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class="truncate">DID</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/handle"><span class="truncate">Handle</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/nsid"><span class="truncate">NSID</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/record-key"><span class="truncate">Record Key</span></a></li><li class="relative"><a class="flex justify-between gap-2 py-1 pr-3 text-sm transition pl-4 text-zinc-600 hover:text-zinc-900 dark:text-zinc-400 dark:hover:text-white" href="/specs/at-uri-scheme"><span class="truncate">URI Scheme</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></nav></div></header><div class="relative flex h-full flex-col px-4 pt-14 sm:px-6 lg:px-8"><main class="flex-auto"><article class="flex h-full flex-col pb-24 pt-16"><div class="flex-auto prose dark:prose-invert [html_:where(&>*)]:mx-auto [html_:where(&>*)]:max-w-2xl [html_:where(&>*)]:lg:mx-[calc(50%-min(50%,theme(maxWidth.lg)))] [html_:where(&>*)]:lg:max-w-3xl"><h1>Identity</h1> <p>The atproto identity system has a number of requirements:</p> <ul> <li><strong>ID provision.</strong> Users should be able to create global IDs which are stable across services. These IDs should rarely change to ensure that links to their content are stable.</li> <li><strong>Public key distribution.</strong> Distributed systems rely on cryptography to prove the authenticity of data and provide end-to-end privacy. The identity system must publish their public keys with strong security.</li> <li><strong>Key rotation.</strong> Users must be able to rotate their key material without disrupting their identity.</li> <li><strong>Service discovery.</strong> To interact with users, applications must be able to discover the services in use by a given user.</li> <li><strong>Usability.</strong> Users should have human-readable and memorable names.</li> <li><strong>Portability.</strong> Identities should be portable across services. Changing a provider should not cause a user to lose their identity, social graph, or content.</li> </ul> <p>Adopting this system should give applications the tools for end-to-end encryption, signed user data, service sign in, and general interoperation.</p> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="identifiers"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#identifiers">Identifiers</a></h2> <p>We use two interrelated forms of identifiers: the <em>handle</em> and the <em>DID</em>. Handles are DNS names while DIDs are an <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/">emerging W3C standard</a> which act as secure & stable IDs.</p> <p>The following are all valid user identifiers:</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code>alice.host.com at://alice.host.com at://did:plc:bv6ggog3tya2z3vxsub7hnal </code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>The relationship between them can be visualized as:</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code>┌──────────────────┐ ┌───────────────┐ │ DNS name ├──resolves to──→ │ DID │ │ (alice.host.com) │ │ (did:plc:...) │ └──────────────────┘ └─────┬─────────┘ ↑ │ │ resolves to │ │ │ ↓ │ ┌───────────────┐ └───────────references───────┤ DID Document │ │ {"id":"..."} │ └───────────────┘ </code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>The DNS handle is a user-facing identifier — it should be shown in UIs and promoted as a way to find users. Applications resolve handles to DIDs and then use the DID as the stable canonical identifier. The DID can then be securely resolved to a DID document which includes public keys and user services.</p> <div class="mt-6 border-t border-gray-100 dark:border-white/10"><dl class="divide-y divide-gray-100 dark:divide-white/10"><div class="px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0"><dt class="text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white">Handles</dt><dd class="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400">Handles are DNS names. They are resolved using the <code>com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle</code> XRPC method and should be confirmed by a matching entry in the DID document. Details in the <a href="/specs/handle">Handle specification</a>.</dd></div><div class="px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0"><dt class="text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white">DIDs</dt><dd class="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400">DIDs are an emerging <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/">W3C standard</a> for providing stable & secure IDs. They are used as stable, canonical IDs of users. Details of how they are used in AT Protocol in the <a href="/specs/did">DID specification</a>.</dd></div><div class="px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0"><dt class="text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white">DID Documents</dt><dd class="mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400"><p>DID Documents are standardized objects which are hosted by DID registries. They include the following information:</p><ul><li>The handle associated with the DID.</li><li>The signing key.</li><li>The URL of the user’s PDS.</li></ul></dd></div></dl></div> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="did-methods"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#did-methods">DID Methods</a></h2> <p>The <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/">DID standard</a> supports custom "methods" of publishing and resolving DIDs to the <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/#core-properties">DID Document</a>. A variety of existing methods <a href="https://w3c.github.io/did-spec-registries/#did-methods">have been published</a> so we must establish criteria for inclusion in this proposal:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Strong consistency.</strong> For a given DID, a resolution query should produce only one valid document at any time. (In some networks, this may be subject to probabilistic transaction finality.)</li> <li><strong>High availability</strong>. Resolution queries must succeed reliably.</li> <li><strong>Online API</strong>. Clients must be able to publish new DID documents through a standard API.</li> <li><strong>Secure</strong>. The network must protect against attacks from its operators, a MITM, and other users.</li> <li><strong>Low cost</strong>. Creating and updating DID documents must be affordable to services and users.