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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rough_Cilicia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rough_Cilicia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rough Cilicia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rough_Cilicia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plain_Cilicia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plain_Cilicia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Plain Cilicia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plain_Cilicia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Cilicia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Cilicia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Kingdom of Cilicia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Cilicia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Submission_to_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submission_to_the_Achaemenid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Submission to the Achaemenid Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submission_to_the_Achaemenid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satrapy_of_Cilicia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satrapy_of_Cilicia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Satrapy of Cilicia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satrapy_of_Cilicia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_and_Byzantine_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Roman and Byzantine periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Early Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_Cilicia_and_the_Crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Cilicia_and_the_Crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Armenian Cilicia and the Crusades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Cilicia_and_the_Crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mongols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>Mongols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.2</span> <span>Turkmens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.3</span> <span>Collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_and_Turkmen_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_and_Turkmen_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Mamluk and Turkmen rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_and_Turkmen_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Republic of Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persian_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.1</span> <span>Persian influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1.2</span> <span>Cultural diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Social organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Administrative structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Achaemenid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Hellenistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balneary_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balneary_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Balneary tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balneary_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Religious tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Places of interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ancient sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_conservation_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_conservation_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Parks and conservation areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_conservation_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythological_namesake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythological_namesake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Mythological namesake</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythological_namesake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Independent kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_vassal_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_vassal_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Achaemenid vassal kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_vassal_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satraps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satraps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Satraps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satraps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_client_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_client_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Roman client kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_client_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cilicia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikien" title="Kilikien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kilikien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%8D%E1%89%85%E1%8B%AB" title="ኪልቅያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኪልቅያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قيليقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قيليقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կիլիկիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կիլիկիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikiya" title="Kilikiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kilikiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кілікія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кілікія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Киликия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Киликия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia" title="Kilikia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kilikia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cil%C3%ADcia" title="Cilícia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cilícia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Килики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Килики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kil%C3%ADkie" title="Kilíkie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kilíkie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikien" title="Kilikien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kilikien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliikia" title="Kiliikia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiliikia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κιλικία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιλικία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikio" title="Kilikio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kilikio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilizia" title="Zilizia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zilizia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="کیلیکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیلیکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicie" title="Cilicie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cilicie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84" title="킬리키아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킬리키아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կիլիկիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիլիկիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicija" title="Cilicija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cilicija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia" title="Kilikia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kilikia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="קיליקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיליקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კილიკია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კილიკია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Киликия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Киликия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia" title="Kilikia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kilikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEl%C3%AEkya" title="Kîlîkya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kîlîkya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Киликия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Киликия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikija" title="Kilikija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kilikija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikija" title="Kilikija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kilikija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia" title="Kilikia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kilikia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Киликија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Киликија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia" title="Kilikia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kilikia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كيليكيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيليكيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilici%C3%AB" title="Cilicië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cilicië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="キリキア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia" title="Kilikia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kilikia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia" title="Kilikia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kilikia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cil%C3%ADcia" title="Cilícia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cilícia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikiya" title="Kilikiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kilikiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylicja" title="Cylicja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cylicja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cil%C3%ADcia" title="Cilícia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cilícia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Киликия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киликия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia" title="Kilikia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kilikia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kil%C3%ADkia" title="Kilíkia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kilíkia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikija" title="Kilikija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kilikija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Киликија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Киликија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikija" title="Kilikija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kilikija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikia" title="Kilikia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kilikia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikien" title="Kilikien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kilikien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilikya" title="Kilikya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kilikya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Кілікія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кілікія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="قلیقیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلیقیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cilicia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%9E%E4%BA%9A" title="奇里乞亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奇里乞亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%9E%E4%BA%9A" title="奇里乞亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奇里乞亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cilicia&params=36.985_N_35.120_E_region:TR_dim:200000_type:city(6435986)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°59′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°07′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.985°N 35.120°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.985; 35.120</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical region in Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical region in Adana, Turkey</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cilicia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قيليقية</span></span><br /><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Կիլիկիա</span></span><br /><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κιλικία</span></span><br /><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Kilikya</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Geographical region</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_-_Cilicia_(125_AD).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cilicia in the Roman Empire"><img alt="Cilicia in the Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Roman_Empire_-_Cilicia_%28125_AD%29.svg/250px-Roman_Empire_-_Cilicia_%28125_AD%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Roman_Empire_-_Cilicia_%28125_AD%29.svg/375px-Roman_Empire_-_Cilicia_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Roman_Empire_-_Cilicia_%28125_AD%29.svg/500px-Roman_Empire_-_Cilicia_%28125_AD%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Cilicia in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cilicia&params=36.985_N_35.120_E_region:TR_dim:200000_type:city(6435986)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°59′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°07′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.985°N 35.120°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.985; 35.120</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Provinces</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">38,585.16 km<sup>2</sup> (14,897.81 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-tuik_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuik-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,435,986</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">170/km<sup>2</sup> (430/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cilician(s) (English)<br /> Kilikyalı (Turkish)<br /> Կիլիկյան (Armenian)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code prefixes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">33xxx, 01xxx, 80xxx, 31xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">324, 322, 328, 326</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross regional product">GRP (nominal)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$43.14 billion (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-DunyaGDP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DunyaGDP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GRP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$6,982 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-DunyaGDP_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DunyaGDP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cilicia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a geographical region in southern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million, concentrated mostly at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova" title="Çukurova">Cilician plain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Çukurova</i>). The region includes the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of Cilicia (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κιλικία</span></span>) was derived from <span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Ḫilakku</i></span> (<span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Assurbanipal" lang="und-Xsux">𒆳𒄭𒋃𒆪</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-ORACCHilakku_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORACCHilakku-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which was the name used by the Neo-Assyrian Empire to designate the western part of what would become Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English spelling <span title="English-language romanization"><i lang="en-Latn">Cilicia</i></span> is the same as the Latin, as it was transliterated directly from the Greek form Κιλικία. The palatalization of <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> occurring in Western Europe in later <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500–700</span>) accounts for its modern pronunciation in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cilicia extends along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast east from <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nur_Mountains" title="Nur Mountains">Nur Mountains</a>, which separate it from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. North and east of Cilicia stand the rugged <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>, which separate it from the high central <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Plateau">plateau of Anatolia</a>, and which are pierced by a narrow gorge called in antiquity the <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Gates" title="Cilician Gates">Cilician Gates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Cilicia was naturally divided into <b>Cilicia Trachea</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Cilicia Aspera</i>, west of the <a href="/wiki/Limonlu_River" title="Limonlu River">Limonlu River</a>) and <b>Cilicia Pedias</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Cilicia Campestris</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> east of the Limonlu).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a>, the city on the east coast of Cyprus, was included in the <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Roman province of Cilicia</a> from 58 BC until 27 BC. </p><p>Cilicia consisted of two main contrasting regions:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>to the west was a mountainous region characterised by rough terrain, corresponding to the Neo-Assyrian period territory of <span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a></i></span> and the Graeco-Roman region of Rough Cilicia;</li> <li>to the east was a fertile region defined by a smooth terrain, corresponding to the Neo-Assyrian period territory of <span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAiyawa" title="Ḫiyawa">Que</a></i></span> and the Graeco-Roman region of Plain Cilicia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rough_Cilicia">Rough Cilicia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rough Cilicia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Rough Cilicia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κιλικια Τραχεια</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kilikia Trakheia</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Cilicia Aspera</i>; <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Assurbanipal" lang="und-Xsux">𒆳𒄭𒋃𒆪</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Ḫilakku</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-ORACCHilakku_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORACCHilakku-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian Akkadian language">Neo-Babylonian Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Esagil" lang="und-Xsux">𒆳𒉿𒊑𒅔𒁺</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Neo-Babylonian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Pirindu</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a rugged mountain district<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formed by the spurs of Taurus, which often terminate in rocky headlands with small sheltered harbours,<sup id="cite_ref-Rife_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rife-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> features which, in classical times, made the coast a string of havens for <a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">pirates</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rife_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rife-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in the Middle Ages, outposts for <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> traders. The district is watered by the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu" title="Göksu">Calycadnus</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was covered in ancient times by forests that supplied timber to <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Cilicia lacked large cities.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plain_Cilicia">Plain Cilicia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plain Cilicia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Plain Cilicia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κιλικια Πεδιας</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kilikia Pedias</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Cilicia Campestris</i>; <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian language">Neo-Assyrian Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Assurbanipal" lang="und-Xsux">𒆳𒋡𒀀𒌑𒂊</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Que</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-ORACCQue1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORACCQue1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian Akkadian language">Neo-Babylonian Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Esagil" lang="und-Xsux">𒆳𒄷𒈨𒂊</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Neo-Babylonian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Ḫuwê</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), to the east, included the rugged spurs of Taurus and a <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova" title="Çukurova">large coastal plain</a>, with rich loamy soil,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known to Greeks such as <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (who passed through with his mercenary group of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand_(Greek_mercenaries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Thousand (Greek mercenaries)">Ten Thousand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for its abundance (<i>euthemia</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filled with <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> and olives<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pasturage for the horses imported into ancient Israel by King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of its high places were fortified. </p><p>The plain is watered by the three great rivers, the Cydnus (Tarsus Çay <a href="/wiki/Berdan_River" title="Berdan River">Berdan River</a>), the Sarus (<a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan</a>), and the Pyramus (<a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan River</a>), each of which brings down much silt from the deforested interior and which fed extensive wetlands. The Sarus now enters the sea almost due south of Tarsus, but there are clear indications that at one period it joined the Pyramus, and that the united rivers ran to the sea west of Kara-tash. Through the rich plain of Issus ran the great highway that linked east and west, on which stood the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> (Tarsa) on the Cydnus, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> (Adanija) on the Sarus, and Mopsuestia (Missis) on the Pyramus.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate of Cilicia shows significant differences between the mountains and the lower plains. At the lower plains, the climate reflects a typical <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> style; summers are hot<sup id="cite_ref-Fortif_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortif-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while winters are mild, making the land, particularly, the eastern plains, fertile.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the coldest month (January), the average temperature is 9 °C, and in the warmest month (August), the average temperature is 28 °C. The mountains of Cilicia have an inland climate with snowy winters. The average annual precipitation in the region is 647 mm and the average number of rainy days in a year is 76. <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a> and surrounding areas have the highest average temperature in Cilicia. Mersin also has high annual precipitation (1096 mm) and 85 rainy days in a year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cilicia" title="Special:EditPage/Cilicia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The mountains of Cilicia are formed from ancient limestones, <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a>, marlstone, and similar materials. The Taurus Mountains are composed of karstic limestone, while its soil is also limestone-derived, with pockets of volcanic soil.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower plain is the largest <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a> in Turkey.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Expansion of limestone formations and fourth-era alluvials brought by the rivers <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan</a> formed the plains of the region over the course of time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Akyatan_Lagoon" title="Akyatan Lagoon">Akyatan</a>, Akyayan, Salt Lake, Seven lakes at Aladağ, and Karstik Dipsiz lake near <a href="/wiki/Karaisal%C4%B1" title="Karaisalı">Karaisalı</a> are the lakes of the region. The reservoirs in the region are Seyhan, Çatalan, Yedigöze, Kozan and Mehmetli. </p><p>The major rivers in Cilicia are <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berdan_River" title="Berdan River">Berdan (Tarsus)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Asi</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu" title="Göksu">Göksu</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan River</a> emerges from the confluence of Zamantı and Göksu rivers which originate from <a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri Province</a> and flows into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mersin" title="Gulf of Mersin">Gulf of Mersin</a>. The river is 560 km long.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan River</a> emerges from the confluence of the Aksu and Hurman rivers and flows towards Cape Hürmüz at the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_%C4%B0skenderun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of İskenderun">Gulf of İskenderun</a>. It is 509 km long and it forms the Akyayan, Akyatan, and Kakarat lakes before flowing into the Mediterranean.