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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology and subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Triassic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triassic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Triassic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triassic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurassic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurassic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Jurassic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurassic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Cretaceous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Cretaceous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Late Cretaceous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Cretaceous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cenozoic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cenozoic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cenozoic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cenozoic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tethys Ocean</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetisoseaan" title="Tetisoseaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tetisoseaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%B3" title="بحر تيثس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحر تيثس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anu_Tetis" title="Océanu Tetis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Océanu Tetis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetis_okean%C4%B1" title="Tetis okeanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tetis okeanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="টেথিস সাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেথিস সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Тетис (океан) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тетис (океан)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD)" title="Тэціс (акіян) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэціс (акіян)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="टीथीस सागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टीथीस सागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetiski_okean" title="Tetiski okean – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tetiski okean" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A0_de_Tetis" title="Oceà de Tetis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oceà de Tetis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Тетис (океан) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тетис (океан)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_(mo%C5%99e)" title="Tethys (moře) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tethys (moře)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethyshavet" title="Tethyshavet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tethyshavet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_(Ozean)" title="Tethys (Ozean) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tethys (Ozean)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethyse_ookean" title="Tethyse ookean – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tethyse ookean" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%B8%CF%8D%CF%82_(%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Τηθύς (γεωλογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηθύς (γεωλογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_Tetis" title="Océano Tetis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Océano Tetis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetiso_(pramaro)" title="Tetiso (pramaro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tetiso (pramaro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetis_ozeanoa" title="Tetis ozeanoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tetis ozeanoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="اقیانوس تتیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقیانوس تتیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9thys_(oc%C3%A9an)" title="Téthys (océan) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Téthys (océan)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Tetis" title="Mar Tetis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar Tetis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%B4" title="테티스해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테티스해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD_(%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD)" title="Թետիս (օվկիանոս) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թետիս (օվկիանոս)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="टेथीज सागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेथीज सागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Tethys" title="Samudra Tethys – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samudra Tethys" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetide" title="Tetide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tetide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%98%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A1" title="ים טתיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ים טתיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಟೀತಿಸ್ ಸಮುದ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೀತಿಸ್ ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტეთისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტეთისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_(oceanus)" title="Tethys (oceanus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tethys (oceanus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetisa_oke%C4%81ns" title="Tetisa okeāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tetisa okeāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetija_(vandenynas)" title="Tetija (vandenynas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tetija (vandenynas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys-%C3%B3ce%C3%A1n" title="Tethys-óceán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tethys-óceán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ടെഥിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെഥിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ტეთისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტეთისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethysoceaan" title="Tethysoceaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tethysoceaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E6%B5%B7" title="テチス海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テチス海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethyshavet" title="Tethyshavet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tethyshavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethyshavet" title="Tethyshavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tethyshavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetis" title="Tetis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tetis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ٹیتھیز سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیتھیز سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetyda_(ocean)" title="Tetyda (ocean) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tetyda (ocean)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_T%C3%A9tis" title="Mar de Tétis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar de Tétis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetis_okean%C4%B1" title="Tetis okeanı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tetis