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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_electric_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_electric_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Modern electric cars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_electric_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Economics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Manufacturing cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_cost_of_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_cost_of_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Total cost of ownership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_cost_of_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purchase_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purchase_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Purchase cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purchase_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Running_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Running_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Running costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Running_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Environmental aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Performance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acceleration_and_drivetrain_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceleration_and_drivetrain_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Acceleration and drivetrain design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceleration_and_drivetrain_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Energy efficiency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Energy efficiency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabin_heating_and_cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabin_heating_and_cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cabin heating and cooling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabin_heating_and_cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Weight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Stability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_of_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_of_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Risk of fire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_of_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Controls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Batteries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Batteries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Range </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Charging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Connectors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Home charging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_charging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_charging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Public charging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_charging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electric_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3.1 Electric roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_electric_road_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_electric_road_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3.1.1 National electric road projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_electric_road_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicle-to-grid:_uploading_and_grid_buffering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle-to-grid:_uploading_and_grid_buffering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.4 Vehicle-to-grid: uploading and grid buffering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle-to-grid:_uploading_and_grid_buffering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifespan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Lifespan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifespan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currently_available_electric_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currently_available_electric_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Currently available electric cars </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Currently_available_electric_cars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Currently available electric cars subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Currently_available_electric_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sales_of_electric_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales_of_electric_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sales of electric cars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales_of_electric_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_cars_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_cars_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Electric cars by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_cars_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_policies_and_incentives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_policies_and_incentives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Government policies and incentives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_policies_and_incentives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EV_plans_from_major_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EV_plans_from_major_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 EV plans from major manufacturers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EV_plans_from_major_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forecasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forecasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Forecasts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forecasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Electric car</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" > 77 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سيارة كهربائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيارة كهربائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_electrico" title="Auto electrico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Auto electrico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3vil_ll%C3%A9tricu" title="Automóvil llétricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Automóvil llétricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_avtomobili" title="Elektrik avtomobili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrik avtomobili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF" title="বৈদ্যুতিক গাড়ি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক গাড়ি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Электрамабіль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрамабіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Электрамабіль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрамабіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="इलेक्ट्रिक कार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रिक कार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Електрически автомобил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрически автомобил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotxe_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Cotxe elèctric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cotxe elèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromobil" title="Elektromobil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektromobil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_trydan" title="Car trydan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Car trydan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbil" title="Elbil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elbil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroauto" title="Elektroauto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektroauto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriauto" title="Elektriauto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektriauto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρικό αυτοκίνητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρικό αυτοκίνητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3vil_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Automóvil eléctrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Automóvil eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_a%C5%ADtomobilo" title="Elektra aŭtomobilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra aŭtomobilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_elektriko" title="Auto elektriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Auto elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="خودروی برقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودروی برقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiture_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Voiture électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voiture électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr_leictreach" title="Carr leictreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carr leictreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autom%C3%B3bil_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Automóbil eléctrico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Automóbil eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="برقي ماشين – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="برقي ماشين" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%EC%B0%A8" title="전기자동차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기자동차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Էլեկտրոմոբիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոմոբիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="विद्युत् कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत् कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_automobil" title="Električni automobil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Električni automobil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromobilo" title="Elektromobilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektromobilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobil_listrik" title="Mobil listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mobil listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafb%C3%ADll" title="Rafbíll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafbíll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_elettrica" title="Auto elettrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Auto elettrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מכונית חשמלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכונית חשמלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಕಾರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಕಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრომობილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრომობილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Электромобиль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электромобиль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomob%C3%AEla_elektr%C3%AEk" title="Otomobîla elektrîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Otomobîla elektrîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Электромобиль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электромобиль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%9F%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ລົດພະລັງງານໄຟຟ້າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລົດພະລັງງານໄຟຟ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromobilis" title="Elektromobilis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektromobilis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromobilis" title="Elektromobilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektromobilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromos_aut%C3%B3" title="Elektromos autó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektromos autó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Електричен автомобил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електричен автомобил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_elektrik" title="Kereta elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kereta elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto_listrik" title="Oto listrik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Oto listrik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လျှပ်စစ်ကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်စစ်ကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrische_auto" title="Elektrische auto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrische auto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A" title="電気自動車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電気自動車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroauto" title="Elektroauto – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektroauto" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbil" title="Elbil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elbil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbil" title="Elbil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elbil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromobil" title="Elektromobil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektromobil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%88%DB%8C" title="برقی گڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برقی گڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="برېښنايي موټر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي موټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoch%C3%B3d_elektryczny" title="Samochód elektryczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samochód elektryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carro_el%C3%A9trico" title="Carro elétrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carro elétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobil_electric" title="Automobil electric – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Automobil electric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Электромобиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электромобиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Электрокар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Электрокар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetura_elektrike" title="Vetura elektrike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vetura elektrike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80" title="විදිලි සරව්ව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විදිලි සරව්ව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromobil" title="Elektromobil – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektromobil" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_avtomobil" title="Električni avtomobil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Električni avtomobil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ئۆتۆمۆبیلی کارەبایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتۆمۆبیلی کارەبایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_automobil" title="Električni automobil – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Električni automobil" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_automobil" title="Električni automobil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električni automobil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6auto" title="Sähköauto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähköauto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbil" title="Elbil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elbil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="மின் தானுந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின் தானுந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Car propelled by an electric motor using energy stored in batteries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about electric automobiles. For all types of electric transportation, see <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:229px;max-width:229px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Modern all-electric cars</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:IBMTorontoSoftwareLabEVChargers4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/IBMTorontoSoftwareLabEVChargers4.jpg/225px-IBMTorontoSoftwareLabEVChargers4.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/IBMTorontoSoftwareLabEVChargers4.jpg/338px-IBMTorontoSoftwareLabEVChargers4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/IBMTorontoSoftwareLabEVChargers4.jpg/450px-IBMTorontoSoftwareLabEVChargers4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_2_(45992539055).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nissan_Leaf_2_%2845992539055%29.jpg/225px-Nissan_Leaf_2_%2845992539055%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nissan_Leaf_2_%2845992539055%29.jpg/338px-Nissan_Leaf_2_%2845992539055%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nissan_Leaf_2_%2845992539055%29.jpg/450px-Nissan_Leaf_2_%2845992539055%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4297" data-file-height="2785" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyundai_Ioniq_5_IMG_4854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hyundai_Ioniq_5_IMG_4854.jpg/225px-Hyundai_Ioniq_5_IMG_4854.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hyundai_Ioniq_5_IMG_4854.jpg/338px-Hyundai_Ioniq_5_IMG_4854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hyundai_Ioniq_5_IMG_4854.jpg/450px-Hyundai_Ioniq_5_IMG_4854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5677" data-file-height="2742" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_5" title="Hyundai Ioniq 5">Hyundai Ioniq 5</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg/225px-BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg/338px-BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg/450px-BMW_i3_AMS_12_2016_0372.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:1px solid #aaa; width:18.5em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;font-size:145%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wind turbines near Vendsyssel, Denmark (2004)"><img alt="A car drives past 4 wind turbines in a field, with more on the horizon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/180px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/270px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/El-v-01_ubt.jpeg/360px-El-v-01_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="245" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">Building insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">Compact fluorescent lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohouse" title="Ecohouse">Ecohouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_audit" title="Energy audit">Energy audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_implementation" title="Energy efficiency implementation">Energy efficiency implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_saving_lamp" title="Energy saving lamp">Energy saving lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-energy_building_techniques" title="List of low-energy building techniques">List of low-energy building techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_house" title="Low-energy house">Low-energy house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar building design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_habitat" title="Sustainable habitat">Sustainable habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Sustainable refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">Thermal energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_green_building" title="Tropical green building">Tropical green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_heating_building" title="Zero heating building">Zero heating building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-energy_building" title="Zero-energy building">Zero-energy building</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_barrage" title="Tidal barrage">Tidal barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_farm" title="Tidal farm">Tidal farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Renewable energy transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_wind_turbine" title="Floating wind turbine">Floating wind turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_forecasting" title="Wind power forecasting">Forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_industry" title="Wind power industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_lens" title="Wind lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wind_energy" title="Outline of wind energy">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_rights" title="Wind rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">Turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbelt" title="Windbelt">Windbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windpump" title="Windpump">Windpump</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#c8ffb8;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Bicycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93electric_hybrid_vehicle" title="Human–electric hybrid vehicle">Human-electric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twike" title="Twike">Twike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_transport" title="Human-powered transport">Human-powered transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_helicopter" title="Human-powered helicopter">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_hydrofoil" title="Human-powered hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_land_vehicle" title="Human-powered land vehicle">Land vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">Bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">Kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Quadracycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">Tricycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velomobile" title="Velomobile">Velomobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_watercraft" title="Human-powered watercraft">Watercraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Tram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy" title="Category:Renewable energy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/16px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/24px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/32px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainable_energy" title="Template talk:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable_energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainable energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> An electric car or electric vehicle (EV) is a <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car">passenger automobile</a> that is propelled by an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric</a> <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">traction motor</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy" title="Electrical energy">electrical energy</a> as the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Propulsion" title="Propulsion">propulsion</a>. The term normally refers to a <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicle</a>, typically a <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicle</a> (BEV), which only uses energy stored in <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">on-board battery packs</a>, but broadly may also include <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle">plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a> (PHEV), <a href="/wiki/Range_extender" title="Range extender">range-extended</a> electric vehicle (REEV) and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel cell electric vehicle">fuel cell electric vehicle</a> (FCEV), which can convert electric power from other <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generator</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a>. Compared to conventional <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> (ICE) vehicles, electric cars are quieter, more responsive, have superior <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy conversion efficiency</a> and no <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas#Main_motor_vehicle_emissions" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust emissions</a>, as well as a lower overall <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> from manufacturing to end of life<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (even when a <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a> supplying the electricity might add to its emissions). Due to the superior efficiency of electric motors, electric cars also generate less <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a>, thus reducing the need for <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">engine cooling systems</a> that are often large, complicated and maintenance-prone in ICE vehicles. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">electric vehicle battery</a> typically needs to be plugged into a <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains electricity</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_supply" title="Power supply">power supply</a> for <a href="/wiki/Battery_charger" title="Battery charger">recharging</a> in order to maximize the <a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">cruising range</a>. Recharging an electric car can be done at different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">charging stations</a>; these charging stations can be installed in <a href="/wiki/Private_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Private home">private homes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parking_garage" class="mw-redirect" title="Parking garage">parking garages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Public area">public areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> There is also <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> in, as well as deployment of, other technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Battery_swapping" title="Battery swapping">battery swapping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging" title="Inductive charging">inductive charging</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network" title="Electric vehicle charging network">recharging infrastructure</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Fast_charger" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast charger">fast chargers</a>) is still in its infancy, <a href="/wiki/Range_anxiety" title="Range anxiety">range anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">time cost</a> are frequent psychological obstacles during <a href="/wiki/Buyer_decision_process" title="Buyer decision process">consumer purchasing decisions</a> against electric cars. Worldwide, 14 million <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric car">plug-in electric cars</a> were sold in 2023, 18% of new car sales, up from 14% in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:12-4">[4]</a> Many countries have established <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles</a>, tax credits, subsidies, and other non-monetary incentives while several countries have legislated to <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">phase-out sales of fossil fuel cars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> to reduce <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">limit climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thunberg-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> EVs are expected to account for over one-fifth of global car sales in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:12-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> currently has the <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_China" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in China">largest stock of electric vehicles in the world</a>, with cumulative sales of 5.5 million units through December 2020,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] although these figures also include heavy-duty <a href="/wiki/Commercial_vehicle" title="Commercial vehicle">commercial vehicles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garbage_truck" title="Garbage truck">garbage trucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">sanitation vehicles</a>, and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in China.