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<span>Electrochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Charge</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Charge-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Charge subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Charge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trickle_charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trickle_charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Trickle charging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trickle_charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Loss of capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Discharge</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discharge-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discharge subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Over-discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Over-discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Over-discharge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Over-discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Self-discharge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_self-discharge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_self-discharge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Low self-discharge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_self-discharge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compared_to_other_battery_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compared_to_other_battery_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Compared to other battery types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compared_to_other_battery_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compared to other battery types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compared_to_other_battery_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alkaline_batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkaline_batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Alkaline batteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkaline_batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithium-ion_batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithium-ion_batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lithium-ion batteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithium-ion_batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lead_Batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead_Batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lead Batteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead_Batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumer_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Consumer electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Electric vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patent_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patent_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Patent issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nickel–metal hydride battery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="بطارية النيكل وهيدريد فلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطارية النيكل وهيدريد فلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Никел-металохидриден акумулатор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никел-металохидриден акумулатор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila_de_n%C3%ADquel_i_hidrur_met%C3%A0l%C2%B7lic" title="Pila de níquel i hidrur metàl·lic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pila de níquel i hidrur metàl·lic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikl-metal_hydridov%C3%BD_akumul%C3%A1tor" title="Nikl-metal hydridový akumulátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nikl-metal hydridový akumulátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel-metalhydrid-akkumulator" title="Nikkel-metalhydrid-akkumulator – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nikkel-metalhydrid-akkumulator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-Metallhydrid-Akkumulator" title="Nickel-Metallhydrid-Akkumulator – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nickel-Metallhydrid-Akkumulator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel-metallh%C3%BCdriidaku" title="Nikkel-metallhüdriidaku – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nikkel-metallhüdriidaku" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bater%C3%ADa_de_n%C3%ADquel-metalhidruro" title="Batería de níquel-metalhidruro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batería de níquel-metalhidruro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%E2%80%93_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2" title="باتری نیکل– هیدرید فلز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باتری نیکل– هیدرید فلز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulateur_nickel-hydrure_m%C3%A9tallique" title="Accumulateur nickel-hydrure métallique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accumulateur nickel-hydrure métallique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikal-metal-hidridna_baterija" title="Nikal-metal-hidridna baterija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nikal-metal-hidridna baterija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulatore_nichel-metallo_idruro" title="Accumulatore nichel-metallo idruro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accumulatore nichel-metallo idruro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93" title="סוללת ניקל מתכת-הידריד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוללת ניקל מתכת-הידריד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel-met%C3%A1l-hidrid_akkumul%C3%A1tor" title="Nikkel-metál-hidrid akkumulátor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nikkel-metál-hidrid akkumulátor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkel-metaalhydrideaccu" title="Nikkel-metaalhydrideaccu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nikkel-metaalhydrideaccu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%85%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="ニッケル・水素充電池 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニッケル・水素充電池" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akumulator_niklowo-metalowo-wodorkowy" title="Akumulator niklowo-metalowo-wodorkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akumulator niklowo-metalowo-wodorkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria_de_n%C3%ADquel-hidreto_met%C3%A1lico" title="Bateria de níquel-hidreto metálico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bateria de níquel-hidreto metálico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baterie_de_nichel-hidrur%C4%83_metalic%C4%83" title="Baterie de nichel-hidrură metalică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Baterie de nichel-hidrură metalică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Никель-металлогидридный аккумулятор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никель-металлогидридный аккумулятор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel-metal hydride battery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nickel-metal hydride battery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikelmetalhydridov%C3%BD_akumul%C3%A1tor" title="Nikelmetalhydridový akumulátor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nikelmetalhydridový akumulátor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Никл метал-хидридна батерија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Никл метал-хидридна батерија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikal-metal-hidridna_baterija" title="Nikal-metal-hidridna baterija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nikal-metal-hidridna baterija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нікель-метал-гідридний акумулятор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікель-метал-гідридний акумулятор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_nickel_hydride_kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Pin nickel hydride kim loại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pin nickel hydride kim loại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Low_self-discharge_NiMH_battery&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Low self-discharge NiMH battery">Low self-discharge NiMH battery</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of rechargeable battery</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NiMH" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NIMH_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="NIMH (disambiguation)">NIMH</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">nickel–hydrogen battery</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Nickel–metal hydride battery</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eneloop_6420.