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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turbine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turbine" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A9" title="عنفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin" title="Turbin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Turbin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турбіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Турбіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турбіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турбіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турбина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турбина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turb%C3%ADna" title="Turbína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turbína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Turbine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turbine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbiin" title="Turbiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Turbiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Στρόβιλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρόβιλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbino" title="Turbino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turbino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="توربین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توربین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turbine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuirb%C3%ADn" title="Tuirbín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuirbín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%84%B0%EB%B9%88" title="터빈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="터빈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टर्बाइन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टर्बाइन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbino" title="Turbino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turbino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin" title="Turbin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turbin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isindiyane" title="Isindiyane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isindiyane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hverfill" title="Hverfill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hverfill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="טורבינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורבינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турбина – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Турбина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibin" title="Tibin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tibin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turb%C3%AEn" title="Turbîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Turbîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турбина – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Турбина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turb%C4%ABna" title="Turbīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turbīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbinn" title="Turbinn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Turbinn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turbine" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina_(er%C5%91g%C3%A9p)" title="Turbina (erőgép) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Turbina (erőgép)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टर्बाइन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टर्बाइन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турбина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турбина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="ടർബൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടർബൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9F%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="တာဘိုင် ရဟတ်စက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တာဘိုင် ရဟတ်စက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turbine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="टर्बाइन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टर्बाइन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3" title="タービン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タービン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin" title="Turbin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turbin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin" title="Turbin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Turbin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟਰਬਾਈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਰਬਾਈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="ٹربائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹربائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin%C4%83" title="Turbină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turbină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турбина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турбина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turbine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B9%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="තල බඹරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තල බඹරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turbine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turb%C3%ADna" title="Turbína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turbína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турбина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турбина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbiini" title="Turbiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turbiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbin" title="Turbin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turbin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbina" title="Turbina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turbina" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="விசையாழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விசையாழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="กังหัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กังหัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrbin" title="Türbin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türbin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турбіна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турбіна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%81" title="عنفہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عنفہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tua_bin" title="Tua