<a href="#cite_note-China2016-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-China2017-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-China2018-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEVsChina2019-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChinaNEV2020-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChinaNEV2021-15">[15]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, as of 2020, the total cost of ownership of recent electric vehicles is cheaper than that of equivalent ICE cars, due to lower fueling and maintenance costs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-17">[17]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y" title="Tesla Model Y">Tesla Model Y</a> became the world's best selling car.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> became the world's all-time best-selling electric car in early 2020,<a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-19">[19]</a> and in June 2021 became the first electric car to pass 1 million global sales.<a href="#cite_note-1miModel3-20">[20]</a> Together with other emerging automotive technologies such as autonomous driving, connected vehicles and shared mobility, electric cars form a future mobility vision called Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared (ACES) Mobility.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_classification_by_propulsion_system" title="Vehicle classification by propulsion system">Vehicle classification by propulsion system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle#Terminology" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle § Terminology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></div> The term "electric car" typically refers specifically to <a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric vehicles</a> (BEVs) or all-electric cars, a type of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> (EV) that has an onboard <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery pack</a> that can be plugged in and charged from the <a href="/wiki/Electric_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric grid">electric grid</a>, and the electricity stored on the vehicle is the only energy source that provide propulsion for the wheels. The term generally refers to highway-capable automobiles, but there are also low-speed electric vehicles with limitations in terms of weight, power, and maximum speed that are allowed to travel on certain public roads. The latter are classified as <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicles</a> (NEVs) in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and as electric <a href="/wiki/Motorised_quadricycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorised quadricycle">motorised quadricycles</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicle" title="History of the electric vehicle">History of the electric vehicle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_developments">Early developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early developments">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(inventor)" title="Robert Anderson (inventor)">Robert Anderson</a> is often credited with inventing the first electric car some time between 1832 and 1839.<a href="#cite_note-Roth_2-3-24">[24]</a> The following experimental electric cars appeared during the 1880s: <ul><li>In 1881, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Trouv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Trouvé">Gustave Trouvé</a> presented an electric car driven by an improved <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> motor at the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrical_Congress" title="International Electrical Congress">Exposition internationale d'Électricité de Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li>In 1884, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(inventor)" title="Thomas Parker (inventor)">Thomas Parker</a> built an electric car in <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton, England</a> using his own specially-designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries, although the only documentation is a photograph from 1895.<a href="#cite_note-Guarnieri,_2012-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>In 1888, the German <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Flocken" title="Andreas Flocken">Andreas Flocken</a> designed the <a href="/wiki/Flocken_Elektrowagen" title="Flocken Elektrowagen">Flocken Elektrowagen</a>, regarded by some as the first "real" electric car.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>In 1890, Andrew Morrison introduced the first electric car to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:5-32">[32]</a></li></ul> Electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, providing a level of comfort and an ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline-driven cars of the time.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The electric vehicle fleet peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles at the turn of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1897, electric cars first found commercial use as <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxis</a> in Britain and in the United States. In London, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bersey" title="Walter Bersey">Walter Bersey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bersey_electric_cab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bersey electric cab">electric cabs</a> were the first self-propelled vehicles for hire at a time when cabs were horse-drawn.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In New York City, a fleet of twelve <a href="/wiki/Hansom_cab" title="Hansom cab">hansom cabs</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">brougham</a>, based on the design of the <a href="/wiki/Electrobat" title="Electrobat">Electrobat II</a>, formed part of a project funded in part by the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Storage_Battery_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Storage Battery Company">Electric Storage Battery Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> During the 20th century, the main manufacturers of electric vehicles in the United States included Anthony Electric, Baker, Columbia, Anderson, Edison, Riker, Milburn, <a href="/wiki/S.R._Bailey_%26_Co." title="S.R. Bailey & Co.">Bailey Electric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Electric" title="Detroit Electric">Detroit Electric</a>. Their electric vehicles were quieter than gasoline-powered ones, and did not require gear changes.<a href="#cite_note-automobilesreview-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Six electric cars held the <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record" title="Land speed record">land speed record</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The last of them was the rocket-shaped <a href="/wiki/La_Jamais_Contente" title="La Jamais Contente">La Jamais Contente</a>, driven by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Jenatzy" title="Camille Jenatzy">Camille Jenatzy</a>, which broke the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier by reaching a top speed of 105.88 km/h (65.79 mph) in 1899. Electric cars remained popular until advances in <a href="/wiki/Internal-combustion_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal-combustion engine">internal-combustion engine</a> (ICE) cars and <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of cheaper gasoline- and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>-powered vehicles, especially the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>, led to a decline.<a href="#cite_note-:5-32">[32]</a> ICE cars' much quicker refueling times and cheaper production costs made them more popular. However, a decisive moment came with the introduction in 1912 of the electric <a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">starter motor</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> that replaced other, often laborious, methods of starting the ICE, such as <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)#20th_Century" title="Crank (mechanism)">hand-cranking</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustave Trouvé's personal electric vehicle (1881), the world's first publicly presented full-scale electric car powered by an improved Siemens motor"><img alt="Gustave Trouvé's personal electric vehicle (1881), the world's first publicly presented full-scale electric car powered by an improved Siemens motor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png/329px-Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png/494px-Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png/658px-Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran_2016-10-14_%C3%A0_21.26.28.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="577" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Trouv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Trouvé">Gustave Trouvé</a>'s personal electric vehicle (1881), the world's first publicly presented full-scale electric car powered by an improved <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> motor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Trolleybuss_of_Siemens_in_Berlin_1882_(postcard).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Electromote, the world's first trolleybus by Werner von Siemens, Berlin 1882"><img alt="The Electromote, the world's first trolleybus by Werner von Siemens, Berlin 1882" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/First_Trolleybuss_of_Siemens_in_Berlin_1882_%28postcard%29.jpg/316px-First_Trolleybuss_of_Siemens_in_Berlin_1882_%28postcard%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/First_Trolleybuss_of_Siemens_in_Berlin_1882_%28postcard%29.jpg/474px-First_Trolleybuss_of_Siemens_in_Berlin_1882_%28postcard%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/First_Trolleybuss_of_Siemens_in_Berlin_1882_%28postcard%29.jpg/632px-First_Trolleybuss_of_Siemens_in_Berlin_1882_%28postcard%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="591" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Electromote" title="Electromote">Electromote</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a>, Berlin 1882</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Flocken Elektrowagen (1888) was the first four-wheeled electric car in the world[41]"><img alt="The Flocken Elektrowagen (1888) was the first four-wheeled electric car in the world[41]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg/320px-1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg/480px-1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg/640px-1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flocken_Elektrowagen" title="Flocken Elektrowagen">Flocken Elektrowagen</a> (1888) was the first four-wheeled electric car in the world<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early electric car built by Thomas Parker - photo from 1895[42]"><img alt="Early electric car built by Thomas Parker - photo from 1895[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg/349px-Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Thomas_Parker_Electric_car.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="241" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early electric car built by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(inventor)" title="Thomas Parker (inventor)">Thomas Parker</a> - photo from 1895<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamais_contente.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""La Jamais Contente", 1899"><img alt=""La Jamais Contente", 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jamais_contente.jpg/346px-Jamais_contente.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Jamais_contente.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="332" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/La_Jamais_Contente" title="La Jamais Contente">La Jamais Contente</a>", 1899</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA's Lunar Roving Vehicles were battery-driven (1971)"><img alt="NASA's Lunar Roving Vehicles were battery-driven (1971)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/363px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/544px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Apollo15LunarRover.jpg/726px-Apollo15LunarRover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1088" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicles</a> were battery-driven (1971)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EV1_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The General Motors EV1, one of the cars introduced due to a California Air Resources Board (CARB) mandate, had a range of 260 km (160 miles) with NiMH batteries in 1999."><img alt="The General Motors EV1, one of the cars introduced due to a California Air Resources Board (CARB) mandate, had a range of 260 km (160 miles) with NiMH batteries in 1999." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EV1_%286%29.jpg/334px-EV1_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EV1_%286%29.jpg/501px-EV1_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/EV1_%286%29.jpg/668px-EV1_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="520" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_EV1" title="General Motors EV1">General Motors EV1</a>, one of the cars introduced due to a <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB) mandate, had a range of 260 km (160 miles) with <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery" title="Nickel–metal hydride battery">NiMH batteries</a> in 1999.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Roadster.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tesla Roadster (2008) helped inspire the modern generation of electric vehicles."><img alt="The Tesla Roadster (2008) helped inspire the modern generation of electric vehicles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tesla_Roadster.JPG/355px-Tesla_Roadster.JPG" decoding="async" width="237" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tesla_Roadster.JPG/533px-Tesla_Roadster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tesla_Roadster.JPG/710px-Tesla_Roadster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1014" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Roadster (2008)">Tesla Roadster</a> (2008) helped inspire the modern generation of electric vehicles.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_electric_cars">Modern electric cars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern electric cars">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1990s the <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> (CARB) began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal of a move to <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">zero-emissions vehicles</a> such as electric vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-TwoBillion-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boschert06-44">[44]</a> In response, automakers developed electric models. These early cars were eventually withdrawn from the U.S. market, because of a massive campaign by the US automakers to discredit the idea of electric cars.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> electric-automaker <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Motors">Tesla Motors</a> began development in 2004 of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Roadster (2008)">Tesla Roadster</a>, first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster was the first highway-legal all-electric car to use <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a> cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 320 km (200 miles) per charge.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Better_Place_(company)" title="Better Place (company)">Better Place</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture-backed</a> company based in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, but steered from <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, developed and sold battery charging and <a href="/wiki/Battery_swapping" title="Battery swapping">battery swapping</a> services for electric cars. The company was publicly launched on 29 October 2007 and announced deployment of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicle network">electric vehicle networks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> in 2008 and 2009. The company planned to deploy the infrastructure on a country-by-country basis. In January 2008, Better Place announced a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> with <a href="/wiki/Renault-Nissan" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault-Nissan">Renault-Nissan</a> to build the world's first Electric Recharge Grid Operator (ERGO) model for Israel. Under the agreement, Better Place would build the electric recharge grid and <a href="/wiki/Renault-Nissan" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault-Nissan">Renault-Nissan</a> would provide the <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>. Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel in May 2013. The company's financial difficulties were caused by mismanagement, wasteful efforts to establish toeholds and run pilots in too many countries, the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, and a market penetration far lower than originally predicted.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg/220px-Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg/330px-Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg/440px-Volkswagen_ID.3_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0779.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> has invested in a wide-ranging electrification strategy in Europe, North America and China, with its <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_MEB_platform" title="Volkswagen Group MEB platform">electric "MEB" platform</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEV" title="Mitsubishi i-MiEV">Mitsubishi i-MiEV</a>, launched in 2009 in Japan, was the first highway-legal <a href="/wiki/Series_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Series production">series production</a> electric car,<a href="#cite_note-Reuters100330-48">[48]</a> and also the first all-electric car to sell more than 10,000 units. Several months later, the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a>, launched in 2010, surpassed the i MiEV as the best selling all-electric car at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Guinnes-49">[49]</a> Starting in 2008, a renaissance in electric vehicle manufacturing occurred due to advances in batteries, and the desire to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse-gas_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse-gas emissions">greenhouse-gas emissions</a> and to improve urban <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PEVs-50">[50]</a> During the 2010s, the <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_industry_in_China" title="Electric vehicle industry in China">electric vehicle industry in China</a> expanded rapidly with government support.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Several automakers marked up the prices of their electric vehicles in anticipation of the subsidy adjustments, including Tesla, Volkswagen and Guangzhou-based GAC Group, which counts Fiat, Honda, Isuzu, Mitsubishi, and Toyota as foreign partners.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In July 2019 US-based <a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a> magazine awarded the fully-electric Tesla Model S the title "ultimate car of the year".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In March 2020 the <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> passed the Nissan Leaf to become the world's all-time best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units delivered;<a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-19">[19]</a> it reached the milestone of 1 million global sales in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-1miModel3-20">[20]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/217px-2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/326px-2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg/434px-2020%2B_Electric_vehicle_stock_-_International_Energy_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The global stock of both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has grown steadily since the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-IEA_GlobalEVoutlook_2023-54">[54]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_(EV)_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg/217px-2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg/326px-2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg/434px-2015-_Passenger_electric_vehicle_%28EV%29_annual_sales_-_BloombergNEF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sales of passenger electric vehicles (EVs) indicate a trend away from gas-powered vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-BloombergNEF_20230112-55">[55]</a></div></div></div></div></div> In the third quarter of 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Automotive_Innovation" title="Alliance for Automotive Innovation">Alliance for Automotive Innovation</a> reported that sales of electric vehicles had reached six percent of all US light-duty automotive sales, the highest volume of EV sales ever recorded at 187,000 vehicles. This was an 11% sales increase, as opposed to a 1.3% increase in gasoline and diesel-powered units. The report indicated that California was the US leader in EV with nearly 40% of US purchases, followed by Florida – 6%, Texas – 5% and New York 4.4%.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Electric companies from the Middle East have been designing electric cars. Oman's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mays_Motors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mays Motors (page does not exist)">Mays Motors</a> have developed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mays_i_E1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mays i E1 (page does not exist)">Mays i E1</a> which is expected to begin production in 2023. Built from carbon fibre, it has a range of about 560 km (350 miles) and can accelerate from 0–130 km/h (0–80 mph) in about 4 secs.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In Turkey, the EV company <a href="/wiki/Togg" title="Togg">Togg</a> is starting production of its electric vehicles. Batteries will be created in a joint venture with the Chinese company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Farasis_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farasis Energy (page does not exist)">Farasis Energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_cost">Manufacturing cost</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Manufacturing cost">edit</a>]</div> The most expensive part of an electric car is its battery. The price decreased from €605 per kWh in 2010, to €170 in 2017, to €100 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> When designing an electric vehicle, manufacturers may find that for low production, converting existing <a href="/wiki/Car_platform" title="Car platform">platforms</a> may be cheaper, as development cost is lower; however, for higher production, a dedicated platform may be preferred to optimize design, and cost.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_cost_of_ownership">Total cost of ownership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Total cost of ownership">edit</a>]</div> In the EU and US, but not yet China, the total cost of ownership of recent electric cars is cheaper than that of equivalent gasoline cars, due to lower fueling and maintenance costs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A 2024 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a> analysis of 29 car brands found Tesla was the least expensive to maintain over a 10-year period; Tesla was the only all-electric brand included.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The greater the distance driven per year, the more likely the <a href="/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownership" title="Total cost of ownership">total cost of ownership</a> for an electric car will be less than for an equivalent ICE car.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Break-even" title="Break-even">break-even</a> distance varies by country depending on the taxes, subsidies, and different costs of energy. In some countries the comparison may vary by city, as a type of car may have different charges to enter different cities; for example, in England, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> charges ICE cars more than <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> does.<a href="#cite_note-Brum2019-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Purchase_cost">Purchase cost</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Purchase cost">edit</a>]</div> Several national and local governments have established <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">EV incentives</a> to reduce the purchase price of electric cars and other plug-ins.<a href="#cite_note-JAMAFact-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT0610-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-GCC0420-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-IRS2009-69">[69]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">electric vehicle battery</a> is more than a quarter of the total cost of the car.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Purchase prices are expected to drop below those of new ICE cars when battery costs fall below US$100 per kWh, which is forecast to be in the mid-2020s.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Leasing or subscriptions are popular in some countries,<a href="#cite_note-EarlyEV-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> depending somewhat on national taxes and subsidies,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and end of lease cars are expanding the second hand market.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In a June 2022 report by AlixPartners, the cost for raw materials on an average EV rose from $3,381 in March 2020 to $8,255 in May 2022. The cost increase voice is attributed mainly to lithium, nickel, and cobalt.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Running_costs">Running costs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Running costs">edit</a>]</div> Electricity almost always costs less than gasoline per kilometer travelled, but the price of electricity often varies depending on where and what time of day the car is charged.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Cost savings are also affected by the price of gasoline which can vary by location.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_aspects">Environmental aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental aspects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/220px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/330px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg/440px-Piles_of_Salt_Salar_de_Uyuni_Bolivia_Luca_Galuzzi_2006_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> is one of the largest known <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> reserves in the world.<a href="#cite_note-NYTBolivia-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_aspects_of_the_electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental aspects of the electric car">Environmental aspects of the electric car</a></div> Electric cars have several benefits when replacing ICE cars, including a significant reduction of local air pollution, as they do not emit <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions">exhaust pollutants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">oxides of nitrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Similar to ICE vehicles, electric cars emit particulates from tyre and brake wear<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> which may damage health,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> although regenerative braking in electric cars means less brake dust.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> More research is needed on non-exhaust particulates.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The sourcing of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> (oil well to gasoline tank) causes further damage as well as use of resources during the extraction and refinement processes. Depending on the production process and the source of the electricity to charge the vehicle, emissions may be partly shifted from cities to the plants that generate electricity and produce the car as well as to the transportation of material.<a href="#cite_note-TwoBillion-43">[43]</a> The amount of carbon dioxide emitted depends on the <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">emissions</a> of the electricity source and the efficiency of the vehicle. For <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">electricity from the grid</a>, the life-cycle emissions vary depending on the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power</a>, but are always less than ICE cars.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The cost of installing charging infrastructure has been estimated to be repaid by health cost savings in less than three years.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> According to a 2020 study, balancing <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> supply and demand for the rest of the century will require good recycling systems, vehicle-to-grid integration, and lower lithium intensity of transportation.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Some activists and journalists have raised concerns over the perceived lack of impact of electric cars in solving the climate change crisis<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> compared to other, less popularized methods.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These concerns have largely centered around the existence of less carbon-intensive and more efficient forms of transportation such as <a href="/wiki/Active_mobility" title="Active mobility">active mobility</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass-transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-transit">mass transit</a> and e-scooters and the continuation of a system designed for cars first.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_and_American_car_buyers_would_opt_for_hybrid_or_petrol_or_diesel_cars,_while_Chinese_respondents_favour_fully_electric_cars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/European_and_American_car_buyers_would_opt_for_hybrid_or_petrol_or_diesel_cars%2C_while_Chinese_respondents_favour_fully_electric_cars.jpg/170px-European_and_American_car_buyers_would_opt_for_hybrid_or_petrol_or_diesel_cars%2C_while_Chinese_respondents_favour_fully_electric_cars.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/European_and_American_car_buyers_would_opt_for_hybrid_or_petrol_or_diesel_cars%2C_while_Chinese_respondents_favour_fully_electric_cars.jpg/255px-European_and_American_car_buyers_would_opt_for_hybrid_or_petrol_or_diesel_cars%2C_while_Chinese_respondents_favour_fully_electric_cars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/European_and_American_car_buyers_would_opt_for_hybrid_or_petrol_or_diesel_cars%2C_while_Chinese_respondents_favour_fully_electric_cars.jpg/340px-European_and_American_car_buyers_would_opt_for_hybrid_or_petrol_or_diesel_cars%2C_while_Chinese_respondents_favour_fully_electric_cars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>A 2022 climate survey highlighting European, American, and Chinese car buying preferences.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></figcaption></figure> A 2022 survey found that 33% of car buyers in Europe will opt for a petrol or diesel car when purchasing a new vehicle. 67% of the respondents mentioned opting for the hybrid or electric version.<a href="#cite_note-:28-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> More specifically, it found that electric cars are only preferred by 28% of Europeans, making them the least preferred type of vehicle. 39% of Europeans tend to prefer <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicles</a>, while 33% prefer petrol or <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:28-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> 44% Chinese car buyers, on the other hand, are the most likely to buy an electric car, while 38% of Americans would opt for a hybrid car, 33% would prefer petrol or diesel, while only 29% would go for an electric car.<a href="#cite_note-:28-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Specifically for the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, 47% of car buyers over 65 years old are likely to purchase a hybrid vehicle, while 31% of younger respondents do not consider hybrid vehicles a good option. 35% would rather opt for a petrol or diesel vehicle, and 24% for an electric car instead of a hybrid.<a href="#cite_note-:28-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In the EU, only 13% of the total population do not plan on owning a vehicle at all.<a href="#cite_note-:28-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Performance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceleration_and_drivetrain_design">Acceleration and drivetrain design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Acceleration and drivetrain design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_car_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Electric_car_diagram.svg/220px-Electric_car_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Electric_car_diagram.svg/330px-Electric_car_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Electric_car_diagram.svg/440px-Electric_car_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Typical "skateboard" layout with the battery as floor and a motor at one or both axles</figcaption></figure> Electric motors can provide high <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratios</a>. Batteries can be designed to supply the electrical current needed to support these motors. Electric motors have a flat torque curve down to zero speed. For simplicity and reliability, most electric cars use fixed-ratio gearboxes and have no clutch. Many electric cars have faster acceleration than average ICE cars, largely due to reduced drivetrain frictional losses and the more quickly-available torque of an electric motor.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> However, NEVs may have a low acceleration due to their relatively weak motors. Electric vehicles can also use a <a href="/wiki/Wheel_hub_motor" title="Wheel hub motor">motor in each wheel hub</a> or next to the wheels; this is rare but claimed to be safer.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Electric vehicles that lack an <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential (mechanics)">differential</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a> can have less drivetrain inertia. Some <a href="/wiki/DC_motor" title="DC motor">direct current motor</a>-equipped drag racer EVs have simple two-speed <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual transmissions</a> to improve top speed.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The concept electric supercar <a href="/wiki/Rimac_Concept_One" title="Rimac Concept One">Rimac Concept One</a> claims it can go from 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) in 2.5 seconds. Tesla claims the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Roadster (2020)">Tesla Roadster</a> will go 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 1.9 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_car_energy_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric car energy efficiency">Electric car energy efficiency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_flow_in_cars_(recuperation_in_green).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Energy_flow_in_cars_%28recuperation_in_green%29.pdf/page1-220px-Energy_flow_in_cars_%28recuperation_in_green%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Energy_flow_in_cars_%28recuperation_in_green%29.pdf/page1-330px-Energy_flow_in_cars_%28recuperation_in_green%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Energy_flow_in_cars_%28recuperation_in_green%29.pdf/page1-440px-Energy_flow_in_cars_%28recuperation_in_green%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Energy efficiency of electric cars in towns and on motorways according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DoE</a></figcaption></figure> Internal combustion engines have <a href="/wiki/Carnot%27s_theorem_(thermodynamics)" title="Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics)">thermodynamic limits</a> on efficiency, expressed as a fraction of energy used to propel the vehicle compared to energy produced by burning fuel. <a href="/wiki/Gasoline_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasoline engine">Gasoline engines</a> effectively use only 15% of the fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power accessories; <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> can reach on-board efficiency of 20%; electric vehicles convert over 77% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-PEVs2-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Electric motors are more efficient than internal combustion engines in converting stored energy into driving a vehicle. However, they are not equally efficient at all speeds. To allow for this, some cars with dual electric motors have one electric motor with a gear optimised for city speeds and the second electric motor with a gear optimised for highway speeds. The electronics select the motor that has the best efficiency for the current speed and acceleration.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">Regenerative braking</a>, which is most common in electric vehicles, can recover as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking.<a href="#cite_note-TwoBillion-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-PEVs2-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabin_heating_and_cooling">Cabin heating and cooling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cabin heating and cooling">edit</a>]</div> Combustion powered cars harness waste heat from the engine to provide cabin heating, but this option is not available in an electric vehicle. While heating can be provided with an electric resistance heater, higher efficiency and integral cooling can be obtained with a reversible <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a>, such as on the Nissan Leaf.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Positive_Temperature_Coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive Temperature Coefficient">PTC junction cooling</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> is also attractive for its simplicity—this kind of system is used, for example, in the 2008 Tesla Roadster. To avoid using part of the battery's energy for heating and thus reducing the range, some models allow the cabin to be heated while the car is plugged in. For example, the Nissan Leaf, the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Renault Zoe and Tesla cars can be preheated while the vehicle is plugged in.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Some electric cars (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Berlingo_Electrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën Berlingo Electrique">Citroën Berlingo Electrique</a>) use an auxiliary heating system (for example <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>-fueled units manufactured by Webasto or Eberspächer) but sacrifice "green" and "Zero emissions" credentials. Cabin cooling can be augmented with <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> <a href="/wiki/External_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="External battery">external batteries</a> and USB fans or coolers, or by automatically allowing outside air to flow through the car when parked; two models of the 2010 Toyota Prius include this feature as an option.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V10084P006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/V10084P006.jpg/220px-V10084P006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/V10084P006.jpg/330px-V10084P006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/V10084P006.jpg/440px-V10084P006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="2390" /></a><figcaption>Side impact test of a <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_X" title="Tesla Model X">Tesla Model X</a></figcaption></figure> The safety issues of BEVs are largely dealt with by the international standard <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 6469. This document is divided into three parts dealing with specific issues: <ul><li>On-board electrical energy storage, i.e. the battery<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>Functional safety means and protection against failures<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>Protection of persons against electrical hazards<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li></ul> Research published in the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a> in 2024 indicates that between 2013 and 2017 in the United Kingdom, electric cars killed pedestrians at twice the rate of petrol or diesel vehicles because "they are less audible to pedestrians in urban areas".<a href="#cite_note-Searles-118">[118]</a> Jurisdictions have passed laws requiring electric vehicles to be manufactured with sound generators.<a href="#cite_note-Searles-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight">Weight</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Weight">edit</a>]</div> The weight of the batteries themselves usually makes an EV heavier than a comparable gasoline vehicle. In a collision, the occupants of a heavy vehicle will, on average, suffer fewer and less serious injuries than the occupants of a lighter vehicle; therefore, the additional weight brings safety benefits to the occupant, while increasing harm to others.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On average, an accident will cause about 50% more injuries to the occupants of a 2,000 lb (900 kg) vehicle than those in a 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Heavier cars are more dangerous to people outside the car if they hit a pedestrian or another vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability">Stability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stability">edit</a>]</div> The battery in <a href="/wiki/Skateboard_(automotive_platform)" title="Skateboard (automotive platform)">skateboard configuration</a> lowers the center of gravity, increasing driving stability, lowering the risk of an accident through loss of control.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Additionally, a lower center of gravity provides a greater resistance to roll-over crashes.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> If there is a separate motor near or in each wheel, this is claimed to be safer due to better handling.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_of_fire">Risk of fire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Risk of fire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle_fire_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents">Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents</a></div> Like their ICE counterparts, <a href="/wiki/Electric-vehicle_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric-vehicle battery">electric vehicle batteries</a> can catch fire after a crash or mechanical failure.<a href="#cite_note-Spotnitz:2003a-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle_fire_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents">Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents</a> have occurred, albeit fewer per distance traveled than ICE vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Some cars' high-voltage systems are designed to shut down automatically in the event of an airbag deployment,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and in case of failure firefighters may be trained for manual high-voltage system shutdown.<a href="#cite_note-LeafCrash-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Much more water may be required than for ICE car fires and a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera" title="Thermal imaging camera">thermal imaging camera</a> is recommended to warn of possible re-ignition of battery fires.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controls">Controls</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controls">edit</a>]</div> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a>, most electric cars have similar driving controls to that of a car with a conventional <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">automatic transmission</a>. Even though the motor may be permanently connected to the wheels through a fixed-ratio gear, and no <a href="/wiki/Parking_pawl" title="Parking pawl">parking pawl</a> may be present, the modes "P" and "N" are often still provided on the selector. In this case, the motor is disabled in "N" and an electrically actuated <a href="/wiki/Hand_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand brake">hand brake</a> provides the "P" mode. In some cars, the motor will spin slowly to provide a small amount of creep in "D", similar to a traditional automatic transmission car.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> When an internal combustion vehicle's accelerator is released, it may slow by <a href="/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">engine braking</a>, depending on the type of transmission and mode. EVs are usually equipped with <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative braking</a> that slows the vehicle and recharges the battery somewhat.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Regenerative braking systems also decrease the use of the conventional brakes (similar to engine braking in an ICE vehicle), reducing brake wear and maintenance costs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Batteries">Batteries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Batteries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg/220px-Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg/330px-Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg/440px-Nissan_Leaf_battery_pack_DC_03_2011_1629.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Nissan Leaf battery pack</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">Electric vehicle battery</a></div> Lithium-ion-based batteries are often used for their high power and energy density.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Batteries with different chemical compositions are becoming more widely used, such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery#Transportation" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">lithium iron phosphate</a> which is not dependent on nickel and cobalt so can be used to make cheaper batteries and thus cheaper cars.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range">Range</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Range">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_cars_currently_available" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electric cars currently available">List of electric cars currently available</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BEV_EPA_range_comparison_2020_model_year_USA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Comparison of EPA-rated range for model year 2020 electric cars rated up until January 2020." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BEV_EPA_range_comparison_2020_model_year_USA.png/220px-BEV_EPA_range_comparison_2020_model_year_USA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BEV_EPA_range_comparison_2020_model_year_USA.png/330px-BEV_EPA_range_comparison_2020_model_year_USA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BEV_EPA_range_comparison_2020_model_year_USA.png/440px-BEV_EPA_range_comparison_2020_model_year_USA.png 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a>-rated <a href="/wiki/All-electric_range" title="All-electric range">range</a> for <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a> 2020 electric cars rated up until January 2020<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></figcaption></figure> The range of an electric car depends on the number and type of batteries used, and (as with all vehicles), the aerodynamics, weight and type of vehicle, performance requirements, and the weather.<a href="#cite_note-Liasi-138">[138]</a> Cars marketed for mainly city use are often manufactured with a short range battery to keep them small and light.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Most electric cars are fitted with a display of the expected range. This may take into account how the vehicle is being used and what the battery is powering. However, since factors can vary over the route, the estimate can vary from the actual range. The display allows the driver to make informed choices about driving speed and whether to stop at a charging point en route. Some <a href="/wiki/Roadside_assistance" title="Roadside assistance">roadside assistance</a> organizations offer charge trucks to recharge electric cars in case of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charging">Charging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Charging">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Connectors">Connectors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Connectors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">IEC 62196</a></div> Most electric cars use <a href="/wiki/Direct_coupling" title="Direct coupling">a wired connection</a> to supply electricity for recharging. Electric vehicle charging plugs are not universal throughout the world. However vehicles using one type of plug are generally able to charge at other types of charging stations through the use of plug adapters.<a href="#cite_note-Autoblog2018-141">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Type_2_connector" title="Type 2 connector">Type 2 connector</a> is the most common type of plug, but different versions are used in China and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-143">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SAE_J1772" title="SAE J1772">Type 1 (also called SAE J1772)</a> connector is common in North America<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> but rare elsewhere, as it does not support <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">three-phase</a> charging.<a href="#cite_note-acea2010-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging#Transportation" title="Inductive charging">Wireless charging</a>, either for stationary cars or as an <a href="/wiki/Electric_road" title="Electric road">electric road</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> is less common as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a>, but is used in some cities for taxis.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Home_charging">Home charging</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Home charging">edit</a>]</div> Electric cars are usually charged overnight from a <a href="/wiki/Home_Charging_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Charging Station">home charging station</a>; sometimes known as a charging point, wallbox charger, or simply a charger; in a garage or on the outside of a house.<a href="#cite_note-:3-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a> typical home chargers are 7 kW, but not all include <a href="/wiki/Smart_charging" title="Smart charging">smart charging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-150">[150]</a> Compared to fossil fuel vehicles, the need for charging using public infrastructure is diminished because of the opportunities for home charging; vehicles can be plugged in and begin each day with a full charge.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Charging from a standard outlet is also possible but very slow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_charging">Public charging</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Public charging">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eletroposto6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eletroposto6.jpg/220px-Eletroposto6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eletroposto6.jpg/330px-Eletroposto6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eletroposto6.jpg/440px-Eletroposto6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Charging station at <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. This station is run by <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a> and uses <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charging_network" title="Electric vehicle charging network">Electric vehicle charging network</a></div> Public <a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging station">charging stations</a> are almost always faster than home chargers,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> with many <a href="/wiki/DC_Fast_Charge" class="mw-redirect" title="DC Fast Charge">supplying direct current</a> to avoid the bottleneck of going through the car's AC to DC converter,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a> the fastest being 350 kW.