</li> <li><strong>Key rotation</strong>. Users must be able to rotate keypairs without losing their identity.</li> <li><strong>Decentralized governance</strong>. The network should not be governed by a single stakeholder; it must be an open network or a consortium of providers.</li> </ul> <p>When we started the project, none of the DID methods met our standards fully. <strong>Therefore, we chose to support <a href="https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-web/">did-web</a>, and a novel method we've created called <a href="https://github.com/bluesky-social/did-method-plc">DID PLC</a>.</strong></p> <h2 class="scroll-mt-24" id="handle-resolution"><a class="group text-inherit no-underline hover:text-inherit" href="#handle-resolution">Handle Resolution</a></h2> <p>Handles in atproto are domain names which resolve to a DID, which in turn resolves to a DID Document containing the user's signing pubkey and hosting service.</p> <p>Handle resolution uses the <code>com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle</code> XRPC method. The method call should be sent to the server identified by the handle, and the handle should be passed as a parameter.</p> <p>Here is the algorithm in pseudo-TypeScript:</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code class="language-typescript"><span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">async</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">function</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">resolveHandle</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(handle</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">:</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">string</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">) {</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">const</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">origin</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">=</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">`https://</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">${</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">handle</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">}</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">`</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">const</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">res</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">=</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">await</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">xrpc</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(origin</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-punctuation)">,</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">'com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle'</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-punctuation)">,</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> {handle})</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">assert</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">typeof</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">res</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">?.did </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">===</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">'string'</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">&&</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">res</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">did</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.startsWith</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">'did:'</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">))</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">return</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">res</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">.did</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">}</span></span> <span></span></code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <h3>Example: Hosting service</h3> <p>Consider a scenario where a hosting service is using PLC and is providing the handle for the user as a subdomain:</p> <ul> <li>The handle: <code>alice.pds.com</code></li> <li>The DID: <code>did:plc:12345</code></li> <li>The hosting service: <code>https://pds.com</code></li> </ul> <p>At first, all we know is <code>alice.pds.com</code>, so we call <code>com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle()</code> on <code>alice.pds.com</code>. This tells us the DID.</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code class="language-typescript"><span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">await</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">xrpc</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.service</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">'https://alice.pds.com'</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">).</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">com</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">.</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">atproto</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">.</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">identity</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.resolveHandle</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">() </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)">// => {did: 'did:plc:12345'}</span></span> <span></span></code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>Next we call the PLC resolution method on the returned DID so that we can learn the hosting service's endpoint and the user's key material.</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code class="language-typescript"><span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">await</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">didPlc</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.resolve</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">'did:plc:12345'</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">) </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)">/* => {</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> id: 'did:plc:12345',</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> alsoKnownAs: `https://alice.pds.com`,</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> verificationMethod: [...],</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> service: [{serviceEndpoint: 'https://pds.com', ...