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id="toc-Two-dimensional_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painting_and_drawing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_drawing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Painting and drawing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_drawing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Mosaics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Printmaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calligraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calligraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Calligraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calligraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-dimensional_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-dimensional_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Three-dimensional works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-dimensional_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conceptual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Conceptual art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performing arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Academic study</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_study-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academic study subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fine art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="فنون جميلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فنون جميلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99sviri_s%C9%99n%C9%99t" title="Təsviri sənət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təsviri sənət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="চারুকলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চারুকলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-su%CC%8Dt" title="Bí-su̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-su̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Изящно изкуство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изящно изкуство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belles_arts" title="Belles arts – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Belles arts" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1sn%C3%A1_um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Krásná umění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krásná umění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B8nne_kunster" title="Skønne kunster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skønne kunster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Καλές τέχνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλές τέχνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellas_artes" title="Bellas artes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bellas artes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belartoj" title="Belartoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Belartoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_eder" title="Arte eder – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arte eder" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="هنرهای زیبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنرهای زیبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-arts_(disciplines)" title="Beaux-arts (disciplines) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Beaux-arts (disciplines)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiene_keunsten" title="Skiene keunsten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skiene keunsten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADneala%C3%ADn" title="Mínealaín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mínealaín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_h-ellynyn_ooasle" title="Ny h-ellynyn ooasle – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny h-ellynyn ooasle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belas_Artes" title="Belas Artes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Belas Artes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%88%A0" title="미술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ललित कला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ललित कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_murni" title="Seni murni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni murni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_arti" title="Belle arti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Belle arti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA" title="האמנויות היפות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האמנויות היפות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಲಲಿತಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಲಿತಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boza" title="Boza – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Boza" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8l-lar_(disiplin)" title="Bèl-lar (disiplin) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bèl-lar (disiplin)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellae_artes" title="Bellae artes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellae artes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaizduojamasis_menas" title="Vaizduojamasis menas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vaizduojamasis menas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artes_bela" title="Artes bela – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Artes bela" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="സുന്ദരകലകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുന്ദരകലകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_halus" title="Seni halus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni halus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Яруу урлаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Яруу урлаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="သုခုမအနုပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သုခုမအနုပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schone_kunsten" title="Schone kunsten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schone kunsten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ललित कला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ललित कला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ファインアート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファインアート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_skj%C3%B8nne_kunster" title="De skjønne kunster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De skjønne kunster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bels_Arts_(disciplinas)" title="Bels Arts (disciplinas) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bels Arts (disciplinas)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲਲਿਤ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਲਿਤ ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%B9" title="فائن آرٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فائن آرٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="ښکلي هنرونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښکلي هنرونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuki_pi%C4%99kne" title="Sztuki piękne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuki piękne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belas_artes" title="Belas artes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Belas artes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_frumoase" title="Arte frumoase – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arte frumoase" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Изящные искусства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Изящные искусства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellas_artes" title="Bellas artes – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bellas artes" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artet_e_bukura" title="Artet e bukura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Artet e bukura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F" title="ලලිත කලා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලලිත කලා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fine art" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81%DB%81" title="فنون لطيفہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فنون لطيفہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھونەرە جوانەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھونەرە جوانەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Лепе уметности – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лепе уметности" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_sk%C3%B6na_konsterna" title="De sköna konsterna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De sköna konsterna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="நுண்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுண்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="లలిత కళలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లలిత కళలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="วิจิตรศิลป์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิจิตรศิลป์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCzel_sanatlar" title="Güzel sanatlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güzel sanatlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Красні мистецтва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Красні мистецтва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81" title="فنون لطیفہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فنون لطیفہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Mỹ thuật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mỹ thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="雅藝術 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雅藝術" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93" title="美術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219625#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fine_art_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fine art (disambiguation)">Fine art (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Self-portrait_(Kenwood).