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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Historical sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Accession to the throne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Reign length </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_and_archaeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_archaeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Historical and archaeological evidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_archaeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nyuserre's_Sed_festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nyuserre's_Sed_festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Nyuserre's Sed festival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nyuserre's_Sed_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Domestic activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_outside_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_outside_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Activities outside Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_outside_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_and_mining_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_mining_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Trade and mining expeditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_mining_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Military activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_building_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_building_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Main building activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_building_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Main building activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Main_building_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyramid_of_Nyuserre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid_of_Nyuserre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Pyramid of Nyuserre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid_of_Nyuserre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyramid_Lepsius_XXIV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid_Lepsius_XXIV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pyramid Lepsius XXIV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid_Lepsius_XXIV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lepsius_XXV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lepsius_XXV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Lepsius XXV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lepsius_XXV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sun_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sun_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Sun Temple </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sun_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Completion_and_restoration_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Completion_and_restoration_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Completion and restoration works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Completion_and_restoration_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Completion and restoration works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Completion_and_restoration_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyramid_complex_of_Neferirkare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid_complex_of_Neferirkare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pyramid complex of Neferirkare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid_complex_of_Neferirkare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyramid_of_Neferefre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid_of_Neferefre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pyramid of Neferefre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid_of_Neferefre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyramid_complex_of_Khentkaus_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyramid_complex_of_Khentkaus_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pyramid complex of Khentkaus II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyramid_complex_of_Khentkaus_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valley_Temple_of_Menkaure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valley_Temple_of_Menkaure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Valley Temple of Menkaure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valley_Temple_of_Menkaure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sun_Temple_of_Userkaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sun_Temple_of_Userkaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Sun Temple of Userkaf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sun_Temple_of_Userkaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_of_Satet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_of_Satet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Temple of Satet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_of_Satet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Family </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Family subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parents_and_siblings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parents_and_siblings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Parents and siblings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parents_and_siblings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consorts_and_daughters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts_and_daughters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Consorts and daughters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts_and_daughters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Old Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Intermediate_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Intermediate_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 First Intermediate Period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Intermediate_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Middle Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 New Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Intermediate_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Intermediate_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Third Intermediate Period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Intermediate_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_citations_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes, citations and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes, citations and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_citations_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nyuserre Ini</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioeserre" title="Nioeserre – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nioeserre" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="ني أوسر رع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ني أوسر رع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuserre" title="Niuserre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Niuserre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuserre" title="Niuserre – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Niuserre" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuserre" title="Niuserre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niuserre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuserra" title="Nyuserra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nyuserra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuserra-Iny" title="Nyuserra-Iny – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nyuserra-Iny" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="نیوسررع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیوسررع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niouserr%C3%AA" title="Niouserrê – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niouserrê" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%A0%88" title="니우세르레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니우세르레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njuserra_Ini" title="Njuserra Ini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njuserra Ini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuserre_Ini" title="Niuserre Ini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niuserre Ini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuserra" title="Niuserra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niuserra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ნიუსერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიუსერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuser%C4%97" title="Niuserė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niuserė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuszerr%C3%A9" title="Niuszerré – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Niuszerré" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ниусере Ини – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ниусере Ини" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="نى اوسر رع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نى اوسر رع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioeserre" title="Nioeserre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nioeserre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ニウセルラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニウセルラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioserra" title="Nioserra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nioserra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuserre" title="Niuserre – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niuserre" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratur%C3%A9s" title="Raturés – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raturés" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nyuserre Ini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ниусерра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ниусерра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njuserre" title="Njuserre – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Njuserre" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nyuserre Ini" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuserra" title="Niuserra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niuserra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuserra" title="Neuserra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neuserra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87;font-size:125%;">Nyuserre Ini</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Niuserre Ini, Neuserre Ini, Nyuserra, Newoserre Any, Rathoris</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Niuserre_Double_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double statue portraying Nyuserre as both a young man and an old man, Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich"><img alt="Duo of''' statues representing the king as a young and old man, standing with a sword" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Niuserre_Double_Statue.jpg/220px-Niuserre_Double_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Niuserre_Double_Statue.jpg/330px-Niuserre_Double_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Niuserre_Double_Statue.jpg/440px-Niuserre_Double_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="3125" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Double statue portraying Nyuserre as both a young man and an old man, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Sammlung_f%C3%BCr_%C3%84gyptische_Kunst" title="Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst">Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Reign</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 to 35 years in the late 25th century BCE<a href="#cite_note-17">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> (most likely) or <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsible-leftside-toggle mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;margin:0;border:0;padding:0;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#decd87; line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Royal titulary</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:2px solid #decd87;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Horus name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Setibtawy St jb tȝwj The favourite (lit. place of the heart) of the two lands<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340see_also_footnote_58-21">[19]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="38" title="G5" alt="G5" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="48px" width="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding:0 5px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1" alt="Q1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F34.png?6be6f" height="17" title="F34" alt="F34" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N16.png?63a52" height="9" title="N16" alt="N16" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N16.png?63a52" height="9" title="N16" alt="N16" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Nebty_("two_ladies")_name" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nebty name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Nebtisetib Nbti st ib The favourite (lit. place of the heart) of the two Ladies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340see_also_footnote_58-21">[19]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:6px;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G16.png?dbf15" height="38" title="G16" alt="G16" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q1.png?30a23" height="38" title="Q1" alt="Q1" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1" alt="X1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F34.png?6be6f" height="17" title="F34" alt="F34" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Horus_of_Gold" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Golden Horus</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bik Nebu Netjeri Bjk-nbw-nṯr.j The divine golden falcon<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340-22">[20]</a> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="26" title="R8" alt="R8" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G5.png?bcb90" height="26" title="G5" alt="G5" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S12.png?46f50" height="13" title="S12" alt="S12" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#Throne_name_(praenomen)" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Prenomen  (Praenomen)</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Nyuserre N.wsr Rˁ Possessed of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>'s power<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199461-23">[21]</a> [He] who belongs to the power of Ra<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340-22">[20]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="center"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" align="{{{align}}}" style="padding:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_L2.png?ff0ae" height="38" title="L2" alt="L2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding:0;"> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5 [ra]" alt="ra" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F12.png?0fd6a" height="31" title="F12" alt="F12" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="31" title="S29 [s]" alt="s" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="8" title="D21" alt="D21" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" style="background-color:black; color:inherit;"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#e9deaf;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Nomen</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table width="100%"> <tbody><tr><td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ini In.n j Translation uncertain, possibly a nickname:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeprohon201340see_also_footnote_59-24">[22]</a> The delayed one (for an overdue baby) The [one with bushy] eyebrows <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G39.png?eb053" height="38" title="G39" alt="G39" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N5.png?08eb7" height="18" title="N5" alt="N5" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_K1.png?7a62b" height="19" title="K1" alt="K1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Hieroglyphic variants:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199959-25">[23]</a> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_K1.png?7a62b" height="19" title="K1" alt="K1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17" alt="M17" /></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca1.png?0f9ce" height="44" title="<" alt="<" /></td><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_K1.png?7a62b" height="19" title="K1" alt="K1" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35 [n]" alt="n" /></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="mw-hiero-box" style="height: 2px;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><img class="skin-invert" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Ca2.png?3dadc" height="44" title=">" alt=">" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reptynub" title="Reptynub">Reptynub</a>, at least another queen whose name is lost, possibly two</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Khamerernebty" title="Princess Khamerernebty">Khamerernebty</a> ♀, Reputnebty ♀, <a href="/wiki/Sheretnebty" title="Sheretnebty">Sheretnebty</a> ♀, Khentykauhor ♂, Okpo♂ Unlikely: Menkauhor Kaiu ♂</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_II" title="Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Nyuserre" title="Pyramid of Nyuserre">Pyramid of Nyuserre Ini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data">Built <a href="/wiki/Ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex nihilo">ex-nihilo</a>: Pyramid of Nyuserre Ini <a href="/wiki/Lepsius_XXIV" title="Lepsius XXIV">Pyramid Lepsius XXIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_Pyramid" title="Double Pyramid">Lepsius XXV</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_sun_temple" title="Egyptian sun temple">Sun temple</a> Shesepibre Completed: Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">Pyramid of Neferefre</a> Pyramid complex of Khentkaus II <a href="/wiki/Sun_temple_of_Userkaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun temple of Userkaf">Sun temple of Userkaf</a> Renovated: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure#Temple_complex" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Mortuary complex</a> of <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> Uncertain: <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Satet" title="Temple of Satet">Temple of Satet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em">Dynasty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Dynasty">Fifth Dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Nyuserre Ini (also Niuserre Ini or Neuserre Ini; in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> known as Rathurês, Ῥαθούρης) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>, the sixth ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> period. He is credited with a reign of 24 to 35 years depending on the scholar, and likely lived in the second half of the 25th century BCE. Nyuserre was the younger son of <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> and queen <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_II" title="Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a>, and the brother of the short-lived king <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a>. He may have succeeded his brother directly, as indicated by much later historical sources. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> may have reigned between the two as advocated by <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Verner" title="Miroslav Verner">Miroslav Verner</a>, albeit only for a few weeks or months at the most. The relation of Shepseskare with Neferefre and Nyuserre remains highly uncertain. Nyuserre was in turn succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a>, who could have been his nephew and a son of Neferefre. Nyuserre was the most prolific builder of his dynasty, having built three pyramids <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Nyuserre" title="Pyramid of Nyuserre">for himself</a> and his queens and completed a further three for his father, mother and brother, all in the necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a>. He built the largest surviving <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_sun_temple" title="Egyptian sun temple">temple</a> to the sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> constructed during the Old Kingdom, named Shesepibre or "Joy of the heart of Ra". He also completed the Nekhenre, the <a href="/wiki/Sun_temple_of_Userkaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun temple of Userkaf">Sun temple of Userkaf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Gorab" title="Abu Gorab">Abu Gorab</a>, and the valley temple of <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> in Giza. In doing so, he was the first king since <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a>, last ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a>, to pay attention to the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza necropolis</a>, a move which may have been an attempt to legitimise his rule following the troubled times surrounding the unexpected death of his brother Neferefre. There is little evidence for military action during Nyuserre's reign; the Egyptian state continued to maintain trade relations with <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> coast and to send mining and quarrying expeditions to <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a>. Nyuserre's reign saw the growth of the administration, and the effective birth of the <a href="/wiki/Nomarch" title="Nomarch">nomarchs</a>, provincial governors who, for the first time, were sent to live in the provinces they administered rather than at the pharaoh's court. As with other Old Kingdom pharaohs, Nyuserre benefited from a funerary cult established at his death. In Nyuserre's case, this official state-sponsored cult existed for centuries, surviving the chaotic <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a> and lasting until the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Dynasty">Twelfth Dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a>. In parallel, a spontaneous popular cult appeared, with people venerating Nyuserre under his birth name "Iny". In this cult, Nyuserre played a role similar to that of a saint, being invoked as an intercessor between the believer and the gods. It left little archaeological evidence and seems to have continued until the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>, nearly 1000 years after his death. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporaneous_sources">Contemporaneous sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contemporaneous sources">edit</a>]</div> Nyuserre Ini is well attested in sources contemporaneous with his reign,<a href="#cite_note-31">[note 3]</a> for example in the tombs of some of his contemporaries including Nyuserre's manicurists <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_and_Niankhkhnum" title="Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum">Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum</a>, the high officials <a href="/wiki/Khufukhaf_II" title="Khufukhaf II">Khufukhaf II</a>, Ty, <a href="/wiki/Rashepses" title="Rashepses">Rashepses</a>, Neferefre-ankh and Khabawptah,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariette1885294–295-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé191889-33">[30]</a> and the priests of his funerary cult Nimaatsed and Kaemnefert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariette1885242–249-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rougé191888-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical sources">edit</a>]</div> Nyuserre is attested in three ancient Egyptian king lists, all dating to the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>. The earliest of these is the <a href="/wiki/Karnak_king_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnak king list">Karnak king list</a>, which was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (fl. 1479–1425 BCE) to honour some of his forebears and which mentions Nyuserre in the fourth entry, which shows his birth name "Iny" in a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006320-36">[33]</a> Nyuserre's <a href="/wiki/Prenomen_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)">prenomen</a> occupies the 30th entry of the <a href="/wiki/Abydos_King_List" title="Abydos King List">Abydos King List</a>, written nearly 200 years later during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> (fl. 1290–1279 BCE). Nyuserre's prenomen was most likely also given on the <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin canon</a> (third column, 22nd row), dating to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ramses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramses II">Ramses II</a> (fl. 1279–1213 BCE), but it has since been lost in a large lacuna affecting the document. Fragments of his reign length are still visible on the papyrus, indicating a reign of somewhere between 11 and 34 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyholt199713-37">[34]</a> Nyuserre is the only Fifth Dynasty king absent from the <a href="/wiki/Saqqara_Tablet" title="Saqqara Tablet">Saqqara Tablet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMariette18644pl._17-38">[35]</a> Nyuserre was also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Aegyptiaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptiaca">Aegyptiaca</a>, a history of Egypt probably written in the 3rd century BCE during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy II">Ptolemy II</a> (fl. 283–246 BCE) by the Egyptian priest <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>. Even though no copies of the text survive, it is known through later <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">writings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus" title="Sextus Julius Africanus">Sextus Julius Africanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>. In particular, Africanus relates that the Aegyptiaca mentioned a pharaoh ´Ραθούρης, that is "Rathurês", reigning for forty-four years as the sixth king of the Fifth Dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151-39">[36]</a> "Rathurês" is believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Hellenised" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenised">Hellenised</a> form of Nyuserre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a401-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neferefre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bust of the statue of a king, holding a mace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Neferefre.jpg/170px-Neferefre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Neferefre.jpg/255px-Neferefre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Neferefre.jpg/340px-Neferefre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Neferefre, Nyuserre's elder brother, died unexpectedly in his early twenties after a short reign.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_to_the_throne">Accession to the throne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accession to the throne">edit</a>]</div> Two competing hypotheses exist in Egyptology to describe the succession of events running from the death of Neferirkare Kakai, the third king of the Fifth Dynasty, to the coronation of Nyuserre Ini, the sixth ruler of the dynasty. Relying on historical sources, where Nyuserre is said to have directly succeeded Neferefre, many Egyptologists such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">Jürgen von Beckerath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Altenm%C3%BCller" title="Hartwig Altenmüller">Hartwig Altenmüller</a> have traditionally believed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428-41">[38]</a> that the following succession took place: Neferirkare Kakai → Shepseskare → Neferefre → Nyuserre Ini. In this scenario, Neferefre is the father of Nyuserre, who would have become pharaoh after Neferefre's unexpected death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199956–59-42">[39]</a> Neferefre would be the successor of <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a>, credited with seven years of reign, as indicated in Manetho's Aegyptiaca.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell197151-39">[36]</a> This view was challenged, most notably by <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Verner" title="Miroslav Verner">Miroslav Verner</a> in 2000 and 2001,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b-45">[42]</a> following excavations of the Abusir necropolis, which indicated that Neferefre's purported predecessor Shepseskare most likely reigned for only a few months between Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini. Verner proposes that the royal succession was Neferirkare Kakai → Neferefre → Shepseskare → Nyuserre Ini. In support of this hypothesis is Verner's observation that Neferefre and Nyuserre were very likely full brothers, both sons of Neferirkare Kakai,<a href="#cite_note-47">[note 4]</a> There is also evidence that Neferefre was Neferirkare's eldest son and in his early twenties at the death of his father, and thus would have been likely to inherit the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000589-48">[44]</a> These observations, in addition to further archaeological evidence such as the lack of a pyramid of Shepseskare and the position of Neferefre's own, convinced Verner that Neferefre directly succeeded his father, dying after a very short reign of about two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000589-48">[44]</a> Nyuserre was then still a child and, in this hypothesis, his claim to the throne faced a serious challenge in the person of his possible uncle Shepseskare who might have been a son of Sahure. Alternatively, Shepseskare may have been a short-lived son of Neferefre<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler201540-49">[45]</a> or, less likely, an usurper from outside the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000596–597-50">[46]</a> In any case, Shepseskare apparently succeeded in holding the crown for a short time. Nyuserre ultimately prevailed however, either because of Shepseskare's own premature death or because he was backed by powerful high officials and members of the royal family,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1980b266–267-51">[47]</a> foremost among whom were his mother <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_II" title="Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptahshepses" title="Ptahshepses">Ptahshepses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-1">[1]</a> This latter hypothesis is motivated by the exalted positions that both individuals seem to have enjoyed. The mortuary temple of Khentkaus II was designed to imitate that of a king, for example by incorporating its own satellite pyramid and having an alignment on an east–west axis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008146-52">[48]</a> These features, together with Khentkaus II peculiar title of Mwt Nisw bity Nisw bity, originally translated by "Mother of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt [exercising office as] the king of Upper and Lower Egypt" led some scholars, including Verner, to propose that she might even have reigned in her own right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008146-52">[48]</a> This hypothesis is now deemed unlikely, and her title is rather translated as "Mother of two kings of Upper and Lower Egypt".<a href="#cite_note-53">[note 5]</a> Ptahshepses became vizier under Nyuserre,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b451-54">[49]</a> whose daughter he married; received the honorary title of "King's son";<a href="#cite_note-56">[note 6]</a> and was buried in one of the largest private tombs in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick198589-57">[51]</a> According to Verner and Nigel Strudwick, the architectural elements<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994180-58">[52]</a> of this tomb such as its lotus-bud columns similar to those used in Nyuserre's own temple, boat pits and layout of the burial chamber,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1976672-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick198589-57">[51]</a> demonstrate "the favor shown by that king to his son-in-law".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1976672-59">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick198589-57">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski200112-60">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_length">Reign length</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign length">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niuserre_BrooklynMuseum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Torso and head of a statue of a king wearing the Egyptian nemes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Niuserre_BrooklynMuseum.png/170px-Niuserre_BrooklynMuseum.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Niuserre_BrooklynMuseum.png/255px-Niuserre_BrooklynMuseum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Niuserre_BrooklynMuseum.png/340px-Niuserre_BrooklynMuseum.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Fragmentary statue of a Fifth Dynasty king, likely Nyuserre<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooklyn_Museum2016-27">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_and_archaeological_evidence">Historical and archaeological evidence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical and archaeological evidence">edit</a>]</div> Manetho's Aegyptiaca related that Nyuserre reigned for 44 years, a figure which is rejected by Egyptologists, who rather credit him with about three decades of reign<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a401-40">[37]</a> owing to the paucity of secure dates for his rule.<a href="#cite_note-62">[note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012484-63">[56]</a> The entry of the Turin canon pertaining to Nyuserre is damaged and the duration of his rule is difficult to read with certainty. Following <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gardiner" title="Alan Gardiner">Alan Gardiner</a>'s 1959 study of the canon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1959-64">[57]</a> scholars such as Nigel Strudwick credited Nyuserre with 11<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick19853-15">[15]</a> years of reign.<a href="#cite_note-65">[note 8]</a> Gardiner's reading of the canon was then reevaluated from <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimiles</a>, yielding a 24 to 25 years figure for Nyuserre's reign. This duration is accepted by some scholars including <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grimal" title="Nicolas Grimal">Nicolas Grimal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277-66">[58]</a> More recent analyses of the original papyrus conducted by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">Kim Ryholt</a> have shown that Nyuserre's reign length as reported on the document could equally be 11–14, 21–24, or 31–34 years.<a href="#cite_note-67">[note 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyholt199713-37">[34]</a> The later figure is now favoured by Egyptologists including Strudwick and Verner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012484-63">[56]</a> The view that Nyuserre reigned in excess of twenty years is furthermore supported by archaeological evidence, which points to a fairly long reign for him. Verner, who has been excavating the Abusir <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">University of Prague</a> since 1976, points in particular to Nyuserre's numerous constructions, amounting to no less than three new pyramids, the completion of a further three, the construction of the largest sun temple built during the Old Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a404-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nyuserre's_Sed_festival">Nyuserre's Sed festival</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nyuserre's Sed festival">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_122009_032a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief showing a king seated on a throne, wearing a tight fitting dress and holding a flail. He is surrounded by hieroglyphs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Berlin_122009_032a.jpg/170px-Berlin_122009_032a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Berlin_122009_032a.jpg/255px-Berlin_122009_032a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Berlin_122009_032a.jpg/340px-Berlin_122009_032a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Relief of Nyuserre celebrating his Sed festival, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Egyptian Museum of Berlin">Egyptian Museum of Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> The hypothesis of a reign more than three decades long for Nyuserre Ini is supported, albeit indirectly, by reliefs discovered in his solar temple showing him participating in a <a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a>. This festival was meant to rejuvenate the king and was normally (though not always) first celebrated after 30 years of rule. Representations of the festival were part of the typical decorations of temples associated to the king during the Old Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a404-18">[17]</a> and mere depictions of it do not necessarily imply a long reign.<a href="#cite_note-68">[note 10]</a> For example, a relief showing <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> in the tunic of the Sed festival has been found in his mortuary temple,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt1913Blatt_45-69">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2013-70">[60]</a> although both historical sources and archeological evidence agree that he ruled Egypt for less than 14 full years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999173-71">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491-13">[13]</a> Yet, in Nyuserre's case, these reliefs taken together with the archaeological evidence have convinced most Egyptologists that Nyuserre enjoyed over 30 years of reign and that "the sed-festival scenes from Abu Gurab [most probably reflect] the 30th jubilee of the king's accession to the throne".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a404-18">[17]</a> The reliefs of Nyuserre's Sed festival offer a rare glimpse into the ritual acts carried out during this ceremony. In particular, the festival seems to have involved a procession in a barque over a body of water,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBissingKeesBorchardt1905–1928vol._2:_pl._15_p._38;_vol._3:_pl._9_p._193,_pl._10_pp_198_&_201–204-72">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski200198-73">[63]</a> a detail either not represented or lost in all subsequent representations of the festival until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> (fl. c. 1390–1350 BCE), over 1000 years after Nyuserre's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski200198-73">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_activities">Domestic activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Domestic activities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptahchepses1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief of a man standing holding a staff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ptahchepses1.jpg/170px-Ptahchepses1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ptahchepses1.jpg/255px-Ptahchepses1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ptahchepses1.jpg/340px-Ptahchepses1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Ptahshepses, vizier and son in law of Nyuserre Ini</figcaption></figure> The reign of Nyuserre Ini witnessed the unabated growth of the priesthood and state bureaucracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick1985338-74">[64]</a> a phenomenon which had started in the early Fifth Dynasty<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001597-75">[65]</a> in particular under Neferirkare Kakai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick1985337-76">[66]</a> Changes in the Egyptian administration during this period are manifested by a multiplication in the number of titles, reflecting the creation of new administrative offices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick1985337-76">[66]</a> These in turn, reflect a movement to better organise the administration of the state with the new titles corresponding to charges attached to very specific duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick1985337-76">[66]</a> The king's power slowly weakened as the bureaucracy expanded,<a href="#cite_note-81">[note 11]</a> although he remained a living god in the eyes of his subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-1">[1]</a>This situation went unchecked until the reign of Nyuserre's second successor Djedkare Isesi, who implemented the first comprehensive reforms of the system of ranking titles and thus of the administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick1985339-82">[71]</a> There are two pieces of direct evidence of administrative activities during Nyuserre's reign. The first is that the Old Kingdom royal annals, of which only <a href="/wiki/Palermo_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Palermo stone">fragments survive</a>, are believed to have been composed during his reign. The annals, which give details on the reigns of kings from the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a> onwards on a year-by-year basis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson20001-83">[72]</a> are damaged and break off following the reign of Neferirkare Kakai. The second piece of evidence for administrative activity relates to the provincial administration. During the Old Kingdom, the Egyptian state was divided administratively into provinces, called <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nomes</a>. These provinces were recognised as such since the time of <a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty</a>, and probably harked back to the predynastic kingdoms of the Nile valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199258-84">[73]</a> The earliest topographical lists of the nomes of Upper and Lower Egypt date back to the reign of Nyuserre,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199258-84">[73]</a> a procession of personified nomes being depicted on reliefs from Nyuserre's sun temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Mieroop201165-85">[74]</a> It is also around this time that the <a href="/wiki/Nomarch" title="Nomarch">nomarchs</a> started to reside in their province rather than at the royal residence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001597-75">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_outside_Egypt">Activities outside Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Activities outside Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_and_mining_expeditions">Trade and mining expeditions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trade and mining expeditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niuserre_Iny_Wadi_Maghara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief showing the king smiting the head of a kneeling prisoner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Niuserre_Iny_Wadi_Maghara.jpg/170px-Niuserre_Iny_Wadi_Maghara.