}]</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)">}*/</span></span> <span></span></code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>We can now communicate with <code>https://pds.com</code> to access Alice's data.</p> <h3>Example: Hosting service with separate domain name</h3> <p>Suppose we have the same scenario as before, except the user has supplied their own domain name:</p> <ul> <li>The handle: <code>alice.com</code> (this differs from before)</li> <li>The DID: <code>did:plc:12345</code></li> <li>The hosting service: <code>https://pds.com</code></li> </ul> <p>We call <code>com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle()</code> on <code>alice.com</code> to get the DID.</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code class="language-typescript"><span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">await</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">xrpc</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.service</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">'https://alice.com'</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">).</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">com</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">.</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">atproto</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">.</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">identity</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.resolveHandle</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">() </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)">// => {did: 'did:plc:12345'}</span></span> <span></span></code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>Then we resolve the DID as before:</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code class="language-typescript"><span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">await</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">didPlc</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.resolve</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">'did:plc:12345'</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">) </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)">/* => {</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> id: 'did:plc:12345',</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> alsoKnownAs: `https://alice.com`,</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> verificationMethod: [...],</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> service: [{serviceEndpoint: 'https://pds.com', ...}]</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)">}*/</span></span> <span></span></code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>We can now communicate with <code>https://pds.com</code> to access Alice's data. The <code>https://alice.com</code> endpoint only serves to handle the <code>com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle()</code> call. The actual user data lives on <code>pds.com</code>.</p> <h3>Example: Self-hosted</h3> <p>Let's consider a self-hosting scenario. If it's using <code>did:plc</code>, it would look something like:</p> <ul> <li>The handle: <code>alice.com</code></li> <li>The DID: <code>did:plc:12345</code></li> <li>The hosting service: <code>https://alice.com</code></li> </ul> <p>However, <strong>if the self-hoster is confident they will retain ownership of the domain name</strong>, they can use <code>did:web</code> instead of <code>did:plc</code>:</p> <ul> <li>The handle: <code>alice.com</code></li> <li>The DID: <code>did:web:alice.com</code></li> <li>The hosting service: <code>https://alice.com</code></li> </ul> <p>We call <code>com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle()</code> on <code>alice.com</code> to get the DID.</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code class="language-typescript"><span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">await</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">xrpc</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.service</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">'https://alice.com'</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">).</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">com</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">.</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">atproto</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">.</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">identity</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.resolveHandle</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">() </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)">// => {did: 'did:web:alice.com'}</span></span> <span></span></code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div> <p>We then resolve using <code>did:web</code>:</p> <div class="my-6 overflow-hidden rounded-2xl bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 dark:ring-1 dark:ring-white/10"><div class="not-prose"><div class="group dark:bg-white/2.5"><div class="relative"><pre class="overflow-x-auto p-4 text-xs text-black dark:text-white"><code class="language-typescript"><span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)">await</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)"> </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-constant)">didWeb</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-function)">.resolve</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">(</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)">'did:web:alice.com'</span><span style="color: var(--shiki-color-text)">) </span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)">/* => {</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> id: 'did:web:alice.com',</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> alsoKnownAs: `https://alice.com`,</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> verificationMethod: [...],</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)"> service: [{serviceEndpoint: 'https://alice.com', ...