bin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tua bin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%A1%E8%BD%AE%E5%8F%91%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="涡轮发动机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="涡轮发动机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A6%E8%BC%AA" title="渦輪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="渦輪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turbine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device that extracts energy from a fluid flow</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turbine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turbine (disambiguation)">Turbine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turbine" title="Special:EditPage/Turbine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Turbine%22">"Turbine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Turbine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Turbine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Turbine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Turbine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Turbine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg/290px-Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg/435px-Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg/580px-Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> with the case opened</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="83" data-mwtitle="WWS_Pneumaticlamp.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WWS_Pneumaticlamp.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/WWS_Pneumaticlamp.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/WWS_Pneumaticlamp.ogg/WWS_Pneumaticlamp.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Humming of a small pneumatic turbine used in a German 1940s-vintage <a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">safety lamp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>turbine</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) (from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τύρβη</span></span>, <i>tyrbē</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>turbo</i>, meaning <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a rotary mechanical device that extracts <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> flow and converts it into useful <a href="/wiki/Work_(physics)" title="Work (physics)">work</a>. The work produced can be used for generating electrical power when combined with a <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A turbine is a <a href="/wiki/Turbomachinery" title="Turbomachinery">turbomachine</a> with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with <a href="/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">blades</a> attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">water</a> turbines have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the working fluid. Modern steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically varying the <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_reaction" title="Degree of reaction">degree of reaction</a> and impulse from the blade root to its periphery. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria" title="Hero of Alexandria">Hero of Alexandria</a> demonstrated the turbine principle in an <a href="/wiki/Aeolipile" title="Aeolipile">aeolipile</a> in the first century AD and <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> mentioned them around 70 BC. </p><p>Early turbine examples are <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">waterwheels</a>. </p><p>The word "turbine" was first applied to this kind of device in 1822 by the French mining engineer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Burdin" title="Claude Burdin">Claude Burdin</a> in a memo, "Des turbines hydrauliques ou machines rotatoires à grande vitesse", which he submitted to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Académie royale des sciences</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word derives from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">turbo</i></span>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Spinning_top" title="Spinning top">top</a>", and was in use in French to describe certain seashells.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was not until 1824 that a committee of the Académie (composed of Prony, Dupin, and Girard) reported favorably on Burdin's memo.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Fourneyron" class="mw-redirect" title="Benoit Fourneyron">Benoit Fourneyron</a>, a former student of Claude Burdin, built the first practical water turbine. </p><p>Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish engineer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Sir Charles Parsons</a> (1854–1931) for invention of the reaction turbine, and to Swedish engineer <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_de_Laval" title="Gustaf de Laval">Gustaf de Laval</a> (1845–1913) for invention of the impulse turbine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_of_operation">Theory of operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbines_impulse_v_reaction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Turbines_impulse_v_reaction.svg/330px-Turbines_impulse_v_reaction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Turbines_impulse_v_reaction.svg/495px-Turbines_impulse_v_reaction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Turbines_impulse_v_reaction.svg/660px-Turbines_impulse_v_reaction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of impulse and reaction turbines, where the rotor is the rotating part, and the <a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">stator</a> is the stationary part of the machine</figcaption></figure> <p>A working fluid contains <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> (pressure <a href="/wiki/Head_(hydraulic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Head (hydraulic)">head</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> (velocity head). The fluid may be <a href="/wiki/Compressibility" title="Compressibility">compressible</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incompressible_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Incompressible fluid">incompressible</a>. Several physical principles are