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Eneloop_6420.jpg/220px-Eneloop_6420.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Eneloop_6420.jpg/330px-Eneloop_6420.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Eneloop_6420.jpg/440px-Eneloop_6420.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Modern Ni–MH rechargeable cells</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_energy" title="Specific energy">Specific energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.22-0.43 <a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">MJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">kg</a> (60–120 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>·<a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">h</a>/kg)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">Energy density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">140–300 W·h/<a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">Specific power</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250–1,000 W/kg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Charge/discharge efficiency</th><td class="infobox-data">66%<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–92%<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Self-discharge rate</th><td class="infobox-data">Per month:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>13.9–70.6% at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a></li><li>36.4–97.8% at 45 °C (113 °F)</li><li>Low self-discharge: 0.08–2.9%<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cycle durability</th><td class="infobox-data">180<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–2000<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charge_cycle" title="Charge cycle">cycles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nominal cell voltage</th><td class="infobox-data">1.2 V</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>nickel–metal hydride battery</b> (<b>NiMH</b> or <b>Ni–MH</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery</a>. The chemical reaction at the positive electrode is similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">nickel–cadmium cell</a> (NiCd), with both using <a href="/wiki/Nickel_oxide_hydroxide" title="Nickel oxide hydroxide">nickel oxide hydroxide</a> (NiOOH). However, the negative electrodes use a hydrogen-absorbing <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>. NiMH batteries can have two to three times the capacity of NiCd batteries of the same size, with significantly higher <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a>, although only about half that of <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are typically used as a substitute for similarly shaped non-rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">alkaline batteries</a>, as they feature a slightly lower but generally compatible cell voltage and are less prone to <a href="/wiki/Battery_leakage" title="Battery leakage">leaking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimh_disassembled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nimh_disassembled.jpg/220px-Nimh_disassembled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nimh_disassembled.jpg/330px-Nimh_disassembled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nimh_disassembled.jpg/440px-Nimh_disassembled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Disassembled NiMH <a href="/wiki/AA_battery" title="AA battery">AA battery</a>: <div><ol><li>Positive terminal</li><li>Outer metal casing (also negative terminal)</li><li>Positive electrode</li><li>Negative electrode with current collector (metal grid, connected to metal casing)</li><li>Separator (between electrodes)</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">History of the battery</a></div> <p>Work on NiMH batteries began at the <a href="/wiki/Battelle_Memorial_Institute" title="Battelle Memorial Institute">Battelle</a>-Geneva Research Center following the technology's invention in 1967. It was based on <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">sintered</a> Ti<sub>2</sub>Ni+TiNi+x alloys and NiOOH electrodes. Development was sponsored over nearly two decades by <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen AG">Volkswagen AG</a> within Deutsche Automobilgesellschaft, now a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler AG</a>. The batteries' specific energy reached 50 W·h/kg (180 kJ/kg), specific power up to 1000 W/kg and a life of 500 <a href="/wiki/Charge_cycle" title="Charge cycle">charge cycles</a> (at 100% <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_discharge" title="Depth of discharge">depth of discharge</a>). <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> applications were filed in European countries (priority: Switzerland), the United States, and Japan. The patents transferred to Daimler-Benz.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest grew in the 1970s with the commercialisation of the <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">nickel–hydrogen battery</a> for satellite applications. Hydride technology promised an alternative, less bulky way to store the hydrogen. Research carried out by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips Laboratories</a> and France's <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">CNRS</a> developed new high-energy hybrid alloys incorporating <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth metal">rare-earth metals</a> for the negative electrode. However, these suffered from alloy instability in <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> and consequently insufficient cycle life. In 1987, Willems and Buschow demonstrated a successful battery based on this approach (using a mixture of La<sub>0.8</sub>Nd<sub>0.2</sub>Ni<sub>2.5</sub>Co<sub>2.4</sub>Si<sub>0.1</sub>), which kept 84% of its charge capacity after 4000 charge-discharge cycles. More economically viable alloys using <a href="/wiki/Mischmetal" title="Mischmetal">mischmetal</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> were soon developed. Modern NiMH cells were based on this design.<sup id="cite_ref-rdjapan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdjapan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first consumer-grade NiMH cells became commercially available in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Ovshinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Ovshinsky">Stanford Ovshinsky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Energy_Conversion_Devices" title="Energy Conversion Devices">Ovonic Battery Co.</a>, which had been working on MH-NiOOH batteries since mid-1980,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> improved the Ti–Ni alloy structure and composition and patented its innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, more than two million hybrid cars worldwide were manufactured with NiMH batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the European Union due to its <a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">Battery Directive</a>, nickel–metal hydride batteries replaced Ni–Cd batteries for portable consumer use.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 22% of portable rechargeable batteries sold in Japan in 2010 were NiMH.<sup id="cite_ref-bajstat_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bajstat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Switzerland in 2009, the equivalent statistic was approximately 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This percentage has fallen over time due to the increase in manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion</a> batteries: in 2000, almost half of all portable rechargeable batteries sold in Japan were NiMH.<sup id="cite_ref-bajstat_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bajstat-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> produced a modified microstructure that helped make NiMH batteries more durable, in turn allowing changes to the cell design that saved considerable weight, allowing the specific energy to reach 140 watt-hours per kilogram.