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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%99%E1%8B%8B%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%93" title="ኪዙዋትና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኪዙዋትና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="كيزواتنا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيزواتنا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwadna" title="Kizzuwadna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kizzuwadna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwadna" title="Kizzuwadna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kizzuwadna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7" title="کیزوواتنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیزوواتنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%99%80%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%98" title="키주와트나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키주와트나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%94" title="כיזוואתנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיזוואתנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ქიცუვათნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიცუვათნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%BA%E3%83%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A" title="キッズワトナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キッズワトナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quizuatena" title="Quizuatena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quizuatena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Киццуватна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киццуватна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizuvatna" title="Kizuvatna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kizuvatna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кисвадна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кисвадна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kizzuwatna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzuvatna" title="Kizzuvatna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kizzuvatna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kizzuwatna&params=38_N_36_E_dim:250km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°N</span> <span class="longitude">36°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38°N 36°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38; 36</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Anatolian kingdom</div> <p><b>Kizzuwatna</b> (or <b>Kizzuwadna</b>; in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">Ancient Egyptian</a> <i>Kode</i> or <i>Qode</i>) was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> kingdom, attested in written sources from the end of the 16th century BC onwards, but though its origins are still obscure, the Middle Bronze Age in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> (ca. 2000–1550 BC) can be seen as its possible formative period.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kisuwatna was situated mostly in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova" title="Çukurova">Cilician Plain</a> of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_%C4%B0skenderun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of İskenderun">Gulf of İskenderun</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains#Central_Taurus" title="Taurus Mountains">Central Taurus Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nur_Mountains" title="Nur Mountains">Amanus Mountains</a> encircled it. The centre of the kingdom was the city of <a href="/wiki/Kummanni" title="Kummanni">Kummanni</a>, in the highlands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name is said to be a <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwic</a> transliteration (<i>kez-watni</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">nešili</a> <i>kez-udne</i>, meaning "a country on this side (of the mountains)."<sup id="cite_ref-Yaku1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yaku1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Puhvel" title="Jaan Puhvel">Puhvel</a> alternately translates it from the nešili <i>kez wetenez</i> with the stem meaning "sea."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that <i>kez</i> was an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> for a yet to be determined ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-Trameri_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trameri-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mid000017_Map_2011_09_Middle-Bronzse-Age-Anatolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mid000017_Map_2011_09_Middle-Bronzse-Age-Anatolia.jpg/250px-Mid000017_Map_2011_09_Middle-Bronzse-Age-Anatolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mid000017_Map_2011_09_Middle-Bronzse-Age-Anatolia.jpg/500px-Mid000017_Map_2011_09_Middle-Bronzse-Age-Anatolia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>Late Bronze Age regions of Anatolia/Asia Minor (circa 1400 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Kizzuwatna is associated with <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia"> the Cilician plane</a> in Hittite, <a href="/wiki/Mittani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittani">Mittani</a>, Egyptian and <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> sources, the borders of which were "defined by the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> to the northwest and north, the <a href="/wiki/Nur_Mountains" title="Nur Mountains">Amanus Range</a> to the East and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alexandretta" title="Gulf of Alexandretta">Gulf of Iskenderun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mersin" title="Gulf of Mersin">Gulf of Mersin</a> to the South."