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Niuserre_Iny_Wadi_Maghara.jpg/255px-Niuserre_Iny_Wadi_Maghara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Niuserre_Iny_Wadi_Maghara.jpg/340px-Niuserre_Iny_Wadi_Maghara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Relief of Nyuserre from the Wadi Maghareh</figcaption></figure> To the north of Egypt, trade contacts with <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> coast, which existed during much of the Fifth Dynasty, were seemingly active during Nyuserre's reign, as suggested by a fragment of cylindrical alabaster vase bearing his name uncovered in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunand1939280-86">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorterMossBurney1951390-87">[76]</a> East of Egypt, Nyuserre commissioned at least one expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Maghareh" title="Wadi Maghareh">Wadi Maghareh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes197867-88">[77]</a> where mines of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> were exploited during much of the Old Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMumford1999875–876-89">[78]</a> This expedition left a large rock relief, now in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[note 12]</a> The relief shows Nyuserre "smiting the Bedouins<a href="#cite_note-92">[note 13]</a> of all foreign lands, the great god, lord of the two lands".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005136text_58-90">[79]</a> At the right of Nyuserre is a dedication to "<a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, lord of the foreign lands, who has made pure libations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005136text_58-90">[79]</a> This expedition departed Egypt from the port of <a href="/wiki/Ain_Sukhna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ain Sukhna">Ain Sukhna</a>, on the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>, as revealed by seal impressions bearing Nyuserre's name found on the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETallet201541_&_60-93">[80]</a> The port comprised large galleries carved into the sandstone serving as living quarters and storage places. The wall of one such gallery was inscribed with a text in ink mentioning the expedition to Sinai and dating it to the year of the second <a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">cattle count</a> – possibly Nyuserre's fourth year on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETallet201539-94">[81]</a> To the south of Egypt, in Lower <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, Nyuserre exploited the <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> quarries of Gebel el-Asr near <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, which provided material for buildings and statues,<a href="#cite_note-95">[note 14]</a> as shown by a fragmentary stone stela inscribed with Nyuserre's Horus name that was discovered in a settlement adjacent to the quarries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2003451-96">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_activity">Military activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military activity">edit</a>]</div> There is little evidence for military action during Nyuserre's reign. William C. Hayes proposed that a few fragmentary limestone statues of kneeling and bound prisoners of war discovered in his mortuary temple<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith194958-97">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1978115-98">[84]</a> possibly attest to punitive raids in Libya to the west or the Sinai and Palestine to the east during his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes197866-99">[85]</a> The art historian William Stevenson Smith has pointed out, that such statues were customary<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith194958-97">[83]</a> elements of the decoration of royal temples and mastabas, suggesting that they may not be immediately related to actual military campaigns. Similar statues and small wooden figures of kneeling captives were discovered in the mortuary complexes of Neferefre,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994146–147_&_148–149-100">[86]</a> Djedkare Isesi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorterMossBurney1981424-101">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorterMossBurney1981421-102">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorterMossBurney1981394-103">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi I">Pepi I</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorterMossBurney1981422-104">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi II">Pepi II</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith194958-97">[83]</a> as well as in the tomb of vizier <a href="/wiki/Senedjemib_Mehi" title="Senedjemib Mehi">Senedjemib Mehi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1949pl._126d_&_e;_fig._130b-105">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski2001158-106">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_building_activities">Main building activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Main building activities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_Relief_of_Iny,_Excavated_at_Saqqara,_Egypt_-_Limestone,_Old_Kingdom,_6th_dynasty,_23rd_century_BC.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tomb_Relief_of_Iny%2C_Excavated_at_Saqqara%2C_Egypt_-_Limestone%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_6th_dynasty%2C_23rd_century_BC.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Tomb_Relief_of_Iny%2C_Excavated_at_Saqqara%2C_Egypt_-_Limestone%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_6th_dynasty%2C_23rd_century_BC.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tomb_Relief_of_Iny%2C_Excavated_at_Saqqara%2C_Egypt_-_Limestone%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_6th_dynasty%2C_23rd_century_BC.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Tomb_Relief_of_Iny%2C_Excavated_at_Saqqara%2C_Egypt_-_Limestone%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_6th_dynasty%2C_23rd_century_BC.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tomb_Relief_of_Iny%2C_Excavated_at_Saqqara%2C_Egypt_-_Limestone%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_6th_dynasty%2C_23rd_century_BC.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Tomb_Relief_of_Iny%2C_Excavated_at_Saqqara%2C_Egypt_-_Limestone%2C_Old_Kingdom%2C_6th_dynasty%2C_23rd_century_BC.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5449" /></a><figcaption>Tomb relief of Iny excavated at Saqqara</figcaption></figure> Assuming Verner's reconstruction of the Fifth Dynasty royal family, Nyuserre Ini faced an enormous task when he ascended the throne: his father, mother and brother had all left their pyramids unfinished,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994141-107">[93]</a> his father's and brother's sun temples were unfinished too and he had to construct his own pyramid as well as those of his queens. Nyuserre met this challenge by placing his pyramid in the immediate vicinity of the unfinished ones, on the north-eastern corner of that of Neferirkare Kakai and next to <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sahure" title="Pyramid of Sahure">that of Sahure</a>, thereby concentrating all pyramid building activities in South Abusir,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994141-107">[93]</a> in an area of 300 m × 300 m (980 ft × 980 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586footnote_15d-108">[94]</a> This meant that his pyramid was out of the alignment formed by the preceding ones, limited its size and constrained the layout of his mortuary complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2000586footnote_15-109">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-110">[96]</a> This would explain why, despite having enjoyed one of the longest reigns of the Fifth Dynasty, Nyuserre's pyramid was smaller than that of his father and closer in size to that of his grandfather Sahure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-110">[96]</a> Builders and artisans who worked on Nyuserre's constructions projects lived in the pyramid town "Enduring-are-the-(cult)-places-of-Niuserre", which was very likely located in Abusir between the causeways of Sahure and Nyuserre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2012407-111">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid_of_Nyuserre">Pyramid of Nyuserre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pyramid of Nyuserre">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Nyuserre" title="Pyramid of Nyuserre">Pyramid of Nyuserre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niouserre1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A ruined pyramid in the desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Niouserre1.JPG/220px-Niouserre1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Niouserre1.JPG/330px-Niouserre1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Niouserre1.JPG/440px-Niouserre1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The pyramid of Nyuserre Ini in Abusir</figcaption></figure> Nyuserre built a <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a> for himself at <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a> named Mensut Nyuserre,<a href="#cite_note-113">[note 15]</a> meaning "Established are the places of Nyuserre"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116-114">[99]</a> or "The places of Nyuserre endure".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-4">[4]</a> The completed pyramid was entirely covered in fine limestone. It was about 52 m (171 ft) tall, with a base of 78.8 m (259 ft) along each side,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992117-115">[100]</a> a slope of 52 degrees and a total volume of stone of about 112,000 m3 (4,000,000 cu ft). The burial chamber and antechamber were both lined with fine limestone as well and roofed with three tiers of gigantic limestone beams 10 m (33 ft) long weighing 90 tons each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-110">[96]</a> The pyramid complex is unusual as the outer sections of the mortuary temple are offset to the south of the eastern side of the complex. This allowed Nyuserre to intercept and complete his father's causeway, which led from the valley temple close to the Nile to the pyramid itself on the desert edge. The valley temple of Nyuserre was thus built on the foundations laid by his father for his own unfinished valley temple. Once completed, it consisted of a portico with eight papyriform columns, its floor was of black <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and its walls were made of limestone with painted reliefs above a <a href="/wiki/Dado_(architecture)" title="Dado (architecture)">dado</a> of red granite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-110">[96]</a> The back of the portico led to the causeway, the base of which was entirely covered in basalt, while its upper portions were decorated with numerous reliefs, some showing the king as a sphinx trampling over his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008149-116">[101]</a> The causeway was roofed by limestone blocks painted in blue with golden stars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008149-116">[101]</a> Arriving near the pyramid, the causeway led into a columned courtyard preceded by storage rooms and succeeded by the mortuary temple itself, which housed statues of the king and depictions of the royal family and Nyuserre in the presence of the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008149-116">[101]</a> The wider pyramid complex was enclosed by a wall, with two large rectangular structures on its north-east and south-east corners. Both Lehner and Verner see these as the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">pylon</a>, characteristic of later <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Egyptian temples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1997a316-117">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008149-116">[101]</a> Beyond the main pyramid was a smaller one for the <a href="/wiki/Ka_(Egyptian_soul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka (Egyptian soul)">Ka</a> of the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008149-116">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid_Lepsius_XXIV">Pyramid Lepsius XXIV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pyramid Lepsius XXIV">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lepsius_XXIV" title="Lepsius XXIV">Lepsius XXIV</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramide_LXXIV_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Low ruins in the desert, looking like a wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pyramide_LXXIV_b.jpg/220px-Pyramide_LXXIV_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pyramide_LXXIV_b.jpg/330px-Pyramide_LXXIV_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pyramide_LXXIV_b.jpg/440px-Pyramide_LXXIV_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the pyramid Lepsius XXIV</figcaption></figure> South of the pyramid of his mother Khentkaus II, Nyuserre built a pyramid for a queen, either a consort of himself or of his brother Neferefre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2007-118">[103]</a> The pyramid is known today as Lepsius XXIV, after its number in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" title="Karl Richard Lepsius">Karl Richard Lepsius</a>' pioneering <a href="/wiki/Lepsius_list_of_pyramids" title="Lepsius list of pyramids">list of pyramids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199483-119">[104]</a> It originally reached about 27 m (89 ft) high with a base of 31.5 m (103 ft), its core made of limestone and clay mortar organised in horizontal and accretion layers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčí2005-120">[105]</a> Today the pyramid is heavily ruined, its outer casing of fine white limestone long gone, and it stands only 5 m (16 ft) tall. While graffiti left by the builders indicate that the construction of this pyramid dates to the later part of Nyuserre's reign and took place under the direction of vizier Ptahshepses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčí2005-120">[105]</a> the name of the queen for whom the pyramid was intended is lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199483-119">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reptynub" title="Reptynub">Reptynub</a> has been cited as a likely candidate. In the burial chamber, which is reached via a straight north–south passageway, the broken up mummy of a young woman was discovered. She stood around 160 cm (5.2 ft) tall and died between 21 and 23 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrouhalČernýVyhnánek2000549–550-121">[106]</a> It is unclear whether the mummy is that of the original owner of the pyramid or dates to a later period as the mummification method employed could suggest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčí2005-120">[105]</a> Excavations of the burial chamber yielded fragments of a pink granite sarcophagus as well as pieces of large calcite canopic jars and smaller funerary equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčí2005-120">[105]</a> On the eastern side of the pyramid, the ruins of a small satellite pyramid as well as of a mortuary temple have been discovered. Both were heavily affected by stone robbing, which started as early as the New Kingdom and reached a climax during the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Saite</a> (664–525 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Persian</a> (525–402 BCE) periods, making a modern reconstruction of the temple layout impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrejčí2005-120">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lepsius_XXV">Lepsius XXV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lepsius XXV">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double_Pyramid" title="Double Pyramid">Double Pyramid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepsius-XXV_pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Low ruins of a pyramid in the desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lepsius-XXV_pyramid.jpg/220px-Lepsius-XXV_pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Lepsius-XXV_pyramid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Lepsius XXV in Abusir</figcaption></figure> The ruins known today as Lepsius XXV constitute not one but two large adjacent tombs built as a single monument on the south-eastern edge of the Abusir necropolis. The peculiar construction, which Verner has called a "double pyramid", was known to ancient Egyptians as "The Two are Vigilant".