employed by turbines to collect this energy: </p><p><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">Impulse</a> turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid or gas jet. The resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no pressure change of the fluid or gas in the <a href="/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">turbine blades</a> (the moving blades), as in the case of a steam or gas turbine, all the pressure drop takes place in the stationary blades (the nozzles). Before reaching the turbine, the fluid's <i>pressure head</i> is changed to <i>velocity head</i> by accelerating the fluid with a <a href="/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pelton_wheel" title="Pelton wheel">Pelton wheels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">de Laval turbines</a> use this process exclusively. Impulse turbines do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blades on the rotor. <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Newton's_second_law" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's second law</a> describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines. Impulse turbines are most efficient for use in cases where the flow is low and the inlet pressure is high.<sup id="cite_ref-Munson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reaction_(physics)" title="Reaction (physics)">Reaction</a> turbines develop <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> by reacting to the gas or fluid's pressure or mass. The pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades.<sup id="cite_ref-Munson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow (such as with wind turbines). The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the <a href="/wiki/Draft_tube" title="Draft tube">draft tube</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francis_turbine" title="Francis turbine">Francis turbines</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbines</a> use this concept. For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently. <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion#Newton's_third_law" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's third law</a> describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. Reaction turbines are better suited to higher flow velocities or applications where the fluid head (upstream pressure) is low.<sup id="cite_ref-Munson_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of steam turbines, such as would be used for marine applications or for land-based electricity generation, a Parsons-type reaction turbine would require approximately double the number of blade rows as a de Laval-type impulse turbine, for the same degree of thermal energy conversion. Whilst this makes the Parsons turbine much longer and heavier, the overall efficiency of a reaction turbine is slightly higher than the equivalent impulse turbine for the same thermal energy conversion. </p><p>In practice, modern turbine designs use both reaction and impulse concepts to varying degrees whenever possible. <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbines</a> use an <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> to generate a reaction <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> from the moving fluid and impart it to the rotor. Wind turbines also gain some energy from the impulse of the wind, by deflecting it at an angle. Turbines with multiple stages may use either reaction or impulse blading at high pressure. Steam turbines were traditionally more impulse but continue to move towards reaction designs similar to those used in gas turbines. At low pressure the operating fluid medium expands in volume for small reductions in pressure. Under these conditions, blading becomes strictly a reaction type design with the base of the blade solely impulse. The reason is due to the effect of the rotation speed for each blade. As the volume increases, the blade height increases, and the base of the blade spins at a slower speed relative to the tip. This change in speed forces a designer to change from impulse at the base, to a high reaction-style tip. </p><p>Classical turbine design methods were developed in the mid 19th century. Vector analysis related the fluid flow with turbine shape and rotation. Graphical calculation methods were used at first. Formulae for the basic dimensions of turbine parts are well documented and a highly efficient machine can be reliably designed for any fluid <a href="/wiki/Flow_conditioning" title="Flow conditioning">flow condition</a>. Some of the calculations are empirical or 'rule of thumb' formulae, and others are based on <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>. As with most engineering calculations, simplifying assumptions were made. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbine_inlet_guide_vanes_of_Atar_turbojet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Turbine_inlet_guide_vanes_of_Atar_turbojet.jpg/220px-Turbine_inlet_guide_vanes_of_Atar_turbojet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Turbine_inlet_guide_vanes_of_Atar_turbojet.jpg/330px-Turbine_inlet_guide_vanes_of_Atar_turbojet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Turbine_inlet_guide_vanes_of_Atar_turbojet.jpg/440px-Turbine_inlet_guide_vanes_of_Atar_turbojet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Turbine inlet guide vanes of a <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Velocity_triangle" title="Velocity triangle">Velocity triangles</a> can be used to calculate the basic performance of a turbine stage. Gas exits the stationary turbine nozzle guide vanes at absolute velocity <i>V</i><sub>a1</sub>. The rotor rotates at velocity <i>U</i>. Relative to the rotor, the velocity of the gas as it impinges on the rotor entrance is <i>V</i><sub>r1</sub>. The gas is turned by the rotor and exits, relative to the rotor, at velocity <i>V</i><sub>r2</sub>. However, in absolute terms the rotor exit velocity is <i>V</i><sub>a2</sub>. The velocity triangles are constructed using these various velocity vectors. Velocity triangles can be constructed at any section through the blading (for example: hub, tip, midsection and so on) but are usually shown at the mean stage radius. Mean performance for the stage can be calculated from the velocity triangles, at this radius, using the <a href="/wiki/Euler%27s_pump_and_turbine_equation" title="Euler's pump and turbine equation">Euler equation</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta h=u\cdot \Delta v_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta h=u\cdot \Delta v_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57b5918ee605b98aa96548709e32219d218b25be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.855ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta h=u\cdot \Delta v_{w}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Hence: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta h}{T}}={\frac {u\cdot \Delta v_{w}}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta h}{T}}={\frac {u\cdot \Delta v_{w}}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ead5a110beb970cbefe1023242ab43e6a631e195" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.527ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta h}{T}}={\frac {u\cdot \Delta v_{w}}{T}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af7b7e75abcd97007405341555a3958cc020265e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.275ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta h}"></span> is the specific enthalpy drop across stage</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> is the turbine entry total (or stagnation) temperature</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}"></span> is the turbine rotor peripheral velocity</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta v_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c475ef26ee16771a229e7256be472cfd8a4c709" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.472ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta v_{w}}"></span> is the change in whirl velocity</dd></dl> <p>The turbine pressure ratio is a function of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta h}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta h}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88ba3deba74176c1a50108a50c60d02514a1ecc5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:4.111ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta h}{T}}}"></span> and the turbine efficiency. </p><p>Modern turbine design carries the calculations further. <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">Computational fluid dynamics</a> dispenses with many of the simplifying assumptions used to derive classical formulas and computer software facilitates optimization. These tools have led to steady improvements in turbine design over the last forty years. </p><p>The primary numerical classification of a turbine is its <a href="/wiki/Specific_speed" title="Specific speed">specific speed</a>. This number describes the speed of the turbine at its maximum efficiency with respect to the power and flow rate. The specific speed is derived to be independent of turbine size. Given the fluid flow conditions and the desired shaft output speed, the specific speed can be calculated and an appropriate turbine design selected. </p><p>The specific speed, along with some fundamental formulas can be used to reliably scale an existing design of known performance to a new size with corresponding performance. </p><p>Off-design performance is normally displayed as a <a href="/wiki/Turbine_map" title="Turbine map">turbine map</a> or characteristic. </p><p>The number of blades in the rotor and the number of vanes in the stator are often two different <a href="/wiki/Prime_number" title="Prime number">prime numbers</a> in order to reduce the harmonics and maximize the blade-passing frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gfa_17_641006_2-0002_Turbinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gfa_17_641006_2-0002_Turbinen.jpg/220px-Gfa_17_641006_2-0002_Turbinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gfa_17_641006_2-0002_Turbinen.jpg/330px-Gfa_17_641006_2-0002_Turbinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Gfa_17_641006_2-0002_Turbinen.jpg/440px-Gfa_17_641006_2-0002_Turbinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="4489" /></a><figcaption>Three types of water turbines: Kaplan (in front), Pelton (middle) and Francis (back left)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbines</a> are used to drive electrical generators in thermal power plants which use <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>. They were once used to directly drive mechanical devices such as ships' <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propellers</a> (for example the <i><a href="/wiki/Turbinia" title="Turbinia">Turbinia</a></i>, the first turbine-powered <a href="/wiki/Steam_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam launch">steam launch</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but most such applications now use reduction gears or an intermediate electrical step, where the turbine is used to generate electricity, which then powers an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> connected to the mechanical load. Turbo electric ship machinery was particularly popular in the period immediately before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, primarily due to a lack of sufficient gear-cutting facilities in US and UK shipyards.</li> <li>Aircraft <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> engines are sometimes referred to as turbine engines to distinguish them from piston engines.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">Transonic</a> turbine. The gas flow in most turbines employed in gas turbine engines remains subsonic throughout the expansion process. In a transonic turbine the gas flow becomes supersonic as it exits the nozzle guide vanes, although the downstream velocities normally become subsonic. Transonic turbines operate at a higher pressure ratio than normal but are usually less efficient and uncommon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating" title="Contra-rotating">Contra-rotating</a> turbines. With <a href="/wiki/Axial_turbine" title="Axial turbine">axial turbines</a>, some efficiency advantage can be obtained if a downstream turbine rotates in the opposite direction to an upstream unit. However, the complication can be counter-productive. A contra-rotating steam turbine, usually known as the Ljungström turbine, was originally invented by Swedish Engineer <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Fredrik Ljungström</a> (1875–1964) in Stockholm, and in partnership with his brother Birger Ljungström he obtained a patent in 1894. The design is essentially a multi-stage <a href="/wiki/Radial_turbine" title="Radial turbine">radial turbine</a> (or pair of 'nested' turbine rotors) offering great efficiency, four times as large heat drop per stage as in the reaction (Parsons) turbine, extremely compact design and the type met particular success in back pressure power plants. However, contrary to other designs, large steam volumes are handled with difficulty and only a combination with axial flow turbines (DUREX) admits the turbine to be built for power greater than ca 50 MW. In marine applications only about 50 turbo-electric units were ordered (of which a considerable number were finally sold to land plants) during 1917–19, and during 1920–22 a few turbo-mechanic not very successful units were sold.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few turbo-electric marine plants were still in use in the late 1960s (ss Ragne, ss Regin) while most land plants remain in use 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">Statorless</a> turbine. Multi-stage turbines have a set of static (meaning stationary) inlet guide vanes that direct the gas flow onto the rotating rotor blades. In a stator-less turbine the gas flow exiting an upstream rotor impinges onto a downstream rotor without an intermediate set of stator vanes (that rearrange the pressure/velocity energy levels of the flow) being encountered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramic</a> turbine. Conventional high-pressure turbine blades (and vanes) are made from nickel based alloys and often use intricate internal air-cooling passages to prevent the metal from overheating. In recent years, experimental ceramic blades have been manufactured and tested in gas turbines, with a view to increasing rotor inlet temperatures and/or, possibly, eliminating air cooling. Ceramic blades are more brittle than their metallic counterparts, and carry a greater risk of catastrophic blade failure. This has tended to limit their use in jet engines and gas turbines to the stator (stationary) blades.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducted_fan" title="Ducted fan">Ducted fan</a> (shrouded) turbine. Many turbine rotor blades have shrouding at the top, which interlocks with that of adjacent blades, to increase damping and thereby reduce blade flutter. In large land-based electricity generation steam turbines, the shrouding is often complemented, especially in the long blades of a low-pressure turbine, with lacing wires. These wires pass through holes drilled in the blades at suitable distances from the blade root and are usually brazed to the blades at the point where they pass through. Lacing wires reduce blade flutter in the central part of the blades. The introduction of lacing wires substantially reduces the instances of blade failure in large or low-pressure turbines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a> (shroudless turbine). Modern practice is, wherever possible, to eliminate the rotor shrouding, thus reducing the <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal</a> load on the blade and the cooling requirements.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a> or bladeless turbine uses the boundary layer effect and not a fluid impinging upon the blades as in a conventional turbine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">Water turbines</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelton_wheel" title="Pelton wheel">Pelton wheel</a>, a type of impulse water turbine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_turbine" title="Francis turbine">Francis turbine</a>, a type of widely used water turbine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaplan_turbine" title="Kaplan turbine">Kaplan turbine</a>, a variation of the Francis Turbine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgo_turbine" title="Turgo turbine">Turgo turbine</a>, a modified form of the Pelton wheel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyson_turbine" title="Tyson turbine">Tyson turbine</a>, a conical water turbine with helical blades emerging partway down from the apex gradually increasing in radial dimension and decreasing in pitch as they spiral towards the base of the cone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_turbine" title="Cross-flow turbine">Cross-flow turbine</a>, also known as Banki-Michell turbine, or Ossberger turbine.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbine</a>. These normally operate as a single stage without nozzle and interstage guide vanes. An exception is the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89olienne_Boll%C3%A9e" title="Éolienne Bollée">Éolienne Bollée</a>, which has a stator and a rotor.</li> <li>Velocity compound "Curtis". Curtis combined the de Laval and Parsons turbine by using a set of fixed nozzles on the first stage or stator and then a rank of fixed and rotating blade rows, as in the Parsons or de Laval, typically up to ten compared with up to a hundred stages of a Parsons design. The overall efficiency of a Curtis design is less than that of either the Parsons or de Laval designs, but it can be satisfactorily operated through a much wider range of speeds, including successful operation at low speeds and at lower pressures, which made it ideal for use in ships' powerplant. In a Curtis arrangement, the entire heat drop in the steam takes place in the initial nozzle row and both the subsequent moving blade rows and stationary blade rows merely change the direction of the steam. Use of a small section of a Curtis arrangement, typically one nozzle section and two or three rows of moving blades, is usually termed a Curtis 'Wheel' and in this form, the Curtis found widespread use at sea as a 'governing stage' on many reaction and impulse turbines and turbine sets. This practice is still commonplace today in marine steam plant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_compounding_in_turbines" title="Pressure compounding in turbines">Pressure compound</a> multi-stage impulse, or "Rateau", after its French inventor, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rateau" title="Auguste Rateau">Auguste Rateau</a>. The Rateau employs simple impulse rotors separated by a nozzle diaphragm. The diaphragm is essentially a partition wall in the turbine with a series of tunnels cut into it, funnel shaped with the broad end facing the previous stage and the narrow the next they are also angled to direct the steam jets onto the impulse rotor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_vapour_turbine" title="Mercury vapour turbine">Mercury vapour turbines</a> used <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> as the working fluid, to improve the efficiency of fossil-fuelled generating stations. Although a few power plants were built with combined mercury vapour and conventional steam turbines, the toxicity of the metal mercury was quickly