20170601">Ústava Slovenskej republiky</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Slovakia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Čl. 49 Len zákon ustanoví, ktoré konanie je trestným činom a aký trest, prípadne iné ujmy na právach alebo majetku možno uložiť za jeho spáchanie. Čl. 50(...) (6) Trestnosť činu sa posudzuje a trest sa ukladá podľa zákona účinného v čase, keď bol čin spáchaný. Neskorší zákon sa použije, ak je to pre páchateľa priaznivejšie.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constituția României</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.constitutia.ro/const.htm">Constituția României</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Romania</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Articolul 23(12) Nici o pedeapsa nu poate fi stabilita sau aplicata decât în conditiile si în temeiul legii.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of Romania</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?id=371">Constitution of Romania</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Romania</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 23(12) Penalties shall be established or applied only in accordance with and on the grounds of the law.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constituição da República Portuguesa </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.parlamento.pt/Legislacao/Paginas/ConstituicaoRepublicaPortuguesa.aspx">Constituição da República Portuguesa </a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Portugal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Artigo 29.º (Aplicação da lei criminal) 1. Ninguém pode ser sentenciado criminalmente senão em virtude de lei anterior que declare punível a acção ou a omissão, nem sofrer medida de segurança cujos pressupostos não estejam fixados em lei anterior. 2. O disposto no número anterior não impede a punição, nos limites da lei interna, por acção ou omissão que no momento da sua prática seja considerada criminosa segundo os princípios gerais de direito internacional comummente reconhecidos. 3. Não podem ser aplicadas penas ou medidas de segurança que não estejam expressamente cominadas em lei anterior. 4. Ninguém pode sofrer pena ou medida de segurança mais graves do que as previstas no momento da correspondente conduta ou da verificação dos respectivos pressupostos, aplicando-se retroactivamente as leis penais de conteúdo mais favorável ao arguido. 5. Ninguém pode ser julgado mais do que uma vez pela prática do mesmo crime. 6. Os cidadãos injustamente condenados têm direito, nas condições que a lei prescrever, à revisão da sentença e à indemnização pelos danos sofridos. Artigo 30.º (Limites das penas e das medidas de segurança) 1. Não pode haver penas nem medidas de segurança privativas ou restritivas da liberdade com carácter perpétuo ou de duração ilimitada ou indefinida. 2. Em caso de perigosidade baseada em grave anomalia psíquica, e na impossibilidade de terapêutica em meio aberto, poderão as medidas de segurança privativas ou restritivas da liberdade ser prorrogadas sucessivamente enquanto tal estado se mantiver, mas sempre mediante decisão judicial. 3. A responsabilidade penal é insusceptível de transmissão. 4. Nenhuma pena envolve como efeito necessário a perda de quaisquer direitos civis, profissionais ou políticos. 5. Os condenados a quem sejam aplicadas pena ou medida de segurança privativas da liberdade mantêm a titularidade dos direitos fundamentais, salvas as limitações inerentes ao sentido da condenação e às exigências próprias da respectiva execução.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constituição da República Portuguesa </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.parlamento.pt/Legislacao/Paginas/ConstituicaoRepublicaPortuguesa.aspx">Constituição da República Portuguesa</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Portugal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Artigo 29.º (Aplicação da lei criminal) 1. Ninguém pode ser sentenciado criminalmente senão em virtude de lei anterior que declare punível a acção ou a omissão, nem sofrer medida de segurança cujos pressupostos não estejam fixados em lei anterior. 2. O disposto no número anterior não impede a punição, nos limites da lei interna, por acção ou omissão que no momento da sua prática seja considerada criminosa segundo os princípios gerais de direito internacional comummente reconhecidos. 3. Não podem ser aplicadas penas ou medidas de segurança que não estejam expressamente cominadas em lei anterior. 4. Ninguém pode sofrer pena ou medida de segurança mais graves do que as previstas no momento da correspondente conduta ou da verificação dos respectivos pressupostos, aplicando-se retroactivamente as leis penais de conteúdo mais favorável ao arguido. 5. Ninguém pode ser julgado mais do que uma vez pela prática do mesmo crime. 6. Os cidadãos injustamente condenados têm direito, nas condições que a lei prescrever, à revisão da sentença e à indemnização pelos danos sofridos. Artigo 30.º (Limites das penas e das medidas de segurança) 1. Não pode haver penas nem medidas de segurança privativas ou restritivas da liberdade com carácter perpétuo ou de duração ilimitada ou indefinida. 2. Em caso de perigosidade baseada em grave anomalia psíquica, e na impossibilidade de terapêutica em meio aberto, poderão as medidas de segurança privativas ou restritivas da liberdade ser prorrogadas sucessivamente enquanto tal estado se mantiver, mas sempre mediante decisão judicial. 3. A responsabilidade penal é insusceptível de transmissão. 4. Nenhuma pena envolve como efeito necessário a perda de quaisquer direitos civis, profissionais ou políticos. 5. Os condenados a quem sejam aplicadas pena ou medida de segurança privativas da liberdade mantêm a titularidade dos direitos fundamentais, salvas as limitações inerentes ao sentido da condenação e às exigências próprias da respectiva execução.