}]</span></span> <span><span style="color: var(--shiki-token-comment)">}*/</span></span> <span></span></code></pre><button type="button" class="group/button absolute right-4 top-3.5 overflow-hidden rounded-full py-1 pl-2 pr-3 text-2xs font-medium opacity-0 backdrop-blur transition focus:opacity-100 group-hover:opacity-100 bg-white/5 hover:bg-white/7.5 dark:bg-white/2.5 dark:hover:bg-white/5"><span aria-hidden="false" class="pointer-events-none flex items-center gap-0.5 text-zinc-400 transition duration-300"><svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true" class="h-5 w-5 fill-zinc-500/20 stroke-zinc-500 transition-colors group-hover/button:stroke-zinc-400"><path stroke-width="0" d="M5.5 13.5v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2l.447-.894A2 2 0 0 1 9.737 4.5h.527a2 2 0 0 1 1.789 1.106l.447.894a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Z"></path><path fill="none" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M12.5 6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2m5 0-.447-.894a2 2 0 0 0-1.79-1.106h-.527a2 2 0 0 0-1.789 1.106L7.5 6.5m5 0-1 1h-3l-1-1"></path></svg>Copy</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="pointer-events-none absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center text-blue-400 transition duration-300 translate-y-1.5 opacity-0">Copied!</span></button></div></div></div></div></div></article></main><footer class="mx-auto w-full max-w-2xl space-y-10 pb-16 lg:max-w-5xl"><div class="flex"><div class="flex flex-col items-start gap-3"><a class="inline-flex gap-0.5 justify-center overflow-hidden text-sm font-medium transition rounded-full bg-zinc-100 py-1 px-3 text-zinc-900 hover:bg-zinc-200 dark:bg-zinc-800/40 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var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e))\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\"\u003eres\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e.did\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"11:T409,\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\"\u003edidPlc\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-function)\"\u003e.resolve\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)\"\u003e\u0026#39;did:plc:12345\u0026#39;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e/* =\u0026gt; {\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e id: \u0026#39;did:plc:12345\u0026#39;,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e alsoKnownAs: `https://alice.pds.com`,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e verificationMethod: [...],\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e service: [{serviceEndpoint: \u0026#39;https://pds.com\u0026#39;, ...}]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e}*/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e12:T405,\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\"\u003edidPlc\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-function)\"\u003e.resolve\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)\"\u003e\u0026#39;did:plc:12345\u0026#39;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e/* =\u0026gt; {\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e id: \u0026#39;did:plc:12345\u0026#39;,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e alsoKnownAs: `https://alice.com`,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e verificationMethod: [...],\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e service: [{serviceEndpoint: \u0026#39;https://pds.com\u0026#39;, ...}]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e}"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"*/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e13:T40f,\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\"\u003edidWeb\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-function)\"\u003e.resolve\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)\"\u003e\u0026#39;did:web:alice.com\u0026#39;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\"\u003e) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e/* =\u0026gt; {\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e id: \u0026#39;did:web:alice.com\u0026#39;,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e alsoKnownAs: `https://alice.com`,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e verificationMethod: [...],\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e service: [{serviceEndpoint: \u0026#39;https://alice.com\u0026#39;, ...}]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\"\u003e}*/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4:[\"$\",\"article\",null,{\"className\":\"flex h-full flex-col pb-24 pt-16\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"flex-auto prose dark:prose-invert [html_:where(\u0026\u003e*)]:mx-auto [html_:where(\u0026\u003e*)]:max-w-2xl [html_:where(\u0026\u003e*)]:lg:mx-[calc(50%-min(50%,theme(maxWidth.lg)))] [html_:where(\u0026\u003e*)]:lg:max-w-3xl\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"children\":\"Identity\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"The atproto identity system has a number of requirements:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"ID provision.\"}],\" Users should be able to create global IDs which are stable across services. These IDs should rarely change to ensure that links to their content are stable.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Public key distribution.\"}],\" Distributed systems rely on cryptography to prove the authenticity of data and provide end-to-end privacy. The identity system must publish their public keys with strong security.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Key rotation.\"}],\" Users must be able to rotate their key material without disrupting their identity.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Service discovery.\"}],\" To interact with users, applications must be able to discover the services in use by a given user.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Usability.\"}],\" Users should have human-readable and memorable names.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Portability.\"}],\" Identities should be portable across services. Changing a provider should not cause a user to lose their identity, social graph, or content.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Adopting this system should give applications the tools for end-to-end encryption, signed user data, service sign in, and general interoperation.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{\"level\":2,\"id\":\"identifiers\",\"children\":\"Identifiers\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"We use two interrelated forms of identifiers: the \",[\"$\",\"em\",null,{\"children\":\"handle\"}],\" and the \",[\"$\",\"em\",null,{\"children\":\"DID\"}],\". Handles are DNS names while DIDs are an \",[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"href\":\"https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/\",\"children\":\"emerging W3C standard\"}],\" which act as secure \u0026 stable IDs.