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electrochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The negative electrode reaction occurring in a NiMH cell is </p> <dl><dd>H<sub>2</sub>O + M + e<sup>−</sup> ⇌ OH<sup>−</sup> + MH</dd></dl> <p>On the positive electrode, nickel oxyhydroxide, NiO(OH), is formed: </p> <dl><dd>Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> + OH<sup>−</sup> ⇌ NiO(OH) + H<sub>2</sub>O + e<sup>−</sup></dd></dl> <p>The reactions proceed left to right during charge and the opposite during discharge. The metal M in the negative electrode of a NiMH cell is an <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic" title="Intermetallic">intermetallic</a> compound. Many different compounds have been developed for this application, but those in current use fall into two classes. The most common is AB<sub>5</sub>, where A is a <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth</a> mixture of <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a>, and B is <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Some cells use higher-capacity negative electrode materials based on AB<sub>2</sub> compounds, where A is titanium or <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, and B is <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> or nickel, modified with <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, cobalt, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NiMH cells have an <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>, usually <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>. The positive electrode is nickel hydroxide, and the negative electrode is hydrogen in the form of an interstitial metal hydride.<sup id="cite_ref-NiMH_handbook_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiMH_handbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrophilic <a href="/wiki/Polyolefin" title="Polyolefin">polyolefin</a> nonwovens are used for separation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charge">Charge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Charge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When fast-charging, it is advisable to charge the NiMH cells with a smart <a href="/wiki/Battery_charger" title="Battery charger">battery charger</a> to avoid <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery#Charging_and_discharging" title="Rechargeable battery">overcharging</a>, which can damage cells.<sup id="cite_ref-PanasonicChargeMethods_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanasonicChargeMethods-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trickle_charging">Trickle charging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trickle charging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simplest of the safe charging methods is with a fixed low current, with or without a timer. Most manufacturers claim that overcharging is safe at very low currents, below 0.1 <i>C</i> (<i>C</i>/10) (where <i>C</i> is the current equivalent to the capacity of the battery divided by one hour).<sup id="cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duracell_charge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Panasonic NiMH charging manual warns that overcharging for long enough can damage a battery and suggests limiting the total charging time to 10–20 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-PanasonicChargeMethods_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanasonicChargeMethods-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duracell further suggests that a trickle charge at <i>C</i>/300 can be used for batteries that must be kept in a fully charged state.<sup id="cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duracell_charge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some chargers do this after the charge cycle, to offset natural self-discharge. A similar approach is suggested by Energizer,<sup id="cite_ref-NiMH_handbook_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiMH_handbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which indicates that self-catalysis can recombine gas formed at the electrodes for charge rates up to C/10. This leads to cell heating. The company recommends <i>C</i>/30 or <i>C</i>/40 for indefinite applications where long life is important. This is the approach taken in emergency lighting applications, where the design remains essentially the same as in older NiCd units, except for an increase in the trickle-charging resistor value.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Panasonic's handbook recommends that NiMH batteries on standby be charged by a lower <a href="/wiki/Duty_cycle" title="Duty cycle">duty cycle</a> approach, where a pulse of a higher current is used whenever the battery's voltage drops below 1.3 V. This can extend battery life and use less energy.<sup id="cite_ref-PanasonicChargeMethods_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanasonicChargeMethods-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ΔV_charging_method"><span id=".CE.94V_charging_method"></span>Δ<i>V</i> charging method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: ΔV charging method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charge_NiMH.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charge_NiMH.svg/220px-Charge_NiMH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charge_NiMH.svg/330px-Charge_NiMH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Charge_NiMH.svg/440px-Charge_NiMH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>NiMH charge curve</figcaption></figure> <p>To prevent cell damage, fast chargers must terminate their charge cycle before overcharging occurs. One method is to monitor the change of voltage with time. When the battery is fully charged, the voltage across its terminals drops slightly. The charger can detect this and stop charging. This method is often used with nickel–cadmium cells, which display a large voltage drop at full charge. However, the voltage drop is much less pronounced for NiMH and can be non-existent at low charge rates, which can make the approach unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duracell_charge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another option is to monitor the change of voltage with respect to time and stop when this becomes zero, but this risks premature cutoffs.<sup id="cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duracell_charge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this method, a much higher charging rate can be used than with a trickle charge, up to 1 <i>C</i>. At this charge rate, Panasonic recommends to terminate charging when the voltage drops 5–10 mV per cell from the peak voltage.<sup id="cite_ref-PanasonicChargeMethods_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PanasonicChargeMethods-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since this method measures the voltage across the battery, a constant-current (rather than a constant-voltage) charging circuit is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ΔT_charging_method"><span id=".CE.94T_charging_method"></span>Δ<i>T</i> charging method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ΔT charging method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temperature-change method is similar in principle to the Δ<i>V</i> method. Because the charging voltage is nearly constant, constant-current charging delivers energy at a near-constant rate. When the cell is not fully charged, most of this energy is converted to chemical energy. However, when the cell reaches full charge, most of the charging energy is converted to heat. This increases the rate of change of battery temperature, which can be detected by a sensor such as a <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistor</a>. Both Panasonic and Duracell suggest a maximal rate of temperature increase of 1 °C per minute. Using a temperature sensor allows an absolute temperature cutoff, which Duracell suggests at 60 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duracell_charge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With both the Δ<i>T</i> and the Δ<i>V</i> charging methods, both manufacturers recommend a further period of trickle charging to follow the initial rapid charge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decapitated_ni-mh_battery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Decapitated_ni-mh_battery.jpg/220px-Decapitated_ni-mh_battery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Decapitated_ni-mh_battery.jpg/330px-Decapitated_ni-mh_battery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Decapitated_ni-mh_battery.jpg/440px-Decapitated_ni-mh_battery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>NiMH cell that popped its cap due to failed safety valve</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable fuse</a> in series with the cell, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Bimetallic_strip" title="Bimetallic strip">bimetallic strip</a> type, increases safety. This fuse opens if either the current or the temperature gets too high.