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It westward extent remains the subject of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land">Land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country possessed valuable resources, such as silver mines in the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>. The slopes of the mountain range are still partly covered by woods. Annual winter rains made agriculture possible in the area at a very early date (see <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>). The plains at the lower course of the <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan River</a> provided rich cultivated fields. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several ethnic groups coexisted in Kizzuwatna and their culture represents a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> elements. The <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European</a> Hurrians predate the Luwians in the area,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hittites probably arrived as part of the imperial expansion under <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili I">Hattusili I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a>. During the era of the Kingdom of Kizzuwatna, the primary local language was a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a>-influenced dialect of <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>. However, its first king <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1putah%C5%A1u" class="mw-redirect" title="Išputahšu">Išputahšu</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>-derived name and the toponym "Kizzuwatna" itself has been suggested to be a Luwianization of Hittite *<i>kez-udne</i> meaning "land on this side" in relation to the mountains. Though Kizzuwatna Luwian differs from Empire Luwian spoken in the Hittite heartland, incantations written in Kizzuwatna Luwian appear untranslated in Hittite ritual texts. Hurrian culture became more prominent in Kizzuwatna once it entered the sphere of influence of the Hurrian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakubovich-2011-Steadman-McMahon_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakubovich-2011-Steadman-McMahon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Puduhepa" class="mw-redirect" title="Puduhepa">Puduhepa</a>, queen of the Hittite king <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a>, came from Kizzuwatna, where she had been a priestess. Their <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a> was also integrated into the Hittite one, and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hebat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebat">Hebat</a> of Kizzuwatna became very important in <a href="/wiki/Hittite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite religion">Hittite religion</a> towards the end of the 13th century BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excavations of <a href="/wiki/Sirkeli_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Sirkeli Höyük">Sirkeli Höyük</a> establish occupation as early as 2420 BC, with an extensive settlement of both a central mound and a lower town existing from at least the 1600s BC, abandoned in the 1400s BC and not resettled until after the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests the existence of a polity located at the southern end of both a "Great Caravan Route” that connected the Ciician plain with the Troad during the Early Bronze Age<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an overland trade route from the Hittite Lower Land to <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> during the Middle Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> claimed to have reached the Taurus Mountains (the silver mountains) in the 23rd century BC. However, archaeology has yet to confirm any <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> influence in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade routes from <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> to the <i><a href="/wiki/Karum_(trade_post)" title="Karum (trade post)">karum</a></i> in the Anatolian Highlands went through Kizzuwatna by the early 2nd millennium BC. </p><p>First mentions of the kingdom of Kizzuwatna with the name <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adaniya</a> appear at the end of 16th century BC in diplomatic documents of the Hittite kingdom, in the Edict of <a href="/wiki/Telipinu" title="Telipinu">Telipinu</a>, regarding to political problems in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Trameri_2024_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trameri_2024-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest direct sources mentioning the name Kizzuwatna is a <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(seal)" title="Bulla (seal)">cretula</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, stamped with the seal of king <a href="/wiki/Isputahsu" title="Isputahsu">Išpudaḫšu</a>. "The seal’s short inscription also mentions the name of his father, Pariyawatri, which raises the question of whether Pariyawatri was king or not."