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"The following are all valid user identifiers:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"code\":\"alice.host.com\\nat://alice.host.com\\nat://did:plc:bv6ggog3tya2z3vxsub7hnal\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"alice.host.com\\nat://alice.host.com\\nat://did:plc:bv6ggog3tya2z3vxsub7hnal\\n\"}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"The relationship between them can be visualized as:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"code\":\"┌──────────────────┐ ┌───────────────┐\\n│ DNS name ├──resolves to──→ │ DID │\\n│ (alice.host.com) │ │ (did:plc:...) │\\n└──────────────────┘ └─────┬─────────┘\\n ↑ │\\n │ resolves to\\n │ │\\n │ ↓\\n │ ┌───────────────┐\\n └───────────references───────┤ DID Document │\\n │ {\\\"id\\\":\\\"...\\\"} │\\n └───────────────┘\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"┌──────────────────┐ ┌───────────────┐\\n│ DNS name ├──resolves to──→ │ DID │\\n│ (alice.host.com) │ │ (did:plc:...) │\\n└──────────────────┘ └─────┬─────────┘\\n ↑ │\\n │ resolves to\\n │ │\\n │ ↓\\n │ ┌───────────────┐\\n └───────────references───────┤ DID Document │\\n │ {\\\"id\\\":\\\"...\\\"} │\\n └───────────────┘\\n\"}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"The DNS handle is a user-facing identifier — it should be shown in UIs and promoted as a way to find users. Applications resolve handles to DIDs and then use the DID as the stable canonical identifier. The DID can then be securely resolved to a DID document which includes public keys and user services.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-6 border-t border-gray-100 dark:border-white/10\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"dl\",null,{\"className\":\"divide-y divide-gray-100 dark:divide-white/10\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"dt\",null,{\"className\":\"text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white\",\"children\":\"Handles\"}],[\"$\",\"dd\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400\",\"children\":[\"Handles are DNS names. They are resolved using the \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle\"}],\" XRPC method and should be confirmed by a matching entry in the DID document. Details in the \",[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"href\":\"/specs/handle\",\"children\":\"Handle specification\"}],\".\"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"dt\",null,{\"className\":\"text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white\",\"children\":\"DIDs\"}],[\"$\",\"dd\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400\",\"children\":[\"DIDs are an emerging \",[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"href\":\"https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/\",\"children\":\"W3C standard\"}],\" for providing stable \u0026 secure IDs. They are used as stable, canonical IDs of users. Details of how they are used in AT Protocol in the \",[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"href\":\"/specs/did\",\"children\":\"DID specification\"}],\".\"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"px-4 py-6 sm:grid sm:grid-cols-4 sm:gap-4 sm:px-0\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"dt\",null,{\"className\":\"text-sm font-medium leading-6 text-gray-900 dark:text-white\",\"children\":\"DID Documents\"}],[\"$\",\"dd\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-1 text-sm leading-6 text-gray-700 sm:col-span-3 sm:mt-0 dark:text-gray-400\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"DID Documents are standardized objects which are hosted by DID registries. They include the following information:\"}],[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":\"The handle associated with the DID.\"}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":\"The signing key.\"}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":\"The URL of the user’s PDS.\"}]]}]]}]]}]]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{\"level\":2,\"id\":\"did-methods\",\"children\":\"DID Methods\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"The \",[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"href\":\"https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/\",\"children\":\"DID standard\"}],\" supports custom \\\"methods\\\" of publishing and resolving DIDs to the \",[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"href\":\"https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/#core-properties\",\"children\":\"DID Document\"}],\". A variety of existing methods \",[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"href\":\"https://w3c.github.io/did-spec-registries/#did-methods\",\"children\":\"have been published\"}],\" so we must establish criteria for inclusion in this proposal:\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Strong consistency.\"}],\" For a given DID, a resolution query should produce only one valid document at any time. (In some networks, this may be subject to probabilistic transaction finality.)\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"High availability\"}],\". Resolution queries must succeed reliably.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Online API\"}],\". Clients must be able to publish new DID documents through a standard API.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Secure\"}],\". The network must protect against attacks from its operators, a MITM, and other users.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Low cost\"}],\". Creating and updating DID documents must be affordable to services and users.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Key rotation\"}],\". Users must be able to rotate keypairs without losing their identity.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"Decentralized governance\"}],\". The network should not be governed by a single stakeholder; it must be an open network or a consortium of providers.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"When we started the project, none of the DID methods met our standards fully. \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"Therefore, we chose to support \",[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"href\":\"https://w3c-ccg.github.io/did-method-web/\",\"children\":\"did-web\"}],\", and a novel method we've created called \",[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{\"href\":\"https://github.com/bluesky-social/did-method-plc\",\"children\":\"DID PLC\"}],\".