<sup id="cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duracell_charge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern NiMH cells contain catalysts to handle gases produced by over-charging: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2{}+O2->[{\text{catalyst}}]2H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>catalyst</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2{}+O2->[{\text{catalyst}}]2H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1078c1af494827190c93ecad4a1deba0100a9ace" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.345ex; width:24.445ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2H2{}+O2->[{\text{catalyst}}]2H2O}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>However, this only works with <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery#Charging_and_discharging" title="Rechargeable battery">overcharging</a> <a href="/wiki/Current_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (electricity)">currents</a> of up to 0.1 <i>C</i> (that is, <a href="/wiki/Nominal_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal capacity">nominal capacity</a> divided by ten hours). This reaction causes batteries to heat, ending the charging process.<sup id="cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duracell_charge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A method for very rapid charging called <a href="/wiki/I-C3" class="mw-redirect" title="I-C3">in-cell charge control</a> involves an internal pressure switch in the cell, which disconnects the charging current in the event of overpressure. </p><p>One inherent risk with NiMH chemistry is that overcharging causes hydrogen gas to form, potentially rupturing the cell. Therefore, cells have a vent to release the gas in the event of serious overcharging.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NiMH batteries are made of environmentally friendly materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Batteries_for_Portable_Devices_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batteries_for_Portable_Devices-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The batteries contain only mildly toxic substances and are recyclable.<sup id="cite_ref-NiMH_handbook_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiMH_handbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_capacity">Loss of capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Loss of capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Voltage_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage depression">Voltage depression</a> (often mistakenly attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Memory_effect" title="Memory effect">memory effect</a>) from repeated partial discharge can occur, but is reversible with a few full discharge/charge cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Duracell_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duracell-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discharge">Discharge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Discharge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fully charged cell supplies an average 1.25 V/cell during discharge, declining to about 1.0–1.1 V/cell (further discharge may cause permanent damage in the case of multi-cell packs, due to polarity reversal of the weakest cell). Under a light load (0.5 amperes), the starting voltage of a freshly charged <a href="/wiki/AA_battery" title="AA battery">AA</a> NiMH cell in good condition is about 1.4 volts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Over-discharge">Over-discharge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Over-discharge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complete discharge of multi-cell packs can cause <a href="/wiki/Reverse_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse charging">reverse polarity</a> in one or more cells, which can permanently damage them. This situation can occur in the common arrangement of four AA cells in series, where one cell completely discharges before the others due to small differences in capacity among the cells. When this happens, the good cells start to drive the discharged cell into reverse polarity (i.e. positive anode and negative cathode). Some cameras, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS receivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a> detect the safe end-of-discharge voltage of the series cells and perform an auto-shutdown, but devices such as flashlights and some toys do not. </p><p>Irreversible damage from polarity reversal is a particular danger, even when a low voltage-threshold cutout is employed, when the cells vary in temperature. This is because capacity significantly declines as the cells are cooled. This results in a lower voltage under load of the colder cells.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-discharge">Self-discharge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Self-discharge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, NiMH cells have had a somewhat higher <a href="/wiki/Self-discharge" title="Self-discharge">self-discharge</a> rate (equivalent to internal leakage) than NiCd cells. The self-discharge rate varies greatly with temperature, where lower storage temperature leads to slower discharge and longer battery life. The self-discharge is <span class="nowrap">5–20%</span> on the first day and stabilizes around <span class="nowrap">0.5–4%</span> per day at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But at 45 °C (113 °F) it is approximately three times as high.<sup id="cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duracell_charge-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_self-discharge">Low self-discharge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Low self-discharge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>low–self-discharge nickel–metal hydride battery</b> (<b>LSD NiMH</b>) has a significantly lower rate of self-discharge. The innovation was introduced in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Sanyo" title="Sanyo">Sanyo</a>, branded <a href="/wiki/Eneloop" title="Eneloop">Eneloop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By using improvements to electrode separator, positive electrode, and other components, manufacturers claim the cells retain 70–85% of their capacity when stored for one year at 20 °C (68 °F), compared to about half for normal NiMH batteries. They are otherwise similar to standard NiMH batteries, and can be charged in standard NiMH chargers. These cells are marketed as "hybrid", "ready-to-use" or "pre-charged" rechargeables. Retention of charge depends in large part on the battery's <a href="/wiki/Leakage_(electronics)" title="Leakage (electronics)">leakage</a> resistance (the higher the better), and on its physical size and charge capacity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Separator_(electricity)" title="Separator (electricity)">Separators</a> keep the two electrodes apart to slow electrical discharge while allowing the transport of ionic <a href="/wiki/Charge_carrier" title="Charge carrier">charge carriers</a> that close the circuit during the passage of <a href="/wiki/Current_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (electricity)">current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-quality separators are critical for battery performance. </p><p>The self-discharge rate depends upon separator thickness; thicker separators reduce self-discharge, but also reduce capacity as they leave less space for active components, and thin separators lead to higher self-discharge. Some batteries may have overcome this <a href="/wiki/Tradeoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradeoff">tradeoff</a> by using more precisely manufactured thin separators, and a sulfonated polyolefin separator, an improvement over the hydrophilic polyolefin based on <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_vinyl_alcohol" title="Ethylene vinyl alcohol">ethylene vinyl alcohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low-self-discharge cells have somewhat lower capacity than otherwise equivalent NiMH cells because of the larger volume of the separator. The highest-capacity low-self-discharge AA cells have 2500 mAh capacity, compared to 2700 mAh for high-capacity AA NiMH cells.