<a href="#cite_note-123">[note 16]</a> The pyramids, both truncated, had rectangular bases of 27.7 m × 21.5 m (91 ft × 71 ft) for the eastern one and 21.7 m × 15.7 m (71 ft × 52 ft) for the western one, their walls reaching an inclination of about 78 degrees. This means that the construction resembled a pair of mastabas more than a couple of pyramids,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2007-118">[103]</a> in fact so much so that Dušan Magdolen proposed that Lepsius XXV is a mastaba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagdolen2008205-124">[108]</a> A further peculiarity of the structure is the lack of associated mortuary temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2007-118">[103]</a> Instead, the eastern tomb boasts a small offering chapel built of undecorated white limestone and situated within the tomb superstructure. Its ceiling reached 5 m (16 ft) high. Excavations revealed small pieces of papyrus inscribed with a list of offerings as well as fragments of an alabaster statue of a woman clothed in a simple robe. The burial chamber revealed scant remains of the female owner and a few pieces of funerary equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2007-118">[103]</a> The western tomb was built subsequently to the eastern one and seems to have served to bury another woman. Builders graffiti uncovered during the Czech excavations demonstrate in all likelihood that the monument was built under Nyuserre, its owners possibly amongst the last members of the broader royal family to be buried in Abusir, the necropolis being abandoned by Nyuserre's successor Menkauhor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2007-118">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sun_Temple">Sun Temple</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sun Temple">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple-solaire-abousir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a temple, comprising buildings and in the center, a large obelisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Temple-solaire-abousir.jpg/220px-Temple-solaire-abousir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Temple-solaire-abousir.jpg/330px-Temple-solaire-abousir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Temple-solaire-abousir.jpg/440px-Temple-solaire-abousir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Borchardt" title="Ludwig Borchardt">Ludwig Borchardt</a>'s reconstruction of the Shesepibre<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBissingKeesBorchardt1905–1928Band_1:_Der_Bau-125">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musee_Caire_Niouserre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Door frame made of large blocks of red granite, inscribed with hieroglyphs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Musee_Caire_Niouserre.jpg/220px-Musee_Caire_Niouserre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Musee_Caire_Niouserre.jpg/330px-Musee_Caire_Niouserre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Musee_Caire_Niouserre.jpg/440px-Musee_Caire_Niouserre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>Red granite entrance portico bearing Nyuserre's titulary, likely from his sun temple, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Nyuserre was the penultimate Egyptian pharaoh to build a <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_sun_temple" title="Egyptian sun temple">sun temple</a>. In doing so, he was following a tradition established by Userkaf that reflects the paramount importance of the cult of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> during the Fifth Dynasty. Sun temples built during this period were meant to play for Ra the same role that the pyramid played for the king: they were funerary temples for the sun god, where his renewal and rejuvenation necessary to maintain the order of the world could take place. Cults performed in the temple were thus primarily concerned with Ra's creator function as well as his role as father of the king. During his lifetime, the king would appoint his closest officials to the running of the temple, allowing them to benefit from the temple's income and thus ensuring their loyalty. After the pharaoh's death, the sun temple's income would be associated with the pyramid complex, supporting Nyuserre's funerary cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanákVymazalováCoppens2010441–442-126">[110]</a> Located in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Gorab" title="Abu Gorab">Abu Ghurob</a>, north of Abusir, Nyuserre's sun temple is the largest and best preserved of its kind,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-4">[4]</a> leading some Egyptologists such as von Beckerath to see Nyuserre's reign as the peak of the solar cult,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1982517–518-127">[111]</a> an assertion which, according to Grimal, is exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199278-128">[112]</a> The temple was known as the Shesepibre by the Ancient Egyptians,<a href="#cite_note-129">[note 17]</a> which has been variously translated as "Joy of the heart of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Re</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-4">[4]</a> "Re's Favorite Place",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoelet199986-130">[113]</a> "Delight of Ra",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008151-131">[114]</a> or "Place agreeable to Ra".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992116-114">[99]</a> Curiously,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008151-131">[114]</a> Nyuserre's sun temple was first built in mudbrick, only later to be reconstructed entirely in stone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008151-131">[114]</a> It is the only such structure to receive this treatment,<a href="#cite_note-132">[note 18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199278-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1982517–518-127">[111]</a> thanks to which much of the architectural elements and reliefs have survived to this day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199278-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReliefs_in_the_Petrie_Museum2017-133">[115]</a> While the reason for this renewal remains unclear, Lehner has proposed that it may be related to Nyuserre's Sed festival, or to some evolution in the ideology surrounding sun temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008151-131">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_Temple_of_Niuserre_-_Altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Huge limestone blocks on the ground, in the shape of Egyptian hieroglyphs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Solar_Temple_of_Niuserre_-_Altar.jpg/220px-Solar_Temple_of_Niuserre_-_Altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Solar_Temple_of_Niuserre_-_Altar.jpg/330px-Solar_Temple_of_Niuserre_-_Altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Solar_Temple_of_Niuserre_-_Altar.jpg/440px-Solar_Temple_of_Niuserre_-_Altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Altar of the sun temple of Nyuserre</figcaption></figure> The temple was entered from the eastern side following a long causeway which departed from a valley temple located closer to the Nile. This temple mostly served as a gateway to the upper temple and housed a pillared portico of mudbrick encased in yellow limestone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008151-131">[114]</a> The upper temple comprised a large rectangular courtyard entered via five granite doorways located on its eastern side. An altar was located in the center of the courtyard, which can still be seen today. It was constructed from five large blocks of <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>, one shaped like the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyph</a> for Ra and the others shaped like the glyph for <a href="/wiki/Hotep" title="Hotep">hotep</a>. They were arranged so as to read Ra Hotep, that is "May Ra be satisfied",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008152-134">[116]</a> from the four cardinal points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoelet199986-130">[113]</a> The sign for Hotep also means "offering" or "offering table" in Ancient Egyptian, so that the altar was literally an offering table to Ra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994110-135">[117]</a> At the western end of the rectangular court was a giant <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a>, a symbol of the sun god Ra. It was built on a pedestal with sloping sides and a square top, like a truncated pyramid, which was 20 m (66 ft) high and was constructed of limestone and red granite around the base. The obelisk topping it was another 36 m (118 ft) high,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994110-135">[117]</a> built entirely of limestone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008151-131">[114]</a> The temple was adorned with numerous fine reliefs depicting Nyuserre's Sed festival as well as a "chapel of seasons" attached to the obelisk pedestal, decorated with representations of human activities throughout the seasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBissing1955pl._I–XXIII-136">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008151-131">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Completion_and_restoration_works">Completion and restoration works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Completion and restoration works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid_complex_of_Neferirkare">Pyramid complex of Neferirkare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pyramid complex of Neferirkare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferirkare" title="Pyramid of Neferirkare">Pyramid of Neferirkare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neferirkare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ruins of a pyramid, its shape well preserved, in the desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neferirkare.jpg/220px-Neferirkare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neferirkare.jpg/330px-Neferirkare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Neferirkare.jpg/440px-Neferirkare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>The pyramid of Neferirkare in Abusir</figcaption></figure> The pyramid of Neferirkare was planned to be significantly larger than that of Neferirkare's Fifth Dynasty predecessors, with a square base side of 105 m (344 ft) and a height of 72 m (236 ft). Although well underway at the death of the pharaoh, the pyramid was lacking its external limestone cladding and the accompanying mortuary temple still had to be built. Neferefre had begun covering the pyramid surface with limestone and had built the foundation of a stone temple on the pyramid eastern side; Nyuserre completed their father's pyramid complex,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2015293-137">[119]</a> though he did so more parsimoniously than his brother. He abandoned the task of covering the pyramid altogether and finished the mortuary temple with cheaper materials than were normally used for such buildings. Its walls were made of mud-bricks rather than limestone and its floor was of beaten clay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199477–79-138">[120]</a> The outer part of the temple was built to comprise a column portico and a pillared court, all columns being made of wood rather than the usual granite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199477–79-138">[120]</a> The temple and pyramid were also surrounded by a brick wall. Likely for reasons of economy, the causeway leading to the mortuary temple at the foot of the pyramid was never built, no satellite pyramid was added to the mortuary complex, and the valley temple was left unfinished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479-139">[121]</a> Consequently, the priest of the mortuary cult of Neferirkare lived on the temple premises, in dwellings of mud-bricks and rushes, rather than in the pyramid town closer to the Nile valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199479-139">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid_of_Neferefre">Pyramid of Neferefre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pyramid of Neferefre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferefre" title="Pyramid of Neferefre">Pyramid of Neferefre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramid_of_Neferefre,_Abusir,_1970ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white aerial photograph of the ruins of a square-shaped monument with a depression in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyramid_of_Neferefre%2C_Abusir%2C_1970ies.jpg/220px-Pyramid_of_Neferefre%2C_Abusir%2C_1970ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyramid_of_Neferefre%2C_Abusir%2C_1970ies.jpg/330px-Pyramid_of_Neferefre%2C_Abusir%2C_1970ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pyramid_of_Neferefre%2C_Abusir%2C_1970ies.jpg/440px-Pyramid_of_Neferefre%2C_Abusir%2C_1970ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>The unfinished pyramid of Neferefre</figcaption></figure> Construction works on the pyramid of Neferefre had just begun when Neferefre died unexpectedly in his early twenties. At the time of Nyuserre's ascension to the throne, only one step of the core of Neferefre's pyramid had been completed. The substructures, built in a large open pit at the center of the pyramid were possibly unfinished as well. Nyuserre hastily<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-140">[122]</a> completed the pyramid by transforming it into a stylised primeval mound<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a400-140">[122]</a> resembling a mastaba: the walls of the core layer already in place were covered with limestone and the top was filled with clay and stones drawn from the local desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008147-141">[123]</a> The accompanying mortuary temple, which then comprised only a small stone chapel possibly built by the ephemeral Shepseskare,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008427–428-41">[38]</a> was finished by Nyuserre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-110">[96]</a> Extending over the whole 65 m (213 ft) length of the pyramid side, the temple was built of mudbrick and comprised the earliest <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle hall</a> of Ancient Egypt, its roof supported by wooden columns. The hall housed a large wooden statue of the deceased king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-110">[96]</a> Nyuserre also built storage rooms to the north of the hall and, east of it, the "<a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_the_Knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of the Knife">Sanctuary of the Knife</a>" where animals were ritually slaughtered. A column courtyard completed the temple entrance, adorned with two stone columns and 24 wooden ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008148-110">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyramid_complex_of_Khentkaus_II">Pyramid complex of Khentkaus II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pyramid complex of Khentkaus II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abousir_KhentkaousII_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A maze of low walls and ruins in the desert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Abousir_KhentkaousII_01.jpg/220px-Abousir_KhentkaousII_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Abousir_KhentkaousII_01.jpg/330px-Abousir_KhentkaousII_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Abousir_KhentkaousII_01.jpg/440px-Abousir_KhentkaousII_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>In the foreground, Khentkaus' ruined mortuary temple</figcaption></figure> Work on the pyramid and mortuary temple of Nyuserre's mother, Khentkaus II, had begun during her husband's rule but was stopped in the tenth year of his reign,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008146-52">[48]</a> at which point only the pyramid core was still uncased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1997b111-142">[124]</a> After a delay of 12 years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994123-143">[125]</a> Nyuserre Ini restarted the building work, and expended much effort<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b553-144">[126]</a> in completing the majority of the construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1980b250–252_&_265–267-145">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b554-146">[128]</a> The motivation for this might have been to legitimise his rule following the premature death of Neferefre and the possible challenge by Shepseskare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2001317-147">[129]</a> The pyramid is located in Abusir, next to that of Neferikare Kakai, who was Khentkaus' husband and under whose reign the construction of Khentkaus's complex had started.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b553-144">[126]</a> Once completed, the pyramid stood 17 m (56 ft) high, with a side of 25 m (82 ft) at the base and a slope of 52 degrees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008146-52">[48]</a> Its sepulchral chamber likely housed a sarcophagus of red <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. Today, the pyramid is a 4 m (13 ft) high mound of rubble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994123-143">[125]</a> The mortuary temple of the queen, at the eastern foot of the pyramid,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994123-143">[125]</a> was the object of successive completion works during Nyuserre's reign, the earliest one used stone while the latest used only mudbrick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b553-144">[126]</a> Completely ruined today, the temple seems to have been designed in imitation of the mortuary temples of kings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b554-146">[128]</a> incorporating, for example, a satellite pyramid,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995143–163-148">[130]</a> and being aligned on an east–west axis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008146-52">[48]</a> The temple was administratively at least partially independent<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995133–142-149">[131]</a> from the temple of Neferirkare Kakai with which it nonetheless shared some religious services,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPosener-Kriéger1976532-150">[132]</a> and it continued to function until the end of the Sixth Dynasty, some 300 years after Khentkaus' lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008146-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valley_Temple_of_Menkaure">Valley Temple of Menkaure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Valley Temple of Menkaure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Menkaure" title="Pyramid of Menkaure">Pyramid of Menkaure</a></div> Archaeological excavations in 2012–2015 revealed that Nyuserre Ini undertook building works on the valley temple of Menkaure, as witnessed by numerous seal impressions bearing his <a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">serekh</a> discovered on the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2015292-151">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20123-14">[14]</a> These works ended a long period from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> until his reign during which the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Giza necropolis</a> was not the object of royal attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20123-14">[14]</a> Beyond Menkaure's valley temple, Nyuserre apparently also took a wider interest in the administration of the pyramid town of <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> and revived the cult of both Menkaure and queen <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_I" title="Khentkaus I">Khentkaus I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20124-152">[134]</a> According to Mark Lehner, this queen, who bore the same name as Nyuserre's mother and like his mother bore two pharaohs, provided Nyuserre with a genealogical link relating him to his Fourth Dynasty forebears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner201113-153">[135]</a> John Nolan believes that the mirroring position and names of both Khentkaus queens was emphasised so that Nyuserre could legimitise his rule after the troubled times surrounding Neferefre's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20124–5-154">[136]</a> In the valley temple of Menkaure, Nyuserre extended the eastern annex, where he added two sets of alabaster columns,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2015292-151">[133]</a> rebuilt the main entrance and refurbished the limestone causeway leading from the valley temple to the high temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2015306-155">[137]</a> There, Mark Lehner suggested that Nyuserre expanded the inner part of the high temple,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehnerJonesYeomansMahmoud2011175–176-156">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner201112–13-157">[139]</a> notably adding to it a square antechamber with a single central pillar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2015292-151">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sun_Temple_of_Userkaf">Sun Temple of Userkaf</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sun Temple of Userkaf">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sun_temple_of_Userkaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun temple of Userkaf">Sun temple of Userkaf</a></div> Userkaf, founder of the Fifth Dynasty, was also the first pharaoh to build a temple to Ra in Abu Gurob. The temple was called Nekhenre by the Ancient Egyptian, which means "The Fortress of Ra", and built in four phases by three pharaohs. Userkaf first constructed a rectangular enclosure with a mound in its center. Sahure<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a390-158">[140]</a> or Neferirkare Kakai<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008150-159">[141]</a> then transformed this mound into a granite obelisk on a pedestal, adding two statue shrines near its base. The last two phases of construction were undertaken during Nyuserre's reign. Nyuserre first added an inner enclosure of limestone in the pre-existing court, extended the outside enclosure and either completed or built entirely the valley temple. In the last construction phase, Nyuserre encased the inner enclosure in mudbrick, added an altar and five stone benches to the central court, and built an annex to the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008150-159">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_of_Satet">Temple of Satet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Temple of Satet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Satet" title="Temple of Satet">Temple of Satet</a></div> A temple dedicated to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Satet" class="mw-redirect" title="Satet">Satet</a>, personification of the Nile floods, had stood on the island of <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a> to the south of Egypt since at least the late <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Period">Predynastic Period</a> around 3200 BCE. The temple was enlarged and renovated several times from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a> onwards and was again rebuilt in the course of the Fifth Dynasty, possibly during Nyuserre's reign. A <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> plaque bearing Nyuserre's name was discovered in a deposit of votive offerings located under the floor of the sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer198693_&_148–149no._426-160">[142]</a> Unfortunately, this deposit does not represent the original context of the plaque, which could have once adorned the walls of the temple or could equally have been deposed in a foundational offering made in anticipation of the temple reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer198693_&_148–149no._426-160">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1prstek_Museum_-_NM_Prague_60.