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_Charging_System" title="Combined Charging System">Combined Charging System</a> (CCS) is the most widespread charging standard,<a href="#cite_note-:4-143">[143]</a> whereas the <a href="/wiki/Guobiao_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Guobiao standards">GB/T 27930</a> standard is used in China, and <a href="/wiki/CHAdeMO" title="CHAdeMO">CHAdeMO</a> in Japan. The United States has no de facto standard, with a mix of CCS, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Supercharger" title="Tesla Supercharger">Tesla Superchargers</a>, and CHAdeMO charging stations. Charging an electric vehicle using public charging stations takes longer than refueling a fossil fuel vehicle. The speed at which a vehicle can recharge depends on the charging station's charging speed and the vehicle's own capacity to receive a charge. As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a> some cars are 400-volt and some 800-volt.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Connecting a vehicle that can accommodate very fast charging to a charging station with a very high rate of charge can refill the vehicle's battery to 80% in 15 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Vehicles and charging stations with slower charging speeds may take as long as two hours to refill a battery to 80%. As with a mobile phone, the final 20% takes longer because the systems slow down to fill the battery safely and avoid damaging it. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIO_Power_Battery_Swap_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NIO_Power_Battery_Swap_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-NIO_Power_Battery_Swap_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NIO_Power_Battery_Swap_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-NIO_Power_Battery_Swap_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/NIO_Power_Battery_Swap_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-NIO_Power_Battery_Swap_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2374" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption>A battery swapping station operated by <a href="/wiki/Nio_Inc." title="Nio Inc.">Nio</a></figcaption></figure> Some companies are building <a href="/wiki/Battery_swapping" title="Battery swapping">battery swapping</a> stations, to substantially reduce the effective time to recharge.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Some electric cars (for example, the <a href="/wiki/BMW_i3" title="BMW i3">BMW i3</a>) have an optional gasoline <a href="/wiki/Range_extender_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range extender (vehicle)">range extender</a>. The system is intended as an emergency backup to extend range to the next recharging location, and not for long-distance travel.<a href="#cite_note-GCR032013-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Electric_roads">Electric roads</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Electric roads">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_road" title="Electric road">Electric road</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electric_road_systems.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electric_road_systems.svg/220px-Electric_road_systems.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electric_road_systems.svg/330px-Electric_road_systems.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electric_road_systems.svg/440px-Electric_road_systems.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Three types of electric road systems. An electric bus (black) receives power from the road: (A) with three <a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging#Transportation" title="Inductive charging">inductive pickups</a> (red) from a strip of resonant inductive coils (blue) embedded several centimeters under the road (gray); (B) with a <a href="/wiki/Current_collector" title="Current collector">current collector</a> (red) sliding over a <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground-level power supply</a> rail segment (blue) flush with the surface of the road (gray); (C) with an overhead current collector (red) sliding against a powered <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead line</a> (blue)</figcaption></figure> An electric road system (ERS) is a road which supplies electric power to vehicles travelling on it. Common implementations are <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead power lines</a> above the road, <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground-level power supply</a> through conductive rails, and dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) through <a href="/wiki/Inductive_charging#Transportation" title="Inductive charging">resonant inductive coils</a> or inductive rails embedded in the road. Overhead power lines are limited to commercial vehicles while ground-level rails and inductive power transfer can be used by any vehicle, which allows for public charging through a power metering and billing systems. Of the three methods, ground-level conductive rails are estimated to be the most cost-effective.<a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-161">[161]</a>: 10–11  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="National_electric_road_projects">National electric road projects</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: National electric road projects">edit</a>]</div> Government studies and trials have been conducted in several countries seeking a national electric road network. <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Korea</a> was the first to implement an induction-based public electric road with a commercial bus line in 2013 after testing an experimental shuttle service in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-TRL-162">[162]</a>: 11–18  but it was shut down due to aging infrastructure amidst controversy over the continued public funding of the technology.<a href="#cite_note-korea-controversy-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> municipal projects in 2015<a href="#cite_note-uk-budget-164">[164]</a> and 2021 found wireless electric roads financially unfeasible.<a href="#cite_note-uk-expensive-165">[165]</a> Sweden has been performing assessments of various electric road technologies since 2013 under the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Transport_Administration_electric_road_program" title="Swedish Transport Administration electric road program">Swedish Transport Administration electric road program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-businessmodel-166">[166]</a>: 5  After receiving electric road construction offers in excess of the project's budget in 2023, Sweden pursued cost-reduction measures for either wireless or rail electric roads.<a href="#cite_note-cost2023-167">[167]</a> The project's final report was published in 2024, which recommended against funding a national electric road network in Sweden as it would not be cost-effective, unless the technology was adopted by its trading partners such as by France and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-2024-summary-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-2024-full-report-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> found in 2023 that the wireless electric road system (wERS) by <a href="/wiki/Electreon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electreon">Electreon</a> collects 64.3% of the transmitted energy, poses many difficulties during installation, and blocks access to other infrastructure in the road.<a href="#cite_note-WPTCE-japan-2024-170">[170]</a> Germany trialed overhead lines in three projects and reported they are too expensive, difficult to maintain, and pose a safety risk.<a href="#cite_note-germany-end-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-germany-overhead-difficulties-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-germany-overhead-safety-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> found similar drawbacks for overhead lines as Germany did. <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France#Electric_roads" title="Transport in France">France began several electric road pilot projects in 2023</a> for inductive and rail systems.<a href="#cite_note-usinenouvelle-may-2024-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">Ground-level power supply</a> systems are considered the most likely candidates.<a href="#cite_note-ers-france-2022-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vehicle-to-grid:_uploading_and_grid_buffering">Vehicle-to-grid: uploading and grid buffering</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Vehicle-to-grid: uploading and grid buffering">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></div> During <a href="/wiki/Peak_load" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak load">peak load</a> periods, when the cost of generation can be very high, electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid capabilities could contribute energy to the grid. These vehicles can then be recharged during <a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">off-peak</a> hours at cheaper rates while helping to absorb excess night time generation. The batteries in the vehicles serve as a distributed storage system to buffer power.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifespan">Lifespan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Lifespan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery#Lifespan_and_cycle_stability" title="Rechargeable battery">Rechargeable battery § Lifespan and cycle stability</a></div> As with all lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicle batteries may degrade over long periods of time, especially if they are frequently charged to 100%; however, this may take at least several years before being noticeable.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> A typical warranty is 8 years or 100,000 mi (160,000 km),<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> but for non-professional drivers mileage may not be relevant, and the batteries usually last much longer,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> perhaps 15 to 20 years in the car and then more years in another use.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currently_available_electric_cars">Currently available electric cars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Currently available electric cars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BEVsSales-2010-2023ByCountry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BEVsSales-2010-2023ByCountry.png/220px-BEVsSales-2010-2023ByCountry.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BEVsSales-2010-2023ByCountry.png/330px-BEVsSales-2010-2023ByCountry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BEVsSales-2010-2023ByCountry.png/440px-BEVsSales-2010-2023ByCountry.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Share of new cars sold that are battery-electric and plug-in hybrid, 2010 to 2023 for selected countries.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales_of_electric_cars">Sales of electric cars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sales of electric cars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_production_battery_electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of production battery electric vehicles">List of production battery electric vehicles</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a> became the world's leading electric vehicle manufacturer in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Tesla900K-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Model S</a> was the world's top selling plug-in electric car in 2015 and 2016,<a href="#cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top2015Global-184">[184]</a> its Model 3 has been the world's best selling plug-in electric car for four consecutive years, from 2018 to 2021, and the Model Y was the top selling plug-in car in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2020-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2019-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-189">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> surpassed the Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's cumulative best selling electric car.<a href="#cite_note-Model3TopEV-19">[19]</a> Tesla produced its 1 millionth electric car in March 2020, becoming the first auto manufacturer to do so,<a href="#cite_note-1million-190">[190]</a> and in June 2021, the Model 3 became the first electric car to pass 1 million sales.<a href="#cite_note-1miModel3-20">[20]</a> Tesla has been listed as the world's top selling plug-in electric car manufacturer, both as a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive group</a> for four years running, from 2018 to 2021.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top10OEM2019-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top10OEM2018-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global2018brandshares-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2020-187">[187]</a> At the end of 2021, Tesla's global cumulative sales since 2012 totaled 2.3 million units,<a href="#cite_note-Tesla2021-194">[194]</a> with 936,222 of those delivered in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD Auto</a> is another leading electric vehicle manufacturer, with the majority of its sales coming from China. From 2018 to 2023, BYD produced nearly 3.18 million purely plug-in electric car, with 1,574,822 of those were produced in 2023 alone.<a href="#cite_note-CNC20232-196">[196]</a> In the fourth quarter of 2023, BYD surpassed Tesla as the top-selling electric vehicle manufacturer by selling 526,409 battery electric cars, while Tesla delivered 484,507 vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-:22-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> As of December 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Renault%E2%80%93Nissan%E2%80%93Mitsubishi_Alliance" title="Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance">Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance</a> listed as one of major all-electric vehicle manufacturers, with global all-electric vehicle sales totaling over 1 million light-duty electric vehicles, including those manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a> since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renault2019-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> leads global sales within the Alliance, with 1 million cars and vans sold by July 2023,<a href="#cite_note-Leaf650K-201">[201]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Renault" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe Renault">Groupe Renault</a> with more than 397,000 electric vehicles sold worldwide through December 2020, including its <a href="/wiki/Renault_Twizy" title="Renault Twizy">Twizy</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_quadricycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy quadricycle">heavy quadricycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Renault2020-202">[202]</a> As of July 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a>, global sales totaled over 650,000 units since inception.<a href="#cite_note-Leaf650K-201">[201]</a> Other leading electric vehicles manufacturers are <a href="/wiki/GAC_Aion" title="GAC Aion">GAC Aion</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/GAC_Group" title="GAC Group">GAC Group</a>, with 962,385 cumulative sales as of December 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/SAIC_Motor" title="SAIC Motor">SAIC Motor</a> with 1,838,000 units (as of July 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">[update]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopModelZSW2019-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The following table lists the all-time best-selling highway-capable all-electric cars with cumulative global sales of over 250,000 units: <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders" id="Top_BEV_models"> <caption>All-time top-selling highway-capable(1) all-electric passenger car nameplates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Company </th> <th scope="col">Model </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col">Market launch </th> <th scope="col">Lifetime global sales </th> <th scope="col">Total sales through </th> <th scope="col">Annual global sales </th> <th>Status </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref</abbr> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_T_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tesla_T_symbol.svg/35px-Tesla_T_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tesla_T_symbol.svg/53px-Tesla_T_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tesla_T_symbol.svg/70px-Tesla_T_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="254" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y" title="Tesla Model Y">Tesla Model Y</a></td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg/130px-Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg/195px-Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg/260px-Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5481" data-file-height="2965" /></a></td> <td>2020-03</td> <td data-sort-value="1840,000">3,393,136</td> <td>2024-09</td> <td>1,211,601 (2023) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs062023-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-213">[213]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_T_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tesla_T_symbol.svg/35px-Tesla_T_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tesla_T_symbol.svg/53px-Tesla_T_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tesla_T_symbol.svg/70px-Tesla_T_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="254" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_3" title="Tesla Model 3">Tesla Model 3</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Tesla_Model_3_Performance_AWD_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2019_Tesla_Model_3_Performance_AWD_Front.jpg/130px-2019_Tesla_Model_3_Performance_AWD_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2019_Tesla_Model_3_Performance_AWD_Front.jpg/195px-2019_Tesla_Model_3_Performance_AWD_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/2019_Tesla_Model_3_Performance_AWD_Front.jpg/260px-2019_Tesla_Model_3_Performance_AWD_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4685" data-file-height="2143" /></a></td> <td>2017-07</td> <td data-sort-value="2060,000">2,627,871</td> <td>2024-09</td> <td>529,287 (2023) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs062023-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-213">[213]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wuling-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wuling-logo.svg/60px-Wuling-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wuling-logo.svg/90px-Wuling-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wuling-logo.svg/120px-Wuling-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="41" /></a> <a href="/wiki/SAIC-GM-Wuling" title="SAIC-GM-Wuling">SAIC-GM-Wuling</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuling_Hongguang_Mini_EV" title="Wuling Hongguang Mini EV">Wuling Hongguang Mini EV</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Wuling_Hongguang_Mini_EV_Macaron_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2021_Wuling_Hongguang_Mini_EV_Macaron_%28front%29.jpg/130px-2021_Wuling_Hongguang_Mini_EV_Macaron_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2021_Wuling_Hongguang_Mini_EV_Macaron_%28front%29.jpg/195px-2021_Wuling_Hongguang_Mini_EV_Macaron_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2021_Wuling_Hongguang_Mini_EV_Macaron_%28front%29.jpg/260px-2021_Wuling_Hongguang_Mini_EV_Macaron_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4399" data-file-height="2933" /></a></td> <td>2020-07</td> <td data-sort-value="1097,872">1,426,929</td> <td>2024-12</td> <td>261,141 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs062023-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHMiniEV2020-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/50px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/75px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/100px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BYD_Atto_3" title="BYD Atto 3">BYD Yuan Plus / Atto 3</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:BYD_Atto_3_1X7A6491.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/BYD_Atto_3_1X7A6491.jpg/130px-BYD_Atto_3_1X7A6491.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/BYD_Atto_3_1X7A6491.jpg/195px-BYD_Atto_3_1X7A6491.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/BYD_Atto_3_1X7A6491.jpg/260px-BYD_Atto_3_1X7A6491.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4456" data-file-height="2420" /></a> </td> <td>2022-02 </td> <td>923,796 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>309,536 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-:8-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/50px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/75px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/100px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BYD_Dolphin" title="BYD Dolphin">BYD Dolphin</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_BYD_Dolphin_EV_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/2021_BYD_Dolphin_EV_%28front%29.jpg/130px-2021_BYD_Dolphin_EV_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/2021_BYD_Dolphin_EV_%28front%29.jpg/195px-2021_BYD_Dolphin_EV_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/2021_BYD_Dolphin_EV_%28front%29.jpg/260px-2021_BYD_Dolphin_EV_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5898" data-file-height="3932" /></a> </td> <td>2021-08 </td> <td>800,754 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>198,320 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs062023-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-BYDDolphin2021-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/50px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/75px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/100px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BYD_Seagull" title="BYD Seagull">BYD Seagull</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:2023_%D0%92YD_Seagull_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2023_%D0%92YD_Seagull_%28front%29.jpg/130px-2023_%D0%92YD_Seagull_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2023_%D0%92YD_Seagull_%28front%29.jpg/195px-2023_%D0%92YD_Seagull_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2023_%D0%92YD_Seagull_%28front%29.jpg/260px-2023_%D0%92YD_Seagull_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6345" data-file-height="3837" /></a> </td> <td>2023-04 </td> <td>759,511 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>479,294 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_Motor_Corporation_2020_logo-local_file.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nissan_Motor_Corporation_2020_logo-local_file.svg/60px-Nissan_Motor_Corporation_2020_logo-local_file.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nissan_Motor_Corporation_2020_logo-local_file.svg/90px-Nissan_Motor_Corporation_2020_logo-local_file.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nissan_Motor_Corporation_2020_logo-local_file.svg/120px-Nissan_Motor_Corporation_2020_logo-local_file.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="77" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_Leaf_2018_(31874639158)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Nissan_Leaf_2018_%2831874639158%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="1714" /></a></td> <td>2010-12</td> <td data-sort-value="650,000">~650,000</td> <td>2023-07</td> <td>64,201 (2021) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leaf650K-201">[201]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png/35px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png/53px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png/70px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="620" /></a> <a href="/wiki/GAC_Group" title="GAC Group">GAC Group</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aion_S" title="Aion S">Aion S</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_GAC_Aion_S_Plus_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2021_GAC_Aion_S_Plus_%28front%29.jpg/130px-2021_GAC_Aion_S_Plus_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2021_GAC_Aion_S_Plus_%28front%29.jpg/195px-2021_GAC_Aion_S_Plus_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2021_GAC_Aion_S_Plus_%28front%29.jpg/260px-2021_GAC_Aion_S_Plus_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6422" data-file-height="3528" /></a> </td> <td>2019-05 </td> <td>608,162 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>122,793 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs062023-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-AionS2019_2020-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-218">[218]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/50px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/75px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/100px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BYD_Qin" title="BYD Qin">BYD Qin EV</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:BYD_Qin_Plus_EV_005_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/BYD_Qin_Plus_EV_005_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-BYD_Qin_Plus_EV_005_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/BYD_Qin_Plus_EV_005_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-BYD_Qin_Plus_EV_005_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/BYD_Qin_Plus_EV_005_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-BYD_Qin_Plus_EV_005_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="1912" /></a> </td> <td>2016-03 </td> <td>596,487 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>142,330 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-:7-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-230">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png/35px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png/53px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png/70px-%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_GAC.