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Portuguese Republic</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.en.parlamento.pt/Legislation/CRP/Constitution7th.pdf">Constitution of the Portuguese Republic</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Portugal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 29 (Application of criminal law) (1) No one may be sentenced under the criminal law unless the action or omission in question is punishable under a pre-existing law, nor may any person be the object of a security measure unless the prerequisites therefore are laid down by a pre-existing law. (2) The provisions of the previous paragraph do not preclude the punishment up to the limits laid down by internal Portuguese law of an action or omission which was deemed criminal under the general principles of international law that were commonly recognised at the moment of its commission. (3) No sentence or security measure may be applied unless it is expressly sanctioned by a pre-existing law. (4) No one may be the object of a sentence or security measure that is more severe than those provided for at the moment of the conduct in question, or at that at which the prerequisites for the application of such a measure were fulfilled, while criminal laws whose content is more favourable to the accused person shall be applied retroactively. (5) No one may be tried more than once for commission of the same crime. (6) Citizens who are unjustly convicted have the right to the review of their sentences and to compensation for the damages they have suffered, as laid down by law. Article 30 (Limits on sentences and security measures) (1) No sentence or security measure that deprives or restricts freedom may be perpetual in nature or have an unlimited or undefined duration. (2) In cases of danger based on a serious psychic abnormality in which therapy in an open environment is impossible, security measures that deprive or restrict freedom may be successively extended for as long as the psychic state in question is maintained, but always by judicial decision. (3) Criminal liability is not transferable. (4) No sentence shall automatically involve the loss of any civil, professional or political right. (5) Convicted persons who are the object of a sentence or security measure that deprives them of their freedom retain their fundamental rights, save for the limitations that are inherent to the purpose of their convictions and to the specific requirements imposed by the execution of the respective sentences.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Portuguese Republic</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.en.parlamento.pt/Legislation/CRP/Constitution7th.pdf">Constitution of the Portuguese Republic</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Portugal</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 29 (Application of criminal law) (1) No one may be sentenced under the criminal law unless the action or omission in question is punishable under a pre-existing law, nor may any person be the object of a security measure unless the prerequisites therefore are laid down by a pre-existing law. (2) The provisions of the previous paragraph do not preclude the punishment up to the limits laid down by internal Portuguese law of an action or omission which was deemed criminal under the general principles of international law that were commonly recognised at the moment of its commission. (3) No sentence or security measure may be applied unless it is expressly sanctioned by a pre-existing law. (4) No one may be the object of a sentence or security measure that is more severe than those provided for at the moment of the conduct in question, or at that at which the prerequisites for the application of such a measure were fulfilled, while criminal laws whose content is more favourable to the accused person shall be applied retroactively. (5) No one may be tried more than once for commission of the same crime. (6) Citizens who are unjustly convicted have the right to the review of their sentences and to compensation for the damages they have suffered, as laid down by law. Article 30 (Limits on sentences and security measures) (1) No sentence or security measure that deprives or restricts freedom may be perpetual in nature or have an unlimited or undefined duration. (2) In cases of danger based on a serious psychic abnormality in which therapy in an open environment is impossible, security measures that deprive or restrict freedom may be successively extended for as long as the psychic state in question is maintained, but always by judicial decision. (3) Criminal liability is not transferable. (4) No sentence shall automatically involve the loss of any civil, professional or political right. (5) Convicted persons who are the object of a sentence or security measure that deprives them of their freedom retain their fundamental rights, save for the limitations that are inherent to the purpose of their convictions and to the specific requirements imposed by the execution of the respective sentences.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Republic of Poland</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5eng/dok/konstytu/konstytu.htm">Constitution of the Republic of Poland</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Poland</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 421. Only a person who has committed an act prohibited by a statute in force at the moment of commission thereof, and which is subject to a penalty, shall be held criminally responsible. This principle shall not prevent punishment of any act which, at the moment of its commission, constituted an offence within the meaning of international law.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Constitution of the Republic of Poland</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm">Constitution of the Republic of Poland</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-fra-country"><span class="views-label views-label-field-fra-country">Country: </span><div class="field-content">Poland</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 42.1. Only a person who has committed an act prohibited by a statute in force at the moment of commission thereof, and which is subject to a penalty, shall be held criminally responsible. This principle shall not prevent punishment of any act which, at the moment of its commission, constituted an offence within the meaning of international law.</p> </div></div></li> </ul> </div> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> <nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="pagination pager__items js-pager__items"> <li class="pager__item is-active current"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Current page </span>1 </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to page 2"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>2</a> </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=2" title="Go to page 3"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>3</a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--next pagination-next"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">››</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--last"> <a href="?page=2" title="Go to last page"> <span class="visually-hidden">Last page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">»</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="fra-eu-law js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="eu-law"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="eu-law" aria-expanded="false">EU Law</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-eu_law_entity_view js-view-dom-id-f81b12600c73b21e90643a2bdf8802533684b30552b1048a5964ed7cc99f523b"> <header> <h2>2 results found</h2> </header> <div class="item-list eu-law-tab"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detec...