okeanı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanul_Tethys" title="Oceanul Tethys – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oceanul Tethys" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Тетис (океан) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тетис (океан)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tethys Ocean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethys_(more)" title="Tethys (more) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tethys (more)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Tetida" title="Ocean Tetida – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ocean Tetida" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Тетис (океан) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тетис (океан)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetiski_okean" title="Tetiski okean – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tetiski okean" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_T%C3%A9thys" title="Samudra Téthys – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Samudra Téthys" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethysmeri" title="Tethysmeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tethysmeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tethyshavet" title="Tethyshavet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tethyshavet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karagatang_Tethys" title="Karagatang Tethys – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karagatang Tethys" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தேத்திசுப் பெருங்கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேத்திசுப் பெருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetis_Okyanusu" title="Tetis Okyanusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tetis Okyanusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Тетіс (океан) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тетіс (океан)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Tethys" title="Đại dương Tethys – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại dương Tethys" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawdan_Tethys" title="Kalawdan Tethys – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalawdan Tethys" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%8B" title="特提斯洋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特提斯洋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyanus%C3%AA_Tetisi" title="Okyanusê Tetisi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Okyanusê Tetisi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Sea&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Sea">Tethys Sea</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prehistoric ocean between Gondwana and Laurasia</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurasia-Gondwana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Laurasia-Gondwana.svg/330px-Laurasia-Gondwana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Laurasia-Gondwana.svg/495px-Laurasia-Gondwana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Laurasia-Gondwana.svg/660px-Laurasia-Gondwana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>First phase of the Tethys Ocean's forming: the (first) Tethys Sea starts dividing <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> into two supercontinents, <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Tethys Ocean</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TEETH</span>-iss, <span style="font-size:90%">TETH</span>-</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Τηθύς</span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Tēthús</i></span>), also called the <b>Tethys Sea</b> or the <b>Neo-Tethys</b>, was a prehistoric ocean during much of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era</a> and early-mid <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era</a>. It was the predecessor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and the Eurasian inland marine basins (primarily represented today by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early Mesozoic, as <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> broke up, the Tethys Ocean was defined as the ocean located between the ancient continents of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>. After the opening of the Indian and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> oceans during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> Period and the breakup of these continents over the same period, it came to be defined as the ocean bordered by the continents of Africa, Eurasia, India, and Australasia. During the early-mid Cenozoic, the Indian, African, Australian and Arabian plates moved north and collided with the Eurasian plate, which created new borders to the ocean, a land barrier to the flow of currents between the Indian and Mediterranean basins, and the <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>). All of these geological events, in addition to a drop in sea level rise from Antarctic glaciation, brought an end to the Tethys as it previously existed, fragmenting it into the Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the <a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean" title="Paleo-Tethys Ocean">Paleo-Tethys Ocean</a>, which lasted between the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a>, while the Neotethys formed during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> and lasted in some form up to the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> boundary (about 24–21 million years ago) when it completely closed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion known as the Paratethys was isolated during the Oligocene (34 million years ago) and lasted up to the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> (about 5 million years ago), when it largely dried out.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern inland seas of Europe and Western Asia, namely the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, are remnants of the Paratethys Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sea is named after <a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a>, who, in ancient Greek mythology, is a water goddess, a sister and consort of <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>, mother of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanid</a> sea nymphs and of the world's great rivers, lakes and fountains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_subdivisions">Terminology and subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology and subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eastern part of the Tethys Ocean is sometimes referred to as Eastern Tethys. The western part of the Tethys Ocean is called Tethys Sea, Western Tethys Ocean, or <a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys</a> or Alpine Tethys Ocean. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral</a> seas are thought to be its <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crustal</a> remains, though the Black Sea may, in fact, be a remnant of the older <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean" title="Paleo-Tethys Ocean">Paleo-Tethys Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Van-der-Voo-1993_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van-der-Voo-1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Tethys was not simply a single open ocean. It covered many small plates, <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arcs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontinent">microcontinents</a>. Many small <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">oceanic basins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Valais_Ocean" title="Valais Ocean">Valais Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piemont-Liguria_Ocean" title="Piemont-Liguria Ocean">Piemont-Liguria Ocean</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meliata_Ocean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meliata Ocean (page does not exist)">Meliata Ocean</a>) were separated from each other by continental <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alboran_plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alboran plate (page does not exist)">Alboran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberian_plate" title="Iberian plate">Iberian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apulian_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apulian plate">Apulian</a> plates. The high <a href="/wiki/Eustasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustasy">sea level</a> in the Mesozoic flooded most of these continental domains, forming shallow seas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the early Cenozoic, the Tethys Ocean could be divided into three sections: the Mediterranean Tethys (the direct predecessor to the Mediterranean Sea), the Peri-Tethys (a vast inland sea that covered much of eastern Europe and central Asia, and the direct predecessor to the Paratethys Sea), and the Indian Tethys (the direct predecessor to the Indian Ocean).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Turgai_Strait" title="Turgai Strait">Turgai Strait</a> extended out of the Peri-Tethys, connecting the Tethys with the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As theories have improved, scientists have extended the "Tethys" name to refer to three similar oceans that preceded it, separating the continental terranes: in Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Tethys">Paleo-Tethys</a> (Devonian–Triassic), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meso-Tethys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meso-Tethys (page does not exist)">Meso-Tethys</a> (late <a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Early Permian</a>–Late Cretaceous), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceno-Tethys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceno-Tethys (page does not exist)">Ceno-Tethys</a> (Late-Triassic–Cenozoic) are recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalfe_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalfe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the Tethys oceans should be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Rheic_Ocean" title="Rheic Ocean">Rheic Ocean</a>, which existed to the west of them in the Silurian Period.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the north of the Tethys, the then-land mass is called <a href="/wiki/Angaraland" class="mw-redirect" title="Angaraland">Angaraland</a> and to the south of it, it is called <a href="/wiki/Gondwanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondwanaland">Gondwanaland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_theory">Modern theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> (600 <abbr title="million years ago">Mya</abbr>) into the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> (360 <abbr title="million years ago">Mya</abbr>), the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tethys_Ocean" title="Proto-Tethys Ocean">Proto-Tethys Ocean</a> existed and was situated between <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> to the south. </p><p> From the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> (440 <abbr title="million years ago">Mya</abbr>) through the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> periods, the Paleo-Tethys Ocean existed between the <a href="/wiki/Hunic_terranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunic terranes">Hunic terranes</a> and Gondwana. Over a period of 400 million years, continental <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a> intermittently separated from Gondwana in the Southern Hemisphere to migrate northward to form Asia in the Northern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-metcalfe_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metcalfe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:249_global.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/249_global.png/220px-249_global.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/249_global.png/330px-249_global.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/249_global.png/440px-249_global.png 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Plate tectonic reconstruction of the Tethys realm at 249 <abbr title="million years ago">Mya</abbr></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triassic_Period">Triassic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Triassic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 250 Mya,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, a new ocean began forming in the southern end of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. A rift formed along the northern continental shelf of Southern <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> (Gondwana). Over the next 60 million years, that piece of shelf, known as <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian plate">Cimmeria</a>, traveled north, pushing the floor of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean under the eastern end of northern <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> (early / proto- <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>). The Neo-Tethys Ocean formed between Cimmeria and Gondwana, directly over where the Paleo-Tethys formerly rested.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurassic_Period">Jurassic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jurassic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period about 150 Mya, Cimmeria finally collided with Laurasia and stalled, so the ocean floor behind it <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">buckled under</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Trench" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Trench">Tethys Trench</a>. Water levels rose, and the western Tethys shallowly covered significant portions of Europe, forming the first Tethys Sea. Around the same time, Laurasia and Gondwana began <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">drifting apart</a>, opening an extension of the Tethys Sea between them which today is the part of the Atlantic Ocean between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. As North and South America were still attached to the rest of Laurasia and Gondwana, respectively, the Tethys Ocean in its widest extension was part of a continuous oceanic belt running around the Earth between about <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> 30°N and the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a> at the time around the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> ran very differently from the way they do today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Cretaceous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_global.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/100_global.png/220px-100_global.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/100_global.png/330px-100_global.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/100_global.png/440px-100_global.