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fragmentary relief of green glaze showing a woman seated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/N%C3%A1prstek_Museum_-_NM_Prague_60.JPG/220px-N%C3%A1prstek_Museum_-_NM_Prague_60.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/N%C3%A1prstek_Museum_-_NM_Prague_60.JPG/330px-N%C3%A1prstek_Museum_-_NM_Prague_60.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/N%C3%A1prstek_Museum_-_NM_Prague_60.JPG/440px-N%C3%A1prstek_Museum_-_NM_Prague_60.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Glazed relief showing Khentkaus II enthroned, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1prstek_Museum" title="Náprstek Museum">Náprstek Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parents_and_siblings">Parents and siblings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Parents and siblings">edit</a>]</div> The identity of the mother of Nyuserre is known with certainty: it was queen <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_II" title="Khentkaus II">Khentkaus II</a>, in whose mortuary temple a fragmentary relief showing her facing her son Nyuserre and his family has been uncovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1980a161fig._5-161">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a234-162">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994126-163">[145]</a> On this relief both Khentkaus and Nyuserre appear on the same scale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a234-162">[144]</a> As a corollary, Nyuserre was almost certainly a son of Neferirkare Kakai as Khentkaus II was Neferirkare's queen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a335-164">[146]</a> This relationship is also indicated by the location of Nyuserre's pyramid in Abusir next to that of Neferirkare, as well as his reuse for his own valley temple of materials from Neferikare's unfinished constructions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199277–78-165">[147]</a> At least one sibling of Nyuserre is known with near-certainty: Neferefre, who was a son of Neferirkare and Khentkaus II, was Nyuserre's elder brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200464-166">[148]</a> Since the relation between Shepseskare and Nyuserre remains uncertain, it is possible that the two were brothers too, as suggested by Roth,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2001106-167">[149]</a> although the dominant hypothesis is that Shepseskare was a son of Sahure and hence Nyuserre's uncle. Finally, yet another brother,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz197629-168">[150]</a> possibly younger<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995171-169">[151]</a> than Nyuserre has also been proposed: Iryenre, a prince <a href="/wiki/Iry-pat" title="Iry-pat">Iry-pat</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[note 19]</a> whose relationship is suggested by the fact that his funerary cult was associated with that of his mother, both having taken place in the temple of Khentkaus II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b418see_n._24-172">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi199570-173">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts_and_daughters">Consorts and daughters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Consorts and daughters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_LXXIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Descending passage in the midst of ruined walls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Entr%C3%A9e_LXXIV.jpg/220px-Entr%C3%A9e_LXXIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Entr%C3%A9e_LXXIV.jpg/330px-Entr%C3%A9e_LXXIV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Entr%C3%A9e_LXXIV.jpg/440px-Entr%C3%A9e_LXXIV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Entrance of the pyramid Lepsius XXIV, believed to belong to a consort of Nyuserre</figcaption></figure> Nyuserre Ini seems to have had at least two wives, as witnessed by two small pyramids located at the southern end of the pyramid field of Abusir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199483-119">[104]</a> Known today under the names of <a href="/wiki/Lepsius_XXIV" title="Lepsius XXIV">Lepsius XXIV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_Pyramid" title="Double Pyramid">Lepsius XXV</a> given to them by Lepsius in his list of pyramids, both monuments are heavily ruined and the names of their owners cannot be ascertained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina199483-119">[104]</a> One of these two queens might have been <a href="/wiki/Reptynub" title="Reptynub">Reptynub</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b486-174">[155]</a> the only known consort of Nyuserre. Her existence and relation to Nyuserre are attested by a fragmentary alabaster statuette<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt190725,_109fig._88-175">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[note 20]</a> of her discovered in the valley temple<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b485-176">[157]</a> of Nyuserre's pyramid complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a233-178">[158]</a> Pieces of relief from the tomb of vizier <a href="/wiki/Ptahshepses" title="Ptahshepses">Ptahshepses</a> give the titles of a queen and while her name is lost, these titles are the same as those that Reptynub bore,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallender1992115-179">[159]</a> leading Egyptologists to propose that these refer to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a403-180">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a233-178">[158]</a> Nyuserre and Reptynub likely had a daughter in the person of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Khamerernebty" title="Princess Khamerernebty">princess Khamerernebty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200464-166">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[note 21]</a> as suggested by her title of "King's daughter" as well as her marriage to the powerful vizier Ptahshepses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468–69-181">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994183-183">[162]</a> This remains conjectural until direct evidence of this relationship can be discovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallender1992115-179">[159]</a> In particular, the only known connection between Reptynub and Khamerernebty are the reliefs from Ptahshepses's tomb, the presence of which would seem natural<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVachala1979176-184">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallender1992115-179">[159]</a> if Reptynub was Khamerernebty's mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200469-185">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Altenm%C3%BCller" title="Hartwig Altenmüller">Hartwig Altenmüller</a> goes further and hypothesises that Nyuserre had two more daughters, who he believes were buried close to Nyuserre's pyramid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-4">[4]</a> In 2012, the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Sheretnebty" title="Sheretnebty">Sheretnebty</a>, an hitherto unknown daughter of Nyuserre, was excavated in Abusir south by a team under the direction of Miroslav Bárta. She was married to an important Egyptian official, whose name is lost. According to Bárta, this type of marriage reflects the growing <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> in the Egyptian elite and the progressive dilution of the king's power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBárta2018Youtube_video_of_a_presentation_on_the_excavations-186">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sons">Sons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sons">edit</a>]</div> Nyuserre Ini is known to have had at least one son: his first born, whose name is lost, is represented on several<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a326-187">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b621–622-188">[167]</a> relief fragments from the high temple of his pyramid complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a233-178">[158]</a> Beyond the title of Iry-pat and "eldest king's son", he likely held two priestly titles: "lector priest"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b621-189">[168]</a> and "priest of <a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a>".<a href="#cite_note-192">[note 22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a297-190">[169]</a> Although the name of Nyuserre's eldest son is lost, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Baud" title="Michel Baud">Michel Baud</a> observes that one relief fragment comprises a "r[e]", possibly part of the prince's name. If so then he would be distinct from <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a>, Nyuserre's successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b622-193">[171]</a> The precise relationship between Nyuserre and Menkauhor remains uncertain but indirect evidence from the mastaba of <a href="/wiki/Khentkaus_III" title="Khentkaus III">Khentkaus III</a>, discovered in 2015, favors the hypothesis that Menkauhor was a son of Neferefre and thus a nephew of Nyuserre rather than his own son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website-194">[172]</a> Khentkaus is called "king's wife" and "king's mother" in inscriptions left by the tomb builders. Given the location of the mastaba, close to the pyramid of Neferefre, her husband was likely this pharaoh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Express_Tribune2015-195">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201458-196">[174]</a> Since she was also the mother of a king and since Nyuserre was a brother to Neferefre, the son in question is most probably the future Menkauhor Kaiu, who would thus have succeeded his uncle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website-194">[172]</a> In any case, the succession of Nyuserre seems to have gone smoothly. A seal bearing both Nyuserre's and Menkauhor's names has been uncovered in the mortuary complex of Nyuserre's mother Khentkaus II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995121-197">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a9-198">[176]</a> A further seal is believed to have both Nyuserre's and Djedkare's names on it, <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> being Nyuserre's second successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995129-199">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a9-198">[176]</a> Taken together these seals reveal that, at the very least, Menkauhor and Djedkare did not perceive Nyuserre as an antagonist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro199317–19-200">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller19901–2_&_5-201">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaudDobrev199557–58-202">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niuserre_CG_38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small statue showing a king seated, wearing the nemes and clenching his right hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Niuserre_CG_38.jpg/170px-Niuserre_CG_38.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Niuserre_CG_38.jpg/255px-Niuserre_CG_38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Niuserre_CG_38.jpg/340px-Niuserre_CG_38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Statuette of Nyuserre Ini of uncertain provenance, now in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[note 23]</a></figcaption></figure> As pharaoh, Nyuserre Ini benefited from a funerary cult established at his death. Under the umbrella of the term "funerary cult" are grouped various cultic activities of two different types. First, there was an official cult taking place in the king's mortuary complex and which was provided for by agricultural domains established during Nyuserre's reign. This cult was most active until the end of the Old Kingdom but lasted at least until the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Dynasty">Twelfth Dynasty</a> during the Middle Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006314-205">[182]</a> at which point is the latest known mention of a priest serving in Nyuserre's funerary complex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006340-206">[183]</a> In later times, the official cult of Nyuserre was essentially reduced to a cult of the royal ancestor figure, a "limited version of the cult of the divine" as Jaromir Malek writes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b257-207">[184]</a> manifested by the dedication of statues and the compilation of lists of kings to be honoured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992180-208">[185]</a> In parallel to that official cult were the more private cults of pious individuals venerating Nyuserre as a kind of "saint", an intercessor between the believers and the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b257-207">[184]</a> This popular cult, which developed spontaneously, perhaps because of the proximity of Nyuserre's pyramid to Memphis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b257-207">[184]</a> referred to Nyuserre using his birth name Iny,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006313-209">[186]</a> and likely consisted of invocations and offerings to statues of the king or in his mortuary temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b257-207">[184]</a> Therefore, archaeological traces of this cult are difficult to discern,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006333-210">[187]</a> yet Nyuserre's special status is manifest in some <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">religious formulae</a>, where his name is invoked, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastics</a> of individuals, notably during the Middle Kingdom, whose names included "Iny", such as Inhotep, Inemsaf, Inankhu and many more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006337-211">[188]</a> Although the veneration of Nyuserre was originally a local phenomenon from Abusir, Saqqara and their surroundings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b257-207">[184]</a> it may have ultimately reached even outside of Egypt proper, in Sinai, Byblos and Nubia, where fragments of statues, vessels and stelae bearing Nyuserre's name have been discovered in cultic contexts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006339–340-212">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Kingdom">Old Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Old Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> During the Old Kingdom, provisions for the official funerary cult of Nyuserre Ini were produced in agricultural estates set up during his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006318–319footnote_26-213">[190]</a> The names of some of these estates have been found inscribed on the walls of tombs in Saqqara or in Nyuserre's mortuary temple,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006318–319footnote_26-213">[190]</a> such as "The track of Ini"<a href="#cite_note-215">[note 24]</a> and "The offerings of Ini".<a href="#cite_note-217">[note 25]</a> Several Ḥwt domains of the king, which comprise the land holdings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewerTeeter199952-218">[193]</a> of the mortuary temple of Nyuserre, are known: "<a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> wishes that Nyuserre lives",<a href="#cite_note-220">[note 26]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> wishes that Nyuserre lives",<a href="#cite_note-222">[note 27]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a> wishes that Nyuserre lives",<a href="#cite_note-224">[note 28]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> desires Nyuserre to live".<a href="#cite_note-226">[note 29]</a> Several priests serving in the pyramid complex and sun temple of Nyuserre are known from their tombs until the end of the Sixth Dynasty, showing that the official mortuary cult endured throughout the late Old Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006333-210">[187]</a> Nyuserre furthermore received special attention from at least two of his successors during this period: Djedkare Isesi either restored or completed his funerary temple,<a href="#cite_note-228">[note 30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006317-229">[199]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II Neferkare</a> erected a door jamb bearing an inscription mentioning both his first Sed festival and Nyuserre in the latter's valley temple, a close association meant to "evidence the pretended association of the king with his forefather".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006317-229">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[note 31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Intermediate_Period">First Intermediate Period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: First Intermediate Period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Head,_Probably_King_Nyuserre_LACMA_51.15.6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head of a pharaoh, wearing the nemes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_Head%2C_Probably_King_Nyuserre_LACMA_51.15.6.jpg/170px-Royal_Head%2C_Probably_King_Nyuserre_LACMA_51.15.6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_Head%2C_Probably_King_Nyuserre_LACMA_51.15.6.jpg/255px-Royal_Head%2C_Probably_King_Nyuserre_LACMA_51.15.6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_Head%2C_Probably_King_Nyuserre_LACMA_51.15.6.jpg/340px-Royal_Head%2C_Probably_King_Nyuserre_LACMA_51.15.6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Head of king, probably Nyuserre<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELACMA2016-3">[3]</a></figcaption></figure> Nyuserre is one of the very few Old Kingdom kings for whom there is evidence that the funerary cult continued uninterrupted during the First Intermediate Period,<a href="#cite_note-234">[note 32]</a> when the central authority of the pharaohs had broken down and the Egyptian state was in turmoil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006313-209">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b245-232">[201]</a> The tombs of two priests Heryshefhotep I and II, who lived during this period,<a href="#cite_note-237">[note 33]</a> mention their roles and duties in the funerary establishment of Nyuserre, witnessing to the continuing existence of the official mortuary cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006336-238">[205]</a> Nyuserre's effective deification and popular veneration flourished in parallel to the official cult throughout the period, as revealed for example by inscriptions in the tomb of an individual named Ipi, who desires to be "honoured before Iny",<a href="#cite_note-240">[note 34]</a> a terminology in which Nyuserre plays a role normally reserved to the gods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006318-239">[206]</a> Similar qualifications denoting Nyuserre's status are found in tombs dating to the subsequent early Middle Kingdom, such as the mummy chest of an individual named Inhotep, on which he says he is to be "honoured before <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, lord of life, and Iny, lord of reverence".