</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2016/680/oj">Directive on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities and on the free movement of such data</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 57. Penalties:<br /> Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to infringements of the provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented. The penalties provided for shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.</p> </div></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content">Directive 2014/42/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the freezing and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime in the European Union</span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-url"><span class="views-label views-label-field-info-url">URL: </span><div class="field-content"><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1521668474957&uri=CELEX%3A32014L0042">(Directive on the freezing and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime in the European Union)</a></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-info-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Article 4 - Confiscation<br /> ‘1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to enable the confiscation, either in whole or in part, of instrumentalities and proceeds or property the value of which corresponds to such instrumentalities or proceeds, subject to a final conviction for a criminal offence, which may also result from proceedings in absentia.<br /> 2. Where confiscation on the basis of paragraph 1 is not possible, at least where such impossibility is the result of illness or absconding of the suspected or accused person, Member States shall take the necessary measures to enable the confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds in cases where criminal proceedings have been initiated regarding a criminal offence which is liable to give rise, directly or indirectly, to economic benefit, and such proceedings could have led to a criminal conviction if the suspected or accused person had been able to stand trial.‘<br /> Article 5 - Extended confiscation<br /> ‘1. Member States shall adopt the necessary measures to enable the confiscation, either in whole or in part, of property belonging to a person convicted of a criminal offence which is liable to give rise, directly or indirectly, to economic benefit, where a court, on the basis of the circumstances of the case, including the specific facts and available evidence, such as that the value of the property is disproportionate to the lawful income of the convicted person, is satisfied that the property in question is derived from criminal conduct.‘</p> </div></div></li> </ul> </div> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="fra-international-law js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="international-law"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="international-law" aria-expanded="false">International Law</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="pager-hide-for-top view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-inter_law_entity_view js-view-dom-id-bc0e9adeac5e7733c58b93c29247a1883c61a9df2d99de3f5847083eb70f81e7"> <h2 class="text-center">0 results found</h2> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details class="fra-products js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="products"> <summary role="button" aria-controls="products" aria-expanded="false">Products</summary> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="view view-eva view-fra-charter-articles-tabs view-id-fra_charter_articles_tabs view-display-id-charter_articles_products_entity_view js-view-dom-id-7c5968b30692b8656333399c937d33bb975f32530b7a77086f752c90078c3773"> <div class ="paginator-wrapper"> <div class="text-center"> </div> </div> <div class="item-list products-view-tab"> <ul> <li><div data-history-node-id="44992" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Justice ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2024/european-arrest-warrant-proceedings" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/fra-2024-european-arrest-warrant-proceedings-cover-image_en.jpg?itok=5SC02bob" width="360" height="510" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Report / Paper / Summary</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/judicial-cooperation-and-rule-law" hreflang="en">Judicial cooperation and rule of law</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/defendants-rights" hreflang="en">Defendants’ rights</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">26</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">March</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2024</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2024/european-arrest-warrant-proceedings" hreflang="en">European Arrest Warrant proceedings - Room for improvement to guarantee rights in practice</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">The European Arrest Warrant (EAW) allows Member States to implement judicial decisions issued in another Member State. It applies to decisions such as arrests for the purpose of criminal prosecutions or the execution of custodial sentences. After being in force for over 20 years, FRA’s findings provide evidence for an assessment of the legislation in practice. This report looks at the fundamental rights challenges that people face who are requested through an EAW. It provides a unique insight into their experiences and those of the professionals involved. FRA’s findings indicate that shared challenges exist across EU Member States. They must increase efforts to ensure that people are able to take part in criminal proceedings and receive a fair trial.<br /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2024/european-arrest-warrant-respecting-rights-across-borders">Read press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="44290" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Systems ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-featured-image field-name-field-fra-featured-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2023/fundamental-rights-report-2023" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/fra_teaser_style/public/fra_images/frr2023.png?itok=Eyb6qJf9" width="640" height="420" alt="Fundamental Rights Report 2023 - Ukraine flag, data protection, eyeball with hand and child in poverty" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Fundamental Rights Report</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/support-human-rights-systems-and-defenders" hreflang="en">Support for human rights systems and defenders</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection-privacy-and-new-technologies" hreflang="en">Data protection, privacy and new technologies</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/equality-non-discrimination-and-racism" hreflang="en">Equality, non-discrimination