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Plate tectonic reconstruction of the Tethys realm at 100 Mya</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the Jurassic and the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, which started about 100 Mya, Gondwana began breaking up, pushing Africa and India north across the Tethys and opening up the Indian Ocean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cenozoic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dire_Straits_FIG_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dire_Straits_FIG_01.jpg/250px-Dire_Straits_FIG_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dire_Straits_FIG_01.jpg/330px-Dire_Straits_FIG_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dire_Straits_FIG_01.jpg/500px-Dire_Straits_FIG_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="3843" /></a><figcaption>Vast regions of Europe and west-central Asia were still covered by a contiguous Tethys at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> (top image), but by the Oligocene, most of this had dried out (bottom image), and the Tethys was almost entirely divided into the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and Paratethys.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> (66 million to the dawn of the Neogene, 23 Mya), the connections between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans across the Tethys were eventually closed off in what is now the Middle East during the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, as a consequence of the northern migration of Africa/Arabia and global sea levels falling due to the concurrent formation of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic Ice Sheet</a>. This decoupling occurred in two steps, first around 20 Mya and another around 14 Mya.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete closure of the Tethys led to a global reorganization of currents, and is what is thought to have allowed for <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and led to the establishment of the modern <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_South_Asia" title="Monsoon of South Asia">South Asian Monsoon</a>. It also caused major modifications to the functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">AMOC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">ACC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> (33.9 to 23 Mya), large parts of central and eastern Europe were covered by a northern branch of the Tethys Ocean, called the <a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys</a>. The Paratethys was separated from the Tethys with the formation of the Alps, <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinarides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinarides">Dinarides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elburz" class="mw-redirect" title="Elburz">Elburz</a> mountains during the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>. During the late <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, the Paratethys gradually disappeared, and became an isolated inland sea.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separation from the wider Tethys during the early Miocene initially led to a boost in <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary productivity</a> for the Paratethys, but this gave way to a total ecosystem collapse during the late Miocene as a result of rapid dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_theory">Historical theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Chapter 13 of his 1845 book,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> described a distinctive formation extending from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> in which the creatures differed from those of the purely marine period that preceded them. The <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> deposits of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and Taman (south of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>) are identical with formations surrounding the present <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Univalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Univalve">univalves</a> of freshwater origin are associated with forms of Cardiacae and Mytili that are common to partially saline or brackish waters. This distinctive fauna has been found throughout all the enormously developed Tertiary formations of the southern and south-eastern steppes. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... and leads at once to the conviction, that during long periods antecedent, as will be hereafter explained, to the historic æra, a vast region of Europe and Asia was covered by a Mediterranean Sea of brackish water, of which the present Caspian is the diminished type. ... To render the distinction between these accumulations and all others clear and unambiguous, we have adopted the term Aralo-Caspian, first applied in a geographical sense, by our great precursor Humboldt, to this region of the globe. ... Judging from the recital of travellers and from specimens of the rock, we have no doubt that it extended to Khivah and the Aral Sea ; beyond which the low level of the adjacent eastern deserts would lead us to infer, that it spread over wide tracts in Asia now inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkomans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kirghis</a>, and was bounded only by the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindoo Kusk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a>. ... there can be no sort of doubt, that all the masses of water now separated from each other, from the Aral to the Black Sea inclusive, were formerly united in this vast pre-historical Mediterranean ; which (even if we restrict its limits to the boundaries we already know, and do not extend them eastward, amid low regions untrodden by geologists) must have exceeded in size the present Mediterranean!</p></blockquote> <p>On the accompanying map, Murchison shows the Aralo-Caspian Formation extending from close to the Danube delta across Crimea, up the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga river">Volga river</a> to Samara, then south of the Urals to beyond the Aral Sea. Brackish and upper freshwater components (OSM) of the Miocene are now known to extend through the <a href="/wiki/Molasse_basin" title="Molasse basin">North Alpine foreland basin</a> and onto the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Jura" title="Swabian Jura">Swabian Jura</a> with thickness of up to 250 m (820 ft); these were deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys</a> when the Alpine front was still 100 km (62 mi) farther south.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg/170px-Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg/255px-Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg/340px-Eduard_Suess_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1587" /></a><figcaption>Geologist <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> in 1869</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1885, the Austrian palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Neumayr" title="Melchior Neumayr">Melchior Neumayr</a> deduced the existence of the Tethys Ocean from Mesozoic marine sediments and their distribution, calling his concept <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zentrales Mittelmeer</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Central Mediterranean Sea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and described it as a Jurassic seaway, which extended from the Caribbean to the Himalayas.