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="620" /></a> <a href="/wiki/GAC_Group" title="GAC Group">GAC Group</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aion_Y" title="Aion Y">Aion Y</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_GAC_Aion_Y_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2021_GAC_Aion_Y_%28front%29.jpg/130px-2021_GAC_Aion_Y_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2021_GAC_Aion_Y_%28front%29.jpg/195px-2021_GAC_Aion_Y_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/2021_GAC_Aion_Y_%28front%29.jpg/260px-2021_GAC_Aion_Y_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4854" data-file-height="3072" /></a> </td> <td>2021-04 </td> <td>528,502 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>145,152 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-:7-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/35px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/53px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/70px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.4" title="Volkswagen ID.4">Volkswagen ID.4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Volkswagen_ID.4_Pro_(Netherlands)_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2020_Volkswagen_ID.4_Pro_%28Netherlands%29_front_view.jpg/130px-2020_Volkswagen_ID.4_Pro_%28Netherlands%29_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2020_Volkswagen_ID.4_Pro_%28Netherlands%29_front_view.jpg/195px-2020_Volkswagen_ID.4_Pro_%28Netherlands%29_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2020_Volkswagen_ID.4_Pro_%28Netherlands%29_front_view.jpg/260px-2020_Volkswagen_ID.4_Pro_%28Netherlands%29_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4484" data-file-height="2523" /></a> </td> <td>2020-09 </td> <td>493,219 </td> <td>2023-12 </td> <td>192,686 (2023) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-VWID4_2020-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-212">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/50px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/75px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg/100px-BYD_Auto_2022_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BYD_Han" title="BYD Han">BYD Han EV</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_BYD_Han_EV_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2020_BYD_Han_EV_front.jpg/130px-2020_BYD_Han_EV_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2020_BYD_Han_EV_front.jpg/195px-2020_BYD_Han_EV_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2020_BYD_Han_EV_front.jpg/260px-2020_BYD_Han_EV_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6385" data-file-height="3336" /></a> </td> <td>2020-03 </td> <td>456,306 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>89,177 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-:7-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-230">[230]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wuling-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wuling-logo.svg/60px-Wuling-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wuling-logo.svg/90px-Wuling-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wuling-logo.svg/120px-Wuling-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="41" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wuling_Motors" title="Wuling Motors">Wuling</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuling_Binguo" title="Wuling Binguo">Wuling Binguo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Wuling_BinguoEV_Long_Range_(Indonesia)_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2024_Wuling_BinguoEV_Long_Range_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg/130px-2024_Wuling_BinguoEV_Long_Range_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2024_Wuling_BinguoEV_Long_Range_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg/195px-2024_Wuling_BinguoEV_Long_Range_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/2024_Wuling_BinguoEV_Long_Range_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg/260px-2024_Wuling_BinguoEV_Long_Range_%28Indonesia%29_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="2614" /></a> </td> <td>2023-02 </td> <td>425,033 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>191,298 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/35px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/53px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg/70px-2021_Renault_Group_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="46" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renault_Zoe" title="Renault Zoe">Renault Zoe</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:Renault_Zoe_R110_Z.E._50_Experience_(Facelift)_%E2%80%93_f_22112020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Renault_Zoe_R110_Z.E._50_Experience_%28Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_f_22112020.jpg/130px-Renault_Zoe_R110_Z.E._50_Experience_%28Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_f_22112020.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Renault_Zoe_R110_Z.E._50_Experience_%28Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_f_22112020.jpg/195px-Renault_Zoe_R110_Z.E._50_Experience_%28Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_f_22112020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Renault_Zoe_R110_Z.E._50_Experience_%28Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_f_22112020.jpg/260px-Renault_Zoe_R110_Z.E._50_Experience_%28Facelift%29_%E2%80%93_f_22112020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5570" data-file-height="3344" /></a></td> <td>2012-12</td> <td>413,975</td> <td>2023-06</td> <td>15,706 (2023) </td> <td style="background: #F5D9CE">Ceased production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-Renault2020-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renault2022-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renault062023-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg/80px-Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg/120px-Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg/160px-Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="129" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Kona_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Kona Electric">Hyundai Kona Electric</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyundai_Kona_Electric_(SX2)_1X7A1554.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hyundai_Kona_Electric_%28SX2%29_1X7A1554.jpg/130px-Hyundai_Kona_Electric_%28SX2%29_1X7A1554.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hyundai_Kona_Electric_%28SX2%29_1X7A1554.jpg/195px-Hyundai_Kona_Electric_%28SX2%29_1X7A1554.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hyundai_Kona_Electric_%28SX2%29_1X7A1554.jpg/260px-Hyundai_Kona_Electric_%28SX2%29_1X7A1554.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4900" data-file-height="2827" /></a> </td> <td>2018-05 </td> <td>382,271 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>52,628 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-:23-238">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg/80px-Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg/120px-Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg/160px-Hyundai_Motor_Company_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="129" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Ioniq_5" title="Hyundai Ioniq 5">Hyundai Ioniq 5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hyundai_Ioniq_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hyundai_Ioniq_5.jpg/130px-Hyundai_Ioniq_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hyundai_Ioniq_5.jpg/195px-Hyundai_Ioniq_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hyundai_Ioniq_5.jpg/260px-Hyundai_Ioniq_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5870" data-file-height="2840" /></a> </td> <td>2021-03 </td> <td>373,826 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>93,396 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-:23-238">[238]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Chery_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chery_logo.svg/55px-Chery_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chery_logo.svg/83px-Chery_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Chery_logo.svg/110px-Chery_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="192" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chery" title="Chery">Chery</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chery_eQ1" title="Chery eQ1">Chery eQ1</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Chery_eQ1_(facelift,_front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2022_Chery_eQ1_%28facelift%2C_front%29.jpg/130px-2022_Chery_eQ1_%28facelift%2C_front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2022_Chery_eQ1_%28facelift%2C_front%29.jpg/195px-2022_Chery_eQ1_%28facelift%2C_front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2022_Chery_eQ1_%28facelift%2C_front%29.jpg/260px-2022_Chery_eQ1_%28facelift%2C_front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6241" data-file-height="4161" /></a> </td> <td>2017-03 </td> <td>368,361 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>30,310 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_T_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tesla_T_symbol.svg/35px-Tesla_T_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tesla_T_symbol.svg/53px-Tesla_T_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tesla_T_symbol.svg/70px-Tesla_T_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="254" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_S_(2023)_Motorworld_Munich_1X7A0025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tesla_Model_S_%282023%29_Motorworld_Munich_1X7A0025.jpg/130px-Tesla_Model_S_%282023%29_Motorworld_Munich_1X7A0025.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tesla_Model_S_%282023%29_Motorworld_Munich_1X7A0025.jpg/195px-Tesla_Model_S_%282023%29_Motorworld_Munich_1X7A0025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tesla_Model_S_%282023%29_Motorworld_Munich_1X7A0025.jpg/260px-Tesla_Model_S_%282023%29_Motorworld_Munich_1X7A0025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="1370" /></a></td> <td>2012-06</td> <td data-sort-value="363,900">~363,900</td> <td>2022-12</td> <td data-sort-value="35,000">~35,000 (2022) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-TopModelZSW2022-243">[243]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Changan_Automobile_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Changan_Automobile_Logo.svg/70px-Changan_Automobile_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Changan_Automobile_Logo.svg/105px-Changan_Automobile_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Changan_Automobile_Logo.svg/140px-Changan_Automobile_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="145" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Changan_Automobile" title="Changan Automobile">Changan Automobile</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changan_Lumin" title="Changan Lumin">Changan Lumin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Chang%27an_Lumin_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2022_Chang%27an_Lumin_%28front%29.jpg/130px-2022_Chang%27an_Lumin_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2022_Chang%27an_Lumin_%28front%29.jpg/195px-2022_Chang%27an_Lumin_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/2022_Chang%27an_Lumin_%28front%29.jpg/260px-2022_Chang%27an_Lumin_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6268" data-file-height="4179" /></a> </td> <td>2022-04 </td> <td>355,994 </td> <td>2024-12 </td> <td>141,246 (2024) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/35px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/53px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/70px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.3" title="Volkswagen ID.3">Volkswagen ID.3</a> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Volkswagen_ID.3_1st_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2020_Volkswagen_ID.3_1st_Front.jpg/130px-2020_Volkswagen_ID.3_1st_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2020_Volkswagen_ID.3_1st_Front.jpg/195px-2020_Volkswagen_ID.3_1st_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/2020_Volkswagen_ID.3_1st_Front.jpg/260px-2020_Volkswagen_ID.3_1st_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4594" data-file-height="2640" /></a> </td> <td>2019-11 </td> <td>325,770 </td> <td>2023-12 </td> <td>139,268 (2023) </td> <td style="background: #D5F5E3">In production </td> <td align="left"><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-212">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="9">Notes: (1) Vehicles are considered highway-capable if able to achieve at least a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_cars_by_country">Electric cars by country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Electric cars by country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_car_use_by_country" title="Electric car use by country">electric car use by country</a></div> In the year of 2021, the total number of electric cars on the world's roads went to about 16.5 million. The sales of electric cars in the first quarter of 2022 went up to 2 million.<a href="#cite_note-:1-250">[250]</a> China has the largest all-electric car fleet in use, with 2.58 million at the end of 2019, more than half (53.9%) of the world's electric car stock. All-electric cars have oversold plug-in hybrids since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2019-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2024-252">[252]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:801px;max-width:801px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png/375px-Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png/563px-Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png/750px-Global_plug-in_car_sales_since_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="826" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Annual sales of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric passenger cars</a> in the world's top markets between 2011 and 2023<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outlook2019-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global2011_2015-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outlook2018-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europe2015_2016-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europe2016_2017-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europe2018_2019-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Global2020-261">[261]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:420px;max-width:420px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png/418px-Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png" decoding="async" width="418" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png/627px-Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Ratio_BEV_to_PHEV_global_annual_sales_since_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="499" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2023<a href="#cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2019-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top20Global2018-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ratio2022-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2024-252">[252]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_policies_and_incentives">Government policies and incentives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Government policies and incentives">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3766.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3766.jpg/220px-EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3766.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3766.jpg/330px-EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3766.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3766.jpg/440px-EV_parking_lot_Oslo_10_2018_3766.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A dedicated electric car free charging and parking lot in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_out_of_10_Europeans_on_average_say_subsidies_for_electric_cars_should_be_a_priority_to_fight_climate_change,_but_there_are_disparities_among_countries..svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/4_out_of_10_Europeans_on_average_say_subsidies_for_electric_cars_should_be_a_priority_to_fight_climate_change%2C_but_there_are_disparities_among_countries..svg/220px-4_out_of_10_Europeans_on_average_say_subsidies_for_electric_cars_should_be_a_priority_to_fight_climate_change%2C_but_there_are_disparities_among_countries..svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/4_out_of_10_Europeans_on_average_say_subsidies_for_electric_cars_should_be_a_priority_to_fight_climate_change%2C_but_there_are_disparities_among_countries..svg/330px-4_out_of_10_Europeans_on_average_say_subsidies_for_electric_cars_should_be_a_priority_to_fight_climate_change%2C_but_there_are_disparities_among_countries..svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/4_out_of_10_Europeans_on_average_say_subsidies_for_electric_cars_should_be_a_priority_to_fight_climate_change%2C_but_there_are_disparities_among_countries..svg/440px-4_out_of_10_Europeans_on_average_say_subsidies_for_electric_cars_should_be_a_priority_to_fight_climate_change%2C_but_there_are_disparities_among_countries..svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Four out of ten Europeans interviewed for the European Investment Bank climate survey thought subsidies for electric cars should be a priority to fight climate change.</figcaption></figure> Several national, provincial, and local governments around the world have introduced policies to support the mass-market adoption of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">plug-in electric vehicles</a>. A variety of policies have been established to provide: financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; electric vehicle charging stations in buildings; and long-term regulations with specific targets.<a href="#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICCT2020-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Building_Envelopes_–_Analysis-265">[265]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float: left; clear:left; margin-right: 20px"> <caption>Timeline of national targets for full <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">ICE phase out</a> or 100% <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">ZEV</a> car sales<a href="#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ABCDEF;">Selected countries</th> <th style="background:#abcdef;">Year </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Norway (100% ZEV sales)</td> <td>2025 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Denmark</td> <td rowspan="5">2030 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Iceland </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Ireland </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Netherlands (100% ZEV sales) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Sweden </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">United Kingdom (100% ZEV sales)</td> <td>2035 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">France </td> <td rowspan="3">2040 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Canada (100% ZEV sales) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Singapore </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Germany (100% ZEV sales)</td> <td rowspan="3">2050 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">U.S. (10 <a href="/wiki/ZEV_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="ZEV mandate">ZEV</a> states) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="left">Japan (100% HEV/PHEV/ZEV sales) </td></tr></tbody></table> Financial incentives for consumers are aiming to make electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the higher upfront cost of electric vehicles. Depending on battery size, there are one-time purchase incentives such as <a href="/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles" title="Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles">grants and tax credits</a>; exemptions from import duties; exemptions from <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">road tolls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congestion_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestion charge">congestion charges</a>; and exemption of registration and annual fees. Among the non-monetary incentives, there are several perks such allowing plug-in vehicles access to <a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">bus lanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">high-occupancy vehicle lanes</a>, free parking and free charging.<a href="#cite_note-ICCT2020-264">[264]</a> Some countries or cities that restrict private car ownership (for example, a purchase quota system for new vehicles), or have implemented permanent <a href="/wiki/Road_space_rationing" title="Road space rationing">driving restrictions</a> (for example, no-drive days), have these schemes exclude electric vehicles to promote their adoption.<a href="#cite_note-QuotaEVS-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Several countries, including England and India, are introducing regulations that require electric vehicle charging stations in certain buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Building_Envelopes_–_Analysis-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Some government have also established long term regulatory signals with specific targets such as <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">zero-emissions vehicle</a> (ZEV) mandates, national or regional CO2 emission regulations, stringent <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel economy</a> standards, and the <a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">phase out of internal combustion engine vehicle</a> sales.<a href="#cite_note-EVOutlook2020-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICCT2020-264">[264]</a> For example, Norway set a national goal that by 2025 all new car sales should be ZEVs (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery electric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">hydrogen</a>).<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> While these incentives aim to facilitate a quicker transition from <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a> cars, they have been criticized by some economists for creating excess <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_loss" title="Deadweight loss">deadweight loss</a> in the electric car market, which may partially counteract environmental gains.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EV_plans_from_major_manufacturers">EV plans from major manufacturers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: EV plans from major manufacturers">edit</a>]</div> <style 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Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Electric_car" title="Special:EditPage/Electric car">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Electric_car" title="Talk:Electric car">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with outside China and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Electric_car" title="Talk:Electric car">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (August 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained significant traction as an integral component of the global automotive landscape in recent years. Major automakers from around the world have adopted EVs as a critical component of their strategic plans, indicating a paradigm shift toward sustainable transportation. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>As of </th> <th>Manufacturer </th> <th>Investment </th> <th>Investment Timeframe </th> <th># EVs </th> <th>Year Goal </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>2020-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="86">$86 billion </td> <td>2025 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>Plans 27 electric vehicles by 2022, on a dedicated EV platform dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_MEB_platform" title="Volkswagen Group MEB platform">Modular Electric Toolkit</a>" and initialed as MEB.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In November 2020 it announced the intention to invest $86 billion in the following five years, aimed at developing EVs and increasing its share in the EV market. Total capital expenditure will include "digital factories", automotive software and self-driving cars.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">GM</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="27">$27 billion </td> <td> </td> <td>30 </td> <td>2035 <a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> </td> <td>Announced that it is boosting its EV and self-driving investment from $20 billion to $27 billion, and it currently plans to have 30 EVs on the market by the end of 2025 (including: the <a href="/wiki/GMC_Hummer_EV" title="GMC Hummer EV">Hummer EV</a>; the Cadillac Lyriq SUV; Buick, GMC, and Chevrolet EVs; and a Chevy compact crossover EV).<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Mary_Barra" title="Mary Barra">Barra</a> said 40% of the vehicles GM will offer in the United States will be battery electric vehicles by the end of 2025.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> GM's "BEV3" next-generation electric vehicle platform is designed to be flexible for use in many different vehicle types, such as front, rear and all-wheel drive configurations.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019-01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="23">$23 billion </td> <td>2030 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>Plans to increase their electric car manufacturing to 50% in global sales by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019-07 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> </td> <td>$29 billion <a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> </td> <td>2025 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Will use <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_MEB_platform" title="Volkswagen Group MEB platform">Volkswagen's Modular Electric Toolkit</a> ("MEB") to design and build its own fully electric vehicles starting in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang_Mach-E" title="Ford Mustang Mach-E">Ford Mustang Mach-E</a> is an electric crossover that will reach up to 480 km (300 miles).<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> Ford is planning to release an electric <a href="/wiki/F-150" class="mw-redirect" title="F-150">F-150</a> in the 2021 time frame.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019-03 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td>Plans 12 all electric vehicles by 2025, using a fifth-generation electric powertrain architecture, which will save weight and cost and increase capacity.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> BMW has ordered €10 billion worth of battery cells for the period from 2021 through 2030.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020-01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>23 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td>Announced that it plans 23 pure electric cars by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> Hyundai will announce its next generation electric vehicle platform, named e-GMP, in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019-06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Has developed a global EV platform named <a href="/wiki/E-TNGA" class="mw-redirect" title="E-TNGA">e-TNGA</a> that can accommodate a three-row SUV, sporty sedan, small crossover or a boxy compact.