and racism</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">8</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">June</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2023</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2023/fundamental-rights-report-2023" hreflang="en">Fundamental Rights Report 2023</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2023 reviews major developments in the field in 2022, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="/en/news/2023/targeted-support-people-fleeing-ukraine-tackling-rising-child-poverty-and-hate-and">Read press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-download field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="/en/publication/2023/fundamental-rights-report-2023">Download full report</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-download field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="/en/publication/2023/fundamental-rights-report-2023-fra-opinions">Download opinions</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="43673" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Justice ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-featured-image field-name-field-fra-featured-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2022/directive-eu-2017541-combating-terrorism-impact-fundamental-rights-and-freedoms" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/fra_teaser_style/public/2022-01/AdobeStock_360531141_EKH-Pictures-640-480.jpeg?itok=ZcP-UflC" width="640" height="420" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Report / Paper / Summary</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/security" hreflang="en">Security</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">28</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">September</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2022</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2022/directive-eu-2017541-combating-terrorism-impact-fundamental-rights-and-freedoms" hreflang="en">Directive (EU) 2017/541 on combating terrorism ― Impact on fundamental rights and freedoms - Summary</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Acts of terrorism represent a serious threat to the lives and safety of people, and a profound security challenge for states. At the same time, counter-terrorism legislation, policies and other measures can entail, directly or indirectly, serious limitations to fundamental rights, and can adversely affect individuals, groups and society as a whole. This summary presents FRA’s main findings from its report on Directive (EU) 2017/541 on combating terrorism, the main criminal law instrument at EU level in the field of counter-terrorism.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-download field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="/en/publication/2021/combating-terrorism-rights-impact">Download full report</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2021/counter-terrorism-respect-fundamental-rights">Read press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="43282" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Systems ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-featured-image field-name-field-fra-featured-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><figure role="group" class="FRAFigure"> <a href="/en/publication/2022/fundamental-rights-report-2022" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/fra_teaser_style/public/fra_images/adobestock_antonioguillem_woman_removing_mask_397849739.jpg?itok=9I3ws0jl" width="640" height="420" alt="Woman removing a facemask" /> </a> <figcaption>Antonioguillem © adobestock.com, 2022</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Fundamental Rights Report</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/support-human-rights-systems-and-defenders" hreflang="en">Support for human rights systems and defenders</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection-privacy-and-new-technologies" hreflang="en">Data protection, privacy and new technologies</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/equality-non-discrimination-and-racism" hreflang="en">Equality, non-discrimination and racism</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">8</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">June</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2022</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2022/fundamental-rights-report-2022" hreflang="en">Fundamental Rights Report 2022</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2022 reviews major developments in the field in 2021, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-download field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2022/social-rights-equality-recovery-covid-19">Download focus chapter</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-download field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2022/fundamental-rights-report-2022-fra-opinions">Download opinions</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2022/fostering-social-rights-key-eu-recovery-covid-19">Read press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="42583" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Justice ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-featured-image field-name-field-fra-featured-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2021/combating-terrorism-rights-impact" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/fra_teaser_style/public/2022-01/AdobeStock_360531141_EKH-Pictures-640-480.jpeg?itok=ZcP-UflC" width="640" height="420" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Report / Paper / Summary</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/security" hreflang="en">Security</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">18</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">November</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2021</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2021/combating-terrorism-rights-impact" hreflang="en">Directive (EU) 2017/541 on combating terrorism ― Impact on fundamental rights and freedoms</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">This report examines the EU’s main criminal law instrument in the field of counter-terrorism, Directive (EU) 2017/541. Specifically, it considers how the directive engages issues of fundamental rights, affecting individuals, groups and society as a whole.