Freudian psychoanalysis - The Skeptic's Dictionary

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href="http://skepdic.com/contents.html#X">x</a></li> <li><a href="http://skepdic.com/contents.html#Y">y</a></li> <li><a href="http://skepdic.com/contents.html#Z">z</a></li> </ul> <webContent><h1>Freudian psychoanalysis</h1> <blockquote> <span class="quote">"I am actually not at all a man of science, not an observer, not an experimenter, not a thinker. I am by temperament nothing but a conquistador--an adventurer, if you want it translated--with all the curiosity, daring, and tenacity characteristic of a man of this sort"</span> (Sigmund Freud, letter to Wilhelm Fliess, Feb. 1, 1900). <p><span class="quote">"By the 1950s and '60s, the master's warning had been drowned in a tumult of excited voices. Psychoanalysts and psychiatrists could cure even schizophrenia, the most feared mental disease of all, they claimed, and they could do it simply by talking with their patients"</span> (Dolnick, 12).</p> <p><span class="quote">"The person best able to undergo psychoanalysis is someone who, no matter how incapacitated at the time, is basically, or potentially, a sturdy individual. This person may have already achieved important satisfactions鈥攚ith friends, in marriage, in work, or through special interests and hobbies鈥攂ut is nonetheless significantly impaired by long-standing symptoms: depression or anxiety, sexual incapacities, or physical symptoms without any demonstrable underlying physical cause. One person may be plagued by private rituals or compulsions or repetitive thoughts of which no one else is aware. Another may live a constricted life of isolation and loneliness, incapable of feeling close to anyone. A victim of childhood sexual abuse might suffer from an inability to trust others. Some people come to analysis because of repeated failures in work or in love, brought about not by chance but by self-destructive patterns of behavior. Others need analysis because the way they are鈥攖heir character鈥攕ubstantially limits their choices and their pleasures."</span> (American Psychoanalytic Association)</p> </blockquote> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is considered the father of psychoanalysis, which may be the granddaddy of all <a HREF="pseudosc.html">pseudoscientific</a><font color="#000040"><strong><img border="0" src="graphics/freud1.jpg" align="right" style="float: right" width="198" height="268"></strong></font> psychotherapies, second only to <a HREF="dianetic.html">Scientology</a> as the champion purveyor of false and misleading claims about the mind, mental health, and mental illness.  For example, in psychoanalysis schizophrenia and depression are not brain disorders, but <i>narcissistic </i>disorders. Autism and other brain disorders are not brain problems but mothering problems. These illnesses do not require pharmacological or behavioral treatment. They require only "talk" therapy. Similar positions are taken for anorexia nervosa and Tourette's syndrome (Hines 1990: 136). What is the scientific evidence for the psychoanalytic view of these mental illnesses and their proper treatment? There is none. </font> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://www.apsa.org/portals/1/docs/news/JonathanShedlerStudy20100202.pdf"> Modern psychoanalysis may be evidence-based</a>, but Freud's work was based on personal insights and inferences from work with patients, his and those of other therapists. This entry makes no claims about the efficacy of current treatments by psychoanalysts. It is about Freud and some of his early followers.</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Freud thought he understood the nature of schizophrenia. It is not a brain disorder, but a disturbance in the unconscious caused by unresolved feelings of homosexuality. However, he maintained that psychoanalysis would not work with schizophrenics because such patients ignore their therapist's insights and are resistant to treatment (Dolnick 1998: 40). Later psychoanalysts would claim, with equal certainty and equal lack of scientific evidence, that schizophrenia is caused by smothering mothering. In 1948, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, for example, gave birth to the term "schizophrenogenic mother," the mother whose bad mothering causes her child to become schizophrenic (<i>ibid</i>. 94). Other analysts before her had supported the notion with anecdotes and intuitions, and over the next twenty years many more would follow her misguided lead.</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Would you treat a broken leg or diabetes with "talk" therapy or by interpreting the patient's dreams? Of course not. Imagine the reaction if a diabetic were told that her illness was due to "masturbatory conflict" or "displaced eroticism." One might as well tell the patient she is possessed by demons, as give her a psychoanalytic explanation of her physical disease or disorder. Exorcism of demons by the shaman or priest, exorcism of childhood experiences by the psychoanalyst: what's the difference? So why would anyone still maintain that neurochemical or other physical disorders are caused by <i> repressed</i> or <i>sublimated</i> traumatic sexual childhood experiences or wishful fantasies? Probably for the same reason that theologians don't give up their elaborate systems of thought in the face of overwhelming evidence that their systems of belief are little more than vast metaphysical cobwebs. They get a lot of institutional reinforcement for their socially created roles and ideas, most of which are not capable of being subjected to empirical testing. If their notions can't be tested, they can't be disproved. What can't be disproved, and also has the backing of a powerful institution or establishment, can go on for centuries as being respectable and valid, regardless of its fundamental emptiness, falsity, or capacity for harm. </font> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3">The most fundamental concept of psychoanalysis is the notion of the unconscious mind as a reservoir for repressed memories of traumatic events which continuously influence conscious thought and behavior. The scientific evidence for this notion of unconscious <a href="repressedmemory.html">repression</a> is lacking, though there is ample evidence that conscious thought and behavior are influenced by nonconscious memories and processes. And there is ample evidence that childhood abuse, sexual or otherwise, can seriously affect a person's mental and physical well being. There is also ample evidence that not everyone who is sexually abused grows up to have psychological or mental problems.</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Related to these questionable assumptions of psychoanalysis are two equally questionable methods of investigating the alleged memories hidden in the unconscious: free association and <a HREF="http://www.psywww.com/books/interp/toc.htm">the interpretation of dreams</a>. Neither method is capable of precise scientific formulation or unambiguous empirical testing.</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Scientific research into <a href="memory.html">how memory works</a> does not support the psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious mind as a reservoir of repressed sexual and traumatic memories of either childhood or adulthood. There is, however, ample evidence that there is a type of memory of which we are not consciously aware, yet which is remembered. Scientists refer to this type of memory as <i>implicit memory</i>. There is ample evidence that to have memories requires extensive development of the frontal lobes, which infants and young children lack. Also, memories must be encoded to be lasting. If encoding is absent, amnesia will follow, as in the case of many of our dreams. If encoding is weak, fragmented and implicit memories may be all that remain of the original experience. Thus, the likelihood of infant memories of abuse, or of anything else for that matter, is near zero. Implicit memories of abuse do occur, but not under the conditions that are assumed to be the basis for repression. Implicit memories of abuse occur when a person is rendered unconscious during the attack and cannot encode the experience very deeply. For example, a rape victim could not remember being raped. The attack took place on a brick pathway. The words 'brick' and 'path' kept popping into her mind, but she did not connect them to the rape. She became very upset when taken back to the scene of the rape, though she didn't remember what had happened there (Schacter: 232). It is unlikely that <a href="hypnosis.html">hypnosis</a>, free association, or any other therapeutic method will help the victim accurately remember what happened to her. She has no explicit memory because she was unable to deeply encode the trauma due to the viciousness of the attack, which caused her to lose consciousness. The best a psychoanalyst or other <a HREF="repress.html">repressed-memory therapist</a> can do is to create a <a href="falsememory.html">false memory</a> in this victim, abusing her one more time. </font> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Essentially connected to the psychoanalytic view of repression is the assumption that parental treatment of children, especially mothering, is the source of many, if not most, adult problems ranging from personality disorders to emotional problems to mental illnesses. There is little question that if children are treated cruelly throughout childhood, their lives as adults will be profoundly influenced by such treatment. It is a big conceptual leap from this fact to the notion that <i>all </i>sexual experiences in childhood will cause problems in later life, or that all problems in later life, including sexual problems, are due to childhood experiences. The scientific evidence for these notions is lacking. </font> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3">In many ways, psychoanalytic therapy is based on a search for what probably does not exist (repressed childhood memories), an assumption that is probably false (that childhood experiences cause the patient's problems) and a therapeutic theory that has nearly no probability of being correct (that bringing repressed memories to consciousness is essential to the cure). Of course, this is just the foundation of an elaborate set of scientific-sounding concepts which pretend to explain the deep mysteries of consciousness and behavior. But if the foundation is illusory, what possibly could be the future of this illusion? </font> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3">There are some good things, however, that have resulted from the method of psychoanalysis developed by Sigmund Freud a century ago in Vienna. Freud should be considered one of our greatest benefactors if only because he pioneered the desire to <i>understand </i>those whose behavior and thoughts cross the boundaries of convention set by civilization and cultures. That it is no longer fashionable to condemn and ridicule those with behavioral or thought disorders is due in no small part to the tolerance promoted by psychoanalysis. Furthermore, whatever intolerance, ignorance, hypocrisy, and prudishness remains regarding the understanding of our sexual natures and behaviors cannot be blamed on Freud. Psychoanalysts do Freud no honor by blindly adhering to the doctrines of their master in this or any other area. Finally, as psychiatrist Anthony Storr put it: "Freud's technique of listening to distressed people over long periods rather than giving them orders or advice has formed the foundation of most modern forms of psychotherapy, with benefits to both patients and practitioners" (Storr 1996: 120).</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>See also</b> <a href="dreams.html">dream</a>, <a href="falsememory.html">false memory</a>, <a href="jung.html">Carl Jung</a>, <a HREF="memory.html">memory</a>, <a HREF="therapy.html">New Age psychotherapies</a>, <a href="newthought.html">New Thought</a>, <a href="repressedmemory.html">repressed memory</a>, <a HREF="repress.html">repressed memory therapy,</a> <a href="science.html">science</a><strong>,</strong> and <a HREF="unconscious.html">unconscious mind</a>. </font> </p> <hr noshade width="25%" align="left"> <p><font face="Arial" size="3"><b><a href="comments/psychoancom.html">reader comments</a></b> </font> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>further reading</b> </font> <p style="text-align: left"><b><font size="3">books and articles</font></b><p style="text-align: left"> <font face="Arial" size="3"><font color="#000000"><a HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0684830914/roberttoddcarrolA/">Dawes, Robyn M. <i>House of Cards: Psychology and Psychotherapy Built on Myth</i>,</a></font><a HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0684830914/roberttoddcarrolA/"><font color="#800000"> </font>(New York: The Free Press, 1994).</a> </font> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=1552070123/roberttoddcarrolA/">Dineen, Tana. <em>Manufacturing Victims: What the Psychology Industry is Doing to People</em> (Montreal: Robert Davies Multimedia Publishing, 1998).</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0684824973/roberttoddcarrolA/">Dolnick, Edward. Madness on the Couch: Blaming the Victim in the Heyday of Psychoanalysis (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998).</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0812692314/roberttoddcarrolA/"> Esterson, Allen. <i>Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud</i> (Open Court Publishing Co. 1993).</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0393301583/roberttoddcarrolA/">Freud, Sigmund. <i>Civilization and Its Discontents</i><strong>.</strong></a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0393008312/roberttoddcarrolA/">Freud, Sigmund.<i> The Future of an Illusion</i>.</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0879754192/roberttoddcarrolA/">Hines, Terence. <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i> (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1990).</a> </font> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0465075525/roberttoddcarrolA/">Schacter, Daniel L. <i>Searching for Memory: the Brain, the Mind, and the Past</i> (New York: Basic Books, 1996).</a> <br> <a HREF="refuge/schacter.html">Review</a> </font> </p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0684834952/roberttoddcarrolA/">Storr, Anthony. <i>Feet of Clay: Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: a Study of Gurus</i> (New York: The Free Press, 1996).</a> </font> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=1929636008/roberttoddcarrolA/">Torrey, E. Fuller (1992). <em>Freudian Fraud: The Malignant Effect of Freud's Theory on American Thought and Culture</em>. New York, NY : HarperCollins.</a> </font> <p style="text-align: left"><font size="3"><b>websites</b></font><p style="text-align: left"> <font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://www.brocku.ca/english/courses/4F70/Freud_defended.html">Jonathan Lear</a> and <a href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/jan-june99/freud_crews.html">Frederick Crews</a> on Freud</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a href="http://www.apsa.org/pubinfo/about.htm">The American Psychoanalytic Association - About Psychoanalysis</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a href="http://www.bestonlinecollege.org/sigmund-freud-archives/">Sigmund Freud and the Freud Archives</a></font></p> <p><b><font size="3">news stories</font></b></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font size="3" face="Arial"> <a href="http://www.butterfliesandwheels.com/articleprint.php?num=195">A Seductive Story by Allen Esterson (on Freud's creation of sexual abuse stories)</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><i><a href="http://www.butterfliesandwheels.com/articleprint.php?num=184">Newsweek</a></i><a href="http://www.butterfliesandwheels.com/articleprint.php?num=184"> and the Undead Freud by Frederick Crews</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/11904222/site/newsweek/">The <i>Newsweek</i> article by Jerry Adler</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <font size="3" face="Arial"> <a href="http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/2004_holland08.shtml"> Psychoanalysis as Science by Norman N. Holland </a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font size="3" face="Arial"> <a href="http://www.butterfliesandwheels.com/articleprint.php?num=73">Reply to Holland by Frederick Crews</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font size="3" face="Arial"> <a href="http://www.butterfliesandwheels.com/articleprint.php?num=79"> 1893--1895--1897--1899: Or How Norman N. Holland Gave Game, Set, and Match to Frederick Crews  by Robert Wilcocks</a></font><p></webContent>Last updated 12-Sep-2014 </p> </div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="right_it"> <div class="search"> <form method="get" action="http://www.google.com/custom" target="_top"> <input type="hidden" name="domains" value="skepdic.com" /> <input type="text" name="q" maxlength="255" value="" size="20" /> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" /> <br /> <div class="search_2"> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" value="" /> Web     <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" value="skepdic.com" checked="checked" /> Skepdic.com <br /> <img src="_images/logo_google.gif" alt="Google" width="48" height="19" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="client" value="pub-3542920166946725" /> <input type="hidden" name="forid" value="1" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1" /> <input type="hidden" name="oe" value="ISO-8859-1" /> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="GALT:#008000;GL:1;DIV:#336699;VLC:663399;AH:center;BGC:FFFFFF;LBGC:336699;ALC:0000FF;LC:0000FF;T:000000;GFNT:0000FF;GIMP:0000FF;FORID:1;" /> <input type="hidden" name="hl" value="en" /> </form> </div> <p align="right"><a href="http://skepdic.com/authorpage.html"><strong>Books by R. 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