<sup id="cite_ref-MBJ_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBJ-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common methods to improve self-discharge include: use of a sulfonated separator (causing removal of N-containing compounds), use of an acrylic acid grafted PP separator (causing reduction in Al- and Mn-debris formation in separator), removal of Co and Mn in A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>7</sub> MH alloy, (causing reduction in debris formation in separator), increase of the amount of electrolyte (causing reduction in the hydrogen diffusion in electrolyte), removal of Cu-containing components (causing reduction in micro-short), PTFE coating on positive electrode (causing suppression of reaction between NiOOH and H<sub>2</sub>), CMC solution dipping (causing suppression of oxygen evolution), micro-encapsulation of Cu on MH alloy (causing decrease in H<sub>2</sub> released from MH alloy), Ni–B alloy coating on MH alloy (causing formation of a protection layer), alkaline treatment of negative electrode (causing reduction of leach-out of Mn and Al), addition of LiOH and NaOH into electrolyte (causing reduction in electrolyte corrosion capabilities), and addition of Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> into electrolyte (causing reduction in MH alloy corrosion). Most of these improvements have no or negligible effect on cost; some increase cost modestly.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compared_to_other_battery_types">Compared to other battery types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Compared to other battery types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkaline_batteries">Alkaline batteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alkaline batteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NiMH cells are often used in digital cameras and other high-drain devices, where over the duration of single-charge use they outperform primary (such as alkaline) batteries. </p><p>NiMH cells are advantageous for high-current-drain applications compared to alkaline batteries, largely due to their lower internal resistance. Typical alkaline AA-size batteries, which offer approximately 2.6 Ah capacity at low current demand (25 mA), provide only 1.3 Ah capacity with a 500 mA load.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital cameras with LCDs and flashlights can draw over 1 A, quickly depleting them. NiMH cells can deliver these current levels without similar loss of capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-NiMH_handbook_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NiMH_handbook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devices that were designed to operate using primary alkaline chemistry (or zinc-carbon/chloride) cells may not function with NiMH cells. However, most devices compensate for the voltage drop of an alkaline battery as it discharges down to about 1 volt. Low internal resistance allows NiMH cells to deliver a nearly constant voltage until they are almost completely discharged. Thus battery-level indicators designed to read alkaline cells overstate the remaining charge when used with NiMH cells, as the voltage of alkaline cells decreases steadily during most of the discharge cycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithium-ion_batteries"><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">Lithium-ion batteries</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lithium-ion batteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion batteries">Lithium-ion batteries</a> can deliver extremely high power and have a higher specific energy than nickel–metal hydride batteries,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they were originally significantly more expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-ECD_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECD-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of lithium batteries fell drastically during the 2010s and many small consumer devices now have non-consumer-replaceable lithium batteries as a result. Lithium batteries produce a higher voltage (3.2–3.7 V nominal), and are thus not a drop-in replacement for AA (alkaline or NiMh) batteries without circuitry to reduce voltage. Although a single lithium cell will typically provide ideal power to replace 3 NiMH cells, the form factor means that the device still needs modification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lead_Batteries">Lead Batteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lead Batteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NiMH batteries can easily be made smaller and lighter than lead-acid batteries and have completely replaced them in small devices. However, lead-acid batteries can deliver huge current at low cost, making lead-acid batteries more suitable for starter motors in combustion vehicles. </p><p>As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, nickel–metal hydride batteries constituted three percent of the battery market.<sup id="cite_ref-Batteries_for_Portable_Devices_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batteries_for_Portable_Devices-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ni-MH_Battery_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ni-MH_Battery_01.JPG/220px-Ni-MH_Battery_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ni-MH_Battery_01.JPG/330px-Ni-MH_Battery_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ni-MH_Battery_01.JPG/440px-Ni-MH_Battery_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>High-power Ni–MH battery of <a href="/wiki/Prius" class="mw-redirect" title="Prius">Toyota NHW20 Prius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterie.jpg/220px-Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterie.jpg/330px-Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterie.jpg/440px-Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>nickel–metal hydride 24 V battery pack made by <a href="/wiki/VARTA" title="VARTA">VARTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Autovision" title="Museum Autovision">Museum Autovision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altlussheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Altlussheim">Altlussheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_electronics">Consumer electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Consumer electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NiMH batteries have replaced NiCd for many roles, notably small rechargeable batteries. NiMH batteries are commonly available in AA (<a href="/wiki/Penlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Penlight">penlight</a>-size) batteries. These have nominal charge capacities (<i>C</i>) of 1.1–2.8 Ah at 1.2 V, measured at the rate that discharges the cell in 5 hours. Useful discharge capacity is a decreasing function of the discharge rate, but up to a rate of around 1×<i>C</i> (full discharge in 1 hour), it does not differ significantly from the nominal capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Duracell_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duracell-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NiMH batteries nominally operate at 1.2 V per cell, somewhat lower than conventional 1.5 V cells, but can operate many devices designed for that <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_vehicles">Electric vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Electric vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric car</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patent_encumbrance_of_large_automotive_NiMH_batteries" title="Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries">Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GM_Ovonic_NiMH_Battery_Module_90_Ah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GM_Ovonic_NiMH_Battery_Module_90_Ah.jpg/220px-GM_Ovonic_NiMH_Battery_Module_90_Ah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/GM_Ovonic_NiMH_Battery_Module_90_Ah.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>GM Ovonic NiMH Battery Module</figcaption></figure> <p>NiMH batteries were frequently used in prior-generation electric and hybrid-electric vehicles; as of 2020 they have been superseded almost entirely by lithium-ion batteries in all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, but they remain in use in some hybrid vehicles (2020 Toyota Highlander, for example).