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2021/counter-terrorism-respect-fundamental-rights">Read press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="41951" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Equality ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2021/fundamental-rights-report-2021-fra-opinions" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/fra-frr-2021-opinions-cover-image_en.jpg?itok=CsMOtjka" width="360" height="509" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Fundamental Rights Report</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/equality-non-discrimination-and-racism" hreflang="en">Equality, non-discrimination and racism</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection-privacy-and-new-technologies" hreflang="en">Data protection, privacy and new technologies</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/support-human-rights-systems-and-defenders" hreflang="en">Support for human rights systems and defenders</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">10</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">June</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2021</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2021/fundamental-rights-report-2021-fra-opinions" hreflang="en">Fundamental Rights Report 2021 – FRA opinions</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">The year 2020 brought both progress and setbacks in terms of fundamental rights protection. FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2021 reviews major developments in the field, identifying both achievements and remaining areas of concern. This publication presents FRA’s opinions on the main developments in the thematic areas covered, and a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2021/road-rights-based-recovery-covid-19">Read press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="41956" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-featured-image field-name-field-fra-featured-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2021/fundamental-rights-report-2021" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/fra_teaser_style/public/fra_images/adobestock_awd_post_covid_411230119.jpg?itok=8dcQBZgF" width="640" height="420" alt="Road to post covid" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Fundamental Rights Report</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/asylum-migration-and-borders" hreflang="en">Asylum, migration and borders</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/data-protection-privacy-and-new-technologies" hreflang="en">Data protection, privacy and new technologies</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/equality-non-discrimination-and-racism" hreflang="en">Equality, non-discrimination and racism</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/support-human-rights-systems-and-defenders" hreflang="en">Support for human rights systems and defenders</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">10</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">June</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2021</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2021/fundamental-rights-report-2021" hreflang="en">Fundamental Rights Report 2021</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2021 reviews major developments in the field in 2020, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions. This year’s focus chapter explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fundamental rights. The remaining chapters cover: the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights; equality and non-discrimination; racism, xenophobia and related intolerance; Roma equality and inclusion; asylum, borders and migration; information society, privacy and data protection; rights of the child; access to justice; and the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-action-buttons field-name-field-fra-action-buttons field-type-entity-reference-revisions field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><div class="paragraph paragraph--type-fra-action-buttons paragraph--view-mode-default ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="gen-action-buttons"> <div class="fas fa-scroll field-icon"></div> <div class="field-link"><a href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/news/2021/road-rights-based-recovery-covid-19">Read press release</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div data-history-node-id="26727" class="node node--type-fra-publication node--view-mode-teaser theme-item theme-item-Equality ds-2col clearfix"> <div class="group-left"><div class="field field-node--field-fra-image field-name-field-fra-image field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> <a href="/en/publication/2018/childrens-rights-and-justice-minimum-age-requirements-eu" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_with_border/public/fra_images/fra-2018-minimum-age-children-rights-cover_en.jpg?itok=QBCXiDFp" width="360" height="509" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="group-right"> <div class="PubThemes"> <div class="field field-node--bundle-fieldnode field-name-bundle-fieldnode field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">Report / Paper / Summary</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-pri-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/children-youth-and-older-people" hreflang="en">Children, youth and older people</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-name-field-fra-taxonomy-sec-theme field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/justice-victims-rights-and-judicial-cooperation" hreflang="en">Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation</a></div> <div class="field-item"><a href="/en/themes/judicial-cooperation-and-rule-law" hreflang="en">Judicial cooperation and rule of law</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="TeaserPubDate"> <div class="PublicationDate"> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-day field-name-field-fra-day field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">25</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-month field-name-field-fra-month field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">April</div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-year field-name-field-fra-year field-type-yearonly field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item">2018</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--node-title field-name-node-title field-type-ds field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"><h2> <a href="/en/publication/2018/childrens-rights-and-justice-minimum-age-requirements-eu" hreflang="en">Children’s rights and justice – Minimum age requirements in the EU</a> </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-fra-summary field-name-field-fra-summary field-type-string-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item"> This report outlines Member States’ approaches to age requirements and limits<br /> regarding child participation in judicial proceedings; 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Article 49 - Principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties | European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights