CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"04231804-f0bf-4489-aae4-b39adee94575","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current","wgTitle":"Antarctic Circumpolar Current","wgCurRevisionId":1258775787,"wgRevisionId":1258775787,"wgArticleId":2015,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2020","Currents of the Southern Ocean","Geography of the Southern Ocean","Climate of Chile","Subantarctic"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current","wgRelevantArticleId":2015,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q55828","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1094"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="729"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="583"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Antarctic Circumpolar Current - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current rootpage-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fronts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fronts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Fronts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fronts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dynamics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytoplankton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytoplankton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phytoplankton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytoplankton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="التيار القطبي للقطب الجنوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التيار القطبي للقطب الجنوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rb_k%C3%BCl%C9%99kl%C9%99ri_c%C9%99r%C9%99yan%C4%B1" title="Qərb küləkləri cərəyanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərb küləkləri cərəyanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Антарктычнае цыркумпалярнае цячэнне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антарктычнае цыркумпалярнае цячэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Антарктычная цыркумпалярная плынь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антарктычная цыркумпалярная плынь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Западноветрово течение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западноветрово течение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrent_circumpolar_ant%C3%A0rtic" title="Corrent circumpolar antàrtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corrent circumpolar antàrtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_p%C5%99%C3%ADhon" title="Západní příhon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní příhon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktischer_Zirkumpolarstrom" title="Antarktischer Zirkumpolarstrom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antarktischer Zirkumpolarstrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4netuulte_hoovus" title="Läänetuulte hoovus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Läänetuulte hoovus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriente_circumpolar_ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Corriente circumpolar antártica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corriente circumpolar antártica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkta_%C4%88irka%C5%ADpolusa_Marfluo" title="Antarkta Ĉirkaŭpolusa Marfluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antarkta Ĉirkaŭpolusa Marfluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaslaster_Zirkunpolar_Antartikoa" title="Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جریان پیراقطبی جنوبگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جریان پیراقطبی جنوبگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_circumpolaire_antarctique" title="Courant circumpolaire antarctique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Courant circumpolaire antarctique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98%EB%A5%98" title="남극순환류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남극순환류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="अण्टार्कटिका प्रवाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अण्टार्कटिका प्रवाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkti%C4%8Dka_cirkumpolarna_struja" title="Antarktička cirkumpolarna struja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antarktička cirkumpolarna struja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_Lingkar_Antarktika" title="Arus Lingkar Antarktika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arus Lingkar Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_circumpolare_antartica" title="Corrente circumpolare antartica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corrente circumpolare antartica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Батыс Желдер ағысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Батыс Желдер ағысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Батыш шамал агымы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Батыш шамал агымы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumen_Circumpolare_Antarcticum" title="Flumen Circumpolare Antarcticum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Flumen Circumpolare Antarcticum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktikas_cirkumpol%C4%81r%C4%81_straume" title="Antarktikas cirkumpolārā straume – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antarktikas cirkumpolārā straume" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_V%C4%97j%C5%B3_srov%C4%97" title="Vakarų Vėjų srovė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų Vėjų srovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugati-Sz%C3%A9l-%C3%A1raml%C3%A1s" title="Nyugati-Szél-áramlás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugati-Szél-áramlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="अँटार्क्टिका ध्रुवप्रदक्षिणा प्रवाह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँटार्क्टिका ध्रुवप्रदक्षिणा प्रवाह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus_Lilitan_Antartika" title="Arus Lilitan Antartika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arus Lilitan Antartika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westenwinddrift" title="Westenwinddrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westenwinddrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="अण्टार्कटिका प्रवाह – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अण्टार्कटिका प्रवाह" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E7%92%B0%E6%B5%81" title="南極環流 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南極環流" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rishavsstr%C3%B8mmen" title="Sørishavsstrømmen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørishavsstrømmen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rishavsstraumen" title="Sørishavsstraumen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørishavsstraumen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%85d_Wiatr%C3%B3w_Zachodnich" title="Prąd Wiatrów Zachodnich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prąd Wiatrów Zachodnich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_Circumpolar_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Corrente Circumpolar Antártica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrente Circumpolar Antártica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curentul_Antarctic_de_Vest" title="Curentul Antarctic de Vest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curentul Antarctic de Vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Антарктическое циркумполярное течение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антарктическое циркумполярное течение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%BD_pr%C3%ADhon" title="Západný príhon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západný príhon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Струја западних ветрова – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Струја западних ветрова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struja_zapadnih_vjetrova" title="Struja zapadnih vjetrova – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Struja zapadnih vjetrova" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsituulten_virta" title="Länsituulten virta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsituulten virta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stvinddriften" title="Västvinddriften – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västvinddriften" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktik_Kutup_%C3%87evresi_Ak%C4%B1nt%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Antarktik Kutup Çevresi Akıntısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antarktik Kutup Çevresi Akıntısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Течія Західних вітрів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Течія Західних вітрів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_l%C6%B0u_v%C3%B2ng_Nam_C%E1%BB%B1c" title="Hải lưu vòng Nam Cực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hải lưu vòng Nam Cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E7%B9%9E%E6%A5%B5%E6%B5%81" title="南極繞極流 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南極繞極流" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55828#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&oldid=1258775787" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&id=1258775787&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntarctic_Circumpolar_Current"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntarctic_Circumpolar_Current"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q55828" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.png/320px-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.png 1.5x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Antarctic Circumpolar Current, showing branches connecting to the larger <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv/320px--Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="320" height="108" data-durationhint="167" data-mwtitle="Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv/Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="216" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv/Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="216" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="640" data-height="216" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv/Thermohaline_Circulation_using_Improved_Flow_Field.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption> Animation of the thermohaline circulation. The later part of this animation shows the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Antarctic Circumpolar Current</b> (<b>ACC</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean current</a> that flows clockwise (as seen from the South Pole) from west to east around <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. An alternative name for the ACC is the <b>West Wind Drift</b>. The ACC is the dominant circulation feature of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> and has a mean transport estimated at 100–150 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">Sverdrups</a> (Sv, million m<sup>3</sup>/s),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or possibly even higher,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the largest ocean current. The current is circumpolar due to the lack of any landmass connecting with Antarctica and this keeps warm ocean waters away from Antarctica, enabling that continent to maintain its huge <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a>. </p><p>Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>, where the cold Antarctic waters meet the warmer waters of the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">subantarctic</a>, creating a zone of upwelling nutrients. These nurture high levels of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> with associated <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>, and resultant <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a> supporting fish, whales, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>, penguins, <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a>, and a wealth of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">other species</a>. </p><p>The ACC has been known to sailors for centuries; it greatly speeds up any travel from west to east, but makes sailing extremely difficult from east to west, although this is mostly due to the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerly winds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>'s story "Make Westing" and the circumstances preceding the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">mutiny on the <i>Bounty</i></a> poignantly illustrate the difficulty it caused for mariners seeking to round <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> westbound on the <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clipper ship</a> route from New York to California.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastbound <a href="/wiki/Clipper_route" title="Clipper route">clipper route</a>, which is the fastest <a href="/wiki/Sailing_Directions" title="Sailing Directions">sailing route</a> around the world, follows the ACC around three continental capes – <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agulhas" title="Cape Agulhas">Cape Agulhas</a> (Africa), <a href="/wiki/South_East_Cape" title="South East Cape">South East Cape</a> (Australia), and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> (South America). </p><p>The current creates the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Gyre" title="Ross Gyre">Ross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Gyre" title="Weddell Gyre">Weddell Gyres</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg/220px-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg/330px-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg/440px-Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the strongest current system in the world oceans and the only ocean current linking all major oceans: the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Seawater density fronts after <a href="#CITEREFOrsiWhitworthNowlin1995">Orsi, Whitworth & Nowlin 1995</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ACC connects the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, and Indian Oceans, and serves as a principal pathway of exchange among them. The current is strongly constrained by <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bathymetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathymetric">bathymetric</a> features. To trace it starting arbitrarily at South America, it flows through the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a> between South America and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a> and then is split by the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Arc" title="Scotia Arc">Scotia Arc</a> to the east, with a shallow warm branch flowing to the north in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Current" title="Falkland Current">Falkland Current</a> and a deeper branch passing through the Arc more to the east before also turning to the north. Passing through the Indian Ocean, the current first retroflects the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Return_Current" title="Agulhas Return Current">Agulhas Return Current</a> before it is split by the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a>, and then moving northward again. Deflection is also seen as it passes over the <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a> in the Southeast Pacific. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fronts">Fronts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fronts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current is accompanied by three <a href="/wiki/Front_(Oceanography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Oceanography)">fronts</a>: the Subantarctic front (SAF), the <a href="/wiki/Polar_front" title="Polar front">Polar front</a> (PF), and the Southern ACC front (SACC).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the waters of the Southern Ocean are separated from the warmer and saltier subtropical waters by the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_front" title="Subtropical front">subtropical front</a> (STF).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern boundary of the ACC is defined by the northern edge of the SAF, this being the most northerly water to pass through Drake Passage and therefore be circumpolar. Much of the ACC transport is carried in this front, which is defined as the latitude at which a subsurface salinity minimum or a thick layer of unstratified Subantarctic <a href="/wiki/Mode_water" title="Mode water">mode water</a> first appears, allowed by temperature dominating density stratification. Still further south lies the PF, which is marked by a transition to very cold, relatively fresh, Antarctic Surface Water at the surface. Here a temperature minimum is allowed by salinity dominating density stratification, due to the lower temperatures. Farther south still is the SACC, which is determined as the southernmost extent of <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_deep_water" title="Circumpolar deep water">Circumpolar deep water</a> (temperature of about 2 °C at 400 m). This water mass flows along the shelfbreak of the western Antarctic Peninsula and thus marks the most southerly water flowing through Drake Passage and therefore circumpolar. The bulk of the transport is carried in the middle two fronts. </p><p>The total transport of the ACC at Drake Passage is estimated to be around 135 Sv, or about 135 times the transport of all the world's rivers combined. There is a relatively small addition of flow in the Indian Ocean, with the transport south of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> reaching around 147 Sv, at which point the current is probably the largest on the planet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynamics">Dynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The circumpolar current is driven by the strong westerly winds in the latitudes of the Southern Ocean. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Thermohaline_circulation.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg/220px-Thermohaline_circulation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg/330px-Thermohaline_circulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg/440px-Thermohaline_circulation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The ACC (red circle near the middle of the image) in relation to the global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> <a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg">(animation)</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In latitudes where there are continents, winds blowing on light surface water can simply pile up light water against these continents. But in the Southern Ocean, the momentum imparted to the surface waters cannot be offset in this way. There are different theories on how the Circumpolar Current balances the momentum imparted by the winds. The increasing eastward momentum imparted by the winds causes water parcels to drift outward from the axis of the Earth's rotation (in other words, northward) as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a>. This northward <a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a> is balanced by a southward, pressure-driven flow below the depths of the major ridge systems. Some theories connect these flows directly, implying that there is significant upwelling of dense deep waters within the Southern Ocean, transformation of these waters into light surface waters, and a transformation of waters in the opposite direction to the north. Such theories link the magnitude of the Circumpolar Current with the global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>, particularly the properties of the North Atlantic. </p><p>Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)#Mesoscale_ocean_eddies" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">ocean eddies</a>, the oceanic equivalent of atmospheric storms, or the large-scale meanders of the Circumpolar Current may directly transport momentum downward in the water column. This is because such flows can produce a net southward flow in the troughs and a net northward flow over the ridges without requiring any transformation of density. In practice both the thermohaline and the eddy/meander mechanisms are likely to be important. </p><p>The current flows at a rate of about 4 km/h (2.5 mph) over the <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Fault_Zone" title="Macquarie Fault Zone">Macquarie Ridge</a> south of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-brittlestar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittlestar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ACC varies with time. Evidence of this is the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Wave" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Wave">Antarctic Circumpolar Wave</a>, a periodic oscillation that affects the climate of much of the southern hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_oscillation" title="Antarctic oscillation">Antarctic oscillation</a>, which involves changes in the location and strength of Antarctic winds. Trends in the Antarctic Oscillation have been hypothesized to account for an increase in the transport of the Circumpolar Current over the past two decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published estimates of the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current vary, but it is commonly considered to have started at the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> boundary. The isolation of Antarctica and formation of the ACC occurred with the openings of the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Passage" title="Tasmanian Passage">Tasmanian Passage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>. The Tasmanian Seaway separates East Antarctica and Australia, and is reported to have opened to water circulation 33.5 million years ago (Ma).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timing of the opening of the Drake Passage, between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, is more disputed; <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> and sediment evidence show that it could have been open as early as pre-34 Ma,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimates of the opening of the Drake passage are between 20 and 40 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-Siegert-etal-2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegert-etal-2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isolation of Antarctica by the current is credited by many researchers with causing the <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a> of Antarctica and global cooling in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> epoch. Oceanic models have shown that the opening of these two passages limited polar heat convergence and caused a cooling of <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> by several degrees; other models have shown that CO<sub>2</sub> levels also played a significant role in the glaciation of Antarctica.<sup id="cite_ref-Siegert-etal-2008_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegert-etal-2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phytoplankton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S2004341153052.L2_HCHL.MalvinasCurrent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/S2004341153052.L2_HCHL.MalvinasCurrent.jpg/220px-S2004341153052.L2_HCHL.MalvinasCurrent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/S2004341153052.L2_HCHL.MalvinasCurrent.jpg/330px-S2004341153052.L2_HCHL.MalvinasCurrent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/S2004341153052.L2_HCHL.MalvinasCurrent.jpg/440px-S2004341153052.L2_HCHL.MalvinasCurrent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2711" data-file-height="3117" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Current" title="Falkland Current">Falkland Current</a> transports nutrient-rich cold waters from the ACC north toward the <a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Malvinas_Confluence" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil–Malvinas Confluence">Brazil–Malvinas Confluence</a>. Phytoplankton chlorophyll concentration are shown in blue (lower concentrations) and yellow (higher concentrations).</figcaption></figure> <p>Antarctic sea ice cycles seasonally, in February–March the amount of sea ice is lowest, and in August–September the sea ice is at its greatest extent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice levels have been monitored by satellite since 1973. Upwelling of deep water under the sea ice brings substantial amounts of nutrients. As the ice melts, the melt water provides stability and the critical depth is well below the mixing depth, which allows for a positive net <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the sea ice recedes epontic algae dominate the first phase of the bloom, and a strong bloom dominate by diatoms follows the ice melt south.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-2004_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another phytoplankton bloom occurs more to the north near the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>, here nutrients are present from <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>. Phytoplankton blooms are dominated by diatoms and grazed by copepods in the open ocean, and by krill closer to the continent. Diatom production continues through the summer, and populations of krill are sustained, bringing large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, seals, birds, and fish to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-2004_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phytoplankton blooms are believed to be limited by irradiance in the austral (southern hemisphere) spring, and by biologically available iron in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the biology in the area occurs along the major fronts of the current, the Subtropical, Subantarctic, and the Antarctic Polar fronts, these are areas associated with well defined temperature changes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Size and distribution of phytoplankton are also related to fronts. Microphytoplankton (>20 μm) are found at fronts and at sea ice boundaries, while <a href="/wiki/Nanophytoplankton" title="Nanophytoplankton">nanophytoplankton</a> (<20 μm) are found between fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox-2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox-2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies of phytoplankton stocks in the southern sea have shown that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is dominated by diatoms, while the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> has abundant <a href="/wiki/Coccolithophorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccolithophorid">coccolithophorids</a> and silicoflagellates. Surveys of the SW Indian Ocean have shown phytoplankton group variation based on their location relative to the Polar Front, with <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> dominating South of the front, and dinoflagellates and <a href="/wiki/Flagellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellates">flagellates</a> in higher populations North of the front.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox-2007_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox-2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some research has been conducted on Antarctic phytoplankton as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>. Areas of open water left from ice melt are good areas for phytoplankton blooms. The phytoplankton takes carbon from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. As the blooms die and sink, the carbon can be stored in sediments for thousands of years. This natural carbon sink is estimated to remove 3.5 million tonnes from the ocean each year. 3.5 million tonnes of carbon taken from the ocean and atmosphere is equivalent to 12.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies">Studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An expedition in May 2008 by 19 scientists<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studied the geology and biology of eight <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Fault_Zone" title="Macquarie Fault Zone">Macquarie Ridge</a> sea mounts, as well as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> of the Southern Ocean. The circumpolar current merges the waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans and carries up to 150 times the volume of water flowing in all of the world's rivers. The study found that any damage on the cold-water corals nourished by the current will have a long-lasting effect.<sup id="cite_ref-brittlestar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittlestar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After studying the circumpolar current it is clear that it strongly influences regional and global climate as well as underwater biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject has been characterized recently as "the spectral peak of the global extra-tropical circulation at ≈ 10^4 kilometers".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current helps preserve wooden shipwrecks by preventing wood-boring "<a href="/wiki/Ship_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship worms">ship worms</a>" from reaching targets such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>'s ship, the <a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "State of the cryosphere" report found, that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current became weaker. By 2050 it expected to lose 20% of its strenght with "widespread impacts on ocean circulation and climate." The <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea_Bottom_Water" title="Weddell Sea Bottom Water">Weddell Sea Bottom Water</a> has lost 30% of its volume in the latest 32 years, and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_bottom_water" title="Antarctic bottom water">Antarctic Bottom Water</a> is expected to shrunk. This will impact ocean circulation, nutrients, heat content and carbon sequestration.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> mentions that the report in the first time "notes a growing scientific consensus that melting Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, among other factors, may be slowing important ocean currents at both poles, with potentially dire consequences for a much colder northern Europe and greater sea-level rise along the U.S. East Coast."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDesflotsWhiteMariano2013">Smith et al. 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDonohue2016" class="citation journal cs1">Donohue, K.A.; et al. (21 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016GL070319">"Mean Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport measured in Drake Passage"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>43</b> (11): 760. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GeoRL..4311760D">2016GeoRL..4311760D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016GL070319">10.1002/2016GL070319</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F47067">11336/47067</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Mean+Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current+transport+measured+in+Drake+Passage&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=760&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F47067&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2016GL070319&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016GeoRL..4311760D&rft.aulast=Donohue&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2016GL070319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLondon1907">London 1907</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2007">Stewart 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrsiWhitworthNowlin1995">Orsi, Whitworth & Nowlin 1995</a>, Introduction, p. 641</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittlestar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brittlestar_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittlestar_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-05/coml-ema051208.php">"Explorers marvel at 'Brittlestar City' on seamount in powerful current swirling around Antarctica"</a>. 18 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explorers+marvel+at+%27Brittlestar+City%27+on+seamount+in+powerful+current+swirling+around+Antarctica&rft.date=2008-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2008-05%2Fcoml-ema051208.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnolley2002">Connolley 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHassoldReaPluijmParés2009">Hassold et al. 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkerFilippelliFlorindoMartin2007">Barker et al. 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegert-etal-2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siegert-etal-2008_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siegert-etal-2008_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiegertBarrettDecontoDunbar2008">Siegert et al. 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStott2011">Stott 2011</a>, See "Ancient Current Systems" illustrations at bottom of page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeerts1998">Geerts 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-2004-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller-2004_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller-2004_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller-2004_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeloquinSmith2007">Peloquin & Smith 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090656/http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/education-and-outreach/additional/science-focus/locus/tutorials/module6.shtml">"The Southern Ocean"</a>. GES DISC: Goddard Earth Sciences, Data & Information Services Center. May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/education-and-outreach/additional/science-focus/locus/tutorials/module6.shtml">the original</a> on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Ocean&rft.pub=GES+DISC%3A+Goddard+Earth+Sciences%2C+Data+%26+Information+Services+Center&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdisc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Feducation-and-outreach%2Fadditional%2Fscience-focus%2Flocus%2Ftutorials%2Fmodule6.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox-2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knox-2007_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knox-2007_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKnox2007">Knox 2007</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeckBarnesCookFleming2010">Peck et al. 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'HaraRowdenWilliams2008">O'Hara, Rowden & Williams 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRintoulHughesOlbers2001">Rintoul, Hughes & Olbers 2001</a>, e.g. p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storer, B.A., Buzzicotti, M., Khatri, H. et al. Global energy spectrum of the general oceanic circulation. <i>Nat Commun</i> 13, 5314 (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33031-3">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33031-3</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGloverWiklundTaboadaAvila2013">Glover et al. 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2024/11/State%20of%20the%20Cryosphere%20Report%202024.pdf"><i>State of the Cryosphere 2024 Lost Ice, Global Damage</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Cryosphere Climate Initiative. November 2024. pp. x (in the beginning), 8, 48, 52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Cryosphere+2024+Lost+Ice%2C+Global+Damage&rft.pages=x+%28in+the+beginning%29%2C+8%2C+48%2C+52&rft.pub=International+Cryosphere+Climate+Initiative&rft.date=2024-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.unesco.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedias%2Ffichiers%2F2024%2F11%2FState%2520of%2520the%2520Cryosphere%2520Report%25202024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/state-cryosphere-report-2024">"State of the Cryosphere Report 2024 Lost Ice, Global Damage"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=State+of+the+Cryosphere+Report+2024+Lost+Ice%2C+Global+Damage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fstate-cryosphere-report-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerFilippelliFlorindoMartin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, P. F.; Filippelli, G. M.; Florindo, F.; Martin, E. E.; Scher, H. D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/2184/1/1214.pdf">"Onset and Role of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Deep-Sea Research Part II</i>. <b>54</b> (21): 2388–2398. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007DSRII..54.2388B">2007DSRII..54.2388B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2007.07.028">10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.07.028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep-Sea+Research+Part+II&rft.atitle=Onset+and+Role+of+the+Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2388-2398&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2007.07.028&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007DSRII..54.2388B&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=P.+F.&rft.au=Filippelli%2C+G.+M.&rft.au=Florindo%2C+F.&rft.au=Martin%2C+E.+E.&rft.au=Scher%2C+H.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth-prints.org%2Fbitstream%2F2122%2F2184%2F1%2F1214.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolley2002" class="citation journal cs1">Connolley, W. M. (2002). "Long-term variation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i>. <b>107</b> (C4): 8076. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRC..107.8076C">2002JGRC..107.8076C</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.693.4116">10.1.1.693.4116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JC000380">10.1029/2000JC000380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Long-term+variation+of+the+Antarctic+Circumpolar+Wave&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=C4&rft.pages=8076&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.693.4116%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JC000380&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JGRC..107.8076C&rft.aulast=Connolley&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeerts1998" class="citation web cs1">Geerts, B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap11/sea_ice.html">"Antarctic sea ice: seasonal and long-term changes"</a>. Department of Atmospheric science, University of Wyoming<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antarctic+sea+ice%3A+seasonal+and+long-term+changes&rft.pub=Department+of+Atmospheric+science%2C+University+of+Wyoming&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Geerts&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-das.uwyo.edu%2F~geerts%2Fcwx%2Fnotes%2Fchap11%2Fsea_ice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloverWiklundTaboadaAvila2013" class="citation journal cs1">Glover, A. G.; Wiklund, H.; Taboada, S.; Avila, C.; Cristobo, J.; Smith, C. R.; Kemp, K. M.; Jamieson, A. J.; Dahlgren, T. G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3757972">"Bone-eating worms from the Antarctic: the contrasting fate of whale and wood remains on the Southern Ocean seafloor"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>280</b> (1768): 20131390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.1390">10.1098/rspb.2013.1390</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3757972">3757972</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23945684">23945684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Bone-eating+worms+from+the+Antarctic%3A+the+contrasting+fate+of+whale+and+wood+remains+on+the+Southern+Ocean+seafloor&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=1768&rft.pages=20131390&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3757972%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23945684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2013.1390&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft.au=Wiklund%2C+H.&rft.au=Taboada%2C+S.&rft.au=Avila%2C+C.&rft.au=Cristobo%2C+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+C.+R.&rft.au=Kemp%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Jamieson%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Dahlgren%2C+T.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3757972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos2013" class="citation news cs1">Amos, Jonathan (14 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23682521">"Antarctic: Where 'zombies' thrive and shipwrecks are preserved"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Antarctic%3A+Where+%27zombies%27+thrive+and+shipwrecks+are+preserved&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-23682521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassoldReaPluijmParés2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hassold, N. J. C.; Rea, D. K.; Pluijm, B. A. van der; Parés, J. M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/Ben/Publications/09_ppp_hassold.pdf">"A physical record of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: late Miocene to recent slowing of abyssal circulation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>. <b>275</b> (1–4): 28–36. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PPP...275...28H">2009PPP...275...28H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2009.01.011">10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.01.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=A+physical+record+of+the+Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current%3A+late+Miocene+to+recent+slowing+of+abyssal+circulation&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=28-36&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2009.01.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PPP...275...28H&rft.aulast=Hassold&rft.aufirst=N.+J.+C.&rft.au=Rea%2C+D.+K.&rft.au=Pluijm%2C+B.+A.+van+der&rft.au=Par%C3%A9s%2C+J.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalchange.umich.edu%2FBen%2FPublications%2F09_ppp_hassold.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2007" class="citation book cs1">Knox, G. A. (2007). <i>Biology of the Southern Ocean</i>. CRC Marine Biology Series. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849333941" title="Special:BookSources/9780849333941"><bdi>9780849333941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+the+Southern+Ocean&rft.series=CRC+Marine+Biology+Series&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780849333941&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon1907" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London, Jack</a> (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130127235537/http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/london/149">"Make Westing"</a>. Literature Collection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/london/149">the original</a> on 27 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Make+Westing&rft.pub=Literature+Collection&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.literaturecollection.com%2Fa%2Flondon%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation book cs1">Miller, C. B. (2004). <i>Biological Oceanography</i>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780632055364" title="Special:BookSources/9780632055364"><bdi>9780632055364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Oceanography&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780632055364&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'HaraRowdenWilliams2008" class="citation journal cs1">O'Hara, T. D.; Rowden, A. A.; Williams, A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1472-4642.2008.00495.x">"Cold-water coral habitats on seamounts: do they have a specialist fauna?"</a>. <i>Diversity and Distributions</i>. <b>14</b> (6): 925–934. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1472-4642.2008.00495.x">10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00495.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86154159">86154159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diversity+and+Distributions&rft.atitle=Cold-water+coral+habitats+on+seamounts%3A+do+they+have+a+specialist+fauna%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=925-934&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1472-4642.2008.00495.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86154159%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rft.au=Rowden%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1472-4642.2008.00495.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrsiWhitworthNowlin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Orsi, A. H.; Whitworth, T.; Nowlin, W. D. Jr. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~klinck/Reprints/PDF/orsiDSR95.pdf">"On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Deep-Sea Research</i>. <b>42</b> (5): 641–673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995DSRI...42..641O">1995DSRI...42..641O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0967-0637%2895%2900021-W">10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep-Sea+Research&rft.atitle=On+the+meridional+extent+and+fronts+of+the+Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=641-673&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0967-0637%2895%2900021-W&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995DSRI...42..641O&rft.aulast=Orsi&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft.au=Whitworth%2C+T.&rft.au=Nowlin%2C+W.+D.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccpo.odu.edu%2F~klinck%2FReprints%2FPDF%2ForsiDSR95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckBarnesCookFleming2010" class="citation journal cs1">Peck, L. S.; Barnes, D. K. A.; Cook, A. J.; Fleming, A. H.; Clarke, A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229907687">"Negative feedback in the cold: ice retreat produces new carbon sinks in Antarctica"</a>. <i>Global Change Biology</i>. <b>16</b> (9): 2614–2623. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010GCBio..16.2614P">2010GCBio..16.2614P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2009.02071.x">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02071.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85748895">85748895</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Negative+feedback+in+the+cold%3A+ice+retreat+produces+new+carbon+sinks+in+Antarctica&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2614-2623&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85748895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2009.02071.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010GCBio..16.2614P&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+D.+K.+A.&rft.au=Cook%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Fleming%2C+A.+H.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229907687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091109121117.htm">"Antarctica glacier retreat creates new carbon dioxide store; has beneficial impact on climate change"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i> (Press release). 10 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antarctica+glacier+retreat+creates+new+carbon+dioxide+store%3B+has+beneficial+impact+on+climate+change&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F11%2F091109121117.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeloquinSmith2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peloquin, J. A.; Smith, W. O. Jr. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~klinck/Reprints/PDF/peloquinJGR07.pdf">"Phytoplankton blooms in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: Interannual variability in magnitude, temporal patterns, and composition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</i>. <b>112</b> (C08013): C08013. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRC..112.8013P">2007JGRC..112.8013P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JC003816">10.1029/2006JC003816</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Oceans&rft.atitle=Phytoplankton+blooms+in+the+Ross+Sea%2C+Antarctica%3A+Interannual+variability+in+magnitude%2C+temporal+patterns%2C+and+composition&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=C08013&rft.pages=C08013&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006JC003816&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JGRC..112.8013P&rft.aulast=Peloquin&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+W.+O.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccpo.odu.edu%2F~klinck%2FReprints%2FPDF%2FpeloquinJGR07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRintoulHughesOlbers2001" class="citation book cs1">Rintoul, S. R.; Hughes, C.; Olbers, D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epic.awi.de/2649/1/Rin8888b.pdf">"The Antarctic Circumpolar Current System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Siedler, G.; Church, J.; Gould, J. (eds.). <i>Ocean Circulation and Climate</i>. New York: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10013%2Fepic.13233">10013/epic.13233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-641351-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-641351-7"><bdi>0-12-641351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current+System&rft.btitle=Ocean+Circulation+and+Climate&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10013%2Fepic.13233&rft.isbn=0-12-641351-7&rft.aulast=Rintoul&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+C.&rft.au=Olbers%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2F2649%2F1%2FRin8888b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegertBarrettDecontoDunbar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Siegert, M. J.; Barrett, P.; Deconto, R. M.; Dunbar, R.; Cofaigh, C. O.; Passchier, S.; Naish, T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/robert_deconto/18/">"Recent Advances in Understanding Antarctic Climate Evolution"</a>. <i>Antarctic Science</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 313–325. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AntSc..20..313S">2008AntSc..20..313S</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.210.9532">10.1.1.210.9532</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954102008000941">10.1017/S0954102008000941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18274113">18274113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antarctic+Science&rft.atitle=Recent+Advances+in+Understanding+Antarctic+Climate+Evolution&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=313-325&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.210.9532%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18274113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0954102008000941&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AntSc..20..313S&rft.aulast=Siegert&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Barrett%2C+P.&rft.au=Deconto%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+R.&rft.au=Cofaigh%2C+C.+O.&rft.au=Passchier%2C+S.&rft.au=Naish%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Frobert_deconto%2F18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithDesflotsWhiteMariano2013" class="citation web cs1">Smith, R.; Desflots, M.; White, S.; Mariano, A. J.; Ryan, E. H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/southern/antarctic-cp.html">"The Antarctic Circumpolar Current"</a>. Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current&rft.pub=Rosenstiel+School+of+Marine+%26+Atmospheric+Science&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Desflots%2C+M.&rft.au=White%2C+S.&rft.au=Mariano%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+E.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu%2Fsouthern%2Fantarctic-cp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2007" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, R. H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713080518/http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng_textbook/chapter13/chapter13_04.htm">"Deep Circulation in the Ocean: Antarctic Circumpolar Current"</a>. Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng_textbook/chapter13/chapter13_04.htm">the original</a> on 13 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deep+Circulation+in+the+Ocean%3A+Antarctic+Circumpolar+Current&rft.pub=Department+of+Oceanography%2C+Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanworld.tamu.edu%2Fresources%2Focng_textbook%2Fchapter13%2Fchapter13_04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStott2011" class="citation web cs1">Stott, L. D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/Oceans.html">"Ocean Currents and Climate"</a>. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ocean+Currents+and+Climate&rft.pub=Department+of+Earth+Sciences%2C+University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Stott&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearth.usc.edu%2F~stott%2FCatalina%2FOceans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctic+Circumpolar+Current" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ocean_currents_and_gyres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ocean" title="Template:Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ocean" title="Template talk:Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ocean_currents_and_gyres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">gyres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Currents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arctic Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Icelandic_Jet" title="North Icelandic Jet">North Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Drift_Stream" title="Transpolar Drift Stream">Transpolar Drift Stream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atlantic Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Current" title="Angola Current">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilles_Current" title="Antilles Current">Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_Current" title="Azores Current">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island_Current" title="Baffin Island Current">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_Current" title="Brazil Current">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Current" title="Canary Current">Canary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn_Current" title="Cape Horn Current">Cape Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Current" title="Caribbean Current">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Iceland_Current" title="East Iceland Current">East Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Current" title="Falkland Current">Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Current" title="Florida Current">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Current" title="Guinea Current">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Current" title="Irminger Current">Irminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Current" title="Labrador