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rembrandt_Self-portrait_%28Kenwood%29.jpg/250px-Rembrandt_Self-portrait_%28Kenwood%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rembrandt_Self-portrait_%28Kenwood%29.jpg/375px-Rembrandt_Self-portrait_%28Kenwood%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rembrandt_Self-portrait_%28Kenwood%29.jpg/500px-Rembrandt_Self-portrait_%28Kenwood%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3807" data-file-height="4588" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_with_Two_Circles" title="Self-Portrait with Two Circles">Self-Portrait with Two Circles</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, c.1665–1669. <a href="/wiki/Kenwood_House" title="Kenwood House">Kenwood House</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Jan_Vermeer_-_The_Art_of_Painting_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6209" data-file-height="7377" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Painting" title="The Art of Painting">The Art of Painting</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>; 1666–1668; oil on canvas; 1.3 × 1.1 m; <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_(Vienna)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Tower_of_Babel_%28Vienna%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21952" /></a><figcaption><i> <a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The Tower of Babel</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a>; 1563; oil on panel: 1.14 × 1.55 m; Kunsthistorisches Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>In European academic traditions, <b>fine art</b> (or, <b>fine arts</b>) is made primarily for <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative expression</a>, distinguishing it from <a href="/wiki/Popular_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular art">popular art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decorative_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorative art">decorative art</a> or <a href="/wiki/Applied_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Applied art">applied art</a>, which also either serve some practical function (such as <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> or most metalwork) or is generally of limited artistic quality in order to appeal to the masses. In the aesthetic theories developed in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>, the highest art was that which allowed the full expression and display of the artist's imagination,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unrestricted by any of the practical considerations involved in, say, making and decorating a <a href="/wiki/Teapot" title="Teapot">teapot</a>. It was also considered important that making the artwork did not involve dividing the work between different individuals with specialized skills, as might be necessary with a piece of furniture, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even within the fine arts, there was a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">hierarchy of genres</a> based on the amount of creative imagination required, with <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">history painting</a> placed higher than <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a>. </p><p>Historically, the five main fine arts were <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. Other "minor or subsidiary arts" were also included, especially performing arts such as <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, which were counted as "among the most ancient and universal."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, outside education, the concept is typically only applied to the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">old master print</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawing</a> were included as related forms to painting, just as prose forms of literature were to poetry. Today, the range of what would be considered fine arts (in so far as the term remains in use) is commonly includes additional modern forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">video production</a>/<a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">editing</a>, as well as traditional forms made in a fine art setting, such as <a href="/wiki/Studio_pottery" title="Studio pottery">studio pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Studio_glass" title="Studio glass">studio glass</a>, with equivalents in other materials. </p><p>One definition of <i>fine art</i> is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily for <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and architecture."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that sense, there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the decorative arts or applied arts (these two terms covering largely the same media). As far as the consumer of the art was concerned, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment usually referred to as having good <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a>, which differentiated fine art from popular art and entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazimir_Malevich,_1915,_Black_Suprematic_Square,_oil_on_linen_canvas,_79.5_x_79.5_cm,_Tretyakov_Gallery,_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg/260px-Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg/390px-Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg/520px-Kazimir_Malevich%2C_1915%2C_Black_Suprematic_Square%2C_oil_on_linen_canvas%2C_79.5_x_79.5_cm%2C_Tretyakov_Gallery%2C_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Square_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Square (painting)">Black Square</a></i>, 1915, oil on linen, 79.5 x 79.5 cm, <a href="/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery" title="Tretyakov Gallery">Tretyakov Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The word "fine" does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the discipline according to traditional European canons.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except in the case of architecture, where a practical utility was accepted, this definition originally excluded the "useful" applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">crafts</a>. In contemporary practice, these distinctions and restrictions have become essentially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the artist is given primacy, regardless of the means through which it is expressed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is typically only used for Western art from the Renaissance onwards, although similar genre distinctions can apply to the art of other cultures, especially those of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. The set of "fine arts" are sometimes also called the "major arts", with "minor arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically be for medieval and ancient art. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins,_history_and_development"><span id="Origins.2C_history_and_development"></span>Origins, history and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins, history and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Periods and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Romanesque art">Pre-Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelites">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (art)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Decorative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Art of the Middle East</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_art" title="Hittite art">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia#Art" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia#Art" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Ottoman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Art of Central Asia</a></b><br /> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of East Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visual art of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Tibetan</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_art" title="History of Asian art">Art of South Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_art" title="Bhutanese art">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_art" title="Newar art">Newar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_arts" title="Southeast Asian arts">Art of Southeast Asia</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_art" title="Vietnamese art">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_art" title="Malaysian art">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_art" title="Cambodian art">Cambodian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_sculpture" title="Khmer sculpture">Khmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_art" title="Lao art">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_art" title="Bruneian art">Bruneian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of ancient Rus">Rus</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art of Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_art" title="Igbo art">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin art">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_art" title="Kuba art">Kuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_art" title="Luba art">Luba</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art of the Americas</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Oceania">Art of Oceania</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_art" title="Cook Islands art">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_art" title="Hawaiian art">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papuan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_art" title="Religious art">Religions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_art" title="Haitian Vodou art">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodun_art" title="Vodun art">Vodun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_arts" title="Graphic arts">Graphic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_art" title="Figurative art">Figurative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_art" title="Narrative art">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Naturalist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_art_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of art sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to some writers, the concept of a distinct category of fine art is an invention of the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> in the West. Larry Shiner in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_Art:_A_Cultural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Invention of Art: A Cultural History">The Invention of Art: A Cultural History</a></i> (2003) locates the invention in the 18th century: "There was a traditional "system of the arts" in the West before the eighteenth century. (Other traditional cultures still have a similar system.) In that system, an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a work of art was the useful product of skilled work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their role in the rest of life. "Art", in other words, meant approximately the same thing as the Greek word "techne", or in English "skill", a sense that has survived in phrases like "the art of war", "the art of love", and "the art of medicine".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar ideas have been expressed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Oskar_Kristeller" title="Paul Oskar Kristeller">Paul Oskar Kristeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a> (e.g. <i>The Ideology of the Aesthetic</i>), though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a> notes that the term <i>arti di <a href="/wiki/Disegno" class="mw-redirect" title="Disegno">disegno</a></i>, a similar concept, emerged in Italy in the mid-16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But it can be argued that the <a href="/wiki/Classical_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical world">classical world</a>, from which very little theoretical writing on art survives, in practice had similar distinctions. The names of artists preserved in literary sources are Greek painters and sculptors, and to a lesser extent the carvers of <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gems</a>. Several individuals in these groups were very famous, and copied and remembered for centuries after their deaths. The cult of the individual artistic genius, which was an important part of the Renaissance theoretical basis for the distinction between "fine" and other art, drew on classical precedent, especially as recorded by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. Some other types of object, in particular <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a>, are often signed by their makers or the owner of the workshop, probably partly to advertise their products. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_van_Haecht_(II)_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg/250px-Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg/375px-Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg/500px-Willem_van_Haecht_%28II%29_-_Apelles_painting_Campaspe_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4230" /></a><figcaption><i>Apelles painting Campaspe</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Haecht" title="Willem van Haecht">Willem van Haecht</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630</span>; <a href="/wiki/Mauritshuis" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The decline of the concept of "fine art" is dated by <a href="/wiki/George_Kubler" title="George Kubler">George Kubler</a> and others to around 1880. When it "fell out of fashion" as, by about 1900, <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a> was also coming to be regarded as significant.<sup id="cite_ref-Guerzoni_2011_p._27_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerzoni_2011_p._27-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, at least in circles interested in <a href="/wiki/Art_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Art theory">art theory</a>, ""fine art" was driven out of use by about 1920 by the exponents of industrial design ... who opposed a double standard of judgment for works of art and for useful objects".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was among theoreticians; it has taken far longer for the art trade and popular opinion to catch up. However, over the same period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of prices in the art market was in the opposite direction, with works from the fine arts drawing much further ahead of those from the decorative arts. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Art_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Art trade">art trade</a> the term retains some currency for objects from before roughly 1900 and may be used to define the scope of auctions or auction house departments and the like. The term also remains in use in <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>, appearing in the names of colleges, faculties, and courses. In the English-speaking world this is mostly in North America, but the same is true of the equivalent terms in other European languages, such as <i>beaux-arts</i> in French or <i>bellas artes</i> in Spanish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_perspectives">Cultural perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%27ien_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ch%27ien_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg/220px-Ch%27ien_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ch%27ien_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg/330px-Ch%27ien_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ch%27ien_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg/440px-Ch%27ien_Hs%C3%BCan_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xizhi" title="Wang Xizhi">Wang Xizhi</a> watching geese</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuan" title="Qian Xuan">Qian Xuan</a>; 1235-before 1307; handscroll (ink, color and gold on paper); 9<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> x 36<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in.; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have often dominated in Europe and the US is not shared by all other cultures. But traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a> had comparable distinctions, distinguishing within <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese painting</a> between the mostly landscape <a href="/wiki/Literati_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Literati painting">literati painting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scholar_gentlemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar gentlemen">scholar gentlemen</a> and the artisans of the schools of court painting and sculpture. Although high status was also given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics, <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">jade carving</a>, weaving, and embroidery, this by no means extended to the workers who created these objects, who typically remained even more anonymous than in the West. Similar distinctions were made in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean art</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, the highest status was generally given to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, architects and the painters of <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniatures</a> and related traditions, but these were still very often <a href="/wiki/Court_painter" title="Court painter">court employees</a>. Typically they also supplied designs for the best <a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian carpets</a>, architectural <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiling</a> and other decorative media, more consistently than happened in the West. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th-century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivist Movement</a>, which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba art</a> often has a political and spiritual function. As with the art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is also often composed of what would ordinarily be considered in the West to be craft production. Some of its most admired manifestations, such as textiles, fall in this category. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-dimensional_works">Two-dimensional works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Two-dimensional works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Painting_and_drawing">Painting and drawing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Painting and drawing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></div> <p>Painting as a fine art means applying paint to a flat surface (as opposed for example to painting a sculpture, or a piece of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived was applied to natural rock surfaces, and wall painting, especially on wet plaster in the <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> technique was a major form until recently. Portable paintings on wood panel or canvas have been the most important in the Western world for several centuries, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a>. Asian painting has more often used paper, with the monochrome <a href="/wiki/Ink_and_wash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink and wash painting">ink and wash painting</a> tradition dominant in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. Paintings that are intended to go in a book or album are called "miniatures", whether for a Western <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Turkish</a> equivalent, or <a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Indian paintings</a> of various types. <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">Watercolour</a> is the western version of painting in paper; forms using <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a>, chalk, and similar mediums without brushes are really forms of drawing. </p><p>Drawing is one of the major forms of the visual arts, and painters need drawing skills as well. Common instruments include: <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen and ink">pen and ink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inked</a> <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushes</a>, wax <a href="/wiki/Color_pencil" class="mw-redirect" title="Color pencil">color pencils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">crayons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastel" title="Pastel">pastels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marker_pen" title="Marker pen">markers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a>, or various metals like <a href="/wiki/Silverpoint" title="Silverpoint">silverpoint</a>. There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including <a href="/wiki/Cartooning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartooning">cartooning</a> and creating <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights; by Hieronymus Bosch; c. 1504; oil on panel, Museo del Prado"><img alt="The Garden of Earthly Delights; by Hieronymus Bosch; c. 1504; oil on panel, Museo del Prado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg/170px-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg/255px-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg/340px-The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="17078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights" title="The Garden of Earthly Delights">The Garden of Earthly Delights</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>; oil on panel, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a></i></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Creation of Adam; by Michelangelo; 1508–1512; fresco;Sistine Chapel"><img alt="The Creation of Adam; by Michelangelo; 1508–1512; fresco;Sistine Chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg/170px-Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg/255px-Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg/340px-Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2843" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>; 1508–1512; fresco;<a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miraj_by_Sultan_Muhammad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Persian miniature of the Mi'raj of the Prophet by Sultan Mohammed, 1539–1543; British Library"><img alt="Persian miniature of the Mi'raj of the Prophet by Sultan Mohammed, 1539–1543; British Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Miraj_by_Sultan_Muhammad.jpg/117px-Miraj_by_Sultan_Muhammad.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Miraj_by_Sultan_Muhammad.jpg/176px-Miraj_by_Sultan_Muhammad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Miraj_by_Sultan_Muhammad.jpg/235px-Miraj_by_Sultan_Muhammad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4346" data-file-height="6285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Mi'raj</a> of the Prophet by <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mohammed" title="Sultan Mohammed">Sultan Mohammed</a>, 1539–1543; <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragonard_-_swing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Swing; by Jean-Honoré Fragonard; 1767–1768; oil on canvas; Wallace Collection"><img alt="The Swing; by Jean-Honoré Fragonard; 1767–1768; oil on canvas; Wallace Collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fragonard_-_swing.jpg/133px-Fragonard_-_swing.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fragonard_-_swing.jpg/200px-Fragonard_-_swing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fragonard_-_swing.jpg/266px-Fragonard_-_swing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swing_(Fragonard)" title="The Swing (Fragonard)">The Swing</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</a>; 1767–1768; oil on canvas; <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mosaics">Mosaics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mosaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></div> <p>Mosaics are images formed with small pieces of stone or glass, called <i><a href="/wiki/Tessera" title="Tessera">tesserae</a></i>. They can be decorative or functional. An artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Romans</a> created realistic mosaics. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Christian <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a> from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. The most famous <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantine</a> basilicas decorated with mosaics are the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> (Italy) and <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> (Turkey). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Epiphany of Dionysus; 2nd century AD; from the Villa of Dionysus; Archeological Museum of Dion"><img alt="Epiphany of Dionysus; 2nd century AD; from the Villa of Dionysus; Archeological Museum of Dion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/170px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/255px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg/340px-MosaicEpiphany-of-Dionysus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4847" data-file-height="3633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Epiphany of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></i>; 2nd century AD; from the Villa of Dionysus; <a href="/wiki/Archeological_Museum_of_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological Museum of Dion">Archeological Museum of Dion</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Judgment of Paris; 115–150 AD, from the Atrium House triclinium in Antioch-on-the-Orontes"><img alt="Judgment of Paris; 115–150 AD, from the Atrium House triclinium in Antioch-on-the-Orontes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg/170px-P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg/255px-P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg/340px-P1170845_Louvre_jugement_de_P%C3%A2ris_Ma3443_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Paris">Judgment of Paris</a></i>; 115–150 AD, from the Atrium House triclinium in <a href="/wiki/Antioch-on-the-Orontes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch-on-the-Orontes">Antioch-on-the-Orontes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apse of the Santa Maria Maggiore church in Rome, decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic"><img alt="Apse of the Santa Maria Maggiore church in Rome, decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg/139px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg/209px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg/278px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_abside_a_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="7934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apse of the <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a></i> church in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, decorated in the 5th century with this glamorous mosaic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emilia_Ravenna5_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italy), decorated with elaborate mosaics"><img alt="Interior of the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italy), decorated with elaborate mosaics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Emilia_Ravenna5_tango7174.jpg/127px-Emilia_Ravenna5_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Emilia_Ravenna5_tango7174.jpg/191px-Emilia_Ravenna5_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Emilia_Ravenna5_tango7174.jpg/255px-Emilia_Ravenna5_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale" title="Basilica of San Vitale">Basilica of San Vitale</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> (Italy), decorated with elaborate mosaics</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Printmaking">Printmaking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Printmaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrer_Melancholia_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D%C3%BCrer_Melancholia_I.jpg/220px-D%C3%BCrer_Melancholia_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D%C3%BCrer_Melancholia_I.jpg/330px-D%C3%BCrer_Melancholia_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/D%C3%BCrer_Melancholia_I.jpg/440px-D%C3%BCrer_Melancholia_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3146" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Melencolia_I" title="Melencolia I">Melencolia I</a></i>, 1514, <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a> covers the making of images on paper that can be reproduced multiple times by a <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> process. It has been an important artistic medium for several centuries, in the West and East Asia. Major historic techniques include <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> in the West, and <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a> in East Asia, where the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> style is the most important. The 19th-century invention of <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> and then photographic techniques have partly replaced the historic techniques. Older prints can be divided into the fine art <a href="/wiki/Old_Master_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Master print">Old Master print</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_print" title="Popular print">popular prints</a>, with book illustrations and other practical images such as maps somewhere in the middle. </p><p>Except in the case of <a href="/wiki/Monotyping" title="Monotyping">monotyping</a>, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy. The reasoning behind this is that the print is not a reproduction of another <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">work of art</a> in a different medium – for instance, a painting – but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An individual print is also referred to as an impression. Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(printing)" title="Matrix (printing)">matrix</a>. Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> or <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for <a href="/wiki/Linocut" title="Linocut">linocuts</a> and fabric in the case of <a href="/wiki/Screen-printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen-printing">screen-printing</a>. But there are many other kinds. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called an <a href="/wiki/Edition_(printmaking)" title="Edition (printmaking)">edition</a>. In modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a "limited edition". Prints may also be published in book form, as <a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_book" title="Artist's book">artist's books</a>. A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monotype by the technique's inventor, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, The Creation of Adam, c. 1642"><img alt="Monotype by the technique's inventor, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, The Creation of Adam, c. 1642" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/114px-Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/227px-Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione_-_The_Creation_of_Adam_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4013" data-file-height="6001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Monotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotype">Monotype</a> by the technique's inventor, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione" title="Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione">Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione</a>, <i>The Creation of Adam</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1642</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokusai,_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa; 1829–1833; color woodblock print;"><img alt="The Great Wave off Kanagawa; 1829–1833; color woodblock print;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg/170px-Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg/255px-Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg/340px-Hokusai%2C_The_Underwave_off_Kanagawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5706" data-file-height="3896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a></i>; 1829–1833; color woodblock print;</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En_plein_soleil_LACMA_M.84.279.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="En plein soleil, etching by James Abbott McNeill Whistler, 1858"><img alt="En plein soleil, etching by James Abbott McNeill Whistler, 1858" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/En_plein_soleil_LACMA_M.84.279.3.jpg/170px-En_plein_soleil_LACMA_M.84.279.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/En_plein_soleil_LACMA_M.84.279.3.jpg/255px-En_plein_soleil_LACMA_M.84.279.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/En_plein_soleil_LACMA_M.84.279.3.jpg/340px-En_plein_soleil_LACMA_M.84.279.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>En plein soleil</i>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">James Abbott McNeill Whistler</a>, 1858</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Divan_Japonais_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Divan Japonais; by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec; 1893–1894; Crayon, brush, spatter and transferred screen lithograph."><img alt="Divan Japonais; by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec; 1893–1894; Crayon, brush, spatter and transferred screen lithograph." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Divan_Japonais_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/130px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Divan_Japonais_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Divan_Japonais_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/195px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Divan_Japonais_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Divan_Japonais_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/260px-Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_-_Divan_Japonais_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="5701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Divan_Japonais_(lithograph)" title="Divan Japonais (lithograph)">Divan Japonais</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec</a>; 1893–1894; Crayon, brush, spatter and transferred screen lithograph.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Calligraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></div> <p>Calligraphy is a type of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner".<sup id="cite_ref-Mediavilla_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mediavilla-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Mediavilla_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mediavilla-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Folio 27r from the Lindisfarne Gospels; 8th century; Cotton Library (British Library, London)"><img alt="Folio 27r from the Lindisfarne Gospels; 8th century; Cotton Library (British Library, London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/120px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/180px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg/239px-LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Folio 27r from the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a>; 8th century; <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Library">Cotton Library</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mi_Fu-On_Calligraphy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On Calligraphy by Mi Fu, Song dynasty China"><img alt="On Calligraphy by Mi Fu, Song dynasty China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mi_Fu-On_Calligraphy.jpg/170px-Mi_Fu-On_Calligraphy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mi_Fu-On_Calligraphy.jpg/255px-Mi_Fu-On_Calligraphy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mi_Fu-On_Calligraphy.jpg/340px-Mi_Fu-On_Calligraphy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>On Calligraphy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mi_Fu" title="Mi Fu">Mi Fu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_from_a_Koran_(8th-9th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Islamic calligraphy: Folio from a Koran (8–9th century), Abbasid Kufic Calligraphy"><img alt="Islamic calligraphy: Folio from a Koran (8–9th century), Abbasid Kufic Calligraphy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg/170px-Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg/255px-Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg/340px-Folio_from_a_Koran_%288th-9th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>: Folio from a <a href="/wiki/Koran" class="mw-redirect" title="Koran">Koran</a> (8–9th century), <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> Calligraphy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page of an Armenian illuminated manuscript; 1637–1638; Getty Center (Los Angeles, USA)"><img alt="Page of an Armenian illuminated manuscript; 1637–1638; Getty Center (Los Angeles, USA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/117px-Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/176px-Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/235px-Malnazar_-_Decorated_Incipit_Page_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3109" data-file-height="4496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page of an <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a>; 1637–1638; <a href="/wiki/Getty_Center" title="Getty Center">Getty Center</a> (Los Angeles, USA)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photography">Photography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photography</a></div> <p><i>Fine art photography</i> refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist. Fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in print and digital media. Fine art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist's vision, but has also been important in advancing certain causes. Depiction of nudity has been one of the dominating themes in fine-art photography. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:067-_Alfred_Stieglitz,_c.1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfred Stieglitz nude, circa 1916"><img alt="Alfred Stieglitz nude, circa 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/067-_Alfred_Stieglitz%2C_c.1916.jpg/132px-067-_Alfred_Stieglitz%2C_c.1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/067-_Alfred_Stieglitz%2C_c.1916.jpg/197px-067-_Alfred_Stieglitz%2C_c.1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/067-_Alfred_Stieglitz%2C_c.1916.jpg/263px-067-_Alfred_Stieglitz%2C_c.1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1022" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Alfred Stieglitz</a> nude, circa 1916</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_Ray,_Lampshade,_391,_n._13,_July_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Man Ray, Lampshade, reproduced in 391, n. 13, July 1920"><img alt="Man Ray, Lampshade, reproduced in 391, n. 13, July 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg/119px-Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg/179px-Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg/239px-Man_Ray%2C_Lampshade%2C_391%2C_n._13%2C_July_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Man Ray</a>, <i>Lampshade</i>, reproduced in <a href="/wiki/391_(magazine)" title="391 (magazine)">391</a>, n. 13, July 1920</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget,_Paris_Interior,_ca._1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior from Paris; taken by Eugène Atget circa 1910"><img alt="Interior from Paris; taken by Eugène Atget circa 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Paris_Interior%2C_ca._1910.jpg/127px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Paris_Interior%2C_ca._1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Paris_Interior%2C_ca._1910.jpg/190px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Paris_Interior%2C_ca._1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Paris_Interior%2C_ca._1910.jpg/254px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget%2C_Paris_Interior%2C_ca._1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2914" data-file-height="3903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior from Paris; taken by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget" title="Eugène Atget">Eugène Atget</a> circa 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tetons and the Snake River; 1942; by Ansel Adams"><img alt="The Tetons and the Snake River; 1942; by Ansel Adams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/170px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/255px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg/340px-Adams_The_Tetons_and_the_Snake_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Tetons and the Snake River</i>; 1942; by <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-dimensional_works">Three-dimensional works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Three-dimensional works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture">Architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a> is frequently considered a fine art, especially if its <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> components are spotlighted – in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural-engineering</a> or <a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">construction-management</a> components. Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> and works of art. Historical <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> often are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings as the <a href="/wiki/Pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramids">pyramids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> are cultural symbols, and are important links in public consciousness, even when <a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">scholars</a> have discovered much about past civilizations through other means. Cities, regions, and cultures continue to identify themselves with, and are known by, their architectural monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_(30276156187).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Parthenon in the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena"><img alt="The Parthenon in the Acropolis of Athens, dedicated to the goddess Athena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/170px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/255px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/340px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosseo_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Colosseum in Rome"><img alt="The Colosseum in Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Colosseo_2008.jpg/170px-Colosseo_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Colosseo_2008.jpg/255px-Colosseo_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Colosseo_2008.jpg/340px-Colosseo_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscou.-_La_Cath%C3%A9drale_Basile-le-Bienheureux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral from the Red Square (Moscow)"><img alt="Saint Basil's Cathedral from the Red Square (Moscow)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Moscou.-_La_Cath%C3%A9drale_Basile-le-Bienheureux.jpg/146px-Moscou.-_La_Cath%C3%A9drale_Basile-le-Bienheureux.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Moscou.-_La_Cath%C3%A9drale_Basile-le-Bienheureux.jpg/219px-Moscou.-_La_Cath%C3%A9drale_Basile-le-Bienheureux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Moscou.-_La_Cath%C3%A9drale_Basile-le-Bienheureux.jpg/292px-Moscou.-_La_Cath%C3%A9drale_Basile-le-Bienheureux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="3370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> (Moscow)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Wilhering Abbey (Wilhering, Austria), an example of Rococo architecture"><img alt="Interior of the Wilhering Abbey (Wilhering, Austria), an example of Rococo architecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg/140px-Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg/210px-Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg/280px-Stift_Wilhering_Kirche_Orgel_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6428" data-file-height="7811" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Wilhering_Abbey" title="Wilhering Abbey">Wilhering Abbey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilhering" title="Wilhering">Wilhering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>), an example of <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> architecture</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pottery">Pottery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramic</a></div> <p>With some modern exceptions, <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> is not considered as fine art, but "fine pottery" remains a valid technical term, especially in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "coarse wares", which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes. </p><p>Even when, as with <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> figurines, a piece of pottery has no practical purpose, the making of it is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial one, involving many participants with different skills. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek volute krater; 320–310 BC; ceramic; height: 1.1 m; Walters Art Museum (Baltimore, US)"><img alt="Ancient Greek volute krater; 320–310 BC; ceramic; height: 1.1 m; Walters Art Museum (Baltimore, US)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg/116px-Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg/174px-Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg/232px-Baltimore_Painter_-_Volute_Krater_-_Walters_4886_-_Side_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek</a> volute krater; 320–310 BC; ceramic; height: 1.1 m; <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, US)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_David_Vases.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The David Vases; 1351 (the Yuan dynasty); porcelain, cobalt blue decor under glaze; height: 63.8 cm; British Museum (London)"><img alt="The David Vases; 1351 (the Yuan dynasty); porcelain, cobalt blue decor under glaze; height: 63.8 cm; British Museum (London)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_David_Vases.jpg/151px-The_David_Vases.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_David_Vases.jpg/226px-The_David_Vases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_David_Vases.jpg/302px-The_David_Vases.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="2342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/David_Vases" title="David Vases">David Vases</a>; 1351 (the Yuan dynasty); porcelain, cobalt blue decor under glaze; height: 63.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance oval basin or dish with subject from Amadis of Gaul; circa 1559–1564; maiolica; overall: 6 × 67.3 × 52.