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior all-electric plug-in vehicles included the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">General Motors EV1</a>, first-generation <a href="/wiki/Toyota_RAV4_EV" title="Toyota RAV4 EV">Toyota RAV4 EV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honda_EV_Plus" title="Honda EV Plus">Honda EV Plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Ranger_EV" title="Ford Ranger EV">Ford Ranger EV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vectrix" title="Vectrix">Vectrix</a> scooter. Every first generation <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a> used NIMH batteries, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honda_Insight" title="Honda Insight">Honda Insight</a>, as well as later models including the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escape_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Escape Hybrid">Ford Escape Hybrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid">Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Civic Hybrid">Honda Civic Hybrid</a> also use them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patent_issues">Patent issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Patent issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stanford_R._Ovshinsky" title="Stanford R. Ovshinsky">Stanford R. Ovshinsky</a> invented and patented a popular improvement of the NiMH battery and founded <a href="/wiki/Energy_Conversion_Devices" title="Energy Conversion Devices">Ovonic Battery Company</a> in 1982. <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> purchased Ovonics' patent in 1994. By the late 1990s, NiMH batteries were being used successfully in many fully electric vehicles, such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">General Motors EV1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Caravan#Dodge_Caravan_EPIC" title="Dodge Caravan">Dodge Caravan EPIC</a> minivan. </p><p>This generation of electric cars, although successful, was abruptly pulled off the market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In October 2000, the patent was sold to <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a>, and a week later Texaco was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>. Chevron's <a href="/wiki/Cobasys" title="Cobasys">Cobasys</a> subsidiary provides these batteries only to large OEM orders. General Motors <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1#Cancellation" title="General Motors EV1">shut down production of the EV1</a>, citing lack of battery availability as a chief obstacle. Cobasys control of NiMH batteries created a patent encumbrance for large automotive NiMH batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boschert06_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boschert06-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheCarThatCould_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCarThatCould-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ocweekly20030515_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocweekly20030515-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ovshinsky20081014_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ovshinsky20081014-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Automotive battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_commercial_battery_types" title="Comparison of commercial battery types">Comparison of commercial battery types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_diffusion_electrode" title="Gas diffusion electrode">Gas diffusion electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_roll_(battery)" title="Jelly roll (battery)">Jelly roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">Lead–acid battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_sizes" title="List of battery sizes">List of battery sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_types" title="List of battery types">List of battery types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium-ion battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">Lithium iron phosphate battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93zinc_battery" title="Nickel–zinc battery">Nickel–zinc battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_hydroxide" title="Nickel(II) hydroxide">Nickel(II) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_oxide" title="Nickel(III) oxide">Nickel(III) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_encumbrance_of_large_automotive_NiMH_batteries" title="Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries">Patent encumbrance of large automotive NiMH batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">Power-to-weight ratio</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powerstream.com/NiMH.htm">"NiMH Battery Charging Basics"</a>. <i>PowerStream.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PowerStream.com&rft.atitle=NiMH+Battery+Charging+Basics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powerstream.com%2FNiMH.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257157737">"Energy efficiency and capacity retention of Ni–MH batteries for storage applications"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+efficiency+and+capacity+retention+of+Ni%E2%80%93MH+batteries+for+storage+applications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F257157737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eneloop101.com/batteries/eneloop-test-results/">"Best rechargeable batteries (10+ charts, overviews and comparisons )"</a>. <i>eneloop101.com</i>. 14 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eneloop101.com&rft.atitle=Best+rechargeable+batteries+%2810%2B+charts%2C+overviews+and+comparisons+%29&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feneloop101.com%2Fbatteries%2Feneloop-test-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.candlepowerforums.com/vb/showthread.php?391756-Eneloop-XX-Vs-Turnigy-2400-Cycle-Testing">"Eneloop XX Vs Turnigy 2400 Cycle Testing"</a>. <i>CandlePowerForums</i>. 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CandlePowerForums&rft.atitle=Eneloop+XX+Vs+Turnigy+2400+Cycle+Testing&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.candlepowerforums.com%2Fvb%2Fshowthread.php%3F391756-Eneloop-XX-Vs-Turnigy-2400-Cycle-Testing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203082140/http://panasonic.net/energy/battery/eneloop/lineup/">"Product Lineup"</a>. <i>Panasonic.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panasonic.net/energy/battery/eneloop/lineup/">the original</a> on 2014-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panasonic.net&rft.atitle=Product+Lineup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpanasonic.net%2Fenergy%2Fbattery%2Feneloop%2Flineup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cei.washington.edu/education/science-of-solar/battery-technology/">"Lithium-Ion Battery"</a>. <i>Clean Energy Institute, University of Washington</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clean+Energy+Institute%2C+University+of+Washington&rft.atitle=Lithium-Ion+Battery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cei.washington.edu%2Feducation%2Fscience-of-solar%2Fbattery-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panasonic-batteries.com/en/faq/what-could-cause-ni-mh-rechargeable-batteries-leak">"What could cause Ni-MH rechargeable batteries to leak?"</a>. <i>Panasonic Batteries</i>. 30 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panasonic+Batteries&rft.atitle=What+could+cause+Ni-MH+rechargeable+batteries+to+leak%3F&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panasonic-batteries.com%2Fen%2Ffaq%2Fwhat-could-cause-ni-mh-rechargeable-batteries-leak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grepow.com/blog/do-nimh-batteries-explode/">"Do NiMH Batteries Explode?"</a>. <i>Do NiMH Batteries Explode?</i>. 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Do+NiMH+Batteries+Explode%3F&rft.atitle=Do+NiMH+Batteries+Explode%3F&rft.date=2020-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grepow.com%2Fblog%2Fdo-nimh-batteries-explode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The US patent is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFDr._Klaus_Beccu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3824131A">US patent 3824131A</a>, Dr. Klaus Beccu, "Negative electrode of titanium-nickel alloy hydride phases",  assigned to Battelle-Geneva R&D Center</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3824131A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Negative+electrode+of+titanium-nickel+alloy+hydride+phases&rft.inventor=Dr.