<a href="#cite_note-242">[note 35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Kingdom">Middle Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Middle Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> The Middle Kingdom saw the decline of the official cult of Nyuserre. Evidence from this period come from works undertaken in the Karnak temple by <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a>, who dedicated a number of statues of Old Kingdom kings<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992180-208">[185]</a> including at least one of Nyuserre,<a href="#cite_note-245">[note 36]</a> to a cult of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and of the royal ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006321-244">[209]</a> At the same time, the 12th Dynasty saw the widespread dismantling of many Old Kingdom funerary temples for their materials, which were notably reused in the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Amenemhet_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid of Amenemhet I">pyramid complexes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Senusret_I" title="Pyramid of Senusret I">Senusret I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b257-207">[184]</a> These events are contemporaneous with the life of the last priest serving the official cult of Nyuserre, a certain Inhotep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006336-238">[205]</a> Both of these facts hint at a lapse of royal interest in the state-sponsored funerary cults of Old Kingdom rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b257-207">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Kingdom">New Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: New Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1060217_Louvre_Thoutmosis_III_chapelle_des_Anc%C3%AAtres_volet_1_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fragments of reliefs interspersed with recent drawing showing the likely continuation of the damaged parts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/P1060217_Louvre_Thoutmosis_III_chapelle_des_Anc%C3%AAtres_volet_1_rwk.JPG/170px-P1060217_Louvre_Thoutmosis_III_chapelle_des_Anc%C3%AAtres_volet_1_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/P1060217_Louvre_Thoutmosis_III_chapelle_des_Anc%C3%AAtres_volet_1_rwk.JPG/255px-P1060217_Louvre_Thoutmosis_III_chapelle_des_Anc%C3%AAtres_volet_1_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/P1060217_Louvre_Thoutmosis_III_chapelle_des_Anc%C3%AAtres_volet_1_rwk.JPG/340px-P1060217_Louvre_Thoutmosis_III_chapelle_des_Anc%C3%AAtres_volet_1_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Section of the Karnak list of kings to be honoured by Thutmosis III. Nyuserre is the fourth seated king of the top row.</figcaption></figure> The popular veneration of Nyuserre during earlier times continued to influence the cults performed during the New Kingdom. This is best exemplified by the Karnak king list, composed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Thutmosis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Thutmosis III">Thutmosis III</a>, with the purpose of honouring a selection of royal ancestors and which includes the cartouche showing "Iny" for Nyuserre. This choice is unusual, as cartouches normally include the king's praenomen rather than a birth name, "Iny" being likely chosen here because it was under this name that Nyuserre was venerated and had become deified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006320-36">[33]</a> Later, during the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Ramesside period</a>, statues of Old Kingdom pharaohs including one of Nyuserre Ini were placed in a cachette (a hiding place) in the temple of Ptah in Memphis, suggesting their continued use for cultic purposes until that point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006322-246">[210]</a> Concurrently with these activities, extensive restoration works in Abusir and Saqqara were undertaken during the reign of Ramses II under the direction of prince <a href="/wiki/Khaemweset" title="Khaemweset">Khaemweset</a>. The sun temple of Nyuserre was among the monuments benefiting from these works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildung1969170-247">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Intermediate_Period">Third Intermediate Period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Third Intermediate Period">edit</a>]</div> During the late <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a>, Old Kingdom mortuary temples enjoyed a revival of interest due primarily to the archaizing style favoured by the kings of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a> (c. 760–656 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992348-248">[212]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> (fl. c. 690–664 BCE) had reliefs from the temples of Sahure, Nyuserre and Pepi II reproduced in the temple of Amun of Gem-Aten in <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a> during his restoration works there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal1992348-248">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_citations_and_sources">Notes, citations and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes, citations and sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Proposed dates for Nyuserre's reign: 2474–2444 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawassSenussi200810-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELACMA2016-3">[3]</a> 2470–2444 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-4">[4]</a> 2465–2435 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2016-5">[5]</a> 2453–2422 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199460-6">[6]</a> 2453–2420 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler2007215-7">[7]</a> 2445–2421 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000a100-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999141-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Mieroop201155-10">[10]</a> 2445–2414 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005xxx-11">[11]</a> 2420–2389 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1999283-12">[12]</a> 2402–2374 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung2012491-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20123-14">[14]</a> 2398–2388 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick19853-15">[15]</a> In a 1978 work, the Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/William_C._Hayes" title="William C. Hayes">William C. Hayes</a> credited Nyuserre with 30+2(?) years of reign, starting c. 2500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes197858-16">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The only date known reliably in relation with Nyuserre Ini comes from <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of a piece of wood discovered in the mastaba of Ptahshepses, a vizier and son in law of Nyuserre. The wood was dated to 2465–2333 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a404-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath199756-19">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Numerous artefacts and architectural elements either bearing Nyuserre's nomen, prenomen or serekh or simply contemporary with his reign have been unearthed. These are now scattered throughout the world in many museums including the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Museum of Fine Arts">Boston Museum of Fine Arts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoston_Museum_of_fine_Arts2016-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooklyn_Museum2016-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELACMA2016-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2016-28">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrie Museum">Petrie Museum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrie_Museum2016[httppetriecatmuseumsuclacukdispatcheraspxactionsearchdatabaseChoiceUCLPCsearchaccession_number2027UC1110327limit10SRT0TYP0SEQ0position1_UC11103]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrie_Museum2016[httppetriecatmuseumsuclacukdispatcheraspxactionsearchdatabaseChoiceUCLPCsearchaccession_number2027UC1110327limit10SRT0TYP0SEQ0position1_UC11103]-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDigital_Egypt_for_Universities2016-30">[28]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and many more. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Neferefre was the eldest son of Neferirkare with queen Khentkaus II,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985282-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-4">[4]</a> as shown by a relief on limestone slab depicting Neferirkare and his wife Khentkaus with "the king's eldest son Ranefer", the future pharaoh Neferefre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner1985282-46">[43]</a> At the same time, Nyuserre Ini undertook numerous construction works in the mortuary temple of Khentkaus II, who bore the title of "Mother of Two Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt", indicating that two of her sons ascended the throne. See <a href="#Parents_and_siblings">below</a> for a detailed discussion. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> That is, Neferefre and Nyuserre Ini. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Verner proposes that he received the title upon marrying Nyuserre's daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerZemina1994189-55">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> During the Old Kingdom, Ancient Egyptians did not have a system of absolute dating as we do today, rather they counted years from the beginning of a king's reign and gave them names relating to important events that occurred or would occur during this year. The most important such event was the cattle count, and many documents and inscriptions thus mentions the year of the Xth cattle count under king Y. In the case of Nyuserre, the latest such event attested in a document contemporaneous with his reign is the 8th cattle count, that is at most Nyuserre's 16th year on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a416-61">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Between his 1985 book on the Egyptian administration and his 2005 book on Egyptian texts of the Old Kingdom, Nigel Strudwick has changed his opinion on Nyuserre's reign length and now credits him with 31 years on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005xxx-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Ryholt writes "Nyuserre's reign is damaged. There is a distinct trace of a 10, 20 or 30, followed by a stroke after which the papyrus breaks off. Accordingly, the possibilities are 11–14, 21–24, and 31–34 years [for Nyuserre], and not just 24 years" as is conventionally assumed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyholt199713-37">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Verner writes that such scenes are part of a standard decoration program for the funerary complex of the king: "Beautiful reliefs with the scenes of the sed-festival from this sun temple are occasionally considered as indirect evidence of a long reign for this king. Generally, the historical authenticity [...] of such reliefs is doubted since the sed-festival scenes very probably belonged in the Old Kingdom to the standard 'Bildprogram' of the royal funerary monuments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001a404-18">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Tyldesley" title="Joyce Tyldesley">Joyce Tyldesley</a> instead sees the reign of Djedkare Isesi as the very beginning of the decline in the importance of the king,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyldesley2005238-77">[67]</a> given the decentralisation stemming from his reforms. Yet for Nigel Strudwick and Klaus Baer, these reforms were precisely undertaken as a reaction to the rapid growth of the central administration<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick1985340-78">[68]</a> which had amassed too much political or economic power<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick1985341-79">[69]</a> in the eyes of the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaer1960297_&_300-80">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Catalogue number Cairo JE 38570.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick2005136text_58-90">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Egyptian Mnṯjw </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> The primary example of Old Kingdom gneiss statue is the <a href="/wiki/Khafre_Enthroned" title="Khafre Enthroned">Khafre Enthroned</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Transliteration Mn-s.wt-Nj-wsr-Rˁ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZibelius-Chen197897–98_&_232–234-112">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Ancient Egyptian transliteration: rś mrwj, variously translated as "The two are watchful / vigilant / alert".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagdolen2008211-122">[107]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Transliteration Šsp-jb-Rˁ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZibelius-Chen197897–98_&_232–234-112">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> As noted in this article, Lehner states that Userkaf's sun temple underwent a similar transformation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehner2008151-131">[114]</a> albeit less total, while Grimal and von Beckerath emphasise the uniqueness of the Shesepibre in this respect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimal199278-128">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1982517–518-127">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Often translated as "Hereditary prince" or "Hereditary noble" and more precisely "Concerned with the nobility", this title denotes a highly exalted position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrudwick200527-170">[152]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> The statuette is now in the Egyptian Museum, Berlin, under the catalogue number 17438.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b485-176">[157]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Known more completely as Khamerernebty A in modern Egyptology, a denomination aimed at distinguishing her from later Khamerernebtys. For the same reason, Ptahshepses is known as Ptahshepses B.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton200468–69-181">[161]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> In Egyptian sm3-Mnw, meaning Sema priest of Min.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999a297-190">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaud1999b665-191">[170]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Catalogue number CG 38, the statue is 65 cm (26 in) high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt191136num._38-203">[181]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Ancient Egyptian Mṯn-Ini.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski200155-214">[191]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Ancient Egyptian Ḥtpwt-Ini<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrovarski200170-216">[192]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Ancient Egyptian ḥwt Ny-wsr-Rˁ mr Ḥwt-Ḥr ˁnḫ Ny-wsr-Rˁ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacquet-Gordon1962157num._25-219">[194]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Ancient Egyptian ḥwt Ny-wsr-Rˁ mr Ḥr ˁnḫ Ny-wsr-Rˁ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacquet-Gordon1962156num._18-221">[195]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Ancient Egyptian ḥwt Ny-wsr-Rˁ mr B3stt ˁnḫ Ny-wsr-Rˁ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacquet-Gordon1962155num._16-223">[196]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Ancient Egyptian mr Ptḥ ˁnḫ Ny-wsr-Rˁ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006319footnote_26-225">[197]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> This is witnessed by a fragmentary inscription where Djedkare claims to have undertaken works in Nyuserre's temple. The block bearing the inscription is currently housed in the Berlin Museum, under the catalogue No. 17933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt1907157–158fig._131-227">[198]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> The fragmented jamb is now in the Berlin Museum, catalogue No. 17934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt1907158–159fig._132-230">[200]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> The Old Kingdom kings whose funerary cult continued to exist during the First Intermediate period are, according to Jaromir Malek, Nyuserre and <a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b245-232">[201]</a> Antonio Morales adds Unas to this list,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006313-209">[186]</a> but this is contested by Malek, who sees Unas' funerary cult during the Middle Kingdom as a revival rather than a continuation of existing practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b250_&_256-233">[202]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Malek states that these priests date "probably" to the late <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a>, that is early Middle Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b248-235">[203]</a> but does not exclude the possibility of an earlier date, in the First Intermediate Period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b246-236">[204]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Ancient Egyptian jm3ḫw ḫr Jnjj.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006318-239">[206]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Ancient Egyptian jm3ḫ(w) ḫr Wsir nb ˁnḫ Jnj nb jm3ḫ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006326-241">[207]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> The statue in question is fragmentary, the lower half being now in the Egyptian Museum of Cairo under the catalogue number CG 42003 and the upper half in the Rochester Memorial Art Gallery, catalogue no. 42.54.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBothmer1974-243">[208]</a> The lower part of a black granite statue of Nyuserre, now in the British museum under the catalogue number BM EA 870, may come from Karnak as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorales2006321-244">[209]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner2001b589_1-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerner2001b">Verner 2001b</a>, p. 589. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawassSenussi200810-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawassSenussi200810_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawassSenussi2008">Hawass & Senussi 2008</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELACMA2016-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELACMA2016_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELACMA2016_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELACMA2016_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLACMA2016">LACMA 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltenmüller2001599_4-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFAltenmüller2001">Altenmüller 2001</a>, p. 599. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2016-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica2016_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2016">Encyclopædia Britannica 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton199460-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton199460_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClayton1994">Clayton 1994</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler2007215-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler2007215_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiegler2007">Ziegler 2007</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000a100-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalek2000a100_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalek2000a">Malek 2000a</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1999141-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1999141_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRice1999">Rice 1999</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Mieroop201155-10"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015Charles_University_website_194-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015">Discovery of the tomb of Khentkaus III 2015</a>, Charles University website. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Express_Tribune2015-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Express_Tribune2015_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Express_Tribune2015">The Express Tribune 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201458-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerner201458_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerner2014">Verner 2014</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995121-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995121_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995">Verner, Posener-Kriéger & Jánosi 1995</a>, p. 121. </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorales2006317_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorales2006317_229-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorales2006">Morales 2006</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchardt1907158–159fig._132-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchardt1907158–159fig._132_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorchardt1907">Borchardt 1907</a>, pp. 158–159, fig. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b245-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b245_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b245_232-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalek2000b">Malek 2000b</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b250_&_256-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b250_&_256_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalek2000b">Malek 2000b</a>, pp. 250 & 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b248-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b248_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalek2000b">Malek 2000b</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalek2000b246-236"><a 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.refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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Hildesheim: Pelizaeus-Museum: 1–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hildesheimer+%C3%84gyptologische+Beitr%C3%A4ge&rft.atitle=Bemerkungen+zur+Gr%C3%BCndung+der+6.+Dynastie&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Altenm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Hartwig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fpropylaeumdok%2F1586%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltenmüller2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hartwig_Altenm%C3%BCller" title="Hartwig Altenmüller">Altenmüller, Hartwig</a> (2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. 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Hinrichs. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6724337">6724337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Grabdenkmal+des+K%C3%B6nigs+Ne-user-re%27&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.series=Ausgrabungen+der+Deutschen+Orient-Gesellschaft+in+Abusir+1902%E2%80%931904&rft.pub=J.C.+Hinrichs&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6724337&rft.aulast=Borchardt&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchardt1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borchardt, Ludwig (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/borchardt_statuen_1.pdf">Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire Nos 1–1294. Statuen und Statuetten von Königen und Privatleuten. Teil 1</a> (PDF) (in German). Berlin: Reichsdruckerei. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71385823">71385823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+des+Antiquit%C3%A9s+%C3%89gyptiennes+du+Mus%C3%A9e+du+Caire+Nos+1%E2%80%931294.+Statuen+und+Statuetten+von+K%C3%B6nigen+und+Privatleuten.+Teil+1&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Reichsdruckerei&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71385823&rft.aulast=Borchardt&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizapyramids.org%2Fpdf_library%2Fborchardt_statuen_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorchardt1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borchardt, Ludwig (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/borchardt1913bd2b?sid=581395ce99fcb4e7511b5ea7bea65b1b">Das Grabdenkmal des Königs S'aḥu-Re (Band 2): Die Wandbilder: Abbildungsblätter</a> (in German). 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Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05074-3"><bdi>978-0-500-05074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05074-3&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofphara00clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuni.cz/UKEN-332.html">"Czech expedition discovers the tomb of an ancient Egyptian unknown queen"</a>. 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Bibliothèque égyptologique (in French). Vol. 21–26. Paris: Editions Ernest Leroux. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39025805">39025805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%92uvres+diverses%2C+volume+sixi%C3%A8me&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+%C3%A9gyptologique&rft.pub=Editions+Ernest+Leroux&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39025805&rft.aulast=de+Roug%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k55548k.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodsonHilton2004" class="citation book cs1">Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05128-3"><bdi>978-0-500-05128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Royal+Families+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05128-3&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Hilton%2C+Dyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dreyer, Günter (1986). Elephantine VIII: der Tempel der Satet: die Funde der Frühzeit und des alten Reiches. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen (in German). Vol. 39. Mainz am Rhein: Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-0501-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-0501-3"><bdi>978-3-8053-0501-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elephantine+VIII%3A+der+Tempel+der+Satet%3A+die+Funde+der+Fr%C3%BChzeit+und+des+alten+Reiches&rft.place=Mainz+am+Rhein&rft.series=Arch%C3%A4ologische+Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen&rft.pub=Zabern&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-8053-0501-3&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunand1939" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dunand, Maurice (1939). Fouilles de Byblos I. 1926–1932. 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American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-305-986-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-305-986-6"><bdi>978-977-305-986-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Kingdom+Pottery+from+Giza&rft.pub=American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-977-305-986-6&rft.aulast=Hawass&rft.aufirst=Zahi&rft.au=Senussi%2C+Ashraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Hayes" title="William C. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7427345">7427345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scepter+of+Egypt%3A+A+Background+for+the+Study+of+the+Egyptian+Antiquities+in+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art.+Vol.+1%2C+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+End+of+the+Middle+Kingdom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7427345&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fmetpublications%2FThe_Scepter_of_Egypt_Vol_1_From_the_Earliest_Times_to_the_End_of_the_Middle_Kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooklyn_Museum2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3814">"Head and torso of a king"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>. 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Leiden, Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11385-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11385-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0169-9423">0169-9423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Chronology&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0169-9423&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11385-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquet-Gordon1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacquet-Gordon, Helen (1962). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeraweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/aeragram13_2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AERA+Gram&rft.atitle=Fifth+Dynasty+Renaissance+at+Giza&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1944-0014&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeraweb.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F01%2Faeragram13_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoston_Museum_of_fine_Arts2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122080648/http://educators.mfa.org/search/site/Niuserre">"Niuserre BMFA catalog"</a>. Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://educators.mfa.org/search/site/Niuserre">the original</a> on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Museum+of+Fine+Arts&rft.atitle=Niuserre+BMFA+catalog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducators.mfa.org%2Fsearch%2Fsite%2FNiuserre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metmuseum.org/search-results#!/search?q=Niuserre">"Nyuserre on the MMA online catalog"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 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Oxford: Griffith Institute, Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900416-19-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900416-19-4"><bdi>978-0-900416-19-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topographical+bibliography+of+ancient+Egyptian+hieroglyphic+texts%2C+reliefs%2C+and+paintings.+III%2F1.+Memphis.+Ab%C3%BB+Raw%C3%A2sh+to+Ab%C3%BB%E1%B9%A3%C3%AEr&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=second%2C+revised+and+augmented+by+Jarom%C3%ADr+M%C3%A1lek&rft.pub=Griffith+Institute%2C+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-900416-19-4&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Bertha&rft.au=Moss%2C+Rosalind+L.+B.&rft.au=Burney%2C+Ethel+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.griffith.ox.ac.uk%2Ftopbib%2Fpdf%2Fpm3-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterMossBurney1951" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Bertha; Moss, Rosalind L. 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Oxford: Griffith Institute, Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312542797">312542797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topographical+bibliography+of+ancient+Egyptian+hieroglyphic+texts%2C+reliefs%2C+and+paintings.+VII+Nubia%2C+the+deserts%2C+and+outside+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Griffith+Institute%2C+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312542797&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Bertha&rft.au=Moss%2C+Rosalind+L.+B.&rft.au=Burney%2C+Ethel+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.griffith.ox.ac.uk%2Ftopbib%2Fpdf%2Fpm7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosener-Kriéger1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Paule_Posener-Kri%C3%A9ger" title="Paule Posener-Kriéger">Posener-Kriéger, Paule</a> (1976). 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Le Caire: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4515577">4515577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+archives+du+temple+fun%C3%A9raire+de+Neferirkare-Kakai+%28Les+papyrus+d%27Abousir%29.+Tomes+I+%26+II+%28complete+set%29.+Traduction+et+commentaire&rft.place=Le+Caire&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+d%27%C3%A9tudes&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4515577&rft.aulast=Posener-Kri%C3%A9ger&rft.aufirst=Paule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1999" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Michael (1999). Who is who in Ancient Egypt. Routledge London & New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-44328-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-44328-6"><bdi>978-0-203-44328-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+is+who+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Routledge+London+%26+New+York&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-203-44328-6&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2013" class="citation journal cs1">Richter, Barbara (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150224200837/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p177887_index.html">"Sed Festival Reliefs of the Old Kingdom"</a>. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt, Wyndham Toledo Hotel, Toledo, Ohio, Apr 20, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p177887_index.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paper+Presented+at+the+Annual+Meeting+of+the+58th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt%2C+Wyndham+Toledo+Hotel%2C+Toledo%2C+Ohio%2C+Apr+20%2C+2007&rft.atitle=Sed+Festival+Reliefs+of+the+Old+Kingdom&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitation.allacademic.com%2Fmeta%2Fp177887_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLACMA2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.lacma.org/node/229901">"Royal Head, Probably King Nyuserre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a>. Retrieved 16 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Royal+Head%2C+Probably+King+Nyuserre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.lacma.org%2Fnode%2F229901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roth, Silke (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QgF_h6oZbgC&q=Niuserre">Die Königsmütter des Alten Ägypten von der Frühzeit bis zum Ende der 12. Dynastie</a>. Ägypten und Altes Testament (in German). Vol. 46. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04368-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04368-7"><bdi>978-3-447-04368-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+K%C3%B6nigsm%C3%BCtter+des+Alten+%C3%84gypten+von+der+Fr%C3%BChzeit+bis+zum+Ende+der+12.+Dynastie&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=%C3%84gypten+und+Altes+Testament&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04368-7&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Silke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9QgF_h6oZbgC%26q%3DNiuserre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyholt1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">Ryholt, Kim</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANRi7cM5ZwsC&q=Niuserre">The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C</a>. CNI publications, 20. Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies, University of Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-421-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-421-8"><bdi>978-87-7289-421-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Situation+in+Egypt+during+the+Second+Intermediate+Period%2C+c.+1800%E2%80%931550+B.C&rft.series=CNI+publications%2C+20&rft.pub=Carsten+Niebuhr+Institute+of+Near+Eastern+Studies%2C+University+of+Copenhagen+%3A+Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-87-7289-421-8&rft.aulast=Ryholt&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANRi7cM5ZwsC%26q%3DNiuserre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitz, Bettina (1976). 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XXIV at Abusir". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201084444/http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/AS%202000_mensi.pdf">Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000</a> (PDF). Prag: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic – Oriental Institute. pp. 543–550. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-85425-39-4" title="Special:BookSources/80-85425-39-4"><bdi>80-85425-39-4</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+X-ray+examination+of+the+mummy+found+in+pyramid+Lepsius+no.+XXIV+at+Abusir&rft.btitle=Abusir+and+Saqqara+in+the+Year+2000&rft.place=Prag&rft.pages=543-550&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Czech+Republic+%E2%80%93+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=80-85425-39-4&rft.aulast=Strouhal&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft.au=%C4%8Cern%C3%BD%2C+Viktor&rft.au=Vyhn%C3%A1nek%2C+Lubo%C5%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegyptologie.ff.cuni.cz%2Fpdf%2FAS%25202000_mensi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrudwick1985" class="citation book cs1">Strudwick, Nigel (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/static/pdf%20library/strudwick_admininstration.pdf">The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders</a> (PDF). Studies in Egyptology. London; Boston: Kegan Paul International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0107-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0107-9"><bdi>978-0-7103-0107-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Administration+of+Egypt+in+the+Old+Kingdom%3A+The+Highest+Titles+and+Their+Holders&rft.place=London%3B+Boston&rft.series=Studies+in+Egyptology&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+International&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0107-9&rft.aulast=Strudwick&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizapyramids.org%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2520library%2Fstrudwick_admininstration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrudwick2005" class="citation book cs1">Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgoVryxihuMC&q=Niuserre">Texts from the Pyramid Age</a>. Writings from the Ancient World (book 16). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-680-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-680-8"><bdi>978-1-58983-680-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texts+from+the+Pyramid+Age&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.series=Writings+from+the+Ancient+World+%28book+16%29&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-680-8&rft.aulast=Strudwick&rft.aufirst=Nigel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgoVryxihuMC%26q%3DNiuserre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallet2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tallet, Pierre (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19576535">"Les "ports intermittents" de la mer Rouge à l'époque pharaonique : caractéristiques et chronologie"</a>. NeHeT – Revue numérique d'Égyptologie (in French). Vol. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeHeT+%E2%80%93+Revue+num%C3%A9rique+d%27%C3%89gyptologie&rft.atitle=Les+%22ports+intermittents%22+de+la+mer+Rouge+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+pharaonique+%3A+caract%C3%A9ristiques+et+chronologie&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Tallet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19576535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyldesley2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Tyldesley" title="Joyce Tyldesley">Tyldesley, Joyce</a> (2005). À la découverte des pyramides d'Égypte. Champollion (in French). Translated by Nathalie Baum. Monaco: Éditions du Rocher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-268-05326-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-268-05326-4"><bdi>978-2-268-05326-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%80+la+d%C3%A9couverte+des+pyramides+d%27%C3%89gypte&rft.place=Monaco&rft.series=Champollion&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Rocher&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-268-05326-4&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVachala1979" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vachala, Břetislav (1979). "Ein weiterer Beleg für die Königin Repewetnebu?". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (in German). 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Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6071-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6071-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-6071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%3B+Malden%2C+MA&rft.series=Blackwell+history+of+the+ancient+world&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6071-1&rft.aulast=Van+de+Mieroop&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner1976" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Verner" title="Miroslav Verner">Verner, Miroslav</a> (1976). "Czechoslovak Excavations at Abusir". Abstracts of Papers, First International Congress of Egyptology, October 2–10, 1976. Munich. pp. 671–675.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abstracts+of+Papers%2C+First+International+Congress+of+Egyptology%2C+October+2%E2%80%9310%2C+1976&rft.atitle=Czechoslovak+Excavations+at+Abusir&rft.pages=671-675&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner1980a" class="citation news cs1">Verner, Miroslav (1980a). "Excavations at Abusir". Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. Vol. 107. pp. 158–169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+%C3%84gyptische+Sprache+und+Altertumskunde&rft.atitle=Excavations+at+Abusir&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=158-169&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner1980b" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verner, Miroslav (1980b). "Die Königsmutter Chentkaus von Abusir und einige Bemerkungen zur Geschichte der 5. Dynastie". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur (in German). Vol. 8. pp. 243–268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Alt%C3%A4gyptischen+Kultur&rft.atitle=Die+K%C3%B6nigsmutter+Chentkaus+von+Abusir+und+einige+Bemerkungen+zur+Geschichte+der+5.