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Renaissance oval basin or dish with subject from Amadis of Gaul; circa 1559–1564; maiolica; overall: 6 × 67.3 × 52.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg/170px-Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg/255px-Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg/340px-Oval_basin_or_dish_with_subject_from_Amadis_of_Gaul_MET_DP320592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3911" data-file-height="3098" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> oval basin or dish with subject from Amadis of Gaul; circa 1559–1564; maiolica; overall: 6 × 67.3 × 52.4 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Elements,_Chelsea_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00573.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rococo personifications of Classical elements; 1760s; by the Chelsea porcelain factory; Indianapolis Museum of Art (Indianapolis, USA)"><img alt="Rococo personifications of Classical elements; 1760s; by the Chelsea porcelain factory; Indianapolis Museum of Art (Indianapolis, USA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Elements%2C_Chelsea_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00573.JPG/146px-The_Elements%2C_Chelsea_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00573.JPG" decoding="async" width="146" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Elements%2C_Chelsea_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00573.JPG/220px-The_Elements%2C_Chelsea_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00573.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Elements%2C_Chelsea_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00573.JPG/293px-The_Elements%2C_Chelsea_Porcelain_Manufactory_-_Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC00573.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="3693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personifications</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Classical elements</a>; 1760s; by the <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain_factory" title="Chelsea porcelain factory">Chelsea porcelain factory</a>; <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art" title="Indianapolis Museum of Art">Indianapolis Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, USA)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> is <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional</a> artwork created by shaping hard or <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> material, commonly <a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">stone</a> (either <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>), <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>. Some sculptures are created directly by <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carving" class="extiw" title="wikt:carving">carving</a>; others are assembled, built up and <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">fired</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">molded</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a>. Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic arts</a>. The majority of <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a> is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a> setting may be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">sculpture garden</a>. </p><p>Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">art</a> in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>) from ancient cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-artmuseums.harvard.edu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artmuseums.harvard.edu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="David; by Michelangelo; 1501–1504; marble; 517 cm × 199 cm; Galleria dell'Accademia (Florence)"><img alt="David; by Michelangelo; 1501–1504; marble; 517 cm × 199 cm; Galleria dell'Accademia (Florence)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg/113px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg/170px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg/226px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="4707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i>; by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>; 1501–1504; marble; 517 cm × 199 cm; <a href="/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia" title="Galleria dell'Accademia">Galleria dell'Accademia</a> (Florence)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Nefertiti Bust; 1352–1332 BC; painted limestone; height: 50 cm; Neues Museum (Berlin, Germany)"><img alt="The Nefertiti Bust; 1352–1332 BC; painted limestone; height: 50 cm; Neues Museum (Berlin, Germany)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/116px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/174px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/232px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti_Bust" title="Nefertiti Bust">Nefertiti Bust</a></i>; 1352–1332 BC; painted <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>; height: 50 cm; <a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Neues Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre"><img alt="Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg/90px-Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg/135px-Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg/181px-Front_views_of_the_Venus_de_Milo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="5808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i>; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bust of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles"><img alt="The Bust of Louis XIV by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg/136px-LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg/204px-LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg/272px-LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Louis_XIV_(Bernini)" title="Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)">Bust of Louis XIV</a></i> by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conceptual_art">Conceptual art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conceptual art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Oak_Tree_(conceptual_art_installation).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/An_Oak_Tree_%28conceptual_art_installation%29.jpg/220px-An_Oak_Tree_%28conceptual_art_installation%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/An_Oak_Tree_%28conceptual_art_installation%29.jpg/330px-An_Oak_Tree_%28conceptual_art_installation%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/An_Oak_Tree_%28conceptual_art_installation%29.jpg/440px-An_Oak_Tree_%28conceptual_art_installation%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/An_Oak_Tree" title="An Oak Tree">An Oak Tree</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Craig-Martin" title="Michael Craig-Martin">Michael Craig-Martin</a>, 1973</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></div> <p>Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of <i>idea-based art</i> that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. However, through its association with the <a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a> during the 1990s, its popular usage, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, developed as a synonym for all <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> that does not practice the traditional skills of <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tateconceptual_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tateconceptual-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_(1840-1893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/220px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/330px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg/440px-Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_%281840-1893%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a> (1840–1893), the famous composer</figcaption></figure> <p>Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. </p><p>Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. </p><p>The word derives from Greek μουσική (<i>mousike</i>, "art of the Muses"). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaslav_Nijinsky,_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg/220px-Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg/330px-Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Vaslav_Nijinsky%2C_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a> dancing the Faun in <i><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">L'après-midi d'un faune</a></i> (1912)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></div> <p>Dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic, and to music,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a> or presented in a <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performance</a> setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>) between humans or <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bee_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee dance">bee dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fixed_action_pattern" title="Fixed action pattern">patterns of behaviour</a> such as a mating dance), motion in inanimate objects ("the leaves danced in the wind"), and certain musical genres. In sports, gymnastics, <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">synchronized swimming</a> are dance disciplines while the <i><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">kata</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> are often compared to dances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Opera_House_and_ballerina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Royal_Opera_House_and_ballerina.jpg/220px-Royal_Opera_House_and_ballerina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Royal_Opera_House_and_ballerina.jpg/330px-Royal_Opera_House_and_ballerina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Royal_Opera_House_and_ballerina.jpg/440px-Royal_Opera_House_and_ballerina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Western <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a> is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>. Another popular Western form is <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a>. Classical forms of theatre, including <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Roman drama</a>, classic <a href="/wiki/English_drama" title="English drama">English drama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Marlowe</a> included), and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">French theater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> included), are still performed today. In addition, performances of classic Eastern forms such as <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Noh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> can be found in the West, although with less frequency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art film</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyajit_Ray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Satyajit_Ray.jpg/220px-Satyajit_Ray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Satyajit_Ray.jpg/330px-Satyajit_Ray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Satyajit_Ray.jpg/440px-Satyajit_Ray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> film director</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Fine arts film</i> is a term that encompasses motion pictures and the field of film as a fine <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> form. A <i>fine arts movie theater</i> is a venue, usually a building, for viewing such movies. <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Films</a> are produced by <a href="/wiki/Video_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Video recording">recording</a> images from the world with <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">cameras</a>, or by creating images using <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> techniques or <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a>. Films are <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">cultural artifacts</a> created by specific <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a>, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">educating</a> – or <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">indoctrinating</a> – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">subtitles</a> that <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translate</a> the dialogue. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a> is the discipline of making <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">lighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> choices when recording photographic <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">cinema</a>. It is closely related to the art of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">still photography</a>, though many additional issues arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Independent_filmmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent filmmaking">Independent filmmaking</a> often takes place outside of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>, or other major <a href="/wiki/Studio_system" title="Studio system">studio systems</a>. An independent film (or <i>indie film)</i> is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hollywood_movie_studios" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hollywood movie studios">major movie studio</a>. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pushkin_(by_Mate).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pushkin_%28by_Mate%29.jpg/220px-Pushkin_%28by_Mate%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pushkin_%28by_Mate%29.jpg/330px-Pushkin_%28by_Mate%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pushkin_%28by_Mate%29.jpg/440px-Pushkin_%28by_Mate%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Mate" title="Vasily Mate">Vasily Mate</a>, <i>Portrait of the poet <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a></i> (1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις (<i><a href="/wiki/Poiesis" title="Poiesis">poiesis</a></i>, "to make") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as sound symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde music</a> is frequently considered both a performing art and a fine art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a> – perhaps the newest medium for fine art, since it utilizes modern technologies such as computers from production to presentation. Includes, amongst others, video, digital photography, digital printmaking and interactive pieces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">Textiles</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Quilt_art" title="Quilt art">quilt art</a> and "wearable" or "pre-wearable" creations, frequently reach the category of fine art objects, sometimes like part of an art display.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Music">Western art (or Classical) music</a> is a performing art frequently considered to be fine art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a> – The last century has witnessed a renewed interest in understanding the behavior of folding matter with contributions from artists and scientists. Origami is different from other arts: while painting requires the addition of matter, and sculpture involves subtraction, origami does not add or subtract: it transforms. Origami artists are pushing the limits of an art increasingly committed to its time, with a bloodline ending in technology and spacecraft. Its computational aspect and shareable quality (empowered by social networks) are parts of the puzzle that is making origami a paradigmatic art of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_study">Academic study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Academic study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools" title="List of art schools">List of art schools</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Africa">Art of Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Asia">Art of Asia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts">The Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts</a> is a Chinese national university based in Guangzhou which provides Fine Arts and Design Doctoral, Master and bachelor's degrees.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Kolkata" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata">Academy of Fine Arts, Kolkata</a> is a Fine Art college in the Indian city of Kolkata, West Bengal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">List of art universities and colleges in Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of South America">Art of South America</a></div> <ul><li>Brazil: The Institute for the Arts in Brazilia has departments for theater, visual arts, industrial design, and music.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art of the United States</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> an academic course of study in fine art may include the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in Fine Art, or a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Bachelor of Fine Arts">Bachelor of Fine Arts</a>, and/or a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Fine_Arts" title="Master of Fine Arts">Master of Fine Arts</a> degree – traditionally the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">terminal degree</a> in the field. <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Doctor of Fine Arts">Doctor of Fine Arts</a> degrees —earned, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degrees</a>— have begun to emerge at some US academic institutions, however. Major schools of art in the US: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, New Haven, CT – MFA, BA.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design" title="Rhode Island School of Design">Rhode Island School of Design</a>, Providence, RI – MFA, BFA.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>School of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>, Chicago, Illinois – MFA in Studio, MFA in Writing.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Los Angeles">University of California Los Angeles</a>, Los Angeles, CA – MFA<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts" title="California Institute of the Arts">California Institute of the Arts</a>, Valencia, CA<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, Pittsburgh, PA<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranbrook_Academy_of_Art" title="Cranbrook Academy of Art">Cranbrook Academy of Art</a>, Bloomfield Hills, MI<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Institute_College_of_Art" title="Maryland Institute College of Art">Maryland Institute College of Art</a>, Baltimore, MD<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a>, (B.F.A)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, MFA, joint JD/MFA degree, PHD.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a>, New York, NY is a <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> conservatory established in 1905. It educates and trains undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded as one of the world's leading <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">music schools</a>, with some of the most prestigious arts programs.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArtCenter_College_of_Design" title="ArtCenter College of Design">ArtCenter College of Design</a>, Pasadena, CA is a nonprofit, private college founded in 1930. ArtCenter offers undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide variety of art and design fields, as well as public programs for children and high school students. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> also ranks Art Center's Art, Industrial Design and Media Design Practices programs among the top 20 graduate schools in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/definitions/fine-art.htm">"Fine Art: Definition, Meaning, History"</a>. <i>www.visual-arts-cork.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visual-arts-cork.com&rft.atitle=Fine+Art%3A+Definition%2C+Meaning%2C+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visual-arts-cork.com%2Fdefinitions%2Ffine-art.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt, 48–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Colvin" title="Sidney Colvin">Colvin, Sidney</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fine Arts"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fine_Arts">"Fine Arts" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">355–</span>375.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fine+Arts&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fine+art">"Fine art"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malevich%2C+Black+Square%2C+1915%2C+Guggenheim+New+York%2C+exhibition%2C+2003-2004&rft.pub=Guggenheim+Museum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780892072651&rft.aulast=Drutt&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Malevich%2C+Kazimir+Severinovich&rft.au=Gurianova%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkazimir00male%23page%2F118%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCLOWNEY2011" class="citation journal cs1">CLOWNEY, DAVID (2011). "Definitions of Art and Fine Art's Historical Origins". <i>The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism</i>. <b>69</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6245.2011.01474.x">10.1111/j.1540-6245.2011.01474.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8529">0021-8529</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23883666">23883666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Aesthetics+and+Art+Criticism&rft.atitle=Definitions+of+Art+and+Fine+Art%27s+Historical+Origins&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0021-8529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23883666%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6245.2011.01474.x&rft.aulast=CLOWNEY&rft.aufirst=DAVID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraffi" class="citation journal cs1">Maraffi, Topher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscb.edu/academics/academic_departments/school-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/visual-art-and-design/research/pdfs/EVA2016_Maraffi_PracticeBasedResearch.pdf">"Using New Media for Practice-based Fine Arts Research in the Classroom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of South Carolina Beaufort. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.uscb.edu/academics/academic_departments/school-of-humanities-and-social-sciences/visual-art-and-design/research/pdfs/EVA2016_Maraffi_PracticeBasedResearch.