\"]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{\"level\":2,\"id\":\"handle-resolution\",\"children\":\"Handle Resolution\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Handles in atproto are domain names which resolve to a DID, which in turn resolves to a DID Document containing the user's signing pubkey and hosting service.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"Handle resolution uses the \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle\"}],\" XRPC method. The method call should be sent to the server identified by the handle, and the handle should be passed as a parameter.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Here is the algorithm in pseudo-TypeScript:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"language\":\"typescript\",\"code\":\"async function resolveHandle(handle: string) {\\n const origin = `https://${handle}`\\n const res = await xrpc(origin, 'com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle', {handle})\\n assert(typeof res?.did === 'string' \u0026\u0026 res.did.startsWith('did:'))\\n return res.did\\n}\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"className\":\"language-typescript\",\"children\":\"$10\"}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",null,{\"children\":\"Example: Hosting service\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Consider a scenario where a hosting service is using PLC and is providing the handle for the user as a subdomain:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The handle: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"alice.pds.com\"}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The DID: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"did:plc:12345\"}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The hosting service: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"https://pds.com\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"At first, all we know is \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"alice.pds.com\"}],\", so we call \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle()\"}],\" on \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"alice.pds.com\"}],\". This tells us the DID.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"language\":\"typescript\",\"code\":\"await xrpc.service('https://alice.pds.com').com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle() // =\u003e {did: 'did:plc:12345'}\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"className\":\"language-typescript\",\"children\":\"\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)\\\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003exrpc\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-function)\\\"\u003e.service\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)\\\"\u003e\u0026#39;https://alice.pds.com\u0026#39;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e).\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003ecom\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003eatproto\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003eidentity\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-function)\\\"\u003e.resolveHandle\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e() \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\\\"\u003e// =\u0026gt; {did: \u0026#39;did:plc:12345\u0026#39;}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\"}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Next we call the PLC resolution method on the returned DID so that we can learn the hosting service's endpoint and the user's key material.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"language\":\"typescript\",\"code\":\"await didPlc.resolve('did:plc:12345') /* =\u003e {\\n id: 'did:plc:12345',\\n alsoKnownAs: `https://alice.pds.com`,\\n verificationMethod: [...],\\n service: [{serviceEndpoint: 'https://pds.com', ...}]\\n}*/\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"className\":\"language-typescript\",\"children\":\"$11\"}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"We can now communicate with \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"https://pds.com\"}],\" to access Alice's data.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",null,{\"children\":\"Example: Hosting service with separate domain name\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Suppose we have the same scenario as before, except the user has supplied their own domain name:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The handle: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"alice.com\"}],\" (this differs from before)\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The DID: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"did:plc:12345\"}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The hosting service: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"https://pds.com\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"We call \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle()\"}],\" on \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"alice.com\"}],\" to get the DID.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"language\":\"typescript\",\"code\":\"await xrpc.service('https://alice.com').com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle() // =\u003e {did: 'did:plc:12345'}\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"className\":\"language-typescript\",\"children\":\"\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)\\\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003exrpc\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-function)\\\"\u003e.service\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)\\\"\u003e\u0026#39;https://alice.com\u0026#39;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e).\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003ecom\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003eatproto\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003eidentity\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-function)\\\"\u003e.resolveHandle\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e() \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\\\"\u003e// =\u0026gt; {did: \u0026#39;did:plc:12345\u0026#39;}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\"}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Then we resolve the DID as before:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"language\":\"typescript\",\"code\":\"await didPlc.resolve('did:plc:12345') /* =\u003e {\\n id: 'did:plc:12345',\\n alsoKnownAs: `https://alice.com`,\\n verificationMethod: [...],\\n service: [{serviceEndpoint: 'https://pds.com', ...