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, the Austrian geologist <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> proposed the hypothesis that an ancient and extinct <a href="/wiki/Inland_sea_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland sea (geology)">inland sea</a> had once existed between Laurasia and the continents which formed <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> II. He named it the Tethys Sea after the Greek sea goddess Tethys. He provided evidence for his theory using fossil records from the Alps and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed the concept of <i>Tethys</i> in his four-volume work <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Das Antlitz der Erde</i></span> (<i>The Face of the Earth</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following decades during the 20th century, "<a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">mobilist</a>" geologists such as Uhlig (1911), Diener (1925), and Daque (1926) regarded Tethys as a large trough between two <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a> which lasted from the late Palaeozoic until continental fragments derived from Gondwana obliterated it. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Tethys was described as a triangular ocean with a wide eastern end.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 1920s to the 1960s, "fixist" geologists, however, regarded Tethys as a composite trough, which evolved through a series of <a href="/wiki/Orogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orogenic">orogenic</a> cycles. They used the terms 'Paleotethys', 'Mesotethys', and 'Neotethys' for the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_orogeny" title="Caledonian orogeny">Caledonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Variscan</a>, and Alpine orogenies, respectively. In the 1970s and 1980s, these terms and 'Proto-Tethys', were used in different senses by various authors, but the concept of a single ocean wedging into Pangea from the east, roughly where Suess first proposed it, remained.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> became established, and Suess's "sea" could clearly be seen to have been an ocean. Plate tectonics provided an explanation for the mechanism by which the former ocean disappeared: <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> can <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduct</a> under <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tethys was considered an oceanic plate by Smith (1971); Dewey, Pitman, Ryan and Bonnin (1973); Laubscher and Bernoulli (1973); and Bijou-Duval, Dercourt and Pichon (1977).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C8%9Beg_Island" title="Hațeg Island">Hațeg Island</a> – Prehistoric island</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_oceans" title="List of ancient oceans">List of ancient oceans</a> – List of Earth's former oceans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean" title="Paleo-Tethys Ocean">Paleo-Tethys Ocean</a> – Ocean on the margin of Gondwana between the Middle Cambrian and Late Triassic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Sea" title="Pannonian Sea">Pannonian Sea</a> – Shallow ancient sea where the Pannonian Basin in Central Europe is today</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys</a> – Prehistoric shallow inland sea in Eurasia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piemont-Liguria_Ocean" title="Piemont-Liguria Ocean">Piemont-Liguria Ocean</a> – Former piece of oceanic crust that is seen as part of the Tethys Ocean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhpolding_Formation" title="Ruhpolding Formation">Ruhpolding Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethyan_Trench" title="Tethyan Trench">Tethyan Trench</a> – Ancient oceanic trench</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Tethys-Sea">"Tethys Sea | Definition, Location, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Tethys+Sea+%7C+Definition%2C+Location%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTethys-Sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBialikFrankBetzlerZammit2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bialik, Or M.; Frank, Martin; Betzler, Christian; Zammit, Ray; Waldmann, Nicolas D. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unil.ch/webdav/site/igp/shared/Research/Geodynamics_-_Stampfli/155.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=155+Ma+-+Late+Oxfordian+%28an.+M25%29&rft.pub=University+of+Lausanne&rft.aulast=Stampfli&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unil.ch%2Fwebdav%2Fsite%2Figp%2Fshared%2FResearch%2FGeodynamics_-_Stampfli%2F155.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van-der-Voo-1993-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van-der-Voo-1993_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Voo1993">Van der Voo 1993</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalcuKrijgsman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Palcu, Dan V.; Krijgsman, Wout (2023-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP523-2021-73">"The dire straits of Paratethys: gateways to the anoxic giant of Eurasia"</a>. <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>. <b>523</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023GSLSP.523...73P">2023GSLSP.523...73P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP523-2021-73">10.1144/SP523-2021-73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-8719">0305-8719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.atitle=The+dire+straits+of+Paratethys%3A+gateways+to+the+anoxic+giant+of+Eurasia&rft.volume=523&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft.issn=0305-8719&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FSP523-2021-73&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023GSLSP.523...73P&rft.aulast=Palcu&rft.aufirst=Dan+V.&rft.au=Krijgsman%2C+Wout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyellcollection.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1144%2FSP523-2021-73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkhmetievZaporozhetsBenyamovskiyAleksandrova2012" class="citation journal cs1">Akhmetiev, Mikhail A.; Zaporozhets, Nina I.; Benyamovskiy, Vladimir N.; Aleksandrova, Galina N.; Iakovleva, Alina I.; Oreshkina, Tatiana V. 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Palaeos Mesozoic: Triassic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Triassic/MidTrias.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Triassic&rft.series=Palaeos+Mesozoic%3A+Triassic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palaeos.com%2FMesozoic%2FTriassic%2FMidTrias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteiningerWessely2000" class="citation journal cs1">Steininger, F.F.; Wessely, G. (2000). 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"Post-Eocene evolution of the North Alpine Foreland Basin and its response to Alpine tectonics". <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>. <b>152</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SedG..152...45K">2002SedG..152...45K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2801%2900285-8">10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00285-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=Post-Eocene+evolution+of+the+North+Alpine+Foreland+Basin+and+its+response+to+Alpine+tectonics&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2801%2900285-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002SedG..152...45K&rft.aulast=Kuhlemann&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Kempf%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKollmann1992">Kollmann 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuess1893">Suess 1893</a>, p. 183: "This ocean we designate by the name 'Tethys' after the sister and consort of Oceanus. The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuess1901">Suess 1901</a>, Gondwana-Land und Tethys, p. 25: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Dasselbe wurde von Neumayr das 'centrale Mittelmeer' genannt und wird hier mit dem Namen Tethys bezeichnet werden. Das heutige europäische Mittelmeer ist ein Rest der Tethys."