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Using+New+Media+for+Practice-based+Fine+Arts+Research+in+the+Classroom&rft.aulast=Maraffi&rft.aufirst=Topher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscb.edu%2Facademics%2Facademic_departments%2Fschool-of-humanities-and-social-sciences%2Fvisual-art-and-design%2Fresearch%2Fpdfs%2FEVA2016_Maraffi_PracticeBasedResearch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClowney,_David" class="citation journal cs1">Clowney, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428005534/http://www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=519">"A Third System of the Arts? An Exploration of Some Ideas from Larry Shiner's <i>The Invention of Art: A Cultural History</i>"</a>. <i>Contemporary Aesthetics</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contempaesthetics.org/newvolume/pages/article.php?articleID=519">the original</a> on 28 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Aesthetics&rft.atitle=A+Third+System+of+the+Arts%3F+An+Exploration+of+Some+Ideas+from+Larry+Shiner%27s+The+Invention+of+Art%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.au=Clowney%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contempaesthetics.org%2Fnewvolume%2Fpages%2Farticle.php%3FarticleID%3D519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt, 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guerzoni_2011_p._27-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guerzoni_2011_p._27_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerzoni2011" class="citation book cs1">Guerzoni, G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYE5MBi4fGQC&pg=PT27"><i>Apollo and Vulcan: The Art Markets in Italy, 1400–1700</i></a>. Michigan State University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60917-361-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60917-361-6"><bdi>978-1-60917-361-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Observing these tensions, George Kubler was led to affirm in 1961: "The seventeenth-century academic separation between fine and useful arts first fell out of fashion nearly a century ago. From about 1880 the conception of 'fine art' was ..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+and+Vulcan%3A+The+Art+Markets+in+Italy%2C+1400%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60917-361-6&rft.aulast=Guerzoni&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYE5MBi4fGQC%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Kubler" title="George Kubler">Kubler, George</a> (1962). <i>The Shape of Time : Remarks on the History of Things</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Kubler, pp. 14–15, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O0uxw-x-wv0C">google books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227160813/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0uxw-x-wv0C&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 27 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapizzi1989" class="citation book cs1">Capizzi, Padre (1989). <i>Piazza Armerina: The Mosaics and Morgantina</i>. International Specialized Book Service Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piazza+Armerina%3A+The+Mosaics+and+Morgantina&rft.pub=International+Specialized+Book+Service+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Capizzi&rft.aufirst=Padre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mediavilla-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mediavilla_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mediavilla_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMediavilla,_C.1996" class="citation book cs1">Mediavilla, C. (1996). <i>Calligraphy</i>. Scirpus Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calligraphy&rft.pub=Scirpus+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Mediavilla%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPott,_G.2006" class="citation book cs1">Pott, G. (2006). <i>Kalligrafie: Intensiv Training</i>. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalligrafie%3A+Intensiv+Training&rft.pub=Verlag+Hermann+Schmidt+Mainz&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Pott%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPott,_G.2005" class="citation book cs1">Pott, G. (2005). <i>Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten</i>. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalligrafie%3AErste+Hilfe+und+Schrift-Training+mit+Muster-Alphabeten&rft.pub=Verlag+Hermann+Schmidt+Mainz&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Pott%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF*Zapf,_H.2007" class="citation book cs1">*<a href="/wiki/Hermann_Zapf" title="Hermann Zapf">Zapf, H.</a> (2007). <i>Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Developments</i>. Rochester: Cary Graphic Arts Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alphabet+Stories%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Technical+Developments&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pub=Cary+Graphic+Arts+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.au=%2AZapf%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_Tower" title="Eiffel Tower">Eiffel Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> are representative of the buildings used on advertising brochures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artmuseums.harvard.edu-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-artmuseums.harvard.edu_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/exhibitions/sackler/godsInColor.html">"Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity" September 2007 to January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104060402/http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/exhibitions/sackler/godsInColor.html">Archived</a> 4 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tateconceptual-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tateconceptual_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/c/conceptual-art"><i>Conceptual art</i> Tate online glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320082742/http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/c/conceptual-art">Archived</a> 20 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> tate.org.uk. Retrieved 7 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica_Concise_Encyclopedia" class="citation web cs1">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110116/dance">"britannica"</a>. britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=britannica&rft.pub=britannica&rft.au=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9110116%2Fdance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poetry">"Poetry"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. 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Abrams. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/juilliard0000cher/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3536-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3536-8"><bdi>0-8109-3536-8</bdi></a>. <q>Juilliard grew up with both the country and its burgeoning cultural capital of New York to become an internationally recognized synonym for the pinnacle of artistic achievement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juilliard&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8109-3536-8&rft.au=Frank+Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjuilliard0000cher%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/top-25-drama-schools-world-558898">"The Top 25 Drama Schools in the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. 30 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=ArtCenter+College+of+Design+Overall+Rankings+%E2%80%93+US+News+Best+Colleges&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Fartcenter-college-of-design-1116%2Foverall-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFine+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Blunt Anthony</a>, <i>Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600</i>, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), <a href="/wiki/OUP" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP">OUP</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198810504" title="Special:BookSources/0198810504">0198810504</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_art&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Fine art</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fine_art" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Fine art">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fine_art" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Fine art">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fine_art" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Fine art">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fine_art" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Fine art">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fine_art" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Fine art">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fine_art" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Fine art">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fine_art" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Fine art">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Ballard, A. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arrowsorteachin00ballgoog">Arrows; or, Teaching a fine art</a>. New York: A.S. Barnes & Company.</li> <li>Caffin, Charles Henry. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/photographyasaf00caffgoog">Photography as a fine art; the achievements and possibilities of photographic art in America</a>. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.</li> <li>Crane, L., and Whiting, C. G. (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artandformation00crangoog">Art and the formation of taste: six lectures</a>. Boston: Chautauqua Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artandformation00crangoog/page/n115">Chapter 4 : Fine Arts</a></li> <li>Hegel, G. W. F., and Bosanquet, B. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmgRAAAAYAAJ">The introduction to Hegel's Philosophy of fine art</a>. London: K. Paul, Trench &.</li> <li>Hegel, G. W. F. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iw-maVonxV4C">Aesthetics: lectures on fine art</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li>Neville, H. (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stageitspastand00nevigoog">The stage: its past and present in relation to fine art</a>. London: R. Bentley and Son.</li> <li>Rossetti, W. M. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fineartchieflyc00rossgoog">Fine art, chiefly contemporary: notices re-printed, with revisions</a>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Shiner, Larry. (2003). "<a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_Art:_A_Cultural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Invention of Art: A Cultural History">The Invention of Art: A Cultural History</a>". Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75342-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75342-3">978-0-226-75342-3</a></li> <li>Torrey, J. (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atheoryfineart00torrgoog">A theory of fine art</a>. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Co.</li> <li>ALBA (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.alba.edu.lb/french/Alexis-Boutros-fondateur-Alba">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920234245/https://www.alba.edu.lb/french/Alexis-Boutros-fondateur-Alba">Archived</a> 20 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Antonio Luis Ramos Molina, <i>La magia de la química fotográfica: El quimigrama. Conceptos, técnicas y procedimientos del quimigrama en la expresión artística</i>, In: <i>Tesis Doctoral</i>, Universidad de Granada 2018.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a 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