}]\\n}*/\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"className\":\"language-typescript\",\"children\":\"$12\"}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"We can now communicate with \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"https://pds.com\"}],\" to access Alice's data. The \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"https://alice.com\"}],\" endpoint only serves to handle the \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle()\"}],\" call. The actual user data lives on \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"pds.com\"}],\".\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",null,{\"children\":\"Example: Self-hosted\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"Let's consider a self-hosting scenario. If it's using \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"did:plc\"}],\", it would look something like:\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The handle: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"alice.com\"}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The DID: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"did:plc:12345\"}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The hosting service: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"https://alice.com\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"However, \",[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":\"if the self-hoster is confident they will retain ownership of the domain name\"}],\", they can use \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"did:web\"}],\" instead of \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"did:plc\"}],\":\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The handle: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"alice.com\"}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The DID: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"did:web:alice.com\"}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"children\":[\"The hosting service: \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"https://alice.com\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"We call \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle()\"}],\" on \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"alice.com\"}],\" to get the DID.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"language\":\"typescript\",\"code\":\"await xrpc.service('https://alice.com').com.atproto.identity.resolveHandle() // =\u003e {did: 'did:web:alice.com'}\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"className\":\"language-typescript\",\"children\":\"\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-keyword)\\\"\u003eawait\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003exrpc\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-function)\\\"\u003e.service\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-string-expression)\\\"\u003e\u0026#39;https://alice.com\u0026#39;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e).\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003ecom\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003eatproto\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-constant)\\\"\u003eidentity\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-function)\\\"\u003e.resolveHandle\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-color-text)\\\"\u003e() \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\\\"color: var(--shiki-token-comment)\\\"\u003e// =\u0026gt; {did: \u0026#39;did:web:alice.com\u0026#39;}\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\"}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":[\"We then resolve using \",[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"children\":\"did:web\"}],\":\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"language\":\"typescript\",\"code\":\"await didWeb.resolve('did:web:alice.com') /* =\u003e {\\n id: 'did:web:alice.com',\\n alsoKnownAs: `https://alice.com`,\\n verificationMethod: [...],\\n service: [{serviceEndpoint: 'https://alice.com', ...}]\\n}*/\\n\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"className\":\"language-typescript\",\"children\":\"$13\"}]}]]}]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9:[[\"$\",\"meta\",\"0\",{\"name\":\"viewport\",\"content\":\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"1\",{\"charSet\":\"utf-8\"}],[\"$\",\"title\",\"2\",{\"children\":\"Identity - 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Starting with our ExpressJS app\",\"id\":\"step-1-starting-with-our-express-js-app\"},{\"title\":\"Step 2. Signing in with OAuth\",\"id\":\"step-2-signing-in-with-o-auth\"},{\"title\":\"Step 3. Fetching the user's profile\",\"id\":\"step-3-fetching-the-users-profile\"},{\"title\":\"Step 4. Reading \u0026 writing records\",\"id\":\"step-4-reading-and-writing-records\"},{\"title\":\"Step 5. Creating a custom \\\"status\\\" schema\",\"id\":\"step-5-creating-a-custom-status-schema\"},{\"title\":\"Step 6. Listening to the firehose\",\"id\":\"step-6-listening-to-the-firehose\"},{\"title\":\"Step 7. Listing the latest statuses\",\"id\":\"step-7-listing-the-latest-statuses\"},{\"title\":\"Step 8. Optimistic updates\",\"id\":\"step-8-optimistic-updates\"},{\"title\":\"Thinking in AT Proto\",\"id\":\"thinking-in-at-proto\"},{\"title\":\"Next steps\",\"id\":\"next-steps\"}],\"/guides/applications/ja.mdx\":[{\"title\":\"はじめに\",\"id\":\"\"},{\"title\":\"ステップ 1. ExpressJS アプリから始める\",\"id\":\"1-express-js\"},{\"title\":\"ステップ 2. OAuth でサインイン\",\"id\":\"2-o-auth\"},{\"title\":\"ステップ 3. ユーザーのプロファイルを取得する\",\"id\":\"3\"},{\"title\":\"ステップ 4. レコードの読み取りと書き込み\",\"id\":\"4\"},{\"title\":\"ステップ 5. カスタムの「ステータス」スキーマの作成\",\"id\":\"5\"},{\"title\":\"ステップ 6. ファイアホースをリッスン\",\"id\":\"6\"},{\"title\":\"ステップ 7. 最新のステータスを一覧表示する\",\"id\":\"7\"},{\"title\":\"ステップ 8. 楽観的更新\",\"id\":\"8\"},{\"title\":\"AT Proto で考える\",\"id\":\"at-proto\"},{\"title\":\"次のステップ\",\"id\":\"\"}],\"/guides/applications/pt.mdx\":[{\"title\":\"Introdução\",\"id\":\"introducao\"},{\"title\":\"Etapa 1. Começando com nosso aplicativo ExpressJS\",\"id\":\"etapa-1-comecando-com-nosso-aplicativo-express-js\"},{\"title\":\"Etapa 2. Entrando com OAuth\",\"id\":\"etapa-2-entrando-com-o-auth\"},{\"title\":\"Etapa 3. Obtendo o perfil do usuário\",\"id\":\"etapa-3-obtendo-o-perfil-do-usuario\"},{\"title\":\"Etapa 4. 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