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdan_River" title="Berdan River">Berdan River</a> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> and flows into the Mediterranean south of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu" title="Göksu">Göksu</a> river originates from the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> and flows into the Mediterranean 16 km southeast of <a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Silifke</a>. It forms the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu_Delta" title="Göksu Delta">Göksu Delta</a>, including Akgöl Lake and Paradeniz Lagoon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cilicia was settled from the Neolithic period onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mellink_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mellink-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dating of the ancient settlements of the region from Neolithic to Bronze Age is as follows: Aceramic/Neolithic: 8th and 7th millennia BC; Early <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>: 5800 BC; Middle Chalcolithic (correlated with <a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> developments in the east): c. 5400–4500 BC; Late Chalcolithic: 4500 – c. 3400 BC; and Early Bronze Age IA: 3400–3000 BC; EBA IB: 3000–2700 BC; EBA II: 2700–2400 BC; EBA III A-B: 2400–2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-mellink_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mellink-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168–170">: 168–170 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasiriyah_Victory_Stele_of_Naram-Sin,_from_Mesopotamia,_Iraq,_c._2300_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nasiriyah_Victory_Stele_of_Naram-Sin%2C_from_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._2300_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/200px-Nasiriyah_Victory_Stele_of_Naram-Sin%2C_from_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._2300_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nasiriyah_Victory_Stele_of_Naram-Sin%2C_from_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._2300_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/300px-Nasiriyah_Victory_Stele_of_Naram-Sin%2C_from_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._2300_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nasiriyah_Victory_Stele_of_Naram-Sin%2C_from_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._2300_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/400px-Nasiriyah_Victory_Stele_of_Naram-Sin%2C_from_Mesopotamia%2C_Iraq%2C_c._2300_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4723" data-file-height="3664" /></a><figcaption>Probable captives from Cilicia, on the Nasiriyah stele of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>, circa 2200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area had been known as <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a> in the earlier <a href="/wiki/Hittites#History" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> era (<a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was divided into two parts, "plain" Cilicia (Uru Adaniya), a well-watered plain, and "rough" Cilicia (Tarza), in the mountainous west. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slave_treaty_tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Slave_treaty_tablet.jpg/125px-Slave_treaty_tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Slave_treaty_tablet.jpg/188px-Slave_treaty_tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Slave_treaty_tablet.jpg/250px-Slave_treaty_tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption>Fugitive slave treaty between Idrimi of <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Tell_Atchana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Atchana">Tell Atchana</a>) and Pillia of <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a> <i>(now Cilicia),</i> (c. 1480 BC) Ref:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/327265">131447 </a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There exists evidence that circa 1650 BC both Hittite kings <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili I">Hattusili I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a> enjoyed the freedom of movement along the <a href="/wiki/Pyramus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramus River">Pyramus River</a> (now the Ceyhan River in southern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), proving they exerted strong control over Cilicia in their battles with <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. After the death of Murshili around 1595 BC, <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a> wrested control from the Hitties, and Cilicia was free for two centuries. The first king of free Cilicia, <a href="/wiki/Isputahsu" title="Isputahsu">Išputahšu</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Pariyawatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pariyawatri">Pariyawatri</a>, was recorded as a "great king" in both <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_hieroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite hieroglyphs">Hittite hieroglyphs</a>. Another record of Hittite origins, a treaty between Išputahšu and <a href="/wiki/Telipinu" title="Telipinu">Telipinu</a>, king of the Hittites, is recorded in both Hittite and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the next century, the Cilician king <a href="/wiki/Pilliya" title="Pilliya">Pilliya</a> finalized treaties with both King <a href="/wiki/Zidanta_II" title="Zidanta II">Zidanta II</a> of the Hittites and <a href="/wiki/Idrimi" title="Idrimi">Idrimi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a>, in which Idrimi mentions that he had assaulted several military targets throughout Eastern Cilicia. <a href="/wiki/Niqmepa" title="Niqmepa">Niqmepa</a>, who succeeded Idrimi as king of Alalakh, went so far as to ask for help from a Hurrian rival, <a href="/wiki/Shaushtatar" title="Shaushtatar">Shaushtatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, to try and reduce Cilicia's power in the region. It was soon apparent, however, that increased Hittite power would soon prove Niqmepa's efforts to be futile, as the city of <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a> soon fell to the Hittites, threatening all of Cilicia. Soon after, King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunassura_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunassura II (page does not exist)">Sunassura II</a> was forced to accept <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalization</a> under the Hittites, becoming the last king of ancient Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Mursili_I" title="Mursili I">Mursili I</a>, which led to a power struggle among rival claimants to the throne, eventually leading to the collapse of Hittite supremacy, Cilicia appeared to have regained its independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortif_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortif-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century BC a major population shift occurred as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> overran Cilicia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Hurrians that resided there deserted the area and moved northeast towards the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>, where they settled in the area of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAiyawa" title="Ḫiyawa">Ḫiyawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a></div> <p>During the early and middle of the Iron Age, Cilicia was dominated by two main polities:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-166_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-166-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>in the east was <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAiyawa" title="Ḫiyawa">Ḫiyawa</a>, corresponding to Plain Cilicia, and referred to as <span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Que</i></span> in Neo-Assyrian sources and as <span title="Neo-Babylonian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Ḫuwê</i></span> in Neo-Babylonian sources;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009583-584_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009583-584-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in the west, corresponding to Rough Cilicia, was the state referred to as <span title="Neo-Assyrian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Ḫilakku</i></span> in Neo-Assyrian sources and as <span title="Neo-Babylonian Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Pirindu</i></span> in Neo-Babylonian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-310_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-310-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Cilicia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κιλικια</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kilikia</i></span>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cilicia-pt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Cilicia in 6th century BC"><img alt="Kingdom of Cilicia in 6th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cilicia-pt.svg/250px-Cilicia-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cilicia-pt.svg/375px-Cilicia-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cilicia-pt.svg/500px-Cilicia-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="390" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Kingdom of Cilicia in 6th century BC</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cilicians</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">King</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 585 BC</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Syennesis I</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century BC</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Submission to the Achaemenid Empire </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 542 BC</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexation by the Achaemenid Empire </div></th><td class="infobox-data">401 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAilakku" title="Ḫilakku">Ḫilakku</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAiyawa" title="Ḫiyawa">Ḫuwê</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia (satrapy)">Cilicia (satrapy)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg/20px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg/30px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg/40px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Cilicia">Kingdom of Cilicia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Cilicia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 6th century BC, an independent state, called Cilicia (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κιλικια</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kilikia</i></span>) by the ancient Greeks, was established in southeastern Anatolia under the rule of a native dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its capital of Cilicia at the city of <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cilicia and Cilicians do not appear in any extant list of people ruled by the Achaemenid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek designation of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kilikia</i></span> extended the use of the name of the state of Ḫilakku to the territory of both Ḫilakku and its neighbour Ḫiyawa. It is however uncertain how this naming convention arose, and whether it was the result of political expansion by Ḫilakku or of Greeks first coming into contact with Ḫilakku and using its name for all the Luwian populations of eastern Anatolia is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known ruler, and possibly the founder, of the kingdom of Cilicia was Syennesis I, who, according to the Ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> of Halicarnassus, mediated in 585 BC the peace treaty which followed the end of the <a href="/wiki/Lydo-Median_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydo-Median war">conflict which had opposed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> empires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herodotus of Halicarnassus also claimed that the Cilicians and the <a href="/wiki/Lycians" title="Lycians">Lycians</a> were the only peoples of Anatolia who had not been conquered by the Lydian king <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>. However, it is unknown whether this means that the Cilicians and Lycians were able to resist the Lydian conquest, or whether Croesus did not find any interest in annexing them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Submission_to_the_Achaemenid_Empire">Submission to the Achaemenid Empire</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Submission to the Achaemenid Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-6th century BC, the kingdom of Cilicia supported the founding king of the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a>, in his wars against Croesus of Lydia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a consequence of which Cilicia became a vassal of the Achaemenid empire as from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 542 BC</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Cilician rulers became part of the Achaemenid administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under early Achaemenid rule, Cilicia maintained a significant degree of autonomy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the native rulers acted as <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> (governors) for the Achaemenid administration, with their authority extending until as far west as <a href="/wiki/Aspendus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspendus">Aspendus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cilicia during the Achaemenid period was inhabited by tribal populations who were led by native chieftains, and it contained fortified strongholds protecting its agricultural land and its inhabitants, as well as various native and Persian cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the western pert of Cilicia, corresponding to the later Graeco-Roman Rough Cilicia, probably remained independent of Persian rule and of the administration of the satrap of Tarsus except for the narrow strip of flat land along its coast, due to which the imperial authorities often led repressive measures against these inhabitants of the hilly regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of the Achaemenid king of kings <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a>, Cilicia was used as an assembly point for the military forces which <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(nephew_of_Darius_I)" title="Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)">Mardonius</a> used to campaign in Europe as well as those which <a href="/wiki/Datis" title="Datis">Datis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artaphernes_(nephew_of_Darius_I)" title="Artaphernes (nephew of Darius I)">Artaphernes</a> used to campaign against both the Asian and European Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Darius I's successor, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, Cilicia contributed both troops and ships for the Achaemenid conquest of the Aegean Sea: the Cilician ruler Syennesis II led these ships, but was killed in battle. At this time, the ruling dynasty of Cilicia had been linked by marriage bonds with Carian notables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Syennesis II was succeeded by one Xeinagoras of Halicarnassus, who had no previous ties to Cilicia and was appointed as satrap of Cilicia by Xerxes I as reward for his service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cilicia remained under efficient administration, and it would continue to provide troops for the Achaemenid wars in Anatolia, Egypt and Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Achaemenid Cilicia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">Satrapy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 542 BC</span>–333 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_(Blue).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Achaemenid Cilicia"><img alt="Flag of Achaemenid Cilicia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/125px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/188px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/250px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Persia">Standard of Cyrus the Great</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_part_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Western_part_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/220px-Western_part_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Western_part_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/330px-Western_part_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Western_part_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/440px-Western_part_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1628" /></a></span><br />Cilicia was located in the western part of the Achaemenid Empire, in south-east Anatolia.</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 405–358 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 358–338 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 338–336 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arses" class="mw-redirect" title="Arses">Arses</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 336–330 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrap</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480 BC</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Syennesis II</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470s BC</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Xeinagoras of Halicarnassus</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 401 BC</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syennesis_(5th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syennesis (5th century)">Syennesis III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 390s</span> - <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 385 BC</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camisares" title="Camisares">Camisares</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 385</span> - <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 362 BC</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 340s</span> - 333 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid era">Achaemenid era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Cyrus II's conquest of Babylon </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 542 BC</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Macedonian conquest of the Achaemenid Empire </div></th><td class="infobox-data">333 BC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Kingdom_of_Cilicia">Kingdom of Cilicia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/20px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/30px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/40px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="573" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satrapy_of_Cilicia">Satrapy of Cilicia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Satrapy of Cilicia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 401 BC, the Achaemenid king of kings <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> abolished the autonomy of Cilicia in reaction to the local Cilician ruler Syennesis III's support for the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the kingdom of Cilicia being abolished and fully integrated into the Achaemenid empire as a province ruled by and appointed by the Achaemenid king of kings, which it would remain until the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great#Asia_Minor" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">end of the Achaemenid Empire</a> in 333 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the revolt of Cyrus the Younger had been suppressed, Cilicia was again used as an assembly point for Achaemenid forces in preparation for military action in the Aegean Sea during 396 to 395 BC, and against Cyprus in the 380s BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 390s BC, <a href="/wiki/Camisares" title="Camisares">Camisares</a> was appointed as satrap of Cilicia. Camisares was himself succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a>, who eventually became the satrap of both Cilicia and Cappadocia until his assassination in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 362 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CILICIA,_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia,_361-0-334_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BC.jpg/250px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BC.jpg/375px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BC.jpg/500px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Mazaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazaios">Mazaios</a>. Satrap of Cilicia, 361/0-334 BC. <a href="/wiki/Tarsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsos">Tarsos</a>, Cilicia.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CILICIA,_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia,_361-0-334_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg/250px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg/375px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg/500px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Mazaios._Satrap_of_Cilicia%2C_361-0-334_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Mazaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazaios">Mazaios</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> as <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>. Satrap of Cilicia, 361/0-334 BC. <a href="/wiki/Tarsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsos">Tarsos</a>, Cilicia.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 340s BC, the satrap of Cilicia was <a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a>, who was also given authority over Syria as reward for his service in a campaign against Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> forded the <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys River</a> in the summer of 333 BC, ending up on the border of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> and Cilicia. He knew well the writings of <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, and how the Cilician Gates had been "impassable if obstructed by the enemy". Alexander reasoned that by force alone he could frighten the defenders and break through, and he gathered his men to do so. In the cover of night, they attacked, startling the guards and sending them and their satrap into full flight, setting their crops aflame as they made for <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>. This good fortune allowed Alexander and his army to pass unharmed through the Gates and into Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Alexander III's invasion, a lesser officer named <a href="/wiki/Arsames_(satrap_of_Cilicia)" title="Arsames (satrap of Cilicia)">Arsames</a> who had fled to Cilicia from the northwest to organise new resistance there defended it against the Macedonian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Alexander's death it was long a battleground of the rival <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> monarchs and kingdoms, and for a time fell under <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> dominion (i.e., Egypt), but finally came to the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a>, who, however, never held effectually more than the eastern half.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although no later Persian empire ever regained control of Cilicia, one Seleucid officer named Aribazus and attested as administrator of Cilicia in 246 BC was possibly of Persian descent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> era, numerous cities were established in Cilicia, which minted coins showing the badges (gods, animals, and objects) associated with each polis.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_and_Byzantine_periods">Roman and Byzantine periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Roman and Byzantine periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia (Roman province)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cibyrrhaeot_Theme" title="Cibyrrhaeot Theme">Cibyrrhaeot Theme</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg/200px-Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg/300px-Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg/400px-Asia_Minor_in_the_2nd_century_AD_-_general_map_-_Roman_provinces_under_Trajan_-_bleached_-_English_legend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6167" data-file-height="4027" /></a><figcaption>The Roman provinces of Asia Minor under Trajan, including Cilicia.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cilicia Trachea</b> became the haunt of <a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">pirates</a>, who were subdued by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 67 BC following a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korakesion" title="Battle of Korakesion">Battle of Korakesion</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Alanya" title="Alanya">Alanya</a>), and Tarsus was made the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of Cilicia. <b>Cilicia Pedias</b> became Roman territory in 103 BC first conquered by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Orator" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Antonius Orator">Marcus Antonius Orator</a> in his campaign against pirates, with <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Sulla</a> acting as its first governor, foiling an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates</a>, and the whole was organized by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, 64 BC, into a province which, for a short time, extended to and included part of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anazarbus_klikya_city_south_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anazarbus_klikya_city_south_gate.jpg/200px-Anazarbus_klikya_city_south_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anazarbus_klikya_city_south_gate.jpg/300px-Anazarbus_klikya_city_south_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Anazarbus_klikya_city_south_gate.jpg/400px-Anazarbus_klikya_city_south_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2982" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>A Roman-period triumphal arch at <a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a>, later converted into the city's south gate</figcaption></figure> <p>In 51 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> was able to take advantage of the weakness of the Roman Republic to invade Cilicia (<a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <span lang="xpr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227524238">.mw-parser-output .script-Prti{font-family:Noto Sans Inscriptional Parthian,Segoe UI Historic,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-Prti" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭊𐭉𐭋𐭊𐭉𐭀</span>‎</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was reorganized by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, 47 BC, and about 27 BC became part of the province Syria-Cilicia Phoenice. At first, the western district was left independent under native kings or priest-dynasts, and a small kingdom, under <a href="/wiki/Tarcondimotus_I" title="Tarcondimotus I">Tarcondimotus I</a>, was left in the east;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these were finally united to the province by <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>, AD 72.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Containing 47 known cities, it had been deemed important enough to be governed by a <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 259 or 250, the Persian <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> king of kings <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> defeated the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a>, whose army included Cilician soldiers. After Valerian's defeat, the Sasanian forces burnt and sacked several cities in Syria, Cilicia (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <span lang="pal" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227549227">.mw-parser-output .script-Phli{font-family:"Noto Sans Inscriptional Pahlavi","Segoe UI Historic",Shapour,"ZH Mono","sans-serif";font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-Phli" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 100%;">𐭪𐭫𐭪𐭩𐭠𐭩</span>‎</span>) and Cappadocia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Emperor Diocletian's <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a> (c. 297), Cilicia was governed by a <i><a href="/wiki/Consularis" title="Consularis">consularis</a></i>; with Isauria and the Syrian, Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Libyan provinces, formed the <a href="/wiki/Diocesis_Orientis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocesis Orientis">Diocesis Orientis</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in the late 4th century the African component was split off as <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt_(Late_Antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Egypt (Late Antiquity)">Diocese of Egypt</a>), part of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">pretorian prefecture also called <i>Oriens</i></a> ('the East', also including the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Asiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Pontica</a>, both in Anatolia, and <a href="/wiki/Thraciae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraciae">Thraciae</a> in the Balkans), the rich bulk of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. After the division of the Roman Empire, Cilicia became part of the eastern Roman Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Cilicia was one of the most important regions of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical world</a> and can be considered as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WorldHistory_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldHistory-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman Cilicia exported the goats-hair cloth, <i>Cilicium</i>, which was used to make tents.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarsus was also the birthplace of the early <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionary">Christian missionary</a> and author <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">St. Paul</a>, likely writer of 13 of the 27 books included in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. </p><p>Cilicia had numerous Christian communities and is mentioned six times in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> and once in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a> (1:21).<sup id="cite_ref-edwards3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the 4th century, Cilicia was included in the territories of the patriarchate of Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was divided into two civil and ecclesiastical provinces: <i>Cilicia Prima</i>, with a <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolitan diocese</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suffragan_diocese" title="Suffragan diocese">suffragan dioceses</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pompeiopolis" title="Pompeiopolis">Pompeiopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaiussa_Sebaste" title="Elaiussa Sebaste">Sebaste</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusta,_Cilicia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusta, Cilicia (page does not exist)">Augusta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diec%C3%A9ze_augustsk%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="cs:Diecéze augustská">cs</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titularbistum_Augusta" class="extiw" title="de:Titularbistum Augusta">de</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocesi_di_Augusta_(Cilicia)" class="extiw" title="it:Diocesi di Augusta (Cilicia)">it</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_(stolica_tytularna)" class="extiw" title="pl:Augusta (stolica tytularna)">pl</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Corycus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallus (city)">Mallus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zephyrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyrium">Zephyrium</a>; and <i>Cilicia Secunda</i>, with a metropolitan diocese at <a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a> and suffragan dioceses for Mopsuestia, <a href="/wiki/Aigai_(Aeolian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aigai (Aeolian)">Aegae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiphania,_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphania, Cilicia">Epiphania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irenopolis,_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenopolis, Cilicia">Irenopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavias" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavias">Flavias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Castabala" title="Diocese of Castabala">Castabala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iskenderun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskenderun">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citidiopolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citidiopolis (page does not exist)">Citidiopolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsuz" title="Arsuz">Rhosus</a>. Bishops from the various dioceses of Cilicia were well represented at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325 and at the later ecumenical councils.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the division of the Roman Empire, Cilicia became part of the eastern Roman Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Islamic_period">Early Islamic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 7th century Cilicia was invaded by the Muslim Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was for some time an embattled no-man's land. The Arabs succeeded in conquering the area in the early 8th century. Under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, Cilicia was resettled and transformed into a fortified frontier zone (<i><a href="/wiki/Thughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Thughur">thughur</a></i>). Tarsus, re-built in 787/788, quickly became the largest settlement in the region and the Arabs' most important base in their raids across the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> into Byzantine-held Anatolia. </p><p>The Muslims held the country until it was reoccupied by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicephorus II">Nicephorus II</a> in 965.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this period onward, the area increasingly came to be settled by Armenians, especially as Imperial rule pushed deeper into the Caucasus over the course of the 11th century. </p><p>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> Cilicia was known as <i>Ath-Thugur As-Shamiyya</i> meaning "Levantine outskirts". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_Cilicia_and_the_Crusades">Armenian Cilicia and the Crusades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Armenian Cilicia and the Crusades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_the_Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cilician_Armenia-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cilician_Armenia-en.svg/200px-Cilician_Armenia-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cilician_Armenia-en.svg/300px-Cilician_Armenia-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cilician_Armenia-en.svg/400px-Cilician_Armenia-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, 1199–1375.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, the area was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turk">Seljuk Turkish</a> invasions of Armenia were followed by an exodus of Armenians migrating westward into the Byzantine Empire, and in 1080 <a href="/wiki/Ruben_I_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben I of Armenia">Ruben</a>, a relative of the last king of <a href="/wiki/Ani_(Armenia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ani (Armenia)">Ani</a>, founded in the heart of the Cilician Taurus a small principality which gradually expanded into the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a>. This Christian state, surrounded by Muslim states hostile to its existence, had a stormy history of about 300 years, giving valuable support to the Crusaders, and trading with the great commercial cities of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It prospered for three centuries due to the vast network of fortifications which secured all the major roads as well as the three principal harbours at <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Ayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corycus" title="Corycus">Koŕikos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edwardsrw_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwardsrw-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through their complex alliances with the Crusader states, the Armenian barons and kings often invited Crusaders to maintain castles in and along the borders of the Kingdom, including <a href="/wiki/Bagras" title="Bagras">Bagras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapessac" title="Trapessac">Trapessac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toprakkale,_Osmaniye" title="Toprakkale, Osmaniye">T‛il Hamtun</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzi%C3%A7i" title="Düziçi">Harunia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silifke_Castle" title="Silifke Castle">Selefkia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amouda" title="Amouda">Amouda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarvandikar" title="Sarvandikar">Sarvandikar</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I,_Prince_of_Armenia" title="Constantine I, Prince of Armenia">Gosdantin</a> (r. 1095 – c. 1100) assisted the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">Crusaders</a> on their march to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and was created knight and <a href="/wiki/Marquis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis">marquis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thoros_I_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoros I of Armenia">Thoros I</a> (r. c. 1100 – 1129), in alliance with the Christian princes of Syria, waged successful wars against the Byzantines and Seljuk Turks. <a href="/wiki/Leo_II,_Prince_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo II, Prince of Armenia">Levon II</a> (Leo the Great (r. 1187–1219)), extended the kingdom beyond <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Mount Taurus</a> and established the capital at <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Sis</a>. He assisted the Crusaders, was crowned King by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Mainz">Archbishop of Mainz</a>, and married one of the <a href="/wiki/Lusignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusignan">Lusignans</a> of the Crusader <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mongols">Mongols</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mongols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Map_Of_Cilicia_Eng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ethnic_Map_Of_Cilicia_Eng.jpg/200px-Ethnic_Map_Of_Cilicia_Eng.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ethnic_Map_Of_Cilicia_Eng.jpg/300px-Ethnic_Map_Of_Cilicia_Eng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ethnic_Map_Of_Cilicia_Eng.jpg/400px-Ethnic_Map_Of_Cilicia_Eng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map of Cilicia and vicinity at the thirteenth century AD</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hetoum_I_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetoum I of Armenia">Hetoum I</a> (r. 1226–1270) made an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sending his brother <a href="/wiki/Sempad_the_Constable" title="Sempad the Constable">Sempad</a> to the Mongol court in person.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols then assisted with the defence of Cilicia from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> of Egypt, until the Mongols themselves converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkmens">Turkmens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Turkmens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> lost cohesion after the death of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Bahadur_Khan" title="Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan">Abu Sa'id</a> (r. 1316–1335), and thus could not support the Armenian Kingdom in guarding Cilicia. Internal conflicts within the Armenian Kingdom and the devastation caused by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> that arrived in 1348, led nomadic Türkmens to turn their eyes towards unstable Cilicia. In 1352, Ramazan Beg led Turkmens settled south of Çaldağı and founded their first settlement, <a href="/wiki/Camili,_Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Camili, Yüreğir">Camili</a>. Later that year, Ramazan Beg visited <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and was licensed by the Sultan to establish the new frontier <i>Turkmen Emirate</i> in Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-Shai_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shai-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yüreğir Türkmens lived as a small community for 7 years in southeast of Adana, and named their new land, <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Yüreğir">Yüreğir</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collapse">Collapse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Leo_V_of_Armenia" title="Leo V of Armenia">Levon V</a> died (1342), John of Lusignan was crowned king as <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV_of_Armenia" title="Constantine IV of Armenia">Gosdantin IV</a>; but he and his successors alienated the native Armenians by attempting to make them conform to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Church</a>, and by giving all posts of honour to <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a>, until at last the kingdom, falling prey to internal dissensions, ceded Cilicia Pedias to the <a href="/wiki/Ramadanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadanid">Ramadanid</a>-supported <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Egypt">Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt</a> in 1375.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_and_Turkmen_rule">Mamluk and Turkmen rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mamluk and Turkmen rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_Moyen-Orient_en_1328-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Carte_du_Moyen-Orient_en_1328-es.svg/200px-Carte_du_Moyen-Orient_en_1328-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Carte_du_Moyen-Orient_en_1328-es.svg/300px-Carte_du_Moyen-Orient_en_1328-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Carte_du_Moyen-Orient_en_1328-es.svg/400px-Carte_du_Moyen-Orient_en_1328-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1349" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>During the Ramadanid era, Cilicia was a buffer state between two Islamic powers.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1359, Mamluk Sultanate Army marched into Cilicia and took over Adana and <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, two major cities of the plain, leaving few castles to Armenians. In 1375, Mamluks gained the control of the remaining areas of Cilicia, thus ending the three centuries rule of Armenians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cilicia Pedias became part of the Mamluk Sultanate in 1375.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mamluk Sultanate authorized Ramazan Beg led Türkmen Emirate to administer Cilicia, but took direct control of the towns, Tarsus, <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Ayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvandikar" title="Sarvandikar">Sarvandikar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Sis</a> at the four corners of Cilicia plain and appointed an <a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">Amir</a> and a Garrison for each. Tarsus, the former capital of Cilicia, were settled by the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">moors</a> that arrived from Egypt. Türkmen Emirate which began to be known as Ramadanids, set the city of Adana as their center of power, and many Türkmen families of Yüreğir origin moved to the city. </p><p>After the death of Ramazan Bey, his son Ibrahim Bey made alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Karaman_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaman Emirate">Karaman Emirate</a>. Alaeddin Bey and Ibrahim Bey together tried to break the Mameluks' might in the province. After this <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">alliance</a> a great Mameluk army moved in and began to plunder but Ibrahim Bey's army achieved a great victory against the Mameluks in Belen. Also in this battle Temur Bey, the general of the Mameluks, had been captured. Yilboga, the amir of Aleppo moved on to the Turkmens after this defeat and he conquered Misis Castle. </p><p>Ramadanids were the only emirate in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> that were not a successor of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate</a>. They are often misclassified as an <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beylik</a>, though they were an entity under Mamluks. The Ramadanids played an important role in 15th century <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> relations, being a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> located in the Mamluk <i><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Awasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Awasim">al-'Awasim</a></i> frontier zone. Cilicia were one of the last regions of Anatolia to fall under Turkish rule, and were part of the Seljuqs for a short time, thus were not effected from <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> tariqa expansionism of the 13th century. Yüreğir Turks moved to Cilicia in the late 14th century, and had a distinct culture that influenced from Bektashi traditions which accompanied <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanic rituals</a> with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Living together and having cultural exchange with the large Armenian community, Yüreğir Turks flourished a laid back culture. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Karamanids" title="Karamanids">Karamanid Principality</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz Turk">Turkmen</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a> emerged after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Seljuks">Anatolian Seljuks</a>, took over<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the rule of Cilicia Thracea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1516, <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after his <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">conquest of the Mamluk state</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a> of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the area serving as a vassal of the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CUINET(1892)_2.017_Adana_Vilayet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CUINET%281892%29_2.017_Adana_Vilayet.jpg/175px-CUINET%281892%29_2.017_Adana_Vilayet.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CUINET%281892%29_2.017_Adana_Vilayet.jpg/263px-CUINET%281892%29_2.017_Adana_Vilayet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/CUINET%281892%29_2.017_Adana_Vilayet.jpg/350px-CUINET%281892%29_2.017_Adana_Vilayet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3413" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Adana Vilayet</a> in 1892</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> ended the Ramadanid administration of Adana sanjak in 1608, ruling it directly from Constantinople then after. The autonomous sanjak was then split from the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo Eyalet</a> and established as a new province under the name of <a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Adana Eyalet</a>. A governor was appointed to administer the province. In late 1832, <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Eyalet of Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Vali</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and reached Cilicia. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_K%C3%BCtahya" title="Convention of Kütahya">Convention of Kütahya</a> that was signed on 14 May 1833, ceded Cilicia to the <i>de facto</i> independent <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> brought to Cilicia from Syria to work at the flourishing agricultural lands. İbrahim Paşa, the son of Muhammed Ali Paşa, demolished the Adana Castle and the city walls in 1836. He built the canals for irrigation and transportation and also built water systems for the residential areas of the towns. Adana had the infrastructure it needed by the second half of the 19th century to become major center of Southeastern Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Crisis_of_1840" title="Oriental Crisis of 1840">Oriental crisis</a>, the Convention of Alexandria that was signed on 27 November 1840, required the return of Cilicia to Ottoman sovereignty. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> that broke out in 1861 disturbed the cotton flow to Europe and directed European cotton traders to fertile Cilicia. The region became the centre of cotton trade and one of the most economically strong regions of the Empire within decades. In 1869, Adana Eyalet was re-established as <a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Adana Vilayet</a>, after the re-structuring in the Ottoman Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-SunyGocek2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunyGocek2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adana%E2%80%93Mersin_railway" title="Adana–Mersin railway">Adana–Mersin railway</a> line was opened in 1886, connecting Cilicia to international ports through <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mersin" title="Port of Mersin">Port of Mersin</a>. </p><p>A thriving regional economy, the doubling of Cilician Armenian population due to flee from <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_Massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidian Massacres">Hamidian Massacres</a>, and the end of autocratic <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdulhamid</a> rule with the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">revolution</a> of 1908, empowered the Armenian community and envisioned an autonomous Cilicia. Enraged supporters of Abdulhamid that organized under Cemiyet-i Muhammediye amidst the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">countercoup</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Agos_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agos-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to a series of anti-Armenian pogroms in 14–27 April 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> resulted in the deaths of roughly 25,000 Armenians, orphaned <a href="/wiki/Adana_Dar-%C3%BCl_Eytam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Dar-ül Eytam">3500 children</a> and caused heavy destruction of Christian neighbourhoods in the entire <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Adana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Adana">Vilayet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cilicia section of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway" title="Berlin–Baghdad railway">Berlin–Baghdad railway</a> were opened in 1912, connecting the region to Middle East. Over the course of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, Ottoman telegraph was received by the Governor to deport the more than 70,000 Armenians of the Adana Vilayet to Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Hrant_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrant-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenians of Zeitun had organized a successful resistance against the Ottoman onslaught. In order to finally subjugate Zeitun, the Ottomans had to resort to treachery by forcing an Armenian delegation from Marash to ask the <i>Zeituntsi</i>s to put down their arms. Both the Armenian delegation, and later, the inhabitants of Zeitun, were left with no choice.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Gouraud_in_Mersin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/General_Gouraud_in_Mersin.jpg/175px-General_Gouraud_in_Mersin.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/General_Gouraud_in_Mersin.jpg/263px-General_Gouraud_in_Mersin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/General_Gouraud_in_Mersin.jpg/350px-General_Gouraud_in_Mersin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>French taking over Cilicia as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gouraud_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Gouraud (general)">General Gouraud</a> arrives Mersin</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> that was signed on 30 October 1918 to end the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, ceded the control of Cilicia to France. French Government sent four battalions of the <a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">Armenian Legion</a> in December to take over and oversee the repatriation of more than 170,000 Armenians to Cilicia. Returning Armenians negotiated with France to establish an autonomous <i>State of Cilicia</i>. The Armenians formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armenian_National_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armenian National Union (page does not exist)">Armenian National Union</a> which acted as an unofficial Cilician Armenian government composed of the four major political parties and three Armenian religious denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mihran_Damadian" title="Mihran Damadian">Mihran Damadian</a>, the chief negotiator for Armenians, signed the provisional <i>Constitution of Cilicia</i> in 1919 to bring new order to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-HrantAdana_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HrantAdana-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 May 1920, Armenian people declared the independence of Cilicia under the French mandate. </p><p>The French forces were spread too thinly in the region and, as they came under withering attacks by Muslim elements both opposed and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_national_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish national movement">loyal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal Pasha">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a>, eventually reversed their policies in the region. A truce arranged on 28 May between the French and the Kemalists, led to the retreat of the French forces south of the Mersin-Osmaniye railroad. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg/175px-Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg/263px-Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg/350px-Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Cilicie palais de gouvernement</figcaption></figure> <p>With the changing political environment and interests, the French further reversed their policy: The repatriation was halted, and the French ultimately abandoned all pretensions to Cilicia, which they had originally hoped to attach to their <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">mandate over Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia Peace Treaty</a> was signed on 9 March 1921 between France and <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Grand National Assembly</a>. The treaty did not achieve the intended goals and was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a> that was signed on 20 October 1921. Based on the terms of the agreement, France recognized the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia War">Cilicia War</a>, and French troops together with the remaining Armenian volunteers withdrew from the region in early January 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a> community were re-settled in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> by the French Administration. Later in 1922, roughly 10,000 Greeks were erforced to move to Greece by the policy of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_population_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish population exchange">Greco-Turkish population exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HrantAdana_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HrantAdana-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hrant_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrant-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cilicia Armenians settled in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, at the newly founded Armenian <a href="/wiki/Bourj_Hammoud" title="Bourj Hammoud">Bourj Hammoud</a> town, just north-east of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1920s, around 60 percent of the Cilician Armenians moved to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. An informal census of 1941 revealed that, 70 percent of all the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Argentine">Armenian Argentines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> had Adana origins.