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kings of Kizzuwatna at the end of 16th century BC onwards had frequent contact with the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> to the north. The earliest Hittite records seem to refer to Kizzuwatna (as Adaniya) along with <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a> in Western Anatolia,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Luwia. </p><p>In the power struggle that arose between the Anatolian Hittite kingdom and the northern Mesopotamian Hurrian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, in the 15th and early 14th centuries BC, Kizzuwatna became a strategic partner because of its location.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isputahsu" title="Isputahsu">Isputahsu</a> made a treaty with Hittite King <a href="/wiki/Telepinu" class="mw-redirect" title="Telepinu">Telepinu</a>. Later, Kizzuwatna shifted its allegiance, perhaps because of a new ruling dynasty. The city-state of <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a>, to the south, expanded under its new vigorous leader, <a href="/wiki/Idrimi" title="Idrimi">Idrimi</a>, himself a subject of the Mitannian king <a href="/wiki/Barattarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Barattarna">Barattarna</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Pilliya" title="Pilliya">Pilliya</a> of Kizzuwatna had to sign a treaty with Idrimi.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was for fugitives exchanges between Idrimi and Pilliya.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pilliya also made peace with the Hittite king <a href="/wiki/Zidanta_II" title="Zidanta II">Zidanta II</a>, signing a parity treaty between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Kizzuwatna's north-eastern border, there also existed the state of <a href="/wiki/Ishuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishuwa">Ishuwa</a> during this period, that played a political role in the rivalry between Hittites and the Mitanni. </p><p>At the time of Kizzuwatna king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunashura_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shunashura I (page does not exist)">Shunashura I</a> (Sunassura), the Hittite king <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudhaliya I">Tudhaliya I</a> became more powerful. He concluded a treaty with Sunassura, and took it away from the domination of Mitanni.<sup id="cite_ref-Archi_pp._1–12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archi_pp._1–12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His adopted son king <a href="/wiki/Arnuwanda_I" title="Arnuwanda I">Arnuwanda I</a> likely continued the policy of his father. The exceedingly rough and unfavourable terrain of the Tarsus Mountains made it likely that to remain in a position of prominence among their Hurrian- and Luwian- speaking neighbours, the Kizzuwatna requested favourable terms for the treaties, and that they were subsequently granted. </p><p>Kizzuwatna rebelled during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma I">Suppiluliuma I</a> but remained in the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> for 200 years. In the famous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> (c. 1274 BC), Kizzuwatna supplied troops to the Hittite king. As master equestrians, some of the first in the areas south of the Caucasus region, they provided the horses, which were later favoured by King Solomon and allowed the more aggressive use of the Hittite chariot than their Egyptian and Assyrian rivals were able. </p><p>The Kizzuwatna were master craftsman, mining experts and blacksmiths. Being the first to work "black iron", which is understood to have been iron of meteoric origin, into weapons such as maces, swords and warheads for spears. Their location in the mineral-rich Tarsus Range gave them ample materials from which to work. </p><p>Around 1200 BC, an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> is believed to have temporarily displaced the people of the Cilician plain, but many among the entourage of the Sea peoples were likely to have been composed of Luwian and Hurrians, possibly to ensure that they had a stake in how the invasions ended for their people, rather than being simple victims of them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the fall of the Hittite Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hittite">Neo-Hittite</a> kingdom <a href="/wiki/Quwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwe">Quwe</a>, or Hiyawa, emerged in the area of former Kizzuwatna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings_and_kingdoms">Kings and kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kings and kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronology of kings and kigdoms as per Trameri (2020).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hatti</th> <th>Kizzuwatna</th> <th>Alalah</th> <th>Mittani</th> <th>Egypt </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>(Pariyawatri)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telipinu" title="Telipinu">Telipinu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isputahsu" title="Isputahsu">Išpudaḫšu</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taḫurwaili</td> <td>Eḫeya</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Šuttarna/Saitarna</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>?</td> <td>Paddatiššu</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmosis III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zidanza II</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pilliya" title="Pilliya">Pilliya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idrimi" title="Idrimi">Idrimi</a></td> <td>Parsatatar/ Baratarna</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tudḫaliya I</td> <td>Sunaššura</td> <td>Niqmepa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaushtatar" title="Shaushtatar">Sauštatar</a></td> <td>Thutmosis III </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Ilimilimma</td> <td>Artadama I</td> <td>Amenhotep II </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Kantuzili (the priest)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_II" title="Shuttarna II">Šuttarna II</a></td> <td>Thutmosis IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suppiluliuma I</td> <td>Telipinu (the priest)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tushratta" title="Tushratta">Tušratta</a></td> <td>Amenhotep III/IV </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trameri, Andrea, (15 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004704312/BP000011.xml">Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC)</a>, Brill, p. 2: "The kingdom of Kizzuwatna is attested in written sources from the end of the 16th c. on. Since the origins of the kingdom itself are obscure, this work also provides an overview of the Middle Bronze Age in Cilicia (ca. 2000–1550 BC) as this can be seen – potentially – as a formative period for Kizzuwatna."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trameri, Andrea, (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/63928">The Land of Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Second Millennium BCE until the Hittite Conquest (ca. 2000-1350)</a>, in: NYU, Faculty Digital Archive, p. vii: "Kizzuwatna was a kingdom located in south-eastern Anatolia – roughly corresponding to modern Cilicia [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yaku1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yaku1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yakubovich, Ilya. (2010). <i>Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language</i>. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Division of the Humanities In Candidacy For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and Department of Linguistics, University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/498331/Sociolinguistics_of_the_Luvian_Language">Academia.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Puhvel, J. (1984). Hittite Etymological Dictionary. Germany: Mouton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trameri-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trameri_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trameri, A. (2024). Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC). Netherlands: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirko, Novak and Rutishauser, Susanne. (2022). "Kizzuwatna: Archaeology." Hittite Landscape and Geography. (2022). Netherlands: Brill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hittite_Landscape_and_Geography/7AhyEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orientalia. (1986). Italy: Pontificium institutum biblicum..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oriental studies. (1960). Georgia: Izd-vo Akademii nauk Gruzinskoĭ SSR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, J. L. (2004). Studies in the Origins, Development and Interpretation of the Kizzuwatna Rituals. Germany: Harrassowitz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelestin, Vladimir, (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347428768_The_ethnical_history_of_Kizzuwatna_an_onomastic_approach">"The ethnical history of Kizzuwatna: an onomastic approach"</a>, in: BAF-Online Proceedings of the Berner Altorientalisches Forum 3: "The mixed nature of Kizzuwatna’s population is widely accepted by the scholars, considering the Hurrians and the Luwians its main components. Which of these peoples came to the Cilician plain earlier [...] [D]istribution by language and period gives us the picture of the Hurrian domination in the Middle Hittite period [c. 1650 - 1500 BC]. By the Late New Hittite period the Luwian names became prevailing. This trend supports the scenario of the Hurrian earlier arrival."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakubovich-2011-Steadman-McMahon-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yakubovich-2011-Steadman-McMahon_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYakubovich2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yakubovich, Ilya (2011). "Luwian and the Luwians". In Steadman, Sharon; McMahon, Gregory (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">536–</span>537, 539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0023">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luwian+and+the+Luwians&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E536-%3C%2Fspan%3E537%2C+539&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195376142.013.0023&rft.aulast=Yakubovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKizzuwatna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Mirko Novák, Deniz Yaşin, Mirco Brunner, Sinem Hacıosmanoğlu, Ekin Kozal, Sabina Kulemann-Ossen, Hannah Mönninghoff, Susanne Rutishauser, Alexander E. Sollee, and Sönke Szidat (2020). "Sirkeli Höyük: Insights into the Archaeology of Bronze and Iron Age Cilicia." The Archaeology of Anatolia, Vol. IV: Recent Discoveries (2018-2020). Sharon R. Steadman and Gregory McMahon (eds). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blasweiler, Joost. (2019). The kingdom of Purušhanda and its relations with the kings of Mari and Kanesh in the 18th century BCE: Part 3 The trade of the land Purušḫanda. Arnhem (NL) Bronze Age.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blasweiler, Joost. (2019). The kingdom of Purušhanda and its relations with the kings of Mari and Kanesh in the 18th century BCE: Part 2 The location of the land Purušḫanda. Arnhem (NL) Bronze Age.