+Klaus+Beccu&rft.assignee=Battelle-Geneva+R%26D+Center"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>. For the performance data, see the "Examples" section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rdjapan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rdjapan_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiiAmano1997" class="citation journal cs1">Nii, K.; Amano, M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amse.org.cn/EN/abstract/abstract13633.shtml">"R & D of Hydrogen Absorbing Alloys in Japan"</a>. <i>Acta Metallurgica Sinica</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 249–255<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Nickel+Metal+Hydride+Battery&rft.pub=Cobasys&rft.date=2004-06-25&rft.aulast=Kopera&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobasys.com%2Fpdf%2Ftutorial%2Finside_nimh_battery_technology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NiMH_handbook-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NiMH_handbook_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NiMH_handbook_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NiMH_handbook_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NiMH_handbook_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/nickelmetalhydride_appman.pdf"><i>Nickel Metal Hydride Handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (NiMH02.01 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nickel+Metal+Hydride+Handbook&rft.atitle=Charge+Methods+for+Nickel+Metal+Hydride+Batteries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.industrial.panasonic.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Fpidseu%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2Ffiles%2Fpanasonic_ni-mh_batteries_handbook_interactive_14_06_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duracell_charge-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duracell_charge_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Charge Sealed Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duracell" title="Duracell">Duracell</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charge+Sealed+Nickel+Metal+Hydride+Batteries&rft.pub=Duracell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mukund R. Patel (2005), "Spacecraft Power Systems" CRC Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2786-5">978-0-8493-2786-5</a> p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batteries_for_Portable_Devices-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Batteries_for_Portable_Devices_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Batteries_for_Portable_Devices_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPistoia2005" class="citation book cs1">Pistoia, Gianfranco (2005). <i>Batteries for Portable Devices</i>. Boston: Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080455565" title="Special:BookSources/0080455565"><bdi>0080455565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Batteries+for+Portable+Devices&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Amsterdam&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0080455565&rft.aulast=Pistoia&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duracell-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duracell_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duracell_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303131745/http://www.duracell.com/oem/rechargeable/Nickel/voltdep.asp">"Voltage Depression ("Memory Effect")"</a>. <i>Duracell.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duracell.com/oem/rechargeable/Nickel/voltdep.asp">the original</a> on March 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duracell.com&rft.atitle=Voltage+Depression+%28%22Memory+Effect%22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duracell.com%2Foem%2Frechargeable%2FNickel%2Fvoltdep.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/nh15-2300.pdf">"Energizer NH15-2300mAh datasheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energizer+NH15-2300mAh+datasheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.energizer.com%2FPDFs%2Fnh15-2300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandeep Dhameja (2002), Electric Vehicle Battery Systems, Newnes, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-9916-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-9916-7">0-7506-9916-7</a>, pp. 118, 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227062546/http://www.seabird.com/pdf_documents/manuals/NiMH_002.pdf">"Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery Charger and Battery Pack. User's Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seabird.com/pdf_documents/manuals/NiMH_002.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span></span>. <q>NiMH batteries self-discharge up to 20% in the first 24 hours after charging, then as much as 15% per month. Self-discharge is highly temperature dependent. NiMH batteries self discharge about three times faster at 40 °C than at 20 °C. Age also affects self-discharge. Older battery packs self-discharge faster than new ones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nickel+Metal+Hydride+%28NiMH%29+Battery+Charger+and+Battery+Pack.+User%27s+Manual.&rft.pub=Sea-Bird+Electronics%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seabird.com%2Fpdf_documents%2Fmanuals%2FNiMH_002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epanorama.net/links/psu_battery.html">"epanorama.net: Battery Power Supply Page"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span></span>. <q>A NiMH battery can lose up to 2% of its charge per day sitting on the shelf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=epanorama.net%3A+Battery+Power+Supply+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epanorama.net%2Flinks%2Fpsu_battery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629130110/http://www.teamtekin.com/batterynurse.html">"Battery Nurse: VCS, Voltage Control System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teamtekin.com/batterynurse.html">the original</a> on 2009-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span></span>. <q>NiMh batteries tend to self-discharge at 3–4% of capacity per day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battery+Nurse%3A+VCS%2C+Voltage+Control+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teamtekin.com%2Fbatterynurse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704080253/http://www.cellpacksolutions.co.uk/Custom-made/Choosing-the-right-battery-pack.asp">"Choosing the Right Battery Pack"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cellpacksolutions.co.uk/Custom-made/Choosing-the-right-battery-pack.asp">the original</a> on 2008-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-10</span></span>. <q>Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMh) Approx 1% per day if unused.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choosing+the+Right+Battery+Pack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cellpacksolutions.co.uk%2FCustom-made%2FChoosing-the-right-battery-pack.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211014901/http://www.gpbatteries.com/html/faq/index.html">"GP Batteries (Hong Kong) FAQ"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=New+Hybrid+Reviews%2C+News+%26+Hybrid+Mileage+%28MPG%29+Info+-+Hybrid+Cars&rft.au=Jeff+Cobb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fcomponents%2Fhybrid-battery-maker-cobasys-continues-falter-daimler-sues-0805.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boschert06-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boschert06_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry_Boschert2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Boschert" title="Sherry Boschert">Sherry Boschert</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc"><i>Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America</i></a></span>. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-571-4"><bdi>978-0-86571-571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plug-in+Hybrids%3A+The+Cars+that+will+Recharge+America&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers%2C+Gabriola+Island%2C+Canada&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-571-4&rft.au=Sherry+Boschert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpluginhybridscar00bosc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheCarThatCould-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheCarThatCould_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShnayerson1996" class="citation book cs1">Shnayerson, Michael (1996-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carthatcouldinsi0000shna/page/194"><i>The Car That Could: The Inside Story of GM's Revolutionary Electric Vehicle</i></a>. Random House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carthatcouldinsi0000shna/page/194">194–207, 263–264</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-42105-4"><bdi>978-0-679-42105-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Car+That+Could%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+GM%27s+Revolutionary+Electric+Vehicle&rft.pages=194-207%2C+263-264&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-679-42105-4&rft.aulast=Shnayerson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarthatcouldinsi0000shna%2Fpage%2F194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocweekly20030515-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ocweekly20030515_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoker2003" class="citation web cs1">Coker, M. (2003-05-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524025927/http://www.ocweekly.com/2003-05-15/features/dude-where-s-my-electric-car/4">"Dude, Wheres My Electric Car!?!"