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Turkey">Republic of Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Republic of Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region become part of the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> in 1921 with the signing of the Treaty of Ankara. On 15 April 1923, just before the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, the Turkish government enacted the "Law of Abandoned Properties" which confiscated properties of Armenians and Greeks who were not present on their property. Cilicia were one of the regions with the most confiscated property, thus <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">muhacirs</a> (en: immigrants) from Balkans and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> were relocated in the old Armenian and Greek neighbourhoods and villages of the region. All types of properties, lands, houses and workshops were distributed to them. Also during this period, there was a property rush of Muslims from <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darende" title="Darende">Darende</a> to Cilicia who were granted the ownership of large farms, factories, stores and mansions. Within a decade, Cilicia had a sharp change demographically, socially and economically and lost its diversity by turning into solely Muslim/Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-HrantAdana_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HrantAdana-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Remaining Jews and Christians were hit by the heavy burden of the <a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Wealth Tax</a> in 1942, which caused them to leave Cilicia, selling their properties for peanuts to families like <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_family" title="Sabancı family">Sabancı</a>, who built their wealth on owning confiscated or cheaply purchased properties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Forcible change in means of production led to abuse of wealth and harsh treatment of labor later in the 20th century, as the new possessors did not have the necessary management attributes that the previous owners had for centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Cilicia features in Greek mythology as a place whose name is derived from a people named the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kilikes</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κιλικες</span></span>) who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a>. The Hittitologist <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bryce" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Bryce">Trevor Bryce</a> considers it plausible that populations from the Troad might have migrated to the southeast into the region which later became Cilicia during the drastic changes which formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> at the end of the 2nd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greeks invented for Cilicia an <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> Hellene founder in the purely mythical <a href="/wiki/Cilix" title="Cilix">Cilix</a>, but the historic<sup id="cite_ref-CAH680_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH680-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founder of the dynasty that ruled <i>Cilicia Pedias</i> was <a href="/wiki/Mopsus" title="Mopsus">Mopsus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CAH680_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH680-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fox211_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox211-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifiable in Phoenician sources as <i>Mpš</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fox216_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox216-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAH364_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH364-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the founder of <a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a><sup id="cite_ref-CAH364_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH364-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who gave his name to an oracle nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-CAH364_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAH364-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> mentions the people of Mopsus, identified as <i>Cilices</i> (Κίλικες), as from the <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a> in the northwestern-most part of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grant_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inhabitants of Ancient Cilicia were <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a> who had settled in this region in the 2nd millennium BC, and Cilicia itself had become an important centre of Luwian settlement in Anatolia in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009166_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009166-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This Luwian population persisted in Cilicia in the 1st millennium BC until the later Hellenistic and Roman periods, hence why the onomastics of this region, especially in its western part (Rough Cilicia), were Luwian in character, implying that it was inhabited by a large number of Luwian speakers until the early 1st millennium AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009166_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009166-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Persian_influence">Persian influence</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Persian influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like in the rest of the western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire, Persians had moved in Cilicia, and archaeological evidence such as reliefs from Silifke, Adana and Korykos suggest that a Persian nobility as well as a Persianised nobility existed in Cilicia during the Achaemenid period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cultural_diversity">Cultural diversity</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cultural diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Achaemenid and post-Achaemenid Cilicia was culturally very diverse, as attested by:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Aramaic funerary inscriptions and an Aramaic foundation text at Meydancık;</li> <li>coins minted at Soli and Tarsus of Persian, modified Persian, and non-Persian types;</li> <li>Greek and Aramaic inscriptions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_organisation">Social organisation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Social organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population of the eastern part of ancient Cilicia was urbanised and participated in commercial and industrial activities, while the inhabitants of its western regions were tribally organised and led simpler lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Significant Christian communities (<a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>) found in <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_structure">Administrative structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Administrative structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_2">Ancient</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rulers of the kingdom of Cilicia styled themselves using the title of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Suennesis</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Συέννεσις</span></span>), itself derived from the name of their founding king Syennesis I,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was derived from Luwian <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">*zuwannissas</i></span>, which was itself the genitival adjective of the term <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">zuwannis</i></span>, meaning <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">dog</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2019122_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2019122-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temple estates had existed in Cilicia since the pre-Achaemenid period, although the best documentation regarding them is from the Hellenestic period. Known temple esates include the temple of Zeus at <a href="/wiki/Olba_(ancient_city)" title="Olba (ancient city)">Olbē</a> and the temple of Artemis Perasia at <a href="/wiki/Castabala_(city)" title="Castabala (city)">Kastabala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Achaemenid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the other western satrapies of the Achaemenid Empire, the satrap of Cilicia owned an estate with a palace at Tarsus, which was a large and thriving city during the Achaemenid period. Subordinate to the satrap in the local administration were lower rank officials, with some of them being landed aristocrats owning estates and villages, and others being priests in the sanctuaries of Cilicia who administered the temple estates, as well as other even lesser officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temple estates persisted through the Achaemenid period, implying that their existence was not perceived as detrimental to the authority of the satrap of Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The duties of the satrap including maintaining peace within his satrapy to ensure agriculture could be conducted and tribute could be produced, as well as to keep the locations at higher altitudes and the mountain passes under control loyal to the Achaemenid crown, to which it contributed 360 horses and 140 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a> of silver for defence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cilicia also provided troops to the land and maritime military forces of the Achaemenid Empire, and the satrapy itself acted as an assembly point for them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known of the large cities in the Achaemenid period, although Tarsus and Soli are known to have minted coins which were used in the Achaemenid military campaigns against Cyprus and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Achaemenid period, the administration of Cilicia was stable and efficient, thanks to which it was agriculturally very productive and was capable of holding large military concentrations. The fact that the king of kings Darius I expected 500 talents of silver as tribute from Cilicia attests that its administration was of the necessary competence to generate a revenue that was more than trivial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Hellenistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Hellenistic period, the Cilician temple estates adopted Greek culture under the influence of Seleucid administration:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the high priests of Zeus at Olbe were able to expand their authority after the fall of the Achaemend Empire, and they became culturally Hellenised, with their dynasts shifting their names from Tarkuaris (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ταρκυαρις</span></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a> <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">Tarḫuwarris</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961127_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961127-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to Teukros (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Τευκρος</span></span>);</li> <li>the chief priest of the temple of Artemis Perasia at Castabala was also a dynast who became culturally Hellenised.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_2">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Cilicia is split into four administrative provinces: <a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a>. Each province is governed by the Central Government in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> through an appointed Provincial governor. Provinces are then divided into districts governed by the District Governors who are under the provincial governors. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" border="1" style="font-size:90%"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Province </th> <th>Seat </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Districts (West to East) </th> <th>Population </th> <th class="unsortable">Map </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgray"><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a> </td> <td align="center">15,853 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Anamur" title="Anamur">Anamur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bozyaz%C4%B1" title="Bozyazı">Bozyazı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nc%C4%B1k,_Mersin" title="Aydıncık, Mersin">Aydıncık</a> (Kelenderis), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClnar" title="Gülnar">Gülnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Silifke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erdemli" title="Erdemli">Erdemli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezitli" title="Mezitli">Mezitli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeni%C5%9Fehir,_Mersin" title="Yenişehir, Mersin">Yenişehir</a> <a href="/wiki/Toroslar" title="Toroslar">Toroslar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akdeniz,_Mersin" title="Akdeniz, Mersin">Akdeniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1yayla" title="Çamlıyayla">Çamlıyayla</a> (Namrun), <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a> </td> <td align="center">1,891,145 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mersin_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mersin_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg/105px-Mersin_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mersin_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg/158px-Mersin_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Mersin_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg/210px-Mersin_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="531" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgray"><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> </td> <td align="center">14,030 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Seyhan" title="Seyhan">Seyhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova,_Adana" title="Çukurova, Adana">Çukurova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Yüreğir">Yüreğir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1%C3%A7am" title="Sarıçam">Sarıçam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozant%C4%B1" title="Pozantı">Pozantı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaisal%C4%B1" title="Karaisalı">Karaisalı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karata%C5%9F" title="Karataş">Karataş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Yumurtalık</a> (Ayas), <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu" title="İmamoğlu">İmamoğlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alada%C4%9F,_Adana" title="Aladağ, Adana">Aladağ</a> (Karsantı), <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Kozan</a>(Sis), <a href="/wiki/Feke" title="Feke">Feke</a> (Vahka), <a href="/wiki/Saimbeyli" title="Saimbeyli">Saimbeyli</a> (Hadjin), <a href="/wiki/Tufanbeyli" title="Tufanbeyli">Tufanbeyli</a> </td> <td align="center">2,263,373 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_districts_of_Cilicia_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Adana_districts_of_Cilicia_II.jpg/90px-Adana_districts_of_Cilicia_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Adana_districts_of_Cilicia_II.jpg/135px-Adana_districts_of_Cilicia_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Adana_districts_of_Cilicia_II.jpg/180px-Adana_districts_of_Cilicia_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgray"><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye" title="Osmaniye">Osmaniye</a> </td> <td align="center">3,767 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sumbas" title="Sumbas">Sumbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadirli" title="Kadirli">Kadirli</a> (Karsbazar), <a href="/wiki/Toprakkale,_Osmaniye" title="Toprakkale, Osmaniye">Toprakkale</a> (Tall Hamdūn), <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzi%C3%A7i" title="Düziçi">Düziçi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye" title="Osmaniye">Osmaniye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasanbeyli" title="Hasanbeyli">Hasanbeyli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A7e,_Osmaniye" title="Bahçe, Osmaniye">Bahçe</a> </td> <td align="center">553,012 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmaniye_districts_of_Cilicia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Osmaniye_districts_of_Cilicia.png/105px-Osmaniye_districts_of_Cilicia.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Osmaniye_districts_of_Cilicia.png/158px-Osmaniye_districts_of_Cilicia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Osmaniye_districts_of_Cilicia.png/210px-Osmaniye_districts_of_Cilicia.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="539" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgray"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> </td> <td align="center">5,524 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Erzin,_Turkey" title="Erzin, Turkey">Erzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rtyol" title="Dörtyol">Dörtyol</a> (Chork Marzban), <a href="/wiki/Hassa,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassa, Turkey">Hassa</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsuz" title="Arsuz">Arsuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belen,_Hatay" title="Belen, Hatay">Belen</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1khan" title="Kırıkhan">Kırıkhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>(Süveydiye), <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defne" title="Defne">Defne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reyhanl%C4%B1" title="Reyhanlı">Reyhanlı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumlu" title="Kumlu">Kumlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaylada%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yayladağı">Yayladağı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Altınözü">Altınözü</a> </td> <td align="center">1,670,712 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatay_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hatay_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg/90px-Hatay_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hatay_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg/135px-Hatay_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hatay_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg/180px-Hatay_districts_of_Cilicia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="452" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_3">Ancient</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflecting the diversity of Cilicia in the Achaemenid and post-Achaemenid periods, various deities of different origins have been attested there in antiquity:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>an Aramaic <a href="/wiki/Kesecek_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC_inscription" title="Kesecek Köyü inscription">funerary inscription from Kesecek Köyü</a> to the north-east of Tarsus was accompanied by depictions of Semitic deities;</li> <li>one Cilician coin depicted <a href="/wiki/Baaltars" title="Baaltars">Baal of Tarsus</a> with an Achaemenid <a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">winged disk</a>;</li> <li>another Cilician coin depicted the Semitic god <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a> wearing Persian clothes, possibly resulting from an identification of him with <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>.</li></ul> <p>As a result of the strong impact of 200 years of rule by the Persian Achaemenid Empire, <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire altars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magi</a> were still present at Tarsus and in the rest of Cilicia in the <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 260s AD</span>, as recorded by the Sasanian high priest <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cilicia is heavily populated due to its abundant resources, climate and plain geography. The population of Cilicia as of 31 December 2022 is 6,435,986.<sup id="cite_ref-tuik_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuik-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hatay is the most rural province of Cilicia and also Hatay is the only province that the rural population is rising and the urban population is declining. The major reason is the mountainous geography of Hatay. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana Province</a> is the most urbanized province, with most of the population centred in the city of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin Province</a> has a larger rural population than <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana Province</a>, owing to its long and narrow stretch of flat land in between the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> and the Mediterranean. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Cilicia" title="Template:Largest cities of Cilicia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Cilicia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Cilicia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Cilicia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Cilicia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest populated areas in Cilicia</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2021 data from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">Turkish Statistical Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Cilicia_by_population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities in Cilicia by population (page does not exist)">Rank</a> </th> <th> </th> <th>Province </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Cilicia_by_population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities in Cilicia by population (page does not exist)"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Cilicia_by_population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities in Cilicia by population (page does not exist)">Rank</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provinces_of_Cilicia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provinces of Cilicia (page does not exist)">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_Cilicia_by_population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities in Cilicia by population (page does not exist)"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana"><img alt="Adana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg/120px-Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg/180px-Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg/240px-Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5756" data-file-height="2169" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mersin_Wiki_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mersin"><img alt="Mersin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Mersin_Wiki_9.jpg/120px-Mersin_Wiki_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Mersin_Wiki_9.jpg/180px-Mersin_Wiki_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Mersin_Wiki_9.jpg/240px-Mersin_Wiki_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,797,136</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Silifke</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,849 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antakya16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antakya"><img alt="Antakya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Antakya16.jpg/120px-Antakya16.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Antakya16.jpg/180px-Antakya16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Antakya16.jpg/240px-Antakya16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="458" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulucami,_Tarsus,_Mersin_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarsus"><img alt="Tarsus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ulucami%2C_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg/120px-Ulucami%2C_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ulucami%2C_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg/180px-Ulucami%2C_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ulucami%2C_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg/240px-Ulucami%2C_Tarsus%2C_Mersin_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,064,750</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kadirli" title="Kadirli">Kadirli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">126,941 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">555,833</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">123,999 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">347,314</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1khan" title="Kırıkhan">Kırıkhan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">119,854 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye" title="Osmaniye">Osmaniye</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">279,992</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reyhanl%C4%B1" title="Reyhanlı">Reyhanlı</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">105,309 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">250,976</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arsuz" title="Arsuz">Arsuz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,480 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">159,955</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzi%C3%A7i" title="Düziçi">Düziçi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,118 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erdemli" title="Erdemli">Erdemli</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">147,512</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anamur" title="Anamur">Anamur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,828 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Kozan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">132,320</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,803 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rtyol" title="Dörtyol">Dörtyol</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,989</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n%C3%B6z%C3%BC" title="Altınözü">Altınözü</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,861 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cilicia is well known for the vast fertile land and highly productive agriculture. The region is also industrialized; <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a> host numerous plants. <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a> seaports provide transportation of goods manufactured in Central, South and Southeast Anatolia. <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a> hosts oil, natural gas terminals as well as refineries and shipbuilders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cilicia plain has some of the most fertile soil in the world in which 3 harvests can be taken each year. The region has the second richest flora in the world and it is the producer of all agricultural products of Turkey except hazelnut and tobacco. Cilicia leads Turkey in soy, peanuts and corn harvest and is a major producer of fruits and vegetables. Half of Turkey's citrus export is from Cilicia. <a href="/wiki/Anamur" title="Anamur">Anamur</a> is the only sub-tropical area of Turkey where bananas, mango, kiwi and other sub-tropical produce can be harvested. </p><p>Cilicia is the second largest honey producer in Turkey after the <a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla" title="Muğla">Muğla</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Arıcılık_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arıcılık-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samanda%C4%9F" title="Samandağ">Samandağ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Yumurtalık</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karata%C5%9F" title="Karataş">Karataş</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bozyaz%C4%B1" title="Bozyazı">Bozyazı</a> are some of the towns in the region where fishing is the major source of income. Gray mullet, red mullet, sea bass, lagos, calamari and gilt-head bream are some of the most popular fish in the region. There are <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> farms in Akyatan, Akyağan, <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Yumurtalık</a> lakes and at Seyhan Reservoir. While not as common as other forms of agriculture, dairy and livestock are also produced throughout the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mining">Mining</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Kozan</a>-Horzum seam is the major source.