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Stream</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/sync"><span class="truncate">Sync</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/did"><span class="truncate">DID</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/handle"><span class="truncate">Handle</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/nsid"><span class="truncate">NSID</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between 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[html_:where(&>*)]:lg:mx-[calc(50%-min(50%,theme(maxWidth.lg)))] [html_:where(&>*)]:lg:max-w-3xl"><h1>Data Repositories</h1> <p>A data repository is a collection of data published by a single user. Repositories are self-authenticating data structures, meaning each update is signed and can be verified by anyone.</p> <p>They are described in more depth in the <a href="/specs/repository">Repository specification</a>.</p> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="data-layout"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#data-layout">Data Layout</a></h2> <p>The content of a repository is laid out in a <a href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-02303490/document">Merkle Search Tree (MST)</a> which reduces the state to a single root hash. It can be visualized as the following layout:</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code>┌────────────────┐ │ Commit │ (Signed Root) └───────┬────────┘ ↓ ┌────────────────┐ │ Tree Nodes │ └───────┬────────┘ ↓ ┌────────────────┐ │ Record │ └────────────────┘ </code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>Every node is an <a href="https://ipld.io/">IPLD</a> object (<a href="https://ipld.io/docs/codecs/known/dag-cbor/">dag-cbor</a>) which is referenced by a <a href="https://github.com/multiformats/cid">CID</a> hash. The arrows in the diagram above represent a CID reference.</p> <p>This layout is reflected in the <a href="/specs/at-uri-scheme">AT URIs</a>:</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code>Root | at://alice.com Collection | at://alice.com/app.bsky.feed.post Record | at://alice.com/app.bsky.feed.post/1234 </code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>A “commit” to a data repository is simply a keypair signature over a Root node’s CID. Each mutation to the repository produces a new Commit node.</p> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="identifier-types"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#identifier-types">Identifier Types</a></h2> <p>Multiple types of identifiers are used within a Personal Data Repository.</p> <div class="mt-6 border-t border-gray-100 dark:border-white/10"><dl class="divide-y divide-gray-100 dark:divide-white/10"><div class="px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0"><dt class="text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white">DIDs</dt><dd class="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400"><a href="https://w3c.github.io/did-core/">Decentralized IDs (DIDs)</a> identify data repositories. They are broadly used as user IDs, but since every user has one data repository then a DID can be considered a reference to a data repository. The format of a DID varies by the “DID method” used but all DIDs ultimately resolve to a keypair and a list of service providers. This keypair can sign commits to the data repository.</dd></div><div class="px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0"><dt class="text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white">CIDs</dt><dd class="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400"><a href="https://github.com/multiformats/cid">Content IDs (CIDs)</a> identify content using a fingerprint hash. They are used throughout the repository to reference the objects (nodes) within it. When a node in the repository changes, its CID also changes. Parents which reference the node must then update their reference, which in turn changes the parent’s CID as well. This chains all the way to the Commit node, which is then signed.</dd></div><div class="px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0"><dt class="text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white">NSIDs</dt><dd class="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400"><a href="/specs/nsid">Namespaced Identifiers (NSIDs)</a> identify the Lexicon type for groups of records within a repository.</dd></div><div class="px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0"><dt class="text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white">rkey</dt><dd class="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400"><a href="/specs/record-key">Record Keys</a> ("rkeys") identify individual records within a collection in a given repository. The format is specified by the collection Lexicon, with some collections having only a single record with a key like "self", and other collections having many records, with keys using a base32-encoded timestamp called a Timestamp Identifier (TID).</dd></div></dl></div></div></article></main><footer class="mx-auto w-full max-w-2xl space-y-10 pb-16 lg:max-w-5xl"><div class="flex"><div class="flex flex-col items-start gap-3"><a class="inline-flex gap-0.5 justify-center overflow-hidden text-sm font-medium transition rounded-full bg-zinc-100 py-1 px-3 text-zinc-900 hover:bg-zinc-200 dark:bg-zinc-800/40 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-inset dark:ring-zinc-800 dark:hover:bg-zinc-800 dark:hover:text-zinc-300" aria-label="Previous: Identity" href="/guides/identity"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" class="mt-0.5 h-5 w-5 -ml-1 rotate-180"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="m11.5 6.5 3 3.5m0 0-3 3.5m3-3.5h-9"></path></svg>Previous</a><a tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="text-base font-semibold text-zinc-900 transition hover:text-zinc-600 dark:text-white dark:hover:text-zinc-300" href="/guides/identity">Identity</a></div><div class="ml-auto flex flex-col items-end gap-3"><a class="inline-flex gap-0.5 justify-center overflow-hidden text-sm font-medium transition rounded-full bg-zinc-100 py-1 px-3 text-zinc-900 hover:bg-zinc-200 dark:bg-zinc-800/40 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-inset dark:ring-zinc-800 dark:hover:bg-zinc-800 dark:hover:text-zinc-300" aria-label="Next: Schemas & Lexicon" href="/guides/lexicon">Next<svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" class="mt-0.5 h-5 w-5 -mr-1"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="m11.5 6.5 3 3.5m0 0-3 3.5m3-3.5h-9"></path></svg></a><a tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" class="text-base font-semibold text-zinc-900 transition hover:text-zinc-600 dark:text-white dark:hover:text-zinc-300" href="/guides/lexicon">Schemas & Lexicon</a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col items-center justify-between gap-5 border-t border-zinc-900/5 pt-8 sm:flex-row dark:border-white/5"><p class="text-xs text-zinc-600 dark:text-zinc-400">© Copyright 2025. 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