+Dynastie&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=243-268&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner1985" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Verner, Miroslav (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/085/24/">"Un roi de la Ve dynastie. Rêneferef ou Rênefer ?"</a>. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale (in French). 85: 281–284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale&rft.atitle=Un+roi+de+la+Ve+dynastie.+R%C3%AAneferef+ou+R%C3%AAnefer+%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=281-284&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifao.egnet.net%2Fbifao%2F085%2F24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernerZemina1994" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav; Zemina, Milan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201085933/http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/Forgotten%20Pharaohs%2C%20Lost%20Pyramids.pdf">Forgotten pharaohs, lost pyramids: Abusir</a> (PDF). Praha: Academia Škodaexport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0022-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0022-4"><bdi>978-80-200-0022-4</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+pharaohs%2C+lost+pyramids%3A+Abusir&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=Academia+%C5%A0kodaexport&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-80-200-0022-4&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft.au=Zemina%2C+Milan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegyptologie.ff.cuni.cz%2Fpdf%2FForgotten%2520Pharaohs%252C%2520Lost%2520Pyramids.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav; Posener-Kriéger, Paule; Jánosi, Peter (1995). Abusir III : the pyramid complex of Khentkaus. Excavations of the Czech Institute of Egyptology. Praha: Universitas Carolina Pragensis: Academia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-200-0535-9"><bdi>978-80-200-0535-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abusir+III+%3A+the+pyramid+complex+of+Khentkaus&rft.series=Excavations+of+the+Czech+Institute+of+Egyptology&rft.pub=Praha%3A+Universitas+Carolina+Pragensis%3A+Academia&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-80-200-0535-9&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft.au=Posener-Kri%C3%A9ger%2C+Paule&rft.au=J%C3%A1nosi%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner1997a" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (1997a). The Pyramids: the mystery, culture, and science of Egypt's great monuments. New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3935-1"><bdi>978-0-8021-3935-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pyramids%3A+the+mystery%2C+culture%2C+and+science+of+Egypt%27s+great+monuments&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3935-1&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner1997b" class="citation news cs1">Verner, Miroslav (1997b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/verner_de38_1997.pdf">"Further thoughts on the Khentkaus problem"</a> (PDF). Discussions in Egyptology. Vol. 38. pp. 109–117. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-3083">0268-3083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discussions+in+Egyptology&rft.atitle=Further+thoughts+on+the+Khentkaus+problem&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=109-117&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0268-3083&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizapyramids.org%2Fpdf_library%2Fverner_de38_1997.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2000" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2000). "Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?". In Bárta, Miroslav; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110201084444/http://egyptologie.ff.cuni.cz/pdf/AS%202000_mensi.pdf">Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000</a> (PDF). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 581–602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-85425-39-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-85425-39-0"><bdi>978-80-85425-39-0</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+was+Shepseskara%2C+and+when+did+he+reign%3F&rft.btitle=Abusir+and+Saqqara+in+the+Year+2000&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=581-602&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Czech+Republic%2C+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-80-85425-39-0&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegyptologie.ff.cuni.cz%2Fpdf%2FAS%25202000_mensi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2001a" class="citation journal cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2001a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizapyramids.org/pdf_library/verner_archiv_or_69.pdf">"Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology"</a> (PDF). Archiv Orientální. 69 (3): 363–418.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+Orient%C3%A1ln%C3%AD&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Remarks+on+the+4th+and+5th+Dynasty+Chronology&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=363-418&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizapyramids.org%2Fpdf_library%2Fverner_archiv_or_69.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2001b" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom: An Overview". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 585–591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Kingdom%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=585-591&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2007" class="citation web cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130223112651/http://www.archaeogate.org/egittologia/article/657/8/nuove-scoperte-archeologiche-nellarea-delle-piramidi-di.html">"New Archaeological Discoveries in the Abusir Pyramid Field"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeogate&rft.atitle=New+Archaeological+Discoveries+in+the+Abusir+Pyramid+Field&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeogate.org%2Fegittologia%2Farticle%2F657%2F8%2Fnuove-scoperte-archeologiche-nellarea-delle-piramidi-di.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2012). "Pyramid towns of Abusir". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur. 41: 407–410. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41812236">41812236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Alt%C3%A4gyptischen+Kultur&rft.atitle=Pyramid+towns+of+Abusir&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=407-410&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41812236%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerner2014" class="citation book cs1">Verner, Miroslav (2014). Sons of the Sun. Rise and decline of the Fifth Dynasty. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7308-541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7308-541-4"><bdi>978-80-7308-541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+the+Sun.+Rise+and+decline+of+the+Fifth+Dynasty&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Charles+University+in+Prague%2C+Faculty+of+Arts&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-80-7308-541-4&rft.aulast=Verner&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Beckerath1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath" title="Jürgen von Beckerath">von Beckerath, Jürgen</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDyrfgT0pmYC&q=Niuserre&pg=PR30">"Niuserre"</a>. In Helck, Wolfgang; Otto, Eberhard (eds.). Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Band IV: Megiddo – Pyramiden (in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 517–518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02262-0"><bdi>978-3-447-02262-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Niuserre&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+%C3%84gyptologie.+Band+IV%3A+Megiddo+%E2%80%93+Pyramiden&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=517-518&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02262-0&rft.aulast=von+Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDyrfgT0pmYC%26q%3DNiuserre%26pg%3DPR30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997). Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten : die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 46. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2310-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2310-9"><bdi>978-3-8053-2310-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologie+des+pharaonischen+%C3%84gypten+%3A+die+Zeitbestimmung+der+%C3%A4gyptischen+Geschichte+von+der+Vorzeit+bis+332+v.+Chr.&rft.place=Mainz+am+Rhein&rft.series=M%C3%BCnchner+%C3%A4gyptologische+Studien&rft.pub=Philipp+von+Zabern&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-8053-2310-9&rft.aulast=von+Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (in German). Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : Philip von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-2591-2"><bdi>978-3-8053-2591-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+%C3%A4gyptischen+K%C3%B6nigsnamen&rft.pub=M%C3%BCnchner+%C3%A4gyptologische+Studien%2C+Heft+49%2C+Mainz+%3A+Philip+von+Zabern&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-8053-2591-2&rft.aulast=von+Beckerath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell1971" class="citation book cs1">Waddell, William Gillan (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/manethowithengli00maneuoft#page/n85/mode/2up">Manetho</a>. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6246102">6246102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manetho&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%3B+London&rft.series=Loeb+classical+library%2C+350&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press%3B+W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6246102&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=William+Gillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmanethowithengli00maneuoft%23page%2Fn85%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildung1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wildung, Dietrich (1969). Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil I. Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien. Münchner Ägyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 17. Berlin: Verlag Bruno Hessling. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635608696">635608696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Rolle+%C3%A4gyptischer+K%C3%B6nige+im+Bewu%C3%9Ftsein+ihrer+Nachwelt.+Teil+I.+Posthume+Quellen+%C3%BCber+die+K%C3%B6nige+der+ersten+vier+Dynastien&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=M%C3%BCnchner+%C3%84gyptologische+Studien&rft.pub=Verlag+Bruno+Hessling&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F635608696&rft.aulast=Wildung&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Toby (2000). Royal annals of ancient Egypt: the Palermo stone and its associated fragments. Studies in Egyptology. London, New York: Kegan Paul International: distributed by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0667-8"><bdi>978-0-7103-0667-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+annals+of+ancient+Egypt%3A+the+Palermo+stone+and+its+associated+fragments&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.series=Studies+in+Egyptology&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+International%3A+distributed+by+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0667-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZibelius-Chen1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zibelius-Chen, Karola (1978). Ägyptische Siedlungen nach Texten des Alten Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 19, Reihe B. Wiesbaden: Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88226-012-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88226-012-0"><bdi>978-3-88226-012-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%84gyptische+Siedlungen+nach+Texten+des+Alten+Reiches&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Beihefte+zum+T%C3%BCbinger+Atlas+des+Vorderen+Orients&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-88226-012-0&rft.aulast=Zibelius-Chen&rft.aufirst=Karola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ziegler, Christiane (2007). Le Mastaba d'Akhethetep. Fouilles du Louvre à Saqqara (in French). Vol. 1. Paris, Louvain: Musée du Louvre, Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35031-084-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35031-084-8"><bdi>978-2-35031-084-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Mastaba+d%27Akhethetep&rft.place=Paris%2C+Louvain&rft.series=Fouilles+du+Louvre+%C3%A0+Saqqara&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre%2C+Peeters&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-35031-084-8&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANyuserre+Ini" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyuserre_Ini&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nyuserre_Ini" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a>  (<3150–2040 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> (pre-3150 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a> (3150–2686 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a> (2686–2181 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate</a> (2181–2040 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a>  (2040–1550 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (2040–1802 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate</a> (1802–1550 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a>  (1550–664 BC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  (male</li><li>female♀)</li><li>uncertain</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (1550–1070 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twosret" class="mw-redirect" title="Twosret">Twosret</a>♀</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate</a> (1069–664 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankh" title="Piankh">Piankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaharta" title="Masaharta">Masaharta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkhonsuefankh" title="Djedkhonsuefankh">Djedkhonsuefankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkheperre" title="Menkheperre">Menkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smendes_II" title="Smendes II">Smendes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_II" title="Pinedjem II">Pinedjem II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_III" title="Psusennes III">Psusennes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> (664 BC–313 AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female♀</li></ul></li> <li>uncertain</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> (664–332 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> (332–30 BC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II">Berenice II Euergetes</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III Philopator">Arsinoe III Philopator</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a>♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> (30 BC–313 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1st</a></li> <li>2nd</li> <li>3rd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21st to 23rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269200#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/62343908">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtxgM3B9xvQWQ8fYM6kDq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118734660">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118734660.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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192.875 1 Template:Pharaohs"," 6.46% 158.212 13 Template:Cite_web"," 5.76% 141.079 352 Template:Main_other"," 3.95% 96.799 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.588","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10151390,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAltenmüller1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltenmüller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaer1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaud1999a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaud1999b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaudDobrev1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBissing1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBissingKeesBorchardt1905–1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorchardt1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorchardt1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorchardt1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoston_Museum_of_fine_Arts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBothmer1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewerTeeter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooklyn_Museum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrovarski2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBárta2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallender1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayton1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDigital_Egypt_for_Universities2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiscovery_of_the_tomb_of_Khentkaus_III2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodsonHilton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunand1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoelet1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimal1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawassSenussi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacquet-Gordon1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanákVymazalováCoppens2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrejčí2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrejčíArias_KytnarováOdler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLACMA2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehnerJonesYeomansMahmoud2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeprohon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagdolen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalek2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalek2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariette1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariette1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorales2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumford1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrie_Museum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorterMossBurney1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorterMossBurney1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosener-Kriéger1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReliefs_in_the_Petrie_Museum2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyholt1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitz1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrouhalČernýVyhnánek2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrudwick1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrudwick2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTallet2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Express_Tribune2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyldesley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVachala1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_de_Mieroop2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner1980a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner1980b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner1997a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner1997b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernerPosener-KriégerJánosi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernerZemina1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddell1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildung1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZibelius-Chen1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiegler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Rougé1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Beckerath1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Beckerath1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Beckerath1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 62,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 21,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Nyuserre Ini\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 36,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 11,\n [\"Infobox pharaoh\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 4,\n [\"Pharaohs\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 342,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","540","31.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","9.4"],["?","120","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","7.1"],["recursiveClone 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