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chrome</a> is found around <a href="/wiki/Alada%C4%9Flar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aladağlar">Aladağlar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">Baryte</a> resources are around <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> is found around <a href="/wiki/Feke" title="Feke">Feke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saimbeyli" title="Saimbeyli">Saimbeyli</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a> mines are mostly in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> reserves are very rich in Cilicia. The region is home to four lime manufacturing plants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a> resources are the richest in Turkey. 14% of country's reserves are in Cilicia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cilicia is one of the first industrialized regions of Turkey. With the improvements in agriculture and the spike of agricultural yield, agriculture-based industries are built in large numbers. Today, the manufacturing industry is mainly concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a>. Textile, leather tanning and food processing plants are plentiful. İsdemir is a large steel plant located in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industry</a> is rapidly developing in the region with the investments around the Ceyhan Oil Terminal. Petroleum refineries are being built in the area. <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a> is also expected to host the shipbuilding industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce">Commerce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> is the commercial centre of the region where many of the public and private institutions have their regional offices. <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> are also home to regional offices of public institutions. Many industry fairs and congresses are held in the region at venues such as the TÜYAP Congress and Exhibition Centre in <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> and the Mersin Congress Centre. </p><p><b>Mersin Seaport</b> is the third largest seaport in Turkey, after <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>. There are 45 piers in the port. The total area of the port is 785 square kilometres (194,000 acres), and the capacity is 6,000 ships per year. </p><p><b>İskenderun Seaport</b> is used mostly for transfers to Middle East and Southeastern Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Ceyhan Oil Terminal</b> is a marine transport terminal for the <a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Ceyhan_pipeline" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline">Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline</a> (the "BTC"), the <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline</a>, the planned <a href="/wiki/Samsun-Ceyhan_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsun-Ceyhan pipeline">Samsun-Ceyhan</a> and the Ceyhan-Red Sea pipelines. Ceyhan will also be a natural gas terminal for a planned pipeline to be constructed parallel to the Kirkuk-Ceyhan oil pipeline, and for a planned extension of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream" title="Blue Stream">Blue Stream</a> Gas Pipeline from Samsun to Ceyhan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rtyol" title="Dörtyol">Dörtyol</a> Oil Terminal is a marine transport terminal for Batman-Dörtyol oil pipeline which started operating in 1967 to market <a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a> oil. The pipeline is 511 km long and has an annual capacity of 3.5 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemiskumu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yemiskumu.jpg/220px-Yemiskumu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yemiskumu.jpg/330px-Yemiskumu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yemiskumu.jpg/440px-Yemiskumu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Yemiskumu Beach (<a href="/wiki/Aya%C5%9F,_Mersin" title="Ayaş, Mersin">Ayaş</a>, Erdemli district of Mersin Province)</figcaption></figure> <p>While the region has a long coastline, international tourism is not at the level of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya Province</a>. There are a small number of hotels between <a href="/wiki/Erdemli" title="Erdemli">Erdemli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anamur" title="Anamur">Anamur</a> that attracts tourists. Cilicia tourism is mostly cottage tourism serving the Cilicia locals as well as residents of <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a> and surrounding areas. Between <a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Silifke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>, high-rise and low-rise cottages line the coast, leaving almost no vacant land. The coastline from <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Karata%C5%9F" title="Karataş">Karataş</a> is mostly farmland. This area is zoned for resort tourism and is expected to have a rapid development within the next 20 years. <a href="/wiki/Karata%C5%9F" title="Karataş">Karataş</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Yumurtalık</a> coasts are home to cottages with a bird conservatory between the two areas. Arsuz is a seaside resort that is mostly frequented by <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a> residents. </p><p>Plateaus on the Taurus mountains are cooler escapes for the locals who wants to chill out from hot and humid summers of the lower plains. Gözne and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87aml%C4%B1yayla" title="Çamlıyayla">Çamlıyayla</a> (Namrun) in <a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin Province</a>, Tekir, Bürücek and Kızıldağ in <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zorkun" title="Zorkun">Zorkun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye Province</a> and Soğukoluk in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a> are the popular high plain resorts of Cilicia which are often crowded in summer. There are a few hotels and camping sites in the Tekir plateau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balneary_tourism">Balneary tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Balneary tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region is a popular destination for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal springs">thermal springs</a>. Hamamat Thermal Spring, located on midway from <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1khan" title="Kırıkhan">Kırıkhan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Reyhanl%C4%B1" title="Reyhanlı">Reyhanlı</a>, has a very high sulphur ratio, making it the second in the world after a thermal spring in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplıcası_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplıcası-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest spa in the region and attracts many <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrians</a> due to proximity. Haruniye Thermal Spring is located on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan River</a> near <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzi%C3%A7i" title="Düziçi">Düziçi</a> town and has a serene environment. Thermal springs are a hot spot for people with rheumatism.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplıcaları_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplıcaları-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurttepe, Alihocalı and Ilıca <a href="/wiki/Mineral_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral springs">mineral springs</a>, all located in <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana Province</a>, are popular for toxic cleansing. Ottoman Palace Thermal Resort & Spa in <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> is one of Turkey's top resorts for revitalization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_tourism">Religious tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Religious tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG/220px-Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG/330px-Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG/440px-Antioch_Saint_Pierre_Church_Front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Peter" title="Church of Saint Peter">Church of Saint Peter</a> near <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lying at a crossroads of three major religions, namely <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, the region is home to numerous landmarks that are important for people of faith. Tarsus is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, who returned to the city after his conversion. The city was a stronghold of Christians after his death. Ashab-ı Kehf cavern, one of the locations claimed to be the resting place of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers" title="Seven Sleepers">Seven Sleepers</a>, holy to Christians and Muslims, is located north of Tarsus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> is another destination for the spiritual world, where, according to the New Testament the followers of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> were first called Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Peter" title="Church of Saint Peter">Church of Saint Peter</a> near <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>) is one of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>'s oldest <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the home of Saint Peter, one of the <a href="/wiki/12_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="12 apostles">12 apostles</a> of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatay_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatay-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> was called "the cradle of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christianity</a>" as a result of its longevity and the pivotal role that it played in the emergence of both <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sites">Ancient sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Ancient sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortressarmenians5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fortressarmenians5.jpg/220px-Fortressarmenians5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fortressarmenians5.jpg/330px-Fortressarmenians5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fortressarmenians5.jpg/440px-Fortressarmenians5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Kızkalesi (Korykos)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kizkalesi (Maiden Castle)</b>, a fort on a small island across Kızkalesi township, was built during the early 12th century by Armenian kings of the <a href="/wiki/Rubenids" title="Rubenids">Rubeniyan</a> dynasty to defend the city of Korykos (present-day Kızkalesi). </p><p><b>Heaven & Hell</b>, situated on a large hill north of Narlıkuyu, consists of the <a href="/wiki/Grabens" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabens">grabens</a> resulting from assoil of <a href="/wiki/Furring" title="Furring">furrings</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for thousands of years. The natural phenomenon of the grabens is named 'Hell & Heaven' because of the exotic effects on people. Visitors can access the cave of the mythological giant <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ancient Roman town of <b><a href="/wiki/Soloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Soloi">Soloi</a>-Pompeiopolis</b>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>. </p><p><b>Yılanlı Kale (Castle of Serpents)</b>, an 11th-century Crusader castle built on a historical road connecting the Taurus mountains with the city of Antakya. The castle has 8 round towers, a military guardhouse and a church. It is located 5 km. west of <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a> Castle</b>, built in the 3rd century, served as the centre of the ancient metropolis of Anavarza. The city was built on a hill and had strategic importance, controlling the Cilician plain. The main castle and the city walls represent remains of the city. The city wall is 1500 m. long and 8-10m. high, with 4 entrances to the city. The castle is located 80 km. northeast of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>. </p><p><b>Şar (Comona)</b>, an ancient city located in northernmost Cilicia, some 200 km. north of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Tufanbeyli" title="Tufanbeyli">Tufanbeyli</a>. It was an historical centre of the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>. Remaining structures today include the amphitheatre built during the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> period, ruins of a church from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> era and Hittite rock-works.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Church of St. Peter</b> in <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> was a cave on the slopes of Habibi Neccar mountain converted into a church. The church is known as the first Christians' traditional meeting place. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> declared the church a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_pilgrimage_sites" title="List of Christian pilgrimage sites">"Place of Pilgrimage"</a> for Christians in 1963, and since then a special ceremony takes place on <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">29 June</a> each year. </p><p><b>St. Simeon Monastery</b>, a 6th-century giant structure built on a desolate hill 18 km south of Antakya. The most striking features of this monastery are its cisterns, its storage compartment, and the walls. It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Stylites_the_Younger" title="Simeon Stylites the Younger">St. Simeon</a> resided here atop a 20-meter stone column for 45 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_conservation_areas">Parks and conservation areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Parks and conservation areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Akyatan_Lagoon" title="Akyatan Lagoon">Akyatan Lagoon</a> is a large wildlife refuge which acts as a stopover for migratory birds voyaging from Africa to Europe. The wildlife refuge has a 14,700 ha (36,000-acre) area made up of forests, lagoon, marsh, sandy and reedy lands. Akyatan lake is a natural wonder with endemic plants and endangered bird species living in it together with other species of plants and animals. 250 species of birds are observed during a study in 1990. The conservation area is located 30 km south of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, near Tuzla.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Yumurtalık Nature Reserve</b> covers an area of 16,430 hectares within the Seyhan-Ceyhan delta, with its lakes, lagoons and wide collection of plant and animal species. The area is an important location for many species of migrating birds, the number gets higher during the winters when the lakes become a shelter when other lakes further north freeze.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Aladağlar National Park</b>, located north of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, is a huge park of around 55,000 hectares, the summit of Demirkazik at 3756 m is the highest point in the middle Taurus mountain range. There is a huge range of flora and fauna, and visitors may fish in the streams full of trout. Wildlife includes wild goats, bears, lynx and sable. The most common species of plant life is black pine and cluster pine trees, with some cedar dotted between, and fir trees in the northern areas with higher humidity. The Alpine region, from the upper borders of the forest, has pastures with rocky areas and little variety of plant life because of the high altitude and slope.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karatepe-Aslanta%C5%9F_National_Park" title="Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park">Karatepe-Aslantaş National Park</a> located on the west bank of <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye" title="Osmaniye">Osmaniye</a> Province. The park includes the Karatepe <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> fortress and an open-air museum. </p><p><b>Tekköz-Kengerlidüz Nature Reserve</b>, located 30 km north of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rtyol" title="Dörtyol">Dörtyol</a>, is known for having an ecosystem different from the Mediterranean. The main species of trees around Kengerliduz are beech, oak and fir, and around Tekkoz are hornbeam, ash, beach, black pine and silver birch. The main animal species in the area are wild goat, roe deer, bear, hyena, wild cat, wagtail, wolf, jackal and fox.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Habibi Neccar Dağı Nature Reserve</b> is famous for its cultural as well as natural value, especially for St Pierre Church, which was carved into the rocks. The Charon monument, 200 m north of the church, is huge sculpture of Haron, known as Boatman of Hell in mythology, carved into the rocks. The main species of tree are cluster pine, oaks and sandalwood. The mountain is also home to foxes, rabbits, partridges and stock doves. Nature reserve is 10 km east of <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> and can be accessible by public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education in Turkey</a></div> <p>There are numerous private primary and high schools besides the state schools in the region. Most popular high school in the region is Tarsus American College, founded as a missionary school in 1888 to serve Armenian community and then became a secular school in 1923. Adana Anatolian High School and Adana Science High School most important high schools in the Cilicia. In other cities, Anatolian High School and School for Science are the most popular high schools of the city. </p><p>The region is home to five state and two foundation universities. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_University" title="Çukurova University">Çukurova University</a></b> is a state university founded in 1973 with the union of the faculties of Agriculture and Medicine.. Main campus is in the city of <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, and the College of Tourism Administration is in <a href="/wiki/Karata%C5%9F" title="Karataş">Karataş</a>. There is an engineering faculty in <a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a>, and vocational schools in <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Kozan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaisal%C4%B1" title="Karaisalı">Karaisalı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozant%C4%B1" title="Pozantı">Pozantı</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Yumurtalık</a>. The university is one of the well-developed universities of Turkey with many cultural, social and athletic facilities, currently enrolls 40,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Mersin_University" title="Mersin University">Mersin University</a></b> is a state university founded in 1992, and currently serving with 11 faculties, 6 colleges and 9 vocational schools. The university employs more than 2100 academicians and enrolls 26,980 students.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main campus is in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, there is Faculty of Technical Education and Applied Technology and Management College. In <a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Silifke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erdemli" title="Erdemli">Erdemli</a>, university has colleges and vocational schools. There are also vocational schools in <a href="/wiki/Anamur" title="Anamur">Anamur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nc%C4%B1k,_Mersin" title="Aydıncık, Mersin">Aydıncık</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClnar" title="Gülnar">Gülnar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal University">Mustafa Kemal University</a></b> is a state university located in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a>. University was founded in 1992, currently has 9 faculties, 4 colleges and 7 vocational schools. Main campus is in <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> and Faculty of Engineering is in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a>. The university employs 708 academicians and 14,439 students as of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Korkut_Ata_University" title="Osmaniye Korkut Ata University">Korkut Ata University</a></b> was founded in 2007 as a state university with the union of colleges and vocational schools in <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye Province</a> and began enrollment in 2009. The university has 3 faculties and a vocational school at the main campus in the city of <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye" title="Osmaniye">Osmaniye</a> and vocational schools in <a href="/wiki/Kadirli" title="Kadirli">Kadirli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A7e,_Osmaniye" title="Bahçe, Osmaniye">Bahçe</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzi%C3%A7i" title="Düziçi">Düziçi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erzin,_Turkey" title="Erzin, Turkey">Erzin</a>. University employs 107 academicians and enrolled 4000 students in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Adana_Science_and_Technology_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Science and Technology University">Adana Science and Technology University</a></b> is a recently founded state university that is planned to have ten faculties, two institutions and a college. It will accommodate 1,700 academic, 470 administrative staff, and it is expected to enroll students by 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9F_University" title="Çağ University">Çağ University</a></b> is a not-for-profit tuition based university founded in 1997. It is located on midway from <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>. University holds around 2500 students, most of them commuting from Adana, Tarsus and Mersin.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Toros_University" title="Toros University">Toros University</a></b> is a not-for-profit tuition based university located in <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>. The university started enrolling students in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Cilicia, professionally represented at all levels of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_football_league_system" title="Turkish football league system">Football in Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Football Clubs in Cilicia</b></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue (capacity) </th> <th>Founded </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana_Demirspor" title="Adana Demirspor">Adana Demirspor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig" title="Süper Lig">Süper Lig</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Adana_Stadium" title="New Adana Stadium">New Adana Stadium</a> (33,543) </td> <td align="center">1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hatayspor" title="Hatayspor">Hatayspor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig" title="Süper Lig">Süper Lig</a> </td> <td>New Hatay Stadium (25000) </td> <td align="center">1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adanaspor" title="Adanaspor">Adanaspor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TFF_First_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF First League">TFF First League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Adana_Stadium" title="New Adana Stadium">New Adana Stadium</a> (33,543) </td> <td align="center">1954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun_FK" class="mw-redirect" title="İskenderun FK">İskenderun FK</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TFF_Second_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF Second League">TFF Second League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun_5_Temmuz_Stadium" title="İskenderun 5 Temmuz Stadium">5 Temmuz</a> (8217) </td> <td align="center">1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yeni_Mersin_%C4%B0dman_Yurdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeni Mersin İdman Yurdu">Yeni Mersin İdman Yurdu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TFF_Second_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF Second League">TFF Second League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersin Arena">Mersin Arena</a> (25000) </td> <td align="center">2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>01 Adana FK </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TFF_Second_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF Second League">TFF Second League</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burhanettin_Kocamaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burhanettin Kocamaz (page does not exist)">Burhanettin Kocamaz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhanettin_Kocamaz_Stadyumu" class="extiw" title="tr:Burhanettin Kocamaz Stadyumu">tr</a>]</span> (6000) </td> <td align="center">2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Osmaniyespor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TFF_Third_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF Third League">TFF Third League</a> </td> <td>7 Ocak (6635) </td> <td align="center">2011 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silifke Belediyespor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TFF_Third_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF Third League">TFF Third League</a> </td> <td>Silifke Şehir (4000) </td> <td align="center">1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana_%C4%B0dman_Yurdu" title="Adana İdman Yurdu">Adana İdman Yurdu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football (women)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Football_Super_League" title="Turkish Women's Football Super League">Women's Super League</a> </td> <td>Muharrem Gülergin </td> <td align="center">1993 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Demirspor are the most popular club of Cilicia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg/600px-The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg/900px-The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg/1200px-The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5795" data-file-height="2041" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg" title="File:The Marathon - West stands of Adana Demirspor.