</a>. <i>OCWeekly.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocweekly.com/2003-05-15/features/dude-where-s-my-electric-car/4">the original</a> on 2009-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OCWeekly.com&rft.atitle=Dude%2C+Wheres+My+Electric+Car%21%3F%21&rft.date=2003-05-15&rft.aulast=Coker&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocweekly.com%2F2003-05-15%2Ffeatures%2Fdude-where-s-my-electric-car%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ovshinsky20081014-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ovshinsky20081014_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg_J.2008" class="citation web cs1">Greenberg J. (2008-10-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127212335/http://www.theenergyroadmap.com/futureblogger/show/1030-stanford-ovshinsky-and-the-future-of-energy-interview-part-1">"The Edison of our Age: Stan Ovshinsky and the Future of Energy (Video Interview Part 1)"</a>. The Energy Roadmap. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theenergyroadmap.com/futureblogger/show/1030-stanford-ovshinsky-and-the-future-of-energy-interview-part-1">the original</a> on 2017-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Edison+of+our+Age%3A+Stan+Ovshinsky+and+the+Future+of+Energy+%28Video+Interview+Part+1%29&rft.pub=The+Energy+Roadmap&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft.au=Greenberg+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theenergyroadmap.com%2Ffutureblogger%2Fshow%2F1030-stanford-ovshinsky-and-the-future-of-energy-interview-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel%E2%80%93metal+hydride+battery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haszstudios.com/electro/products/technicalpapers/BipolarNickel.pdf">"Bipolar Nickel Metal Hydride Battery" by Martin G. Klein, Michael Eskra, Robert Plivelich and Paula Ralston</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.energizer.com/pdfs/nickelmetalhydride_appman.pdf">Energizer Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Handbook and Application Manual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.globtek.com/nimh-battery-safety-notes/">NiMH battery charging and safety</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">Flow battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trough_battery" title="Trough battery">Trough battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogalvanic_cell" title="Thermogalvanic cell">Thermogalvanic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic pile</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galvanic_Cell.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galvanic cell"><img alt="Galvanic cell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/150px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Galvanic_Cell.svg/225px-Galvanic_Cell.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Daniell_cell" title="Daniell cell">Daniell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison%E2%80%93Lalande_cell" title="Edison–Lalande cell">Edison–Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_cell" title="Grove cell">Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9_cell" title="Leclanché cell">Leclanché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_metal_battery" title="Lithium metal battery">Lithium metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_battery" title="Mercury battery">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_oxyhydroxide_battery" title="Nickel oxyhydroxide battery">Nickel oxyhydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Silicon–air battery">Silicon–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide_battery" title="Silver oxide battery">Silver oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_cell" title="Weston cell">Weston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboni_pile" title="Zamboni pile">Zamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Zinc–air battery">Zinc–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">Zinc–carbon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">Secondary cell</a><br /><span class="nobold">(rechargeable)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">Lead–acid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VRLA_battery" title="VRLA battery">gel–VRLA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium ion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carbon_battery" title="Dual carbon battery">Dual carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">Lithium–iron–phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery" title="Lithium polymer battery">Lithium–polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Lithium–sulfur battery">Lithium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium-titanate_battery" title="Lithium-titanate battery">Lithium–titanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93air_electrochemical_cell" title="Metal–air electrochemical cell">Metal–air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten-salt_battery" title="Molten-salt battery">Molten salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopore_battery" title="Nanopore battery">Nanopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanowire_battery" title="Nanowire battery">Nanowire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">Nickel–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">Nickel–hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93iron_battery" title="Nickel–iron battery">Nickel–iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93lithium_battery" title="Nickel–lithium battery">Nickel–lithium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nickel–metal hydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93zinc_battery" title="Nickel–zinc battery">Nickel–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfide%E2%80%93bromide_battery" title="Polysulfide–bromide battery">Polysulfide–bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium-ion_battery" title="Potassium-ion battery">Potassium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_alkaline_battery" title="Rechargeable alkaline battery">Rechargeable alkaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Silver–cadmium battery">Silver–cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_zinc_battery" title="Silver zinc battery">Silver–zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-ion_battery" title="Sodium-ion battery">Sodium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery" title="Sodium–sulfur battery">Sodium–sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_battery" title="Solid-state battery">Solid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery" title="Vanadium redox battery">Vanadium redox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93bromine_battery" title="Zinc–bromine battery">Zinc–bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93cerium_battery" title="Zinc–cerium battery">Zinc–cerium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other cell</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_battery" title="Atomic battery">Atomic battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">Solar cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cell parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">Anode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">Binder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">Cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">Electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-cell" title="Half-cell">Half-cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_bridge" title="Salt bridge">Salt bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">Semipermeable membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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