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Toyota and Subaru will release a new EV on a shared platform;<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> it will be about the size of a Toyota RAV4 or a Subaru Forester. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019-04 </td> <td>29 automakers </td> <td data-sort-value="300">$300 billion </td> <td>2029 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>A Reuters analysis of 29 global automakers concluded that automakers are planning on spending $300 billion over the next 5 to 10 years on electric cars, with 45% of that investment projected to occur in China.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020-10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Launched its new electric version of the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_New_500" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat New 500">New 500</a> for sale in Europe starting in early 2021.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020-11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Announced the intention to sell only electric and hybrid cars in China from 2025, introducing nine new models. Nissan other plans includes manufacturing, by 2035, half zero-emission vehicles and half gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> In 2018 <a href="/wiki/Infiniti" title="Infiniti">Infiniti</a>, the luxury brand of Nissan, announced that by 2021 all newly introduced vehicles will be electric or hybrid.<a href="#cite_note-FrostTajisu2018-304">[304]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020-12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> </td> <td>€35 billion </td> <td>2021–2025 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td>30 new electrified models by 2025, of which 20 PEV.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> By 2030–2035, Audi intends to offer just electric vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forecasts">Forecasts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Forecasts">edit</a>]</div> Total global EV sales in 2030 were predicted to reach 31.1 million by <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> predicted that the total global stock of EVs would reach almost 145 million by 2030 under current policies, or 230 million if Sustainable Development policies were adopted.<a href="#cite_note-IEA2021-308">[308]</a> As of 2024, there are approximately 600 million people in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> without access to electricity, representing 83% of the world's unelectrified population.<a href="#cite_note-Mission_300-309">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a> plan to provide access to electricity to 300 million people in that region by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-Mission_300-309">[309]</a> At this time, there are just over 20,000 electric vehicles and less than 1,000 charging stations in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-climateandcapitalmedia-310">[310]</a> However, EV manufacturers have already built or are planning to build production plants in 21 African countries.<a href="#cite_note-climateandcapitalmedia-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid_electric_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_rickshaw" title="Electric rickshaw">Electric rickshaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_car_energy_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric car energy efficiency">Electric car energy efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_warning_sounds" title="Electric vehicle warning sounds">Electric vehicle warning sounds</a> - vehicle sounds for pedestrian safety</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorsport" title="Electric motorsport">Electric motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco_Grand_Prix" title="Eco Grand Prix">Eco Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_E" title="Formula E">Formula E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electric_cars_currently_available" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electric cars currently available">List of electric cars currently available</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-everything" title="Vehicle-to-everything">Vehicle-to-everything</a> (V2X)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles" title="Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles">Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal electric vehicle</a> (PEV)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/reducing-pollution-electric-vehicles">"Reducing Pollution with Electric Vehicles"</a>. www.energy.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512115459/https://www.energy.gov/eere/electricvehicles/reducing-pollution-electric-vehicles">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2018. 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Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theicct.org&rft.atitle=How+China+put+nearly+5+million+new+energy+vehicles+on+the+road+in+one+decade+%7C+International+Council+on+Clean+Transportation&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheicct.org%2Fblog%2Fstaff%2Fchina-new-energy-vehicles-jan2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-China2016-10"><a href="#cite_ref-China2016_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liu, Wanxiang (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.d1ev.com/48462.html">"中汽协：2016年新能源汽车产销量均超50万辆,同比增速约50%"</a> [China Auto Association: 2016 new energy vehicle production and sales were over 500,000, an increase of about 50%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. Retrieved 12 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E6%B1%BD%E5%8D%8F%EF%BC%9A2016%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E4%BA%A7%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E5%9D%87%E8%B6%8550%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%86%2C%E5%90%8C%E6%AF%94%E5%A2%9E%E9%80%9F%E7%BA%A650%25&rft.pub=D1EV.com&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Wanxiang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.d1ev.com%2F48462.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2016 totaled 507,000, consisting of 409,000 all-electric vehicles and 98,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles. </li> <li id="cite_note-China2017-11"><a href="#cite_ref-China2017_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAutomotive_News_China2018" class="citation web cs1">Automotive News China (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autonews.com/china/electrified-vehicle-sales-surge-53-2017">"Electrified vehicle sales surge 53% in 2017"</a>. Automotive News China. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electrified+vehicle+sales+surge+53%25+in+2017&rft.pub=Automotive+News+China&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft.au=Automotive+News+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autonews.com%2Fchina%2Felectrified-vehicle-sales-surge-53-2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000, consisting of 652,000 all-electric vehicles and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles. Sales of domestically-produced new energy passenger vehicles totaled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and 111,000 plug-in hybrids. Only domestically built all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles qualify for government subsidies in China. </li> <li id="cite_note-China2018-12"><a href="#cite_ref-China2018_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.d1ev.com/news/shuju/85937">"中汽协：2018年新能源汽车产销均超125万辆，同比增长60%"</a> [China Automobile Association: In 2018, the production and sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 1.25 million units, a year-on-year increase of 60%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E6%B1%BD%E5%8D%8F%EF%BC%9A2018%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%B0%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E4%BA%A7%E9%94%80%E5%9D%87%E8%B6%85125%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%86%EF%BC%8C%E5%90%8C%E6%AF%94%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF60%25&rft.pub=D1EV.com&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.d1ev.com%2Fnews%2Fshuju%2F85937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2018 totaled 1.256 million, consisting of 984,000 all-electric vehicles and 271,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles. </li> <li id="cite_note-NEVsChina2019-13"><a href="#cite_ref-NEVsChina2019_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2020" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (4 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/396291/chinese-nevs-market-slightly-declined-2019/">"Chinese NEVs Market Slightly Declined In 2019: Full Report"</a>. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+NEVs+Market+Slightly+Declined+In+2019%3A+Full+Report&rft.pub=InsideEVs.com&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F396291%2Fchinese-nevs-market-slightly-declined-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 1,206,000 units in 2019, down 4.0% from 2018, and includes 2,737 fuel cell vehicles. Battery electric vehicle sales totaled 972,000 units (down 1.2%) and plug-in hybrid sales totaled 232,000 vehicles (down 14.5%). Sales figures include passenger cars, buses and commercial vehicles.. </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaNEV2020-14"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaNEV2020_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChina_Association_of_Automobile_Manufacturers_(CAAM)2021" class="citation web cs1">China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (14 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.caam.org.cn/Index/show/catid/34/id/140.html">"Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2020"</a>. CAAM. Retrieved 8 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sales+of+New+Energy+Vehicles+in+December+2020&rft.pub=CAAM&rft.date=2021-01-14&rft.au=China+Association+of+Automobile+Manufacturers+%28CAAM%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.caam.org.cn%2FIndex%2Fshow%2Fcatid%2F34%2Fid%2F140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> NEV sales in China totaled 1.637 million in 2020, consisting of 1.246 million passenger cars and 121,000 commercial vehicles. </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaNEV2021-15"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaNEV2021_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChina_Association_of_Automobile_Manufacturers_(CAAM)2022" class="citation web cs1">China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (12 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.caam.org.cn/Index/show/catid/54/id/1656.html">"Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2021"</a>. CAAM. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sales+of+New+Energy+Vehicles+in+December+2021&rft.pub=CAAM&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.au=China+Association+of+Automobile+Manufacturers+%28CAAM%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.caam.org.cn%2FIndex%2Fshow%2Fcatid%2F54%2Fid%2F1656.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> NEV sales in China totaled 3.521 million in 2021 (all classes), consisting of 3.334 million passenger cars and 186,000 commercial vehicles. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2020" class="citation web cs1">Preston, Benjamin (8 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consumerreports.org/hybrids-evs/evs-offer-big-savings-over-traditional-gas-powered-cars/">"EVs Offer Big Savings Over Traditional Gas-Powered Cars"</a>. Consumer Reports. Retrieved 22 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Reports&rft.atitle=EVs+Offer+Big+Savings+Over+Traditional+Gas-Powered+Cars&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerreports.org%2Fhybrids-evs%2Fevs-offer-big-savings-over-traditional-gas-powered-cars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beuc.eu/publications/beuc-x-2021-039_electric_cars_calculating_the_total_cost_of_ownership_for_consumers.pdf">"Electric Cars: Calculating the Total Cost of Ownership for Consumers"</a> (PDF). BEUC (The European Consumer Organisation). 25 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516190838/https://www.beuc.eu/publications/beuc-x-2021-039_electric_cars_calculating_the_total_cost_of_ownership_for_consumers.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BEUC+%28The+European+Consumer+Organisation%29&rft.atitle=Electric+Cars%3A+Calculating+the+Total+Cost+of+Ownership+for+Consumers&rft.date=2021-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beuc.eu%2Fpublications%2Fbeuc-x-2021-039_electric_cars_calculating_the_total_cost_of_ownership_for_consumers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greencars.com/news/the-tesla-model-y-is-the-best-selling-car-in-the-world">"The Tesla Model Y Is The Best-Selling Car In The World | GreenCars"</a>. www.greencars.com. Retrieved 3 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.greencars.com&rft.atitle=The+Tesla+Model+Y+Is+The+Best-Selling+Car+In+The+World+%7C+GreenCars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencars.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-tesla-model-y-is-the-best-selling-car-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Model3TopEV-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Model3TopEV_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Model3TopEV_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Model3TopEV_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2020" class="citation news cs1">Holland, Maximilian (10 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2020/03/10/tesla-passes-1-million-ev-milestone-and-model-3-becomes-all-time-best-seller/">"Tesla Passes 1 Million EV Milestone & Model 3 Becomes All Time Best Seller"</a>. CleanTechnica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412045911/https://cleantechnica.com/2020/03/10/tesla-passes-1-million-ev-milestone-and-model-3-becomes-all-time-best-seller/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CleanTechnica&rft.atitle=Tesla+Passes+1+Million+EV+Milestone+%26+Model+3+Becomes+All+Time+Best+Seller&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2020%2F03%2F10%2Ftesla-passes-1-million-ev-milestone-and-model-3-becomes-all-time-best-seller%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1miModel3-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1miModel3_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1miModel3_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1miModel3_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahan2021" class="citation web cs1">Shahan, Zachary (26 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2021/08/26/tesla-model-3-has-passed-1-million-sales/">"Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla+Model+3+Has+Passed+1+Million+Sales&rft.pub=CleanTechnica&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft.aulast=Shahan&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2021%2F08%2F26%2Ftesla-model-3-has-passed-1-million-sales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2022" class="citation book cs1">Hamid, Umar Zakir Abdul (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/publications/books/content/r-517/">Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared Vehicles: Disrupting the Automotive and Mobility Sectors</a>. US: SAE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1468603477" title="Special:BookSources/978-1468603477"><bdi>978-1468603477</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 6 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Department+of+Transportation+National+Highway+Traffic+Safety+Administration+49+CFR+Part+571+Federal+Motor+Vehicle+Safety+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhtsa.dot.gov%2Fcars%2Frules%2Frulings%2Flsv%2Flsv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52010PC0542&from=EN">"Citizens' summary EU proposal for a Regulation on L-category vehicles (two- or three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles)"</a>. European Commission. 4 October 2010. 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Other automakers were slow to adopt the new technology, but electric starter motors would be ubiquitous within the next decade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crank+Shift&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Starter+Motor&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Laukkonen&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crankshift.com%2Fhistory-starter-motor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.np-coburg.de/lokal/coburg/coburg/Elektroauto-in-Coburg-erfunden;art83423,1491254">http://www.np-coburg.de/lokal/coburg/coburg/Elektroauto-in-Coburg-erfunden;art83423,1491254</a> np-coburg.de </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/genealogy/Parker/ElwellParker.htm">"Elwell-Parker, Limited"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100247/http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/genealogy/Parker/ElwellParker.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elwell-Parker%2C+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historywebsite.co.uk%2Fgenealogy%2FParker%2FElwellParker.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TwoBillion-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TwoBillion_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TwoBillion_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TwoBillion_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperlingGordon2009" class="citation book cs1">Sperling, Daniel; Gordon, Deborah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/22">Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/22">22–26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537664-7"><bdi>978-0-19-537664-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+billion+cars%3A+driving+toward+sustainability&rft.pages=22-26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537664-7&rft.aulast=Sperling&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwobillioncarsdr00sper_0%2Fpage%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boschert06-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Boschert06_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoschert2006" class="citation book cs1">Boschert, Sherry (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc/page/15">Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America</a>. New Society Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pluginhybridscar00bosc/page/15">15–28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-571-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-571-4"><bdi>978-0-86571-571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plug-in+Hybrids%3A+The+Cars+that+will+Recharge+America&rft.pages=15-28&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-571-4&rft.aulast=Boschert&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpluginhybridscar00bosc%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a> (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahan2015" class="citation web cs1">Shahan, Zachary (26 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2015/04/26/electric-car-history/">"Electric Car Evolution"</a>. Clean Technica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918061731/https://cleantechnica.com/2015/04/26/electric-car-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electric+Car+Evolution&rft.pub=Clean+Technica&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft.aulast=Shahan&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2015%2F04%2F26%2Felectric-car-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> 2008: The Tesla Roadster becomes the first production electric vehicle to use lithium-ion battery cells as well as the first production electric vehicle to have a range of over 200 miles on a single charge. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/990318853">Totaled : the billion-dollar crash of the startup that took on big auto, big oil and the world</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9830428-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9830428-2-2"><bdi>978-0-9830428-2-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990318853">990318853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totaled+%3A+the+billion-dollar+crash+of+the+startup+that+took+on+big+auto%2C+big+oil+and+the+world&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990318853&rft.isbn=978-0-9830428-2-2&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F990318853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters100330-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters100330_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2010" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Chang-Ran (30 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTOE62T09V20100330">"Mitsubishi Motors lowers price of electric i-MiEV"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mitsubishi+Motors+lowers+price+of+electric+i-MiEV&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Chang-Ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTOE62T09V20100330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guinnes-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Guinnes_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130216050030/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-10000/best-selling-electric-car/">"Best-selling electric car"</a>. Guinness World Records. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-10000/best-selling-electric-car/">the original</a> on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Best-selling+electric+car&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Frecords-10000%2Fbest-selling-electric-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PEVs-50"><a href="#cite_ref-PEVs_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_B._Sandalow2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Sandalow" title="David B. Sandalow">David B. Sandalow</a>, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/press/Books/2009/pluginelectricvehicles.aspx">Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington?</a> (1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0305-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0305-1"><bdi>978-0-8157-0305-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104012/https://www.brookings.edu/press/Books/2009/pluginelectricvehicles.aspx/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plug-In+Electric+Vehicles%3A+What+Role+for+Washington%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.edition=1st.&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0305-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fpress%2FBooks%2F2009%2Fpluginelectricvehicles.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988">See Introduction </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/China-green-future-ev-jan2021.pdf">"DRIVING A GREEN FUTURE: A RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW OF CHINA'S ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT AND OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117071311/https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/China-green-future-ev-jan2021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DRIVING+A+GREEN+FUTURE%3A+A+RETROSPECTIVE+REVIEW+OF+CHINA%27S+ELECTRIC+VEHICLE+DEVELOPMENT+AND+OUTLOOK+FOR+THE+FUTURE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheicct.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FChina-green-future-ev-jan2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kr-asia.com/automakers-raise-prices-for-nevs-in-china-ahead-of-subsidy-cuts">"Automakers raise prices for NEVs in China ahead of subsidy cuts"</a>. KrASIA. 3 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KrASIA&rft.atitle=Automakers+raise+prices+for+NEVs+in+China+ahead+of+subsidy+cuts&rft.date=2022-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkr-asia.com%2Fautomakers-raise-prices-for-nevs-in-china-ahead-of-subsidy-cuts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Scott (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/news/2013-tesla-model-s-beats-chevy-toyota-cadillac-ultimate-car-of-the-year/">"2013 Tesla Model S Beats Chevy, Toyota, and Cadillac for Ultimate Car of the Year Honors"</a>. MotorTrend. Retrieved 17 July 2019. <q>We are confident that, were we to summon all the judges and staff of the past 70 years, we would come to a rapid consensus: No vehicle we've awarded, be it Car of the Year, Import Car of the Year, SUV of the Year, or Truck of the Year, can equal the impact, performance, and engineering excellence that is our Ultimate Car of the Year winner, the 2013 Tesla Model S.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MotorTrend&rft.atitle=2013+Tesla+Model+S+Beats+Chevy%2C+Toyota%2C+and+Cadillac+for+Ultimate+Car+of+the+Year+Honors&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motortrend.com%2Fnews%2F2013-tesla-model-s-beats-chevy-toyota-cadillac-ultimate-car-of-the-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEA_GlobalEVoutlook_2023-54"><a href="#cite_ref-IEA_GlobalEVoutlook_2023_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/trends-in-electric-light-duty-vehicles">"Global EV Outlook 2023 / Trends in electric light-duty vehicles"</a>. International Energy Agency. April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512122042/https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2023/trends-in-electric-light-duty-vehicles">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+EV+Outlook+2023+%2F+Trends+in+electric+light-duty+vehicles&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fglobal-ev-outlook-2023%2Ftrends-in-electric-light-duty-vehicles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BloombergNEF_20230112-55"><a href="#cite_ref-BloombergNEF_20230112_55-0">^</a> Data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKerracher2023" class="citation news cs1">McKerracher, Colin (12 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-12/electric-vehicles-look-poised-for-slower-sales-growth-this-year">"Electric Vehicles Look Poised for Slower Sales Growth This Year"</a>. BloombergNEF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230112125649/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-12/electric-vehicles-look-poised-for-slower-sales-growth-this-year">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Electric+Vehicles+Look+Poised+for+Slower+Sales+Growth+This+Year&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft.aulast=McKerracher&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-01-12%2Felectric-vehicles-look-poised-for-slower-sales-growth-this-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2022" class="citation news cs1">Ali, Shirin (23 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/resilience/smart-cities/599426-more-americans-are-buying-electric-vehicles-as-gas/">"More Americans are buying electric vehicles, as gas car sales fall, report says"</a>. The Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=More+Americans+are+buying+electric+vehicles%2C+as+gas+car+sales+fall%2C+report+says&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fchanging-america%2Fresilience%2Fsmart-cities%2F599426-more-americans-are-buying-electric-vehicles-as-gas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloosterman2022" class="citation news cs1">Kloosterman, Karin (23 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenprophet.com/2022/03/oman-electrica-car-mays-motors/">"Oman makes first electric car in the Middle East"</a>. Green Prophet. Canada. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Prophet&rft.atitle=Oman+makes+first+electric+car+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft.aulast=Kloosterman&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenprophet.com%2F2022%2F03%2Foman-electrica-car-mays-motors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloosterman2022" class="citation news cs1">Kloosterman, Karin (22 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenprophet.com/2022/05/togg-electric-turkey/">"Turkey's all electric Togg EV"</a>. Green Prophet. Canada. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Prophet&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+all+electric+Togg+EV&rft.date=2022-05-22&rft.aulast=Kloosterman&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenprophet.com%2F2022%2F05%2Ftogg-electric-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umweltdialog.de/de/wirtschaft/mobilitaet/2018/Trotz-fallender-Batteriekosten-bleiben-Elektromobile-teuer.php">"Trotz fallender Batteriekosten bleiben E-Mobile teuer"</a> [Despite falling battery costs electric cars remain expensive]. Umwelt Dialog (in German). 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Retrieved 12 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Umwelt+Dialog&rft.atitle=Trotz+fallender+Batteriekosten+bleiben+E-Mobile+teuer&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umweltdialog.de%2Fde%2Fwirtschaft%2Fmobilitaet%2F2018%2FTrotz-fallender-Batteriekosten-bleiben-Elektromobile-teuer.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauri2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hauri, Stephan (8 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzz.ch/mobilitaet/auto-mobil/audi-entwicklungsvorstand-rothenpieler-brennstoffzelle-im-fokus-ld.1465168">"Wir arbeiten mit Hochdruck an der Brennstoffzelle"</a> [We are working hard on the fuel cell]. 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Retrieved 22 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Drive&rft.atitle=EV+Batteries+May+Last+Longer+Than+Expected+Because+We%27ve+Been+Testing+Them+Wrong%3A+Study&rft.date=2024-12-15&rft.aulast=Braga&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedrive.com%2Fnews%2Fev-batteries-may-last-longer-than-expected-because-weve-been-testing-them-wrong-study%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Dsocialflow%26utm_source%3Dfacebook%26fbclid%3DIwY2xjawHVLPRleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHYX_T5zBeRxWRAzCtEFLbPoJm_Y0XkwqvkRh2qm0mT_NZbikDQ99K6eB5A_aem_Z8zsYQ5SoHfhfxZ7L1yE7A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgrid.com/stories/journey-to-net-zero-stories/what-happens-old-electric-car-batteries">"What happens to old electric car batteries? | National Grid Group"</a>. www.nationalgrid.com. Retrieved 22 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalgrid.com&rft.atitle=What+happens+to+old+electric+car+batteries%3F+%7C+National+Grid+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgrid.com%2Fstories%2Fjourney-to-net-zero-stories%2Fwhat-happens-old-electric-car-batteries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesla900K-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Tesla900K_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2020" class="citation web cs1">Randall, Chris (4 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electrive.com/2020/02/04/newest-cam-study-shows-tesla-as-ev-sales-leader/">"Newest CAM study shows Tesla as EV sales leader"</a>. electricdrive.com. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newest+CAM+study+shows+Tesla+as+EV+sales+leader&rft.pub=electricdrive.com&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electrive.com%2F2020%2F02%2F04%2Fnewest-cam-study-shows-tesla-as-ev-sales-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2020" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (4 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/391128/tesla-model-3-cumulative-sales-best/">"Within Weeks, Tesla Model 3 Will Be World's Top-Selling EV of All Time"</a>. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Within+Weeks%2C+Tesla+Model+3+Will+Be+World%27s+Top-Selling+EV+of+All+Time&rft.pub=InsideEVs.com&rft.date=2020-01-04&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F391128%2Ftesla-model-3-cumulative-sales-best%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988">Cumulatively, Tesla has sold about 900,000 electric cars since 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Top10PEVs2016-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Top10PEVs2016_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2017" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (26 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row/">"Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year in a Row"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126165815/http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+Is+World%27s+Best-Selling+Plug-in+Car+For+Second+Year+in+a+Row&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs. </li> <li id="cite_note-Top2015Global-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Top2015Global_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2016" class="citation news cs1">Cobb, Jeff (12 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-was-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-2015/">"Tesla Model S Was World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car in 2015"</a>. HybridCars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201070442/http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-was-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybridCars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+Was+World%27s+Best-Selling+Plug-in+Car+in+2015&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-model-s-was-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2022-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2022_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2022_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2022_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2022_185-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2022_185-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2022_185-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2022_185-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontes2023" class="citation web cs1">Pontes, José (7 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2023/02/07/world-ev-sales-report-tesla-model-y-wins-1st-best-seller-title-in-record-year/">"World EV Sales Report — Tesla Model Y Wins 1st Best Seller Title In Record Year"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 10 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CleanTechnica&rft.atitle=World+EV+Sales+Report+%E2%80%94+Tesla+Model+Y+Wins+1st+Best+Seller+Title+In+Record+Year&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft.aulast=Pontes&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2023%2F02%2F07%2Fworld-ev-sales-report-tesla-model-y-wins-1st-best-seller-title-in-record-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "The top 5 global best selling plug-in electric cars in 2022 were the Tesla Model Y (771,300), the BYD Song (BEV + PHEV) with 477,094, the Tesla Model 3 (476,336), the Wuling Hongguang Mini EV (424,031), and the BYD Qin Plus (BEV + PHEV) with 315,236. BYD Han (BEV + PHEV) sales totaled 273,323 units, BYD Yuan Plus 201,744 and VW ID.4 174,092 units." </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalTopEVs2021-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_186-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_186-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_186-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_186-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_186-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs2021_186-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2022" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (30 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2022/01/30/world-ev-sales-tesla-model-3-wins-4th-consecutive-best-seller-title-in-record-year/">"World EV Sales — Tesla Model 3 Wins 4th Consecutive Best Seller Title In Record Year"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+EV+Sales+%E2%80%94+Tesla+Model+3+Wins+4th+Consecutive+Best+Seller+Title+In+Record+Year&rft.pub=CleanTechnica&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2022%2F01%2F30%2Fworld-ev-sales-tesla-model-3-wins-4th-consecutive-best-seller-title-in-record-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "The top 3 global best selling plug-in electric cars in 2021 were the Tesla Model 3 (500,713), the Wuling Hongguang Mini EV (424,138), and the Tesla Model Y (410,517). Nissan Leaf sales totaled 64,201 units and Chery eQ 68,821 units." </li> <li id="cite_note-Top20Global2020-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2020_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2020_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2021" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2021/02/global-top-20-december-2020.html">"Global Top 20 - December 2020"</a>. EVSales.com. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Top+20+-+December+2020&rft.pub=EVSales.com&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2021%2F02%2Fglobal-top-20-december-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "Global sales totaled 3,124,793 plug-in passenger cars in 2020, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a global market share of 4%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 365,240 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 499,535 units, followed by VW with 220,220." </li> <li id="cite_note-Top20Global2019-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2019_188-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2020" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (31 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/01/global-top-20-december-2019.html">"Global Top 20 - December 2019"</a>. EVSales.com. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Top+20+-+December+2019&rft.pub=EVSales.com&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2020%2F01%2Fglobal-top-20-december-2019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "Global sales totaled 2,209,831 plug-in passenger cars in 2019, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 74:26, and a global market share of 2.5%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300,075 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 367,820 units, followed by BYD with 229,506." </li> <li id="cite_note-Top20Global2018-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Top20Global2018_189-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2019" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (31 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/global-top-20-december-2018.html">"Global Top 20 - December 2018"</a>. EVSales.com. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Top+20+-+December+2018&rft.pub=EVSales.com&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fglobal-top-20-december-2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, with a BEV:PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a market share of 2.1%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2018, followed by BYD." </li> <li id="cite_note-1million-190"><a href="#cite_ref-1million_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2020" class="citation web cs1">Lambert, Fred (10 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electrek.co/2020/03/09/tesla-produces-1000000th-electric-car/">"Tesla produces its 1 millionth electric car"</a>. Electrek. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electrek&rft.atitle=Tesla+produces+its+1+millionth+electric+car&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felectrek.co%2F2020%2F03%2F09%2Ftesla-produces-1000000th-electric-car%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top10OEM2019-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Top10OEM2019_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2020" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (4 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/02/2019-sales-by-oem.html">"2019 Global Sales by OEM"</a>. EVSales.com. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2019+Global+Sales+by+OEM&rft.pub=EVSales.com&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2020%2F02%2F2019-sales-by-oem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "Tesla led plug-in car sales among automotive groups in 2019, with 367,849 units delivered, followed by BYD with 225,757, and the Renault-Nissan Alliance with 183,299. Accounting just for the all-electric segment (1.6 million electric cars sold in 2019), again Tesla was the leader, followed by BAIC (163,838), BYD (153,085), the Renault-Nissan Alliance (132,762), and SAIC (105,573)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Top10OEM2018-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Top10OEM2018_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2019" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (3 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/02/2018-global-sales-by-oem.html">"2018 Global Sales by OEM"</a>. EVSales.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014731/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/02/2018-global-sales-by-oem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+Global+Sales+by+OEM&rft.pub=EVSales.com&rft.date=2019-02-03&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fev-sales.blogspot.com%2F2019%2F02%2F2018-global-sales-by-oem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "Tesla led plug-in car sales among automotive groups in 2018, with 245,240 units delivered, followed by BYD with 229,338, and the Renault-Nissan Alliance with 192,711." </li> <li id="cite_note-Global2018brandshares-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Global2018brandshares_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electrive.com/2019/01/10/bmw-sells-over-140000-plug-in-cars-throughout-2018/">"BMW sells over 140,000 plug-in cars throughout 2018"</a>. electricdrive.com. 10 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114100618/https://www.electrive.com/2019/01/10/bmw-sells-over-140000-plug-in-cars-throughout-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BMW+sells+over+140%2C000+plug-in+cars+throughout+2018&rft.pub=electricdrive.com&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electrive.com%2F2019%2F01%2F10%2Fbmw-sells-over-140000-plug-in-cars-throughout-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> The global share of plug-in electric cars by brand in 2018 was led by Tesla with 12%, followed by BYD with 11%, BMW with 9%, BAIC with 6%, and Roewe and Nissan, both with 5%. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesla2021-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Tesla2021_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2022" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (27 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/563407/tesla-2021q4-final-delivery-numbers/">"Tesla Q4 2021 Final EV Delivery Numbers And Outlook"</a>. InsideEVs. Retrieved 27 January 2022. <q>Cumulatively, Tesla sold over 2.3 million electric cars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs&rft.atitle=Tesla+Q4+2021+Final+EV+Delivery+Numbers+And+Outlook&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F563407%2Ftesla-2021q4-final-delivery-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tesla4Q2021final-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Tesla4Q2021final_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tesla-cdn.thron.com/static/WIIG2L_TSLA_Q4_2021_Update_O7MYNE.pdf?xseo=&response-content-disposition=inline%3Bfilename%3D%22tsla-q4-and-fy-2021-update.pdf%22">"Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2021 Update"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a>: Tesla. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tesla+Fourth+Quarter+%26+Full+Year+2021+Update&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pub=Tesla&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftesla-cdn.thron.com%2Fstatic%2FWIIG2L_TSLA_Q4_2021_Update_O7MYNE.pdf%3Fxseo%3D%26response-content-disposition%3Dinline%253Bfilename%253D%2522tsla-q4-and-fy-2021-update.pdf%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> See table "Operational Summary" pp. 7 and 8 for revised and final production and sales numbers. </li> <li id="cite_note-CNC20232-196"><a href="#cite_ref-CNC20232_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2024" class="citation web cs1">Jin, Qian (1 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnewschina.com/2024/01/01/byd-sold-3-02-million-vehicles-in-2023/">"BYD sold 3.02 million vehicles in 2023, up 61.9%"</a>. CarNewsChina.com. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CarNewsChina.com&rft.atitle=BYD+sold+3.02+million+vehicles+in+2023%2C+up+61.9%25&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Qian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnewschina.com%2F2024%2F01%2F01%2Fbyd-sold-3-02-million-vehicles-in-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-197"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2024" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (2 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/702783/byd-plugin-car-sales-december2023/">"BYD Sales Hit Massive Record In December, Overtaking Tesla"</a>. InsideEVs. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs&rft.atitle=BYD+Sales+Hit+Massive+Record+In+December%2C+Overtaking+Tesla&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F702783%2Fbyd-plugin-car-sales-december2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpletal2024" class="citation web cs1">Opletal, Jiri (2 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnewschina.com/2024/01/02/byd-overtook-tesla-as-the-worlds-top-ev-maker/">"BYD overtook Tesla as the world's top EV maker"</a>. CarNewsChina.com. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CarNewsChina.com&rft.atitle=BYD+overtook+Tesla+as+the+world%27s+top+EV+maker&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft.aulast=Opletal&rft.aufirst=Jiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnewschina.com%2F2024%2F01%2F02%2Fbyd-overtook-tesla-as-the-worlds-top-ev-maker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.media.alliance-2022.com/news/renault-nissan-mitsubishi-motors-announce-common-roadmap-alliance-2030-best-of-3-worlds-for-a-new-future-fd6e-989c5.html">"RENAULT, NISSAN & MITSUBISHI MOTORS ANNOUNCE COMMON ROADMAP ALLIANCE 2030: BEST OF 3 WORLDS FOR A NEW FUTURE"</a> (Press release). Paris, Tokyo, Yokohama: Media Alliance Website. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2022. <q>In the main markets (Europe, Japan, the US, China) 15 Alliance plants already produce parts, motors, batteries for 10 EV models on the streets, with more than 1 million EV cars sold so far and 30 billion e-kilometers driven.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RENAULT%2C+NISSAN+%26+MITSUBISHI+MOTORS+ANNOUNCE+COMMON+ROADMAP+ALLIANCE+2030%3A+BEST+OF+3+WORLDS+FOR+A+NEW+FUTURE&rft.place=Paris%2C+Tokyo%2C+Yokohama&rft.pub=Media+Alliance+Website&rft.date=2022-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.media.alliance-2022.com%2Fnews%2Frenault-nissan-mitsubishi-motors-announce-common-roadmap-alliance-2030-best-of-3-worlds-for-a-new-future-fd6e-989c5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renault2019-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Renault2019_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://group.renault.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/urd_2019_-3-avril_14h.pdf">"2019 Universal Registration Document"</a> (PDF). 19 March 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020. <q>Since 2010, the Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi alliance has sold over 800,000 100%-electric vehicles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2019+Universal+Registration+Document&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroup.renault.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2Furd_2019_-3-avril_14h.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> See pp. 24 and 39. Since the launch of the Renault electric program, the Group has sold more than 252,000 electric vehicles in Europe and more than 273,550 electric vehicles worldwide. Since inception, a total of 181,893 Zoe cars, 48,821 Kangoo Z.E. electric vans and 29,118 Twitzy quadricycles have been sold globally through December 2019. Global sales of the Zoe totaled 48,269 units in 2019, and Kangoo ZE totaled 10,349. </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaf650K-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leaf650K_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaf650K_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leaf650K_201-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2023" class="citation web cs1">Kane, Mark (25 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/678579/nissan-global-bev-sales-one-million/">"Nissan Global BEV Sales Surpassed One Million"</a>. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nissan+Global+BEV+Sales+Surpassed+One+Million&rft.pub=InsideEVs.com&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F678579%2Fnissan-global-bev-sales-one-million%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renault2020-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renault2020_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renault2020_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renaultgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/renault-deu-2020-accessible-version.pdf">"2020 Universal Registration Document"</a> (PDF). 15 March 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021. <q>Since it launched its electric program, Renault has sold more than 370,000 electric vehicles in Europe and more than 397,000 worldwide: 284,800 ZOE, 59,150 KANGOO Z.E., 11,400 FLUENCE Z.E./SM3 Z.E., 4,600 K-Z.E., 31,100 TWIZY, 770 MASTER Z.E. and 5,100 TWINGO Electric in 2020.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Universal+Registration+Document&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.renaultgroup.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F04%2Frenault-deu-2020-accessible-version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> See pp. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autohome.com.cn/fastmessage/detail/1292078.html">"【图】快讯_汽车之家"</a>. www.autohome.com.cn. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.autohome.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E5%9B%BE%E3%80%91%E5%BF%AB%E8%AE%AF_%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%B6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autohome.com.cn%2Ffastmessage%2Fdetail%2F1292078.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalTopModelZSW2019-204"><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopModelZSW2019_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZentrum_für_Sonnenenergieund_Wasserstoff-Forschung_Baden-Württemberg_(ZSW)2020" class="citation web cs1">Zentrum für Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) (26 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electrive.com/2020/02/26/zsw-analysis-shows-global-number-of-evs-at-7-9-million/">"ZSW analysis shows global number of EVs at 7.9 million"</a>. electrive.com. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZSW+analysis+shows+global+number+of+EVs+at+7.9+million&rft.pub=electrive.com&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft.au=Zentrum+f%C3%BCr+Sonnenenergieund+Wasserstoff-Forschung+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg+%28ZSW%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electrive.com%2F2020%2F02%2F26%2Fzsw-analysis-shows-global-number-of-evs-at-7-9-million%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> See table: Global cumulative EV registrations (by models) </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahan2021" class="citation web cs1">Shahan, Zachary (15 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2021/05/15/10-european-countries-volkswagen-id-4-id-3-top-ev-sales-list-in-april-tesla-model-3-vw-id-4-in-january-april/">"10 European Countries: Volkswagen ID.4 & ID.3 Top EV Sales List In April, Tesla Model 3 & VW ID.4 In January–April"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 11 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CleanTechnica&rft.atitle=10+European+Countries%3A+Volkswagen+ID.4+%26+ID.3+Top+EV+Sales+List+In+April%2C+Tesla+Model+3+%26+VW+ID.4+In+January%E2%80%93April&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft.aulast=Shahan&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2021%2F05%2F15%2F10-european-countries-volkswagen-id-4-id-3-top-ev-sales-list-in-april-tesla-model-3-vw-id-4-in-january-april%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/486325/world-top-ev-automotive-groups-2020/">"World's Top 5 EV Automotive Groups Ranked By Sales: Q1-Q4 2020"</a>. InsideEVs. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs&rft.atitle=World%27s+Top+5+EV+Automotive+Groups+Ranked+By+Sales%3A+Q1-Q4+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F486325%2Fworld-top-ev-automotive-groups-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/564800/world-top-oem-sales-2021/">"World's Top 5 EV Automotive Groups Ranked By Sales: 2021"</a>. InsideEVs. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs&rft.atitle=World%27s+Top+5+EV+Automotive+Groups+Ranked+By+Sales%3A+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F564800%2Fworld-top-oem-sales-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/651978/world-top-ev-oem-sales-2022q4/">"World's Top 5 EV Automotive Groups Ranked By Sales: Q1-Q4 2022"</a>. InsideEVs. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs&rft.atitle=World%27s+Top+5+EV+Automotive+Groups+Ranked+By+Sales%3A+Q1-Q4+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F651978%2Fworld-top-ev-oem-sales-2022q4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalTopEVs062023-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_209-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalTopEVs062023_209-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontes2023" class="citation web cs1">Pontes, José (2 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2023/08/02/world-ev-sales-now-19-of-world-auto-sales/">"World EV Sales Now 19% Of World Auto Sales!"