apparent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_turbine" title="Screw turbine">Screw turbine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">water turbine</a> which uses the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Archimedean_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Archimedean screw">Archimedean screw</a> to convert the <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> of water on an upstream level into <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Turbine" title="Talk:Turbine">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turbine&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Turbine%22">"Turbine"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Turbine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Turbine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Turbine%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Turbine%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Turbine%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A large proportion of the world's <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power">electrical power</a> is generated by <a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">turbo generators</a>. </p><p>Turbines are used in <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> engines on land, sea and air. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turbochargers" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbochargers">Turbochargers</a> are used on piston engines. </p><p>Gas turbines have very high power densities (i.e. the ratio of power to mass, or power to volume) because they run at very high speeds. The <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_main_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle main engine">Space Shuttle main engines</a> used <a href="/wiki/Turbopump" title="Turbopump">turbopumps</a> (machines consisting of a pump driven by a turbine engine) to feed the propellants (liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen) into the engine's combustion chamber. The liquid hydrogen turbopump is slightly larger than an automobile engine (weighing approximately 700 lb) with the turbine producing nearly 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">hp</a> (52.2 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turboexpander" title="Turboexpander">Turboexpanders</a> are used for refrigeration in industrial processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_machine" title="Balancing machine">Balancing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz%27s_theorems" title="Helmholtz's theorems">Helmholtz's theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotordynamics" title="Rotordynamics">Rotordynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segner_wheel" title="Segner wheel">Segner wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine%E2%80%93electric_powertrain" title="Turbine–electric powertrain">Turbine–electric powertrain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=turbine&searchmode=none">"turbine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=turbine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Dturbine%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbine" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=turbid&allowed_in_frame=0">"turbid"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=turbid&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dturbid%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=tu/rbh"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τύρβη</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munson_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Munson, Bruce Roy, T. H. Okiishi, and Wade W. Huebsch. "Turbomachines." Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley & Sons, 2009. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzNCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA183"><i>Annales de chimie et de physique</i>, vol. 21, page 183 (1822)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/publicdicos/bibliography?head=turbine">"Dictionnaires d'autrefois"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionnaires+d%27autrefois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartflsrv04.uchicago.edu%2Fphilologic4.7%2Fpublicdicos%2Fbibliography%3Fhead%3Dturbine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03BRAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA207">"Rapport sur le mémoire de M. Burdin intitulé: Des turbines hydrauliques ou machines rotatoires à grande vitesse" (Report on the memo of Mr. Burdin titled: Hydraulic turbines or high-speed rotary machines), <i>Annales de chimie et de physique</i>, vol. 26, pages 207-217. Prony and Girard (1824)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Tim J Carter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517115019/http://opac.vimaru.edu.vn/edata/E-Journal/2005/Engineering%20failure%20analyis/12_2/12(2_4).pdf">"Common failures in gas turbine blades"</a>. 2004. p. 244-245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Osler1981" class="citation web cs1">Adrian Osler (October 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928063911/http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5652.pdf">"Turbinia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>(ASME-sponsored booklet to mark the designation of Turbinia as an international engineering landmark)</i>. Tyne And Wear County Council Museums. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.asme.org/ASMEORG/Communities/History/Landmarks/5652.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%28ASME-sponsored+booklet+to+mark+the+designation+of+Turbinia+as+an+international+engineering+landmark%29&rft.atitle=Turbinia&rft.date=1981-10&rft.au=Adrian+Osler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.asme.org%2FASMEORG%2FCommunities%2FHistory%2FLandmarks%2F5652.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=267&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurbine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingvar Jung, 1979, The history of the marine turbine, part 1, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, dep of History of technology</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Layton, Edwin T. "From Rule of Thumb to Scientific Engineering: James B. Francis and the Invention of the Francis Turbine," NLA Monograph Series. Stony Brook, NY: Research Foundation of the State University of New York, 1992.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turbine"><a 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