</i></span> ("It was named by Neumayr the 'central Mediterranean [literally: Middle] Sea' and here it will be designated by the name 'Tethys'. The current European Mediterranean Sea is a remnant of the Tethys.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe1999">Metcalfe 1999</a>, "How many Tethys Oceans?", pp. 1–3</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBialikFrankBetzlerZammit2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bialik, Or M.; Frank, Martin; Betzler, Christian; Zammit, Ray; Waldmann, Nicolas D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6586870">"Two-step closure of the Miocene Indian Ocean Gateway to the Mediterranean"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>9</b> (8842): 8842. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.8842B">2019NatSR...9.8842B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-45308-7">10.1038/s41598-019-45308-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6586870">6586870</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31222018">31222018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Two-step+closure+of+the+Miocene+Indian+Ocean+Gateway+to+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8842&rft.pages=8842&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6586870%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31222018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-45308-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...9.8842B&rft.aulast=Bialik&rft.aufirst=Or+M.&rft.au=Frank%2C+Martin&rft.au=Betzler%2C+Christian&rft.au=Zammit%2C+Ray&rft.au=Waldmann%2C+Nicolas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6586870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKollmann1992" class="citation book cs1">Kollmann, H. A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59h9BwAAQBAJ&q=Neumayr+tethys&pg=PT14">"Tethys—the Evolution of an Idea"</a>. In Kollmann, H. A.; Zapfe, H. (eds.). <i>New Aspects on Tethyan Cretaceous Fossil Assemblages</i>. Springer-Verlag reprint ed. 1992. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0387865553" title="Special:BookSources/978-0387865553"><bdi>978-0387865553</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27717529">27717529</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tethys%E2%80%94the+Evolution+of+an+Idea&rft.btitle=New+Aspects+on+Tethyan+Cretaceous+Fossil+Assemblages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+reprint+ed.+1992&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27717529&rft.isbn=978-0387865553&rft.aulast=Kollmann&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59h9BwAAQBAJ%26q%3DNeumayr%2Btethys%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe1999" class="citation journal cs1">Metcalfe, I. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238335467">"The ancient Tethys oceans of Asia: How many? How old? How deep? How wide?"</a>. <i>UNEAC Asia Papers</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNEAC+Asia+Papers&rft.atitle=The+ancient+Tethys+oceans+of+Asia%3A+How+many%3F+How+old%3F+How+deep%3F+How+wide%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F238335467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe2013" class="citation journal cs1">Metcalfe, I. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258794200">"Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of eastern Tethys"</a>. <i>Journal of Asian Earth Sciences</i>. <b>66</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAESc..66....1M">2013JAESc..66....1M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2012.12.020">10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.12.020</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Gondwana+dispersion+and+Asian+accretion%3A+tectonic+and+palaeogeographic+evolution+of+eastern+Tethys&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2012.12.020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JAESc..66....1M&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F258794200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStampfliBorel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stampfli, G. M.; Borel, G. D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2801%2900588-X">"A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>196</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002E&PSL.196...17S">2002E&PSL.196...17S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2801%2900588-X">10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+plate+tectonic+model+for+the+Paleozoic+and+Mesozoic+constrained+by+dynamic+plate+boundaries+and+restored+synthetic+oceanic+isochrons&rft.volume=196&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2801%2900588-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002E%26PSL.196...17S&rft.aulast=Stampfli&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rft.au=Borel%2C+G.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0012-821X%252801%252900588-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuess1893" class="citation book cs1">Suess, E. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/40456#page/200/mode/2up">"Are ocean depths permanent?"</a>. <i>Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress</i>. Vol. 2. London. pp. <span class="nowrap">180–</span>187<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Are+ocean+depths+permanent%3F&rft.btitle=Natural+Science%3A+A+Monthly+Review+of+Scientific+Progress&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Suess&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F40456%23page%2F200%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuess1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suess, E. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/p1dasantlitzdere03sues#page/24/mode/2up/search/Tethys"><i>Der Antlitz der Erde</i></a> (in German). Vol. 3. Wien F. Tempsky<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Antlitz+der+Erde&rft.pub=Wien+F.+Tempsky&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Suess&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fp1dasantlitzdere03sues%23page%2F24%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2FTethys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Voo1993" class="citation book cs1">Van der Voo, Rob (1993). <i>Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus Oceans</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61209-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61209-8"><bdi>978-0-521-61209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleomagnetism+of+the+Atlantic%2C+Tethys+and+Iapetus+Oceans&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61209-8&rft.aulast=Van+der+Voo&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATethys+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tethys_Ocean&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tethys_Ocean" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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