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CleanTechnica&rft.atitle=World+EV+Sales+Now+19%25+Of+World+Auto+Sales%21&rft.date=2023-08-02&rft.aulast=Pontes&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2023%2F08%2F02%2Fworld-ev-sales-now-19-of-world-auto-sales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "The top 5 global best selling plug-in electric cars during the first half of 2023 were the Tesla Model Y (579,552), the Tesla Model 3 (279,320), the BYD Song (BEV + PHEV) with 259,723, the BYD Qin Plus (BEV + PHEV) with 204,529 and the BYD Yuan Plus/Atto 3 (201,505). The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV sold 122,052 units, the BYD Han (BEV + PHEV) 96,437 units and the VW ID.4 86,481 units." </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJose2021" class="citation web cs1">Jose, Pontes (4 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2021/02/04/global-electric-vehicle-top-20-ev-sales-report/">"Global Electric Vehicle Top 20 — EV Sales Report"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 5 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Electric+Vehicle+Top+20+%E2%80%94+EV+Sales+Report&rft.pub=CleanTechnica&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft.aulast=Jose&rft.aufirst=Pontes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2021%2F02%2F04%2Fglobal-electric-vehicle-top-20-ev-sales-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> Global sales of the Tesla Model Y totaled 79,734 units in 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2024" class="citation web cs1">Akhtar, Riz (29 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedriven.io/2024/01/29/tesla-model-y-confirmed-as-worlds-best-selling-car-in-2023-beating-rav4-and-corolla/">"Tesla Model Y confirmed as world's best-selling car in 2023, beating Rav4 and Corolla"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GAC+Aion+S+China+Auto+Sales+Figures&rft.pub=Carsalesbase.com&rft.aulast=Demandt&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarsalesbase.com%2Fchina-gac-aion-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "Sales of the Aion S in China totaled 32,125 units in 2019 and 45,626 in 2020" </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinamobil.ru/eng/gac/aion-s/?view=sales">"GAC Aion S - Sales in China"</a>. www.chinamobil.ru. 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Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2021%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%AF%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2021%26energy%3D2%26saleType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://car.yiche.com/newcar/salesrank/?flag=2020&energy=2&saleType=0">"【易车销量榜】全国2020年纯电动批发量销量榜-易车榜-易车"</a>. car.yiche.com. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2020%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%AF%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2020%26energy%3D2%26saleType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinamobil.ru/eng/byd/qin-ev300/?view=sales">"BYD Qin EV - Sales in China"</a>. www.chinamobil.ru. Retrieved 12 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinamobil.ru&rft.atitle=BYD+Qin+EV+-+Sales+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinamobil.ru%2Feng%2Fbyd%2Fqin-ev300%2F%3Fview%3Dsales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://car.yiche.com/newcar/salesrank/?flag=2024&brandId=15&saleType=0&energy=2">"【易车销量榜】全国2024年比亚迪纯电动批发量销量榜-易车榜-易车"</a>. car.yiche.com. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2024%E5%B9%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%AA%E7%BA%AF%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2024%26brandId%3D15%26saleType%3D0%26energy%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://car.yiche.com/newcar/salesrank/?flag=2024&energy=2&saleType=0">"【易车销量榜】全国2024年纯电动批发量销量榜-易车榜-易车"</a>. car.yiche.com. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2024%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%AF%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2024%26energy%3D2%26saleType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VWID4_2020-232"><a href="#cite_ref-VWID4_2020_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemandt" class="citation web cs1">Demandt, Bart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carsalesbase.com/europe-volkswagen-id4/">"Volkwagen ID.4 Europe Auto Sales Figures"</a>. Carsalesbase.com. Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volkwagen+ID.4+Europe+Auto+Sales+Figures&rft.pub=Carsalesbase.com&rft.aulast=Demandt&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarsalesbase.com%2Feurope-volkswagen-id4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> Sales of the VW ID.4 in Europe totaled 4,810 units in 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://car.yiche.com/newcar/salesrank/?flag=2023&energy=2&saleType=0">"【易车销量榜】全国2023年纯电动批发量销量榜-易车榜-易车"</a>. car.yiche.com. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2023%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%AF%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2023%26energy%3D2%26saleType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://car.yiche.com/newcar/salesrank/?flag=2024&energy=2&saleType=0">"【易车销量榜】全国2024年纯电动批发量销量榜-易车榜-易车"</a>. car.yiche.com. Retrieved 12 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2024%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%AF%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2024%26energy%3D2%26saleType%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renault2022-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Renault2022_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroupe_Renault2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Groupe Renault (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renaultgroup.com/finance/chiffre-cles/ventes-mensuelles//">"Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault"</a> [Monthly Sales -Renault Group monthly sales statistics] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ventes+Mensuelles+-+Statistiques+commerciales+mensuelles+du+groupe+Renault&rft.pub=Renault.com&rft.date=2022-01&rft.au=Groupe+Renault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.renaultgroup.com%2Ffinance%2Fchiffre-cles%2Fventes-mensuelles%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on the corresponding link to download the file "MONTHLY-SALES-12-2022.XLSX - 588 Ko", and open the tab "Sales by Model (2)" to access sales figures for cumulative sales CYTD 2022 and revised CYTD 2021. Global Zoe sales totaled 40,544 units in 2022 and 77,500 in 2021, including both passenger and LCV variants. </li> <li id="cite_note-Renault062023-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Renault062023_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroupe_Renault2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Groupe Renault (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renaultgroup.com/finance/informations-financieres/chiffre-cles/ventes-mensuelles/">"Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault"</a> [Monthly Sales -Renault Group monthly sales statistics] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ventes+Mensuelles+-+Statistiques+commerciales+mensuelles+du+groupe+Renault&rft.pub=Renault.com&rft.date=2023-07&rft.au=Groupe+Renault&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.renaultgroup.com%2Ffinance%2Finformations-financieres%2Fchiffre-cles%2Fventes-mensuelles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on the corresponding link to download the file "MONTHLY-SALES-06-2023.XLSX - 69 Ko", and open the tab "Models" to access sales figures for cumulative sales CYTD 2023 through June. Global Zoe sales totaled 11,131 units in the first half of 2023, including both passenger and LCV variants. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renaultgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/monthly-sales-12-2023.xlsx">"Monthly Sales 12-2023"</a>. Renault Group. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Renault+Group&rft.atitle=Monthly+Sales+12-2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.renaultgroup.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F01%2Fmonthly-sales-12-2023.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_238-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hyundai.com/worldwide/en/company/ir/ir-resources/sales-results">"Sales Results | IR Resources | IR"</a>. Hyundai Worldwide. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hyundai+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Sales+Results+%7C+IR+Resources+%7C+IR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyundai.com%2Fworldwide%2Fen%2Fcompany%2Fir%2Fir-resources%2Fsales-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://car.yiche.com/paihangbang/salesdetail/?type=1&spellname=%E5%B0%8F%E8%9A%82%E8%9A%81&serialId=4981">"【小蚂蚁销量】小蚂蚁全国销量数据-易车榜-易车"</a>. car.yiche.com. 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Retrieved 8 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sustained+boom+in+market+for+electric+vehicles%3A+worldwide+total+10.8+million+-+ZSW+Data+service&rft.pub=ZSW&rft.date=2023-08-02&rft.au=Zentrum+f%C3%BCr+Sonnenenergieund+Wasserstoff-Forschung+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg+%28ZSW%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zsw-bw.de%2Fen%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews%2Fnews-detail%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2FNews%2Fsustained-boom-in-market-for-electric-vehicles-worldwide-total-108-million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> "See table: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zsw-bw.de/en/media-center/data-service.html">Global cumulative EV registrations" by models</a> Cumulative Tesla Model S reached 363,900 units in 2022, up 35,000 from 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://car.yiche.com/newcar/salesrank/?flag=2022&energy=2&saleType=0&page=2">"【易车销量榜】全国2022年纯电动批发量销量榜-易车榜-易车"</a>. car.yiche.com. 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Retrieved 17 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=car.yiche.com&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C%E3%80%91%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD2024%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%AF%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E6%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E9%87%8F%E9%94%80%E9%87%8F%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6%E6%A6%9C-%E6%98%93%E8%BD%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcar.yiche.com%2Fnewcar%2Fsalesrank%2F%3Fflag%3D2024%26energy%3D2%26saleType%3D0%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/564639/global-plugin-car-sales-december2021/">"Global Plug-In Car Sales: 900k In December, 6.5 Million In 2021"</a>. InsideEVs. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs&rft.atitle=Global+Plug-In+Car+Sales%3A+900k+In+December%2C+6.5+Million+In+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F564639%2Fglobal-plugin-car-sales-december2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontes2023" class="citation web cs1">Pontes, José (3 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cleantechnica.com/2023/02/02/open-the-gates-25-bev-share-in-europe/">"Open the Gates! 25% BEV Share in Europe!"</a>. CleanTechnica. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CleanTechnica&rft.atitle=Open+the+Gates%21+25%25+BEV+Share+in+Europe%21&rft.date=2023-02-03&rft.aulast=Pontes&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcleantechnica.com%2F2023%2F02%2F02%2Fopen-the-gates-25-bev-share-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insideevs.com/news/485298/global-plugin-car-sales-december-2020/">"Global Plug-In Electric Car Sales December 2020: Over 570,000 Sold"</a>. InsideEVs. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InsideEVs&rft.atitle=Global+Plug-In+Electric+Car+Sales+December+2020%3A+Over+570%2C000+Sold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsideevs.com%2Fnews%2F485298%2Fglobal-plugin-car-sales-december-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-250"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_250-0">^</a> IEA (2022), Global EV Outlook 2022, IEA, Paris <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022">https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EVImckinsey2017-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EVImckinsey2017_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVImckinsey2017_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzkeMüllerSchenkWu2018" class="citation web cs1">Hertzke, Patrick; Müller, Nicolai; Schenk, Stephanie; Wu, Ting (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/the-global-electric-vehicle-market-is-amped-up-and-on-the-rise">"The global electric-vehicle market is amped up and on the rise"</a>. McKinsey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128083117/https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/the-global-electric-vehicle-market-is-amped-up-and-on-the-rise">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McKinsey&rft.atitle=The+global+electric-vehicle+market+is+amped+up+and+on+the+rise&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Hertzke&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Nicolai&rft.au=Schenk%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Wu%2C+Ting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Findustries%2Fautomotive-and-assembly%2Four-insights%2Fthe-global-electric-vehicle-market-is-amped-up-and-on-the-rise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> See Exhibit 1: Global electric-vehicle sales, 2010-17. </li> <li id="cite_note-IEA_2024-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEA_2024_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEA_2024_252-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-data-explorer">IEA 2024</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/global-ev-data-explorer">EIA 2024</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EVOutlook2020-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EVOutlook2020_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVOutlook2020_254-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVOutlook2020_254-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EVOutlook2020_254-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency_(IEA),_Clean_Energy_Ministerial,_and_Electric_Vehicles_Initiative_(EVI)2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020">"Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?"</a>. IEA Publications. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+EV+Outlook+2020%3A+Enterign+the+decade+of+electric+drive%3F&rft.pub=IEA+Publications&rft.date=2020-06&rft.au=International+Energy+Agency+%28IEA%29%2C+Clean+Energy+Ministerial%2C+and+Electric+Vehicles+Initiative+%28EVI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fglobal-ev-outlook-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China. </li> <li id="cite_note-Outlook2019-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Outlook2019_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Energy_Agency_(IEA),_Clean_Energy_Ministerial,_and_Electric_Vehicles_Initiative_(EVI)2019" class="citation web cs1">International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513153402/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-products">"Global EV Outlook 2019: Scaling-up the transition to electric mobility"</a>. IEA Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2807?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2019.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+EV+Outlook+2019%3A+Scaling-up+the+transition+to+electric+mobility&rft.pub=IEA+Publications&rft.date=2019-05&rft.au=International+Energy+Agency+%28IEA%29%2C+Clean+Energy+Ministerial%2C+and+Electric+Vehicles+Initiative+%28EVI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebstore.iea.org%2Fdownload%2Fdirect%2F2807%3FfileName%3DGlobal_EV_Outlook_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) See Statistical annex, pp. 210–213. The global stock of plug-in electric passenger cars totaled 5,122,460 units at the end of 2018, of which, 3,290,800 (64.2%) were battery electric cars (See Tables A.1 and A.2).. </li> <li id="cite_note-Global2011_2015-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Global2011_2015_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgonne_National_Laboratory,_United_States_Department_of_Energy2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, United States Department of Energy (28 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-918-march-28-2016-global-plug-light-vehicle-sales-increased-about-80-2015">"Fact #918: March 28, 2016 – Global Plug-in Light Vehicles Sales Increased By About 80% in 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_%26_Renewable_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402014959/http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-918-march-28-2016-global-plug-light-vehicle-sales-increased-about-80-2015">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2016. 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IEA Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1045?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2018.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 June 2020. 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Retrieved 23 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Passenger+Car+Registrations+By+Alternative+Fuel+Type+In+The+European+Union%3A+Quarter+4+2016&rft.pub=ACEA&rft.date=2017-02-01&rft.au=European+Automobile+Manufacturers+Association+%28ACEA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acea.be%2Fuploads%2Fpress_releases_files%2F20170201_AFV_Q4_2016_FINAL.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market in the EU + EFTA - Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Europe2016_2017-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Europe2016_2017_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association_(ACEA)2018" class="citation web cs1">European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20180201_AFV_Q4_2017_FINAL.PDF">"New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2017"</a> (PDF). ACEA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225144830/http://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20180201_AFV_Q4_2017_FINAL.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Passenger+Car+Registrations+By+Alternative+Fuel+Type+In+The+European+Union%3A+Quarter+4+2017&rft.pub=ACEA&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft.au=European+Automobile+Manufacturers+Association+%28ACEA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acea.be%2Fuploads%2Fpress_releases_files%2F20180201_AFV_Q4_2017_FINAL.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market in the EU + EFTA - Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2017 and Q1-Q4 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-Europe2018_2019-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Europe2018_2019_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association_(ACEA)2020" class="citation web cs1">European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20200206_PRPC_fuel_Q4_2019_FINAL.pdf">"New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2019"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Passenger+Car+Registrations+By+Alternative+Fuel+Type+In+The+European+Union%3A+Quarter+4+2019&rft.pub=ACEA&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.au=European+Automobile+Manufacturers+Association+%28ACEA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acea.be%2Fuploads%2Fpress_releases_files%2F20200206_PRPC_fuel_Q4_2019_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market in the EU + EFTA - Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2018 and 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Global2020-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Global2020_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrle2021" class="citation web cs1">Irle, Roland (19 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/">"Global Plug-in Vehicle Sales Reached over 3,2 Million in 2020"</a>. 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IEA.org. International Energy Agency. April 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA.org&rft.atitle=Prospects+for+electric+vehicle+deployment&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Freports%2Fglobal-ev-outlook-2021%2Fprospects-for-electric-vehicle-deployment%23%3A~%3Atext%3D145%2520million%2520vehicles%2520by%25202030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mission_300-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mission_300_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mission_300_309-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2024/09/19/five-ways-the-world-bank-will-achieve-mission-300">"Connecting Millions to Electricity in Africa With "Mission 300""</a>. www.worldbank.org. World Bank Group. 19 September 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Connecting+Millions+to+Electricity+in+Africa+With+%22Mission+300%22&rft.date=2024-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2024%2F09%2F19%2Ffive-ways-the-world-bank-will-achieve-mission-300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-climateandcapitalmedia-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-climateandcapitalmedia_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-climateandcapitalmedia_310-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugust2024" class="citation web cs1">August, Oliver (21 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climateandcapitalmedia.com/whisper-it-quietly-but-africa-is-starting-to-mass-manufacture-electric-vehicles/">"Whisper it quietly, but Africa is starting to mass-manufacture electric vehicles"</a>. www.climateandcapitalmedia.com. Climate & Capital Media. Retrieved 7 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.climateandcapitalmedia.com&rft.atitle=Whisper+it+quietly%2C+but+Africa+is+starting+to+mass-manufacture+electric+vehicles&rft.date=2024-06-21&rft.aulast=August&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climateandcapitalmedia.com%2Fwhisper-it-quietly-but-africa-is-starting-to-mass-manufacture-electric-vehicles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+car" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_car&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrically-powered_automobiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electrically-powered automobiles">Electrically powered automobiles</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Electric_Vehicle_Conversion/Technologies" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Electric Vehicle Conversion/Technologies">Electric Vehicle Conversion/Technologies</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electric_car" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:electric car">electric car</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SAxXUIre28">How an electric car works</a></li> <li><a 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vehicle">Compressed-air vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_turbine" title="Tesla turbine">Tesla turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Electric battery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive#Battery_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Battery-electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedelec" title="Pedelec">Pedelec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_bus" title="Battery electric bus">Battery electric bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric car</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_platform_truck" title="Electric platform truck">Electric platform truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_kick_scooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric kick scooter">Electric kick scooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works#The_Gyro_locomotive" title="Sentinel Waggon Works">Gyro flywheel locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">Neighborhood Electric Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battery_electric_vehicles" title="List of battery electric vehicles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar-powered_aircraft" title="Solar-powered aircraft">aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">ICE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_aircraft" title="Hydrogen-powered aircraft">Hydrogen-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-powered_ship" title="Hydrogen-powered ship">Hydrogen-powered ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_train" title="Hydrogen train">Hydrogen train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_internal_combustion_engine_vehicle" title="Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle">Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle" title="Natural gas vehicle">Natural gas vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple-fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-fuel_vehicle" title="Bi-fuel vehicle">Bi-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible-fuel_vehicle" title="Flexible-fuel vehicle">Flexible-fuel vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_train" title="Hybrid train">Hybrid train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifuel" title="Multifuel">Multifuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_vehicle" title="Solar vehicle">Solar vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_car" title="Solar car">Solar car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_bus" title="Solar bus">Solar bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">Electric aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="What Is the Electric Car?">What Is the Electric Car?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Electric_Car" title="Revenge of the Electric Car">Revenge of the Electric Car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power_ship" title="Wave power ship">Wave power ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_ship" title="Windmill ship">Windmill ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind-powered_vehicle" title="Wind-powered vehicle">Wind-powered vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">Zero-emissions vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Car_design561" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_configuration" title="Template talk:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_configuration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile configuration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Car_design561" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> (engine / drive)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:EC_car_classification" title="Template:EC car classification">Template:EC car classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory446" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renewable_energy_by_country" title="Category:Renewable energy by country">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electric_vehicles83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boat" title="Electric boat">Electric boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycle" title="Electric bicycle">Electric bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">Electric bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motorcycles_and_scooters" title="Electric motorcycles and scooters">Electric motorcycles and scooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_truck" title="Electric truck">Electric truck</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg/200px-Car2Go_Charging_Station_Stuttgart_2013_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle" title="Plug-in electric vehicle">Plug-in electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">Battery electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel cell electric vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charging_station" title="Charging 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