Current">Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Current" title="Lomonosov Current">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Brazil_Current" title="North Brazil Current">North Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current" title="North Equatorial Current">North Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_Current" title="Portugal Current">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Current" title="South Atlantic Current">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Greenland_Current" title="West Greenland Current">West Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Spitsbergen_Current" title="West Spitsbergen Current">West Spitsbergen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Return_Current" title="Agulhas Return Current">Agulhas Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Madagascar_Current" title="East Madagascar Current">East Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Counter_Current" title="Equatorial Counter Current">Equatorial Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Monsoon_Current" title="Indian Monsoon Current">Indian Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeuwin_Current" title="Leeuwin Current">Leeuwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Current" title="Madagascar Current">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Current" title="Mozambique Current">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Madagascar_Current" title="North Madagascar Current">North Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Current" title="Somali Current">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Australian_Current" title="West Australian Current">West Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Current" title="Alaska Current">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Current" title="Aleutian Current">Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Current" title="California Current">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Current" title="Cromwell Current">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Current" title="Davidson Current">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Australian_Current" title="East Australian Current">East Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Korea_Warm_Current" title="East Korea Warm Current">East Korea Warm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Counter_Current" title="Equatorial Counter Current">Equatorial Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Current" title="Kamchatka Current">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuroshio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_Current" title="Mindanao Current">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current" title="North Equatorial Current">North Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_Cold_Current" title="North Korea Cold Current">North Korea Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Current" title="North Pacific Current">North Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyashio_Current" title="Oyashio Current">Oyashio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Front" title="Tasman Front">Tasman Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctic Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Outflow" title="Tasman Outflow">Tasman Outflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Gyres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major gyres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Gyre" title="Indian Ocean Gyre">Indian Ocean Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Gyre" title="South Atlantic Gyre">South Atlantic Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North Pacific Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Gyre" title="South Pacific Gyre">South Pacific Gyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other gyres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Gyre" title="Beaufort Gyre">Beaufort Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Gyre" title="Ross Gyre">Ross Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Gyre" title="Weddell Gyre">Weddell Gyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Marine garbage patches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_garbage_patch" title="Indian Ocean garbage patch">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_garbage_patch" title="South Pacific garbage patch">South Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a>  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&oldid=1258775787">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&oldid=1258775787</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Currents_of_the_Southern_Ocean" title="Category:Currents of the Southern Ocean">Currents of the Southern Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_Southern_Ocean" title="Category:Geography of the Southern Ocean">Geography of the Southern Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_of_Chile" title="Category:Climate of Chile">Climate of Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subantarctic" title="Category:Subantarctic">Subantarctic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 15:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-cllr4","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.654","walltime":"0.807","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2066,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":86727,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1179,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":77967,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 697.592 1 -total"," 24.29% 169.451 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 23.73% 165.564 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.11% 133.305 3 Template:Navbox"," 18.79% 131.109 1 Template:Ocean"," 16.57% 115.589 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.68% 60.556 18 Template:Harvnb"," 7.41% 51.667 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.68% 46.625 4 Template:Main_other"," 6.32% 44.075 8 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.425","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8713600,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAmos2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkerFilippelliFlorindoMartin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnolley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonohue2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeerts1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGloverWiklundTaboadaAvila2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassoldReaPluijmParés2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondon1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;HaraRowdenWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrsiWhitworthNowlin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckBarnesCookFleming2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeloquinSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRintoulHughesOlbers2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegertBarrettDecontoDunbar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithDesflotsWhiteMariano2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStott2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Filepath:thermohaline_circulation.svg\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 18,\n [\"Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-flfxn","timestamp":"20241203071409","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Antarctic Circumpolar Current","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q55828","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q55828","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T15:39:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/75\/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current.png","headline":"ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica"}</script> </body> </html>