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blasweiler, Joost, (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/?get_group_doc=1000590/1495636860-KURKURKUG.pdf">"Into the Taurus and the KUR.KUR.KUG (the mountains of precious metals)"</a>, in: Arnhem (nl) – 2 Anatolia in the bronze age, p. 6: "It is almost certain that the control of the 'Land of Silver Mountains' was a fundamental element of the power of the king of Purušhanda. The Akkadian myth 'The battle of the King' narrates the struggle between the king of Purušhanda and Mesopotamian merchants, who were active in Anatolia. The merchants asked in the palace of Sargon of Akkade for his support [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trameri_2024-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trameri_2024_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trameri, Andrea, (15 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004704312/BP000015.xml">Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC)</a>, Brill, p. 205: "As one of the few mentions of historical events among the scanty information on the origins of this kingdom, historians often quote the content of the Edict of Telipinu, namely the passage referring to the upheavals in Adaniya at the time of Ammuna (late 16th c.) [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trameri, Andrea, (15 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004704312/BP000015.xml">Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC)</a>, Brill, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trameri, Andrea, (15 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004704312/BP000015.xml">Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Middle and Late Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1200 BC)</a>, Brill, p. 205: "Edict of Telipinu [...] The land(s) became hostile towards him/ became his enemy: the cities of [ ]-agga, [Ma?-t]ila, Galmiya, (the land of) <b>Adaniya</b>, the land of <b>Arzawiya</b>, Šalapa, Parduwata and Aḫḫulla. Wherever the troops went on campaign, however, they did not come back successfully."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trameri, Andrea, (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/63928">The Land of Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Second Millennium BCE until the Hittite Conquest (ca. 2000-1350)</a>, in: NYU, Faculty Digital Archive, p. vii: "From a historical-political point of view, Kizzuwatna played a strategic role between the 15th and the early 14th c. in the clash between the Anatolian Hittite kingdom and the northern Mesopotamian kingdom of Mittani – the hegemonic power in northern Syria and the principal rival of the Hittites in the macro-area at the time. As a ‘buffer’-state between the two neighbors’ territories, it was involved in their diplomatic altercations and military conflicts."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=327265&partId=1&people=93385&peoA=93385-1-8&page=1">"Tablet/Seal Impression #131447"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=Tablet%2FSeal+Impression+%23131447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D327265%26partId%3D1%26people%3D93385%26peoA%3D93385-1-8%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKizzuwatna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etana.org/node/576">Treaty between Idrimi and Pilliya</a> (Alalakh Tab. 3) etana.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/AnatoliaKizzuwatna.htm">Kingdoms of Anatolia</a> historyfiles.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archi_pp._1–12-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archi_pp._1–12_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchi2003" class="citation book cs1">Archi, Alfonso (2003-07-21). "Middle Hittite—"Middle Kingdom"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr. on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday</i>. Penn State University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781575065434-004">10.1515/9781575065434-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575065434" title="Special:BookSources/9781575065434"><bdi>9781575065434</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+Hittite%E2%80%94%E2%80%9CMiddle+Kingdom%E2%80%9D&rft.btitle=Hittite+Studies+in+Honor+of+Harry+A.+Hoffner+Jr.+on+the+Occasion+of+His+65th+Birthday&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003-07-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781575065434-004&rft.isbn=9781575065434&rft.aulast=Archi&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKizzuwatna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trameri, Andrea, (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/63928">The Land of Kizzuwatna. History of Cilicia in the Second Millennium BCE until the Hittite Conquest (ca. 2000-1350)</a>, in: NYU, Faculty Digital Archive, p. 22.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Anatolia">Anatolia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Ancient regions of Anatolia">Ancient regions of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hittites" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hittites">Neo-Hittites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beckman, Garry M.: <i>Hittite Diplomatic Texts</i>, Scholars Press, Atlanta 1996.</li> <li>Götze, Albrecht: <i>Kizzuwatna and the problem of Hittite geography</i>, Yale university press, New Haven 1940.</li> <li>Haas, Volkert: <i>Hurritische und luwische Riten aus Kizzuwatna</i>, Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer 1974.</li> <li>Yakubovich, Ilya: <i>Sociolinguistics of the Luvian Language</i>, Brill, Leiden 2010.