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Adana_Demirspor" title="Adana Demirspor">Adana Demirspor</a> are the most popular club of Cilicia</div></div></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Basketball Clubs in Cilicia</b></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue (capacity) </th> <th>Founded </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mersin_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_(women%27s_basketball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi (women's basketball)">Mersin BŞB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Basketball">Basketball (women)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League" title="Turkish Women's Basketball League">Women's Super League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edip_Buran_Arena" title="Edip Buran Arena">Edip Buran Arena</a> (1750) </td> <td align="center">1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hatay_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C5%9Fehir_Belediyesi_(women%27s_basketball)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyesi (women's basketball)">Hatay BŞB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Basketball">Basketball (women)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League" title="Turkish Women's Basketball League">Women's Super League</a> </td> <td>Antakya Sport Hall (2500) </td> <td align="center">2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana_Basketbol_Kulub%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adana Basketbol Kulubü (page does not exist)">Adana Basketbol Kulubü</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Basketball">Basketball (women)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League" title="Turkish Women's Basketball League">Women's Super League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana_Atat%C3%BCrk_Sports_Hall" title="Adana Atatürk Sports Hall">Adana Atatürk Sports Hall</a> (2000) </td> <td align="center">2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mersin_Basketbol_Kul%C3%BCb%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mersin Basketbol Kulübü (page does not exist)">Mersin Basketbol Kulübü</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Basketball">Basketball (women)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League" title="Turkish Women's Basketball League">Women's Super League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edip_Buran_Arena" title="Edip Buran Arena">Edip Buran Arena</a> (1750) </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosyal%C4%B1_Toyo_Osmaniye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosyalı Toyo Osmaniye (page does not exist)">Tosyalı Toyo Osmaniye</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Basketball">Basketball (women)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League" title="Turkish Women's Basketball League">Women's Super League</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tosyal%C4%B1_Sports_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tosyalı Sports Hall (page does not exist)">Tosyalı Sports Hall</a> </td> <td align="center">2000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cilicia" title="Special:EditPage/Cilicia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cilicia has a well-developed transportation system with two airports, two major seaports, motorways and railway lines on the historical route connecting Europe to Middle East. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cilicia is served by two airports. <a href="/wiki/Adana_%C5%9Eakirpa%C5%9Fa_Airport" title="Adana Şakirpaşa Airport">Adana Şakirpaşa Airport</a> is an international airport that have flights to European destinations. There are daily domestic flights to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adana_%C5%9Eakirpa%C5%9Fa_Airport" title="Adana Şakirpaşa Airport">Adana Şakirpaşa Airport</a> serves the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rail_transport_map_of_Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rail_transport_map_of_Turkey.png/290px-Rail_transport_map_of_Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rail_transport_map_of_Turkey.png/435px-Rail_transport_map_of_Turkey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Rail_transport_map_of_Turkey.png/580px-Rail_transport_map_of_Turkey.png 2x" data-file-width="3656" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>Railway connections of Cilicia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Airport" title="Hatay Airport">Hatay Airport</a>, opened in 2007, is a domestic airport, and currently has flights to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">TRNC</a>. Hatay Airport mostly serves <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a>. </p><p>Another under construction airport is <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_Regional_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Çukurova Regional Airport">Çukurova Regional Airport</a>, According to the newspaper <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a>, the project's cost will be 357 million Euro. When finished, it will serve to 15 million people, and the capacity will be doubled in the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are daily seabus and vehicle-passenger ferry services from <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fucu" title="Taşucu">Taşucu</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kyrenia" title="Kyrenia">Kyrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a> port, there are ferry services to <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Turkey#Motorways" title="List of highways in Turkey">O50–O59</a> motorways crosses Cilicia. Motorways of Cilicia extends to <a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde" title="Niğde">Niğde</a> on the north, <a href="/wiki/Erdemli" title="Erdemli">Erdemli</a> on the west and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a> on the east, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a> on the south. <a href="/wiki/State_road_D400_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="State road D400 (Turkey)">State road D-400</a> connects Cilicia to Antalya on the west. <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Kozan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>–<a href="/wiki/Karata%C5%9F" title="Karataş">Karataş</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a>–<a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>–<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> double roads are other regional roads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parallel to the highway network in Cilicia, there is an extensive railway network. Adana-Mersin train runs as a commuter train between Mersin, Tarsus and Adana. There are also regional trains from Adana to Ceyhan, Osmaniye and İskenderun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cilicia was one of the most important regions for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Armenians">Ottoman Armenians</a> because it managed very well to preserve Armenian character throughout the years. In fact, the Cilician highlands were densely populated by Armenians in small but prosperous towns and villages such as <a href="/wiki/Hadjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadjin">Hadjin</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanl%C4%B1" title="Süleymanlı">Zeitun</a>, two mountainous areas where autonomy was maintained until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmenianPpl_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmenianPpl-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Treatment_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treatment-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ports and cities of the Adana plain, commerce and industry were almost entirely in the hands of the Armenians and they remained so thanks to a constant influx of Armenians from the highlands. Their population was continuously increasing in numbers in Cilicia in contrast to other parts of the Ottoman Empire, where it was, since 1878, decreasing due to repression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythological_namesake">Mythological namesake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Mythological namesake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cilicia" title="Special:EditPage/Cilicia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> mentions another <b>Cilicia</b>, as a small region situated immediately southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a> in northwestern Anatolia, facing the Gulf of <a href="/wiki/Adramyttium" title="Adramyttium">Adramyttium</a>. The connection (if any) between this Cilicia and the better-known and well-defined region mentioned above is unclear. This Trojan Cilicia is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i>Iliad</i> and <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s <i>Geography</i>, and contained localities such as <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Thebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilician Thebe">Thebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyrnessus" title="Lyrnessus">Lyrnessus</a> and Chryse (home to <a href="/wiki/Chryses" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryses">Chryses</a> and Chryseis). These three cities were all attacked and sacked by <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i> (v 353), <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> mentions the Cilician caves (probably <a href="/wiki/Cennet_and_Cehennem" title="Cennet and Cehennem">Cennet and Cehennem</a>), where the earth-born, hundred-headed monster <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> dwelt before he withstood the gods and was stricken and charred by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>'s thunderbolt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_kings">Independent kings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Independent kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Syennesis I (<a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>: <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">*Zuwannissas</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2019122_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2019122-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 585 BC</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid_vassal_kings">Achaemenid vassal kings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Achaemenid vassal kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Syennesis II (<a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>: <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">*Zuwannissas</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2019122_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2019122-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480 BC</span></span></li> <li>Xeinagoras of Halicarnassus (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ξειναγορας</span>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470s BC</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syennesis_III" title="Syennesis III">Syennesis III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>: <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">*Zuwannissas</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2019122_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2019122-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 401 BC</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satraps">Satraps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Satraps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camisares" title="Camisares">Camisares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Καμισσαρης</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kamissarēs</i></span>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 390s</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 385 BC</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datames" title="Datames">Datames</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Δαταμης</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Datamēs</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">*Dātamah</i></span>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 385</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 362 BC</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaeus" title="Mazaeus">Mazaeus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μαζαιος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Mazaios</i></span>; <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">*Mazdāyah</i></span>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 340s</span> – 333 BC</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_client_kings">Roman client kings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Roman client kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarcondimotus_I" title="Tarcondimotus I">Tarcondimotus I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ταρκονδιμοτος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Tarkondimotos</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>: <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">*Tarḫuntamu(wa)tas</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961128_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961128-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40s</span> – 31 BC</span></li> <li>Tarcondimotus II (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ταρκονδιμοτος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Tarkondimotos</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a>: <span title="Hieroglyphic Luwian-language romanization"><i lang="hlu-Latn">*Tarḫuntamu(wa)tas</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961128_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961128-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30s</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 17 BC</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Known less often as <b>Kilikia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Կիլիկիա</span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Κιλικία</span>, <i>Kilikía</i>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kilikya</i>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tuik-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tuik_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tuik_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en">"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K" class="mw-redirect" title="TÜİK">TÜİK</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address-based+population+registration+system+%28ADNKS%29+results+dated+31+December+2022%2C+Favorite+Reports&rft.pub=T%C3%9C%C4%B0K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiruni.tuik.gov.tr%2Fmedas%2F%3Fkn%3D95%26locale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DunyaGDP-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DunyaGDP_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DunyaGDP_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200205100923/https://www.dunya.com/kose-yazisi/81-ilin-2018-yili-gsyh-ve-buyume-karnesi/459282">"81 ilin 2018 yılı GSYH ve büyüme karnesi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_(newspaper)" title="Dünya (newspaper)">Dünya</a></i>. 25 December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dunya.com/kose-yazisi/81-ilin-2018-yili-gsyh-ve-buyume-karnesi/459282">the original</a> on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%BCnya&rft.atitle=81+ilin+2018+y%C4%B1l%C4%B1+GSYH+ve+b%C3%BCy%C3%BCme+karnesi&rft.date=2019-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunya.com%2Fkose-yazisi%2F81-ilin-2018-yili-gsyh-ve-buyume-karnesi%2F459282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cilicia">"Cilicia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cilicia&rft.btitle=Random+House+Webster%27s+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcilicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525000353/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cilicia">"Cilicia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a></i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cilicia">the original</a> on 25 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cilicia&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fcilicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORACCHilakku-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORACCHilakku_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORACCHilakku_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/tsae/cbd/qpn/x000048070.html">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. <i>Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Textual+Sources+of+the+Assyrian+Empire&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Ftsae%2Fcbd%2Fqpn%2Fx000048070.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/atae/cbd/qpn-x-places/x000002390.html">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. <i>Archival Texts of the Assyrian Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archival+Texts+of+the+Assyrian+Empire&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Fatae%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-places%2Fx000002390.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org//atae/cbd/qpn/x000046540.html">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. <i>Archival Texts of the Assyrian Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archival+Texts+of+the+Assyrian+Empire&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2F%2Fatae%2Fcbd%2Fqpn%2Fx000046540.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/saao/sig?%E2%98%A3%40saao%2Fsaa11%25akk-x-neoass%3A{KUR}hi-lak-ku%3DHilakku%5bCilicia%2F%2FCilicia%5dGN%C2%B4GN%24Hilakku">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. Imperial Administrative Records, Part II: Provincial and Military Administration. <i>State Archives of Assyria Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Archives+of+Assyria+Online&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Fsaao%2Fsig%3F%25E2%2598%25A3%2540saao%252Fsaa11%2525akk-x-neoass%253A%7BKUR%7Dhi-lak-ku%253DHilakku%5BCilicia%252F%252FCilicia%5DGN%25C2%25B4GN%2524Hilakku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org//saao/saa11/cbd/qpn-x-places/x000000460.html">"Hilakku [CILICIA] (GN)"</a>. Imperial Administrative Records, Part II: Provincial and Military Administration. <i>State Archives of Assyria Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Archives+of+Assyria+Online&rft.atitle=Hilakku+%5BCILICIA%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2F%2Fsaao%2Fsaa11%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-places%2Fx000000460.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2009">Bryce 2009</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramsay, William Mitchell (1908) <i>The Cities of St. Paul Their Influence on His Life and Thought: The cities of Eastern Asia Minor</i> A.C. Armstrong, New York, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesstpaulcit00ramsgoog/page/n140">page 112</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/353134">353134</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baly, Denis and Tushingham, A. D. (1971) <i>Atlas of the Biblical world</i> World Publishing Company, New York, page 148, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/189385">189385</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Cilicia_Campestris/">Cilicia Campestris</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cilicia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cilicia">Cilicia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cilicia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=365-366&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson1975103_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrayson1975">Grayson 1975</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sayce, A. H. (October 1922) "The Decipherment of the Hittite Hieroglyphic Texts" <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i> 4: pp. 537–572, page 554</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, I. E. S. (editor) (2006) <i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1380–1000 B.C.</i> (3rd edition) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA422">page 422</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030015744/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA422">Archived</a> 30 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4">0-521-08691-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toynbee, Arnold Joseph and Myers, Edward DeLos (1961) <i>A Study of History, Volume 7</i> Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, page 668, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6561573">6561573</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In general see: Bean, George Ewart and Mitford, Terence Bruce (1970) <i>Journeys in Rough Cilicia, 1964–1968</i> (Volume 102 of Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse.Denkschriften) Böhlau in Komm., Vienna, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-205-04279-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-205-04279-4">3-205-04279-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rife-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rife_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rife_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rife, Joseph L. (2002) "Officials of the Roman Provinces in Xenophon's "Ephesiaca"" <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i> 138: pp. 93–108 , page 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the history of <a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side (Σίδη)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wainwright, G. A. (April 1956) "Caphtor – Cappadocia" <i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum</a></i> 6(2): pp. 199–210, pages 205–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORACCQue1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORACCQue1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/riao/cbd/qpn-x-places/x000003340.html">"Que [1] (GN)"</a>. <i>The Royal Inscriptions of Assyria online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Inscriptions+of+Assyria+online&rft.atitle=Que+%5B1%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Friao%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-places%2Fx000003340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/ribo/cbd/qpn-x-places/x000000650.html">"Hume [1] (GN)"</a>. <i>The Royal Inscriptions of Babylonia online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Inscriptions+of+Babylonia+online&rft.atitle=Hume+%5B1%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Fribo%2Fcbd%2Fqpn-x-places%2Fx000000650.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.org/armep/cbd/qpn/x000126180.html">"Hume [1] (GN)"</a>. <i>Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Richly_Annotated_Cuneiform_Corpus" title="Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus">Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Records+of+Middle+Eastern+Polities&rft.atitle=Hume+%5B1%5D+%28GN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.org%2Farmep%2Fcbd%2Fqpn%2Fx000126180.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon, <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)"><i>Anabasis</i></a> 1.2.22, noted the sesame and millet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Remarked by Robin Lane Fox, <i>Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer</i>, 2008:73 and following pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The modern plain has added cotton fields and orange groves.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 Kings 10:28 – "Solomon's horses were imported from Egypt and from Cilicia, where the king's merchants purchased them", noted by Fox 2008:75 note 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortif-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortif_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortif_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandekerckhove2019" class="citation book cs1">Vandekerckhove, Dweezil (2019). <i>Medieval Fortifications in Cilicia: The Armenian Contribution to Military Architecture in the Middle Ages</i>. Leiden: BRILL. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41741-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41741-0"><bdi>978-90-04-41741-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Fortifications+in+Cilicia%3A+The+Armenian+Contribution+to+Military+Architecture+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41741-0&rft.aulast=Vandekerckhove&rft.aufirst=Dweezil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1860" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, S. Augustus (1860). <i>An Ancient Geography, Classical and Sacred</i>. Philadelphia, PA: E.H. Butler & Co. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ancient+Geography%2C+Classical+and+Sacred&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=E.H.+Butler+%26+Co.&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=S.+Augustus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandekerckhove2019" class="citation book cs1">Vandekerckhove, Dweezil (2019). <i>Medieval Fortifications in Cilicia: The Armenian Contribution to Military Architecture in the Middle Ages</i>. Leiden: BRILL. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41741-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41741-0"><bdi>978-90-04-41741-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Fortifications+in+Cilicia%3A+The+Armenian+Contribution+to+Military+Architecture+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41741-0&rft.aulast=Vandekerckhove&rft.aufirst=Dweezil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkpinar2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Akpinar, Ezgi (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926134625/http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0002770.pdf">"The Natural Landscape – Hydrology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hellenistic & Roman Settlement Patterns in the Plain of Issus & the Amanus Range</i> (Master of Arts Thesis). Ankara: <a href="/wiki/Bilkent_University" title="Bilkent University">Bilkent University</a>. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0002770.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Hellenistic+%26+Roman+Settlement+Patterns+in+the+Plain+of+Issus+%26+the+Amanus+Range&rft.inst=Bilkent+University&rft.date=2004-09&rft.aulast=Akpinar&rft.aufirst=Ezgi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr%2F0002770.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mellink-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mellink_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mellink_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellink, M.J. 1991.<i> Anatolian Contacts with Chalcolithic Cyprus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeon1970" class="citation journal cs1">McKeon, John F. X. (1970). "An Akkadian Victory Stele". <i>Boston Museum Bulletin</i>. <b>68</b> (354): 239. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-7997">0006-7997</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4171539">4171539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Museum+Bulletin&rft.atitle=An+Akkadian+Victory+Stele&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=354&rft.pages=239&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4171539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0006-7997&rft.aulast=McKeon&rft.aufirst=John+F.+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapurEswaranBlum2010" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Selim; Eswaran, Hari; Blum, Winfried E. H. (27 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOEMA8c0Q_wC&q=cilicia+known+as+Kizzuwatna+in+the+earlier+Hittite+era&pg=PA260"><i>Sustainable Land Management: Learning from the Past for the Future</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-14782-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-14782-1"><bdi>978-3-642-14782-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Land+Management%3A+Learning+from+the+Past+for+the+Future&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.isbn=978-3-642-14782-1&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Selim&rft.au=Eswaran%2C+Hari&rft.au=Blum%2C+Winfried+E.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOEMA8c0Q_wC%26q%3Dcilicia%2Bknown%2Bas%2BKizzuwatna%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bearlier%2BHittite%2Bera%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2008" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Robin Lane (4 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQAlsZKSCcwC&q=cilicia+known+as+Kizzuwatna+in+the+earlier+Hittite+era&pg=PT103"><i>Travelling Heroes: Greeks and their myths in the epic age of Homer</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-188986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-188986-3"><bdi>978-0-14-188986-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travelling+Heroes%3A+Greeks+and+their+myths+in+the+epic+age+of+Homer&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft.isbn=978-0-14-188986-3&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQAlsZKSCcwC%26q%3Dcilicia%2Bknown%2Bas%2BKizzuwatna%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bearlier%2BHittite%2Bera%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallo1971" class="citation book cs1">Hallo, William W. (1971). <i>The Ancient Near East: A History</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 111–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallo, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallo, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-166-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009165-166_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2009">Bryce 2009</a>, p. 165-166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009583-584-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009583-584_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2009">Bryce 2009</a>, p. 583-584.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-310-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009309-310_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2009">Bryce 2009</a>, p. 309-310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins1975403_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawkins1975">Hawkins 1975</a>, p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiskopf1991_41-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiskopf1991">Weiskopf 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1974" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Robin Lane (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat00lane"><i>Alexander the Great</i></a></span>. The Dial Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergreat00lane/page/154">154</a>–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8037-0945-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8037-0945-4"><bdi>978-0-8037-0945-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=The+Dial+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8037-0945-4&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergreat00lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a full list of ancient cities and their coins see asiaminorcoins.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/index.php?cat=21">ancient coins of Cilicia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031224049/http://www.asiaminorcoins.com/gallery/index.php?cat=21">Archived</a> 31 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WRIGHT, N.L. 2012: "The house of Tarkondimotos: a late Hellenistic dynasty between Rome and the East." Anatolian Studies 62: 69-88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Dictionary of the Roman Empire</i>. By Matthew Bunson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510233-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510233-9">0-19-510233-9</a>. See page 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edwards_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edwards_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1999" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Robert W., "Isauria" (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/377"><i>Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, eds., G.W. Bowersock, Peter Brown, & Oleg Grabar</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/377">377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-51173-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-51173-5"><bdi>0-674-51173-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Postclassical+World%2C+eds.%2C+G.W.+Bowersock%2C+Peter+Brown%2C+%26+Oleg+Grabar&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-674-51173-5&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.%2C+%22Isauria%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flateantiquitygui00bowe%2Fpage%2F377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Cilicia_Campestris/">"Cilicia Campestris"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cilicia+Campestris&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FCilicia_Campestris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldHistory-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldHistory_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Cilicia/">"History of Cilicia"</a>. World History Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cilicia&rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FCilicia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards3-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edwards3_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2016" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Robert W., "Architecture: Cilician" (2016). <i>The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, ed., Paul Corby Finney</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 106–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-9016-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-9016-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-9016-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christian+Art+and+Archaeology%2C+ed.%2C+Paul+Corby+Finney&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=106-108&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-9016-0&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.%2C+%22Architecture%3A+Cilician%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Quien, <i>Oriens Christianus</i>, ii. 869–908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaegi1969" class="citation journal cs1">Kaegi, Walter Emil (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3162702">"Initial Byzantine Reactions to the Arab Conquest"</a>. <i>Church History</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 139–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3162702">10.2307/3162702</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3162702">3162702</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162340890">162340890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Initial+Byzantine+Reactions+to+the+Arab+Conquest&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-149&rft.date=1969&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162340890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3162702%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3162702&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter+Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3162702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwardsrw-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edwardsrw_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1987" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Robert W. (1987). <i>The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII</i>. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 3–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-163-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-163-7"><bdi>0-88402-163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortifications+of+Armenian+Cilicia%3A+Dumbarton+Oaks+Studies+XXIII&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=3-288&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks%2C+Trustees+for+Harvard+University&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-88402-163-7&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Jackson, <i>Mongols and the West</i>, p. 74. "King Het'um of Lesser Armenia, who had reflected profoundly upon the deliverance afforded by the Mongols from his neighbors and enemies in Rum, sent his brother, the Constable Smbat (Sempad) to Guyug's court to offer his submission."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Donal Stewart, "Logic of Conquest", p. 8. "The Armenian king saw an alliance with the Mongols – or, more accurately, swift and peaceful subjection to them – as the best course of action."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shai-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shai_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHar-El1995" class="citation book cs1">Har-El, Shai (1995). <i>Struggle for Domination in the Middle East: The Ottoman-Mamluk War, 1485–91</i>. Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004101807" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004101807"><bdi>978-9004101807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+Domination+in+the+Middle+East%3A+The+Ottoman-Mamluk+War%2C+1485%E2%80%9391&rft.place=Leiden%2C+New+York%2C+K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-9004101807&rft.aulast=Har-El&rft.aufirst=Shai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Dr. Yılmaz KURT, "Ramazanoğulları’nın Sonu: Adana’da Çemşid Bey İsyȃnı (1606–1607)", Tarihin İçinden, Ankara Üniversitesi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToksöz2010" class="citation book cs1">Toksöz, Meltem (2010). <i>Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Making of the Adana-Mersin Region, 1850–1908</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004191051" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004191051"><bdi>978-9004191051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads%2C+Migrants+and+Cotton+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%3A+The+Making+of+the+Adana-Mersin+Region%2C+1850%E2%80%931908&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004191051&rft.aulast=Toks%C3%B6z&rft.aufirst=Meltem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SunyGocek2011-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SunyGocek2011_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Grigor_SunyFatma_Muge_GocekNorman_M._Naimark2011" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Grigor Suny; Fatma Muge Gocek; Norman M. Naimark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPEduby8jNIC&pg=PA67"><i>A Question of Genocide:Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979276-4"><bdi>978-0-19-979276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Genocide%3AArmenians+and+Turks+at+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979276-4&rft.au=Ronald+Grigor+Suny&rft.au=Fatma+Muge+Gocek&rft.au=Norman+M.+Naimark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPEduby8jNIC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agos-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agos_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/11235/106-yildonumunde-adana-katliaminin-ardindaki-gercekler">"106. yıldönümünde Adana Katliamı'nın ardındaki gerçekler"</a>. Agos Gazetesi. 4 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=106.+y%C4%B1ld%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BCnde+Adana+Katliam%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n+ard%C4%B1ndaki+ger%C3%A7ekler&rft.pub=Agos+Gazetesi&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agos.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fyazi%2F11235%2F106-yildonumunde-adana-katliaminin-ardindaki-gercekler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeghiayan1970" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yeghiayan, Puzant (1970), <i>Ատանայի Հայոց Պատմութիւն [The History of the Armenians of Adana]</i> (in Armenian), Beirut: Union of Armenian Compatriots of Adana, pp. 211–272</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%81+%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6+%5BThe+History+of+the+Armenians+of+Adana%5D&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=211-272&rft.pub=Union+of+Armenian+Compatriots+of+Adana&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Yeghiayan&rft.aufirst=Puzant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Raymond H. Kévorkian, "The Cilician Massacres, April 1909" in <i>Armenian Cilicia</i>, eds. <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a> and Simon Payaslian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 7. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2008, pp. 351–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hrant-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hrant_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hrant_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrantdink.org/tr/faaliyetler/projeler/kulturel-miras/1477-adana-arastirmasi-ve-saha-calismasi">"Adana araştırması ve saha çalışması"</a>. Hrant Dink Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1+ve+saha+%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1&rft.pub=Hrant+Dink+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrantdink.org%2Ftr%2Ffaaliyetler%2Fprojeler%2Fkulturel-miras%2F1477-adana-arastirmasi-ve-saha-calismasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJernazian1990" class="citation book cs1">Jernazian, Ephraim K. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judgmentuntotrut00ephr/page/53"><i>Judgment Unto Truth: Witnessing the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judgmentuntotrut00ephr/page/53">53–55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-823-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-823-X"><bdi>0-88738-823-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judgment+Unto+Truth%3A+Witnessing+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-88738-823-X&rft.aulast=Jernazian&rft.aufirst=Ephraim+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudgmentuntotrut00ephr%2Fpage%2F53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoumdjian" class="citation web cs1">Moumdjian, Garabed K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenian-history.com/Nyuter/HISTORY/G_Moumdjian/Social-Political.htm">"Cilicia Under French Mandate, 1918–1921 – Social and Political Life"</a>. <i>armenian-history.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armenian-history.com&rft.atitle=Cilicia+Under+French+Mandate%2C+1918%E2%80%931921+%E2%80%93+Social+and+Political+Life&rft.aulast=Moumdjian&rft.aufirst=Garabed+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-history.com%2FNyuter%2FHISTORY%2FG_Moumdjian%2FSocial-Political.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HrantAdana-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HrantAdana_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HrantAdana_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HrantAdana_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrantdink.org/attachments/article/1398/Adana_Raporu_new.pdf">"Ermeni Kültür Varlıklarıyla Adana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HDV Yayınları<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ermeni+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Varl%C4%B1klar%C4%B1yla+Adana&rft.pub=HDV+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrantdink.org%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F1398%2FAdana_Raporu_new.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moumjian, Garabet K. "Cilicia Under French Administration: Armenian Aspirations, Turkish Resistance, and French Stratagems" in <i>Armenian Cilicia</i>, pp. 457–489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/asmin/cilicia191823.html">"Cilicia in the years 1918–1923"</a>. Zum.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cilicia+in+the+years+1918%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=Zum.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fregion%2Fasmin%2Fcilicia191823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509123832/https://bourjhamoud.com/bourj-hamoud/about/">"Bourj Hammmoud"</a>. bourjhammoud.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bourjhamoud.com/bourj-hamoud/about/">the original</a> on 9 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bourj+Hammmoud&rft.pub=bourjhammoud.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbourjhamoud.com%2Fbourj-hamoud%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/16826/adanadan-buenos-airese-uzun-bir-yolculuk-arjantinde-ermeni-diasporasi">"Adana'dan Buenos Aires'e uzun bir yolculuk"</a>. Agos Gazetesi. 25 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana%27dan+Buenos+Aires%27e+uzun+bir+yolculuk&rft.pub=Agos+Gazetesi&rft.date=2016-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agos.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fyazi%2F16826%2Fadanadan-buenos-airese-uzun-bir-yolculuk-arjantinde-ermeni-diasporasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAH680-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAH680_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAH680_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, I. E. S. (editor) (2006) <i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1380–1000 B.C.</i> (3rd edition) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA680">page 680</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030015744/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA680">Archived</a> 30 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4">0-521-08691-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox211-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox211_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, Robin Lane (2009) <i>Travelling Heroes: In the Epic Age of Homer</i> Alfred A. Knopf, New York, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9k8Frkhiq_MC&pg=PA211">pages 211-224</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030015826/https://books.google.com/books?id=9k8Frkhiq_MC&pg=PA211">Archived</a> 30 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44431-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44431-2">978-0-679-44431-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox216-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox216_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, Robin Lane (2009) <i>Travelling Heroes: In the Epic Age of Homer</i> Alfred A. Knopf, New York, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9k8Frkhiq_MC&pg=PA216">page 216</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030015744/https://books.google.com/books?id=9k8Frkhiq_MC&pg=PA216">Archived</a> 30 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44431-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44431-2">978-0-679-44431-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAH364-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAH364_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAH364_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAH364_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, I. E. S. (editor) (2006) <i>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1380–1000 B.C.</i> (3rd edition) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA364">page 364</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030015744/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA364">Archived</a> 30 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08691-4">0-521-08691-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, William (1891) <i>A Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and Geography based on the Larger Dictionaries</i> (21st edition) J. Murry, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MaQUAAAAYAAJ/page/n524">page 456</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7105620">7105620</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1997" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoancientwo0000gran"><i>A Guide to the Ancient World</i></a></span>. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoancientwo0000gran/page/168">168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-4134-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-4134-4"><bdi>0-7607-4134-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7607-4134-4&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoancientwo0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryce2009166-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009166_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryce2009166_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce2009">Bryce 2009</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2015" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Anthony (2015). <i>Diasporas of the Modern Middle East: Contextualising Community</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8613-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-8613-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diasporas+of+the+Modern+Middle+East%3A+Contextualising+Community&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8613-1&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2019122-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2019122_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2019122_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2019122_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2019122_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimon2019">Simon 2019</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreshko202028_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOreshko2020">Oreshko 2020</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961127-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961127_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouwink_ten_Cate1961">Houwink ten Cate 1961</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=tr">"District Populations of Adana,Mersin,Hatay and Osmaniye"</a>. <i>tuik.gov.tr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tuik.gov.tr&rft.atitle=District+Populations+of+Adana%2CMersin%2CHatay+and+Osmaniye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiruni.tuik.gov.tr%2Fmedas%2F%3Fkn%3D95%26locale%3Dtr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arıcılık-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arıcılık_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408003506/http://www.assale.net/ari/turkiye-de-aricilik">"Türkiye'de Arıcılık"</a>. Assale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assale.net/ari/turkiye-de-aricilik">the original</a> on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27de+Ar%C4%B1c%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft.pub=Assale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assale.net%2Fari%2Fturkiye-de-aricilik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227012007/http://www.oib.gov.tr/portfoy/tcdd_iskenderun.htm">"İskenderun Port Authority"</a>. Republic of Turkey Privatization Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oib.gov.tr/portfoy/tcdd_iskenderun.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%B0skenderun+Port+Authority&rft.pub=Republic+of+Turkey+Privatization+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oib.gov.tr%2Fportfoy%2Ftcdd_iskenderun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827162929/http://www.botas.gov.tr/index.asp">"Batman-Dörtyol Petrol Boru Hattı (Turkish)"</a>. BOTAŞ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botas.gov.tr/index.asp">the original</a> on 27 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Batman-D%C3%B6rtyol+Petrol+Boru+Hatt%C4%B1+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=BOTA%C5%9E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botas.gov.tr%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplıcası-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplıcası_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021065608/http://www.termalturizm.info/archives/40">"Hatay Hamamat Kaplıcası (Turkish)"</a>. Kaplıca ve Termal Turizm. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.termalturizm.info/archives/40">the original</a> on 21 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hatay+Hamamat+Kapl%C4%B1cas%C4%B1+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Kapl%C4%B1ca+ve+Termal+Turizm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.termalturizm.info%2Farchives%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplıcaları-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplıcaları_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806191447/http://www.termalturizm.info/archives/44">"Haruniye Kaplıcaları (Turkish)"</a>. Kaplıca ve Termal Turizm. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.termalturizm.info/archives/44">the original</a> on 6 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haruniye+Kapl%C4%B1calar%C4%B1+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Kapl%C4%B1ca+ve+Termal+Turizm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.termalturizm.info%2Farchives%2F44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/acts/11-26.htm">"Acts of the Apostles 11:26"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acts+of+the+Apostles+11%3A26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Facts%2F11-26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell Glenn Reddish, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=248rXe16v9YC">A guide to biblical sites in Greece and Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221030015745/https://books.google.com/books?id=248rXe16v9YC&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 30 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Oxford University Press US, 2003), pg. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatay-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hatay_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023170052/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313E603BF9486D4371DB5239F8263FFA15F">"Hatay"</a>. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313E603BF9486D4371DB5239F8263FFA15F">the original</a> on 23 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hatay&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+and+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur.gov.tr%2FEN%2FGenel%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3F17A16AE30572D313E603BF9486D4371DB5239F8263FFA15F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The mixture of Roman, Greek, and Jewish elements admirably adapted Antioch for the great part it played in the early history of Christianity. The city was the cradle of the church." – "Antioch," <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a></i>, Vol. I, p. 186 (p. 125 of 612 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib01cheyuoft">online .pdf file</a>. <b>Warning:</b> Takes several minutes to download).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227085343/http://www.cuktob.org.tr/tanitim_detay_eng.asp?TntAKEId=38">"Heaven & Hell"</a>. ÇUKTOB. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuktob.org.tr/tanitim_detay_eng.asp?TntAKEId=38">the original</a> on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>Heaven & Hell consists of the grabens result from assoil of furrings in the thousands of years. Natural fenomen of this grabens is called as Heaven & Hell because of the exotic effects on people.You can go Heaven hole from an ancient path which has 452 steps and you can reach 260-meter long mythological giant Typhon cave.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heaven+%26+Hell&rft.pub=%C3%87UKTOB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuktob.org.tr%2Ftanitim_detay_eng.asp%3FTntAKEId%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182525/http://www.cuktob.org.tr/tanitim_detay_eng.asp?TntAKEId=53">"Yılanlı Kale"</a>. ÇUKTOB. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuktob.org.tr/tanitim_detay_eng.asp?TntAKEId=53">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Y%C4%B1lanl%C4%B1+Kale&rft.pub=%C3%87UKTOB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuktob.org.tr%2Ftanitim_detay_eng.asp%3FTntAKEId%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adana.gov.tr/?sayfa=10&alt=turizm">"Adana Governorship (Turkish)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+Governorship+%28Turkish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adana.gov.tr%2F%3Fsayfa%3D10%26alt%3Dturizm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009020027/http://www.cuktob.org.tr/tanitim_detay.asp?TntAKId=60">"Akyatan Bird Sanctuary"</a>. Çukurova Touristic Hoteliers Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuktob.org.tr/tanitim_detay.asp?TntAKId=60">the original</a> on 9 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Akyatan+Bird+Sanctuary&rft.pub=%C3%87ukurova+Touristic+Hoteliers+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuktob.org.tr%2Ftanitim_detay.asp%3FTntAKId%3D60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305111903/http://tourism.gov.tr/en/genel/belgegoster.aspx?17a16ae30572d3137ee1f1486ee5030e4f81ed62e0bcb915">"Yumurtalık Nature Reserve"</a>. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourism.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E4F81ED62E0BCB915">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yumurtal%C4%B1k+Nature+Reserve&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+and+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism.gov.tr%2FEN%2FGenel%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3F17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E4F81ED62E0BCB915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805055211/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E8020F3B0746F34B3">"Aladağlar National Park"</a>. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E8020F3B0746F34B3">the original</a> on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alada%C4%9Flar+National+Park&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+and+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur.gov.tr%2FEN%2FGenel%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3F17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E8020F3B0746F34B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805084738/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E91C5B747978912DF">"Tekkoz-Kengerlidüz Nature Reserve"</a>. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E91C5B747978912DF">the original</a> on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tekkoz-Kengerlid%C3%BCz+Nature+Reserve&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+and+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur.gov.tr%2FEN%2FGenel%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3F17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E91C5B747978912DF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805084738/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E91C5B747978912DF">"Habibi Neccar Dagi Nature Reserve"</a>. Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E91C5B747978912DF">the original</a> on 5 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Habibi+Neccar+Dagi+Nature+Reserve&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture+and+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur.gov.tr%2FEN%2FGenel%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3F17A16AE30572D3137EE1F1486EE5030E91C5B747978912DF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802041044/http://www.haberfx.net/cude-ogrenci-kayitlarina-iftar-ayari-haberi-73938/">"ÇÜ'de Öğrenci Kayıtları (Turkish)"</a>. Haber FX. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberfx.net/cude-ogrenci-kayitlarina-iftar-ayari-haberi-73938/">the original</a> on 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%87%C3%9C%27de+%C3%96%C4%9Frenci+Kay%C4%B1tlar%C4%B1+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Haber+FX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberfx.net%2Fcude-ogrenci-kayitlarina-iftar-ayari-haberi-73938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825060503/http://www.mersin.edu.tr/haberleri.php?id=6&hid=543">"Student Statistics"</a>. Mersin University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mersin.edu.tr/haberleri.php?id=6&hid=543">the original</a> on 25 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Student+Statistics&rft.pub=Mersin+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mersin.edu.tr%2Fhaberleri.php%3Fid%3D6%26hid%3D543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033601/http://www.mku.edu.tr/operation.php?op=1">"University History (Turkish)"</a>. Mustafa Kemal University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mku.edu.tr/operation.php?op=1">the original</a> on 28 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+History+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Mustafa+Kemal+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mku.edu.tr%2Foperation.php%3Fop%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100123071143/http://www.osmaniye.edu.tr/turkish/english.asp">"Information about University"</a>. Korkut Ata University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osmaniye.edu.tr/turkish/english.asp">the original</a> on 23 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+about+University&rft.pub=Korkut+Ata+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osmaniye.edu.tr%2Fturkish%2Fenglish.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/Radikal.aspx?aType=RadikalDetayV3&CategoryID=86&ArticleID=1044752">"Adana'ya bilim üniversitesi(Turkish)"</a>. Radikal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana%27ya+bilim+%C3%BCniversitesi%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Radikal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radikal.com.tr%2FRadikal.aspx%3FaType%3DRadikalDetayV3%26CategoryID%3D86%26ArticleID%3D1044752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621113725/http://www.cag.edu.tr/cag.php?Kod=Genel&Alan=Genel&sayfaID=1">"Çağ University (Turkish)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cag.edu.tr/cag.php?Kod=Genel&Alan=Genel&sayfaID=1">the original</a> on 21 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%87a%C4%9F+University+%28Turkish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cag.edu.tr%2Fcag.php%3FKod%3DGenel%26Alan%3DGenel%26sayfaID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301181013/http://www.mersinajans.com/detay.asp?hid=11400">"Toros Üniversitesi'ne rektör atandı. (Turkish)"</a>. Mersin Ajans. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mersinajans.com/detay.asp?hid=11400">the original</a> on 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toros+%C3%9Cniversitesi%27ne+rekt%C3%B6r+atand%C4%B1.+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Mersin+Ajans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mersinajans.com%2Fdetay.asp%3Fhid%3D11400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=119">"TFF Databank"</a>. Turkish Football Federation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TFF+Databank&rft.pub=Turkish+Football+Federation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tff.org%2FDefault.aspx%3FpageID%3D119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmenianPpl-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArmenianPpl_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bournoutian, Ani Atamian. "Cilician Armenia" in <i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century</i>. Ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, pp. 283-290. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6421-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6421-1">1-4039-6421-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treatment-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treatment_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">Bryce, James</a> (2008). <i>The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire</i>. Frankfurt: Textor Verlag. pp. 465–467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938402-15-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938402-15-3"><bdi>978-3-938402-15-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treatment+of+Armenians+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=465-467&rft.pub=Textor+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-938402-15-3&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961128-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961128_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouwink_ten_Cate1961128_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouwink_ten_Cate1961">Houwink ten Cate 1961</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trevor_R._Bryce" title="Trevor R. Bryce">Bryce, Trevor</a> (2009). <i>The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39485-7"><bdi>978-0-415-39485-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+Peoples+and+Places+of+Ancient+Western+Asia%3A+From+the+Early+Bronze+Age+to+the+Fall+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39485-7&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson1975" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, A.K. 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Augustin Publisher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Chronicles&rft.place=Locust+Valley%2C+United+States&rft.series=Texts+from+Cuneiform+Sources&rft.pub=J.+J.+Augustin+Publisher&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1975" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_David_Hawkins" class="extiw" title="de:John David Hawkins">Hawkins, J.D.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1975). "Ḫilakku". In <a href="/wiki/Dietz-Otto_Edzard" title="Dietz-Otto Edzard">Edzard, Dietz-Otto</a>; Calmeyer, P.; <a href="/wiki/Anton_Moortgat" title="Anton Moortgat">Moortgat, A.</a>; Otten, H.; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_R%C3%B6llig" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Röllig">Röllig, Wolfgang</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Soden" title="Wolfram von Soden">v. Soden, W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Wiseman, D. J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatischen_Arch%C3%A4ologie" title="Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie">Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie</a></i> [<i>Encyclopaedia of Ancient Near Eastern Studies</i>]. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Germany">Berlin, Germany</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. pp. 402–403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-006772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-006772-9"><bdi>978-3-11-006772-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%AAilakku&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie+und+Vorderasiatischen+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany%3B+New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pages=402-403&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-3-11-006772-9&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouwink_ten_Cate1961" class="citation book cs1">Houwink ten Cate, Ph. H. J. (1961). "The Compound Luwian Names of the Hellenistic Period". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luwianpopulation0000houw"><i>The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera During the Hellenistic Period</i></a>. Documenta et Monumenta Orientis Antiqui. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Compound+Luwian+Names+of+the+Hellenistic+Period&rft.btitle=The+Luwian+Population+Groups+of+Lycia+and+Cilicia+Aspera+During+the+Hellenistic+Period&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.series=Documenta+et+Monumenta+Orientis+Antiqui&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Houwink+ten+Cate&rft.aufirst=Ph.+H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluwianpopulation0000houw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreshko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Oreshko, Rostyslav (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/jlr-2020-181-205/pdf">"Ethnic Groups and Language Contact in Lycia (I): the 'Maritime Interface'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Language_Relationship" title="Journal of Language Relationship">Journal of Language Relationship</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Russian State University for the Humanities">Russian State University for the Humanities</a>; Institute of Linguistics of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>: 13–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2020-181-205">10.31826/jlr-2020-181-205</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Groups+and+Language+Contact+in+Lycia+%28I%29%3A+the+%27Maritime+Interface%27&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-40&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2020-181-205&rft.aulast=Oreshko&rft.aufirst=Rostyslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2020-181-205%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, Zsolt (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40866977">"Syennesis: Personenname, kein luwischer Herrschertitel"</a> [Syennesis: Personal Name, not a Luwian Royal Title]. <i>Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires</i> [<i>Brief and Useful Assyriological News</i>]. <b>91</b> (3): 122–123<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nouvelles+Assyriologiques+Br%C3%A8ves+et+Utilitaires&rft.atitle=Syennesis%3A+Personenname%2C+kein+luwischer+Herrschertitel&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=122-123&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40866977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiskopf1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Weiskopf, Michael (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/cilicia-3rd-cent">"Cilicia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. New York City, United States: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation">Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cilicia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation%3B+Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Weiskopf&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcilicia-3rd-cent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACilicia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rutishauser, Susanne. 2020. <i>Siedlungskammer Kilikien. Studien zur Kultur- und Landschaftsgeschichte des Ebenen Kilikien</i>. Schriften zur Vorderasiatischen Archäologie Bd. 16. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-11397-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-11397-7">978-3-447-11397-7</a>.</li> <li>Pilhofer, Philipp. 2018. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edoc.bbaw.de/files/3071/BBAW_TU184_Pilhofer_Bergland.pdf">Das frühe Christentum im kilikisch-isaurischen Bergland. Die Christen der Kalykadnos-Region in den ersten fünf Jahrhunderten</a> (PDF; 27.4 MB)</i> (Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur, vol. 184). Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-057381-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-057381-7">978-3-11-057381-7</a>).</li> <li><i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>, No. 282/283, Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus. pp. 167–175.</li> <li>Engels, David. 2008. "Cicéron comme proconsul en Cilicie et la guerre contre les Parthes", <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_Belge_de_Philologie_et_d%27Histoire" title="Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire">Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</a></i> 86, pp. 23–45.</li> <li>Pilhofer, Susanne. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilikien.de/romanisierung/romanisierung.pdf"><i>Romanisierung in Kilikien? Das Zeugnis der Inschriften</i></a> (Quellen und Forschungen zur Antiken Welt 46). Munich: Herbert Utz Verlag (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8316-0538-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-8316-0538-6">3-8316-0538-6</a>). And: 2., erweiterte Auflage, mit einem Nachwort von Philipp Pilhofer (Quellen und Forschungen zur Antiken Welt 60) Munich: Herbert Utz Verlag (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8316-7184-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8316-7184-7">978-3-8316-7184-7</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cilicia&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilikien.de/">Ancient Cilicia – texts, photographs, maps, inscriptions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/cilicia/cilicia.html">Jona Lendering, "Ancient Cilicia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728060651/http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/cilicia/cilicia.html">Archived</a> 28 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutturkey.com/kilikya.htm">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlvarchive.org/">Photographs and Plans of the Churches and Fortifications in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805225007/http://armenianpilgrimages.com/">Pilgrimages to Historic Armenia and Cilicia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Turkey.html#Antalya">WorldStatesmen- Turkey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215113112/http://armenocide.am/Genocide_maps.html">Armenian Genocide Map's – Map of Kilikia (1909)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" coords="670,222,829,242" title="Fall of Constantinople" alt="Fall of Constantinople" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" coords="312,345,497,369" title="List of archaeological periods" alt="List of archaeological periods" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" coords="282,12,527,36" title="History of Anatolia" alt="History of Anatolia" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1o82fhjc3wbovqwhy2kcjq20p6jp4tz.png" /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:paleturquoise"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Template:Historical regions of Anatolia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Template talk:Historical regions of Anatolia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical regions of Anatolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_regions_of_Anatolia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template talk:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_province#The_Roman_provinces_in_117" title="Roman province">Provinces of the early Roman Empire <small>(117 AD)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaia_(Roman_province)" title="Achaia (Roman province)">Achaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Aegyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></i> <sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)"><img alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/150px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/225px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/300px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>†</sup> Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reforms.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journeys_of_Paul_the_Apostle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Template talk:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys_of_Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journeys of Paul of Tarsus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journeys_of_Paul_the_Apostle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Journeys of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li>3a. <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a></li> <li>3b. <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Perga" title="Perga">Perga</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Antioch_of_Pisidia" title="Antioch of Pisidia">Antioch of Pisidia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Iconium</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Attalea</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (returns to beginning of journey)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cilicia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Derbe" title="Derbe">Derbe</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Lystra" title="Lystra">Lystra</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Troas" title="Alexandria Troas">Alexandria Troas</a>)</li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Neapolis</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Mygdonia)" title="Apollonia (Mygdonia)">Apollonia</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessalonica</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Berea_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berea (Bible)">Beroea</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third journey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Kechries" title="Kechries">Cenchreae</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> (again)</li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Assos" title="Assos">Assos</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Cos</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)" title="Patara (Lycia)">Patara</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenian_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_diaspora" title="Template:Armenian diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_diaspora" title="Template talk:Armenian diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenian_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_population_by_country" title="Armenian population by country">Population by country</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Historical_Armenian_population" title="Historical Armenian population">historical</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_population_by_urban_area" title="Armenian population by urban area">Population by urban area</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_ethnic_enclaves" title="List of Armenian ethnic enclaves">Ethnic enclaves</a></b></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmenianDiaspora.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian population by country."><img alt="Armenian population by country." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png/400px-ArmenianDiaspora.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png/600px-ArmenianDiaspora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png/800px-ArmenianDiaspora.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic areas of <br /> Armenian settlement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Samtskhe%E2%80%93Javakheti" title="Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti">Javakhk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Nakhchivan" title="Armenians in Nakhchivan">Nakhichevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Istanbul" title="Armenians in Istanbul">Bolis/Istanbul</a></small></li> <li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cilicia</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Baku" title="Armenians in Baku">Baku</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia" title="Armenians in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Abkhazia" title="Armenians in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Tbilisi" title="Armenians in Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Armenians in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lithuania" title="Armenians in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Belarus" title="Armenians in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Central_Asia" title="Armenians in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Moldova" title="Armenians in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Circassia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine" title="Armenians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Crimea" title="Armenians in Crimea">Crimea</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Argentine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brazilians" title="Armenian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Mexicans" title="Armenian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Armenians in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Watertown, MA">Boston</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Uruguayans" title="Armenian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Austria" title="Armenians in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Belgium" title="Armenians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bulgaria" title="Armenians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cypriots" title="Armenian Cypriots">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Armenians in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_France" title="Armenians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Germany" title="Armenians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Greece" title="Armenians in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Hungary" title="Armenians in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Italy" title="Armenians in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Malta" title="Armenians in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Armenians in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Armenians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_of_Romania" title="Armenians of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Serbia" title="Armenians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Spain" title="Armenians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Sweden" title="Armenians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Switzerland" title="Armenians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Armenians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Middle_East" title="Armenians in the Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Egypt" title="Armenians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Jordan" title="Armenians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Kuwait" title="Armenians in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Qatar" title="Armenians in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Armenians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Afghanistan" title="Armenians in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_China" title="Armenians in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_India" title="Armenians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Surabaya" title="Armenians in Surabaya">Surabaya</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Myanmar" title="Armenians in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Pakistan" title="Armenians in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Singapore" title="Armenians in Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ethiopia" title="Armenians in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Australians" title="Armenian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_New_Zealanders" title="Armenian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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