</li> <li>Novák, Mirko: Kizzuwatna, Ḥiyawa, Quwe – Ein Abriss der Kulturgeschichte des Ebenen Kilikien, in J. Becker, R. Hempelmann, E. Rehm (ed.), <i>Kulturlandschaft Syrien – Zentrum und Peripherie.Festschrift für Jan-Waalke Meyer</i>, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 371, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2010, pp. 397–425</li> <li>Forlanini, Massimo: How to infer Ancient Roads and Intineraries from heterogenous Hittite Texts: The Case of the Cilician (Kizzuwatnean) Road System, <i>KASKAL 10</i>, 2013, pp. 1–34.</li> <li>Novák, Mirko and Rutishauser, Susanne: Tutḫaliya, Šunaššura und die Grenze zwischen Ḫatti und Kizzuwatna, in: C. Mittermayer, S. Ecklin (eds.), <i>Altorientalische Studien zu Ehren von Pascal Attinger, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 256</i>, Academic Press, Fribourg/Göttingen 2012, pp. 259–269.</li> <li>Kozal, Ekin and Novák, Mirko: Facing Muwattalli. Some Thoughts on the Visibility and Function of the Rock Reliefs at Sirkeli Höyük, Cilicia, in: E. Kozal, M. Akar, Y. Heffron, Ç. Çilingiroğlu, T.E. Şerifoğlu, C. Çakırlar, S. Ünlüsoy and E. Jean (eds.), <i>Questions, Approaches, and Dialoguesin the Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates, Alter Orient und Altes Testament 445</i>, Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2017, pp. 371–388.</li> <li>Novák, Mirko and Rutishauser, Susanne: Kizzuwatna: Archaeology. In: M. Weeden und L.Z. Ullmann (ed.), <i>Hittite Landscape and Geography. Handbuch der Orientalistik I,121</i>, Brill, Leiden 2017, pp. 134–145.</li> <li>Kozal, Ekin and Novák, Mirko: Alalakh and Kizzuwatna. Some Thoughts on the Synchronization, in: Ç. Maner, A. Gilbert, M. Horowitz (ed.), <i>Overturning Certainties in Near Eastern Archaeology, A Festschrift in Honor of K. Aslıhan Yener for her 40 years of Field Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean</i>, Brill, Leiden 2017, pp. 296–317.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizzuwatna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrameri2024" class="citation book cs1">Trameri, Andrea (2024). "Aspects of Society, Culture and Religion in Kizzuwatna". <i>Kizzuwatna</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">459–</span>513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004704312_009">10.1163/9789004704312_009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-70431-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-70431-2"><bdi>978-90-04-70431-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+Society%2C+Culture+and+Religion+in+Kizzuwatna&rft.btitle=Kizzuwatna&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E459-%3C%2Fspan%3E513&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004704312_009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-70431-2&rft.aulast=Trameri&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKizzuwatna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kizzuwatna&params=38_N_36_E_dim:250km"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°N</span> <span class="longitude">36°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38°N 36°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span 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href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_kingdoms_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia">Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bronze Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)#Hittite_documents" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Ahhiyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapalla" title="Hapalla">Hapalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isuwa" title="Isuwa">Isuwa</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kizzuwatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala%C5%A1ma" title="Kalašma">Kalašma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kussara" title="Kussara">Kussara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukka_lands" title="Lukka lands">Lukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_(kingdom)" title="Mira (kingdom)">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_(Anatolia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala (Anatolia)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sagalassos" title="Sagalassos">Sagalassos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushanda" title="Purushanda">Purushanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seha_River_Land" title="Seha River Land">Seha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urshu" title="Urshu">Urshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilusa" title="Wilusa">Wilusa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunna">Atuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordyene" title="Gordyene">Gordyene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/17px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/26px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/34px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Turkey_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Turkey timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Anatolia23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Modern_Europe" coords="722,372,831,393" title="Modern Europe" alt="Modern Europe" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Europe" coords="673,360,815,381" title="Early Modern Europe" alt="Early Modern Europe" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Crusades" coords="606,372,687,393" title="Crusades" alt="Crusades" /><area 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