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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Food-Producing_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Food-Producing_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early Food-Producing Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Food-Producing_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regionalization_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regionalization_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regionalization Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regionalization_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Regionalization_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Regionalization_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Late Regionalization Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Regionalization_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_Era:_Oxus_Civilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_Era:_Oxus_Civilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Integration Era: Oxus Civilization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Integration_Era:_Oxus_Civilization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Integration Era: Oxus Civilization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Integration_Era:_Oxus_Civilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kopet_Dag,_Namazga_V_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kopet_Dag,_Namazga_V_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kopet Dag, Namazga V phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kopet_Dag,_Namazga_V_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Margiana,_Kelleli_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Margiana,_Kelleli_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Margiana, Kelleli phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Margiana,_Kelleli_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Margiana,_Gonur_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Margiana,_Gonur_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Margiana, Gonur phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Margiana,_Gonur_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Bactria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Bactria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Southern Bactria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Bactria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southwestern_Tajikistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southwestern_Tajikistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Southwestern Tajikistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southwestern_Tajikistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Material culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Agriculture and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_interactions_with_neighbouring_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_interactions_with_neighbouring_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archaeological interactions with neighbouring cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_interactions_with_neighbouring_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Indo-Iranians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Indo-Iranians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Relationship with Indo-Iranians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_Indo-Iranians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with Indo-Iranians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Indo-Iranians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_evidence_for_a_BMAC_substratum_in_Indo-Iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_evidence_for_a_BMAC_substratum_in_Indo-Iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Possible evidence for a BMAC substratum in Indo-Iranian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_evidence_for_a_BMAC_substratum_in_Indo-Iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Horses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_-_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مجمع باكتريا - مارجيانا الأثري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجمع باكتريا - مارجيانا الأثري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktriya-Margiana_Arxeoloji_Kompleksi" title="Baktriya-Margiana Arxeoloji Kompleksi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Baktriya-Margiana Arxeoloji Kompleksi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бактрыйска-Маргіянскі археалагічны комплекс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактрыйска-Маргіянскі археалагічны комплекс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бактрийско-маргиански археологически комплекс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бактрийско-маргиански археологически комплекс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_arqueol%C3%B2gic_Bactriana-Margiana" title="Complex arqueològic Bactriana-Margiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Complex arqueològic Bactriana-Margiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrijsko-margi%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_archeologick%C3%BD_komplex" title="Baktrijsko-margiánský archeologický komplex – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baktrijsko-margiánský archeologický komplex" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxus-civilisationen" title="Oxus-civilisationen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oxus-civilisationen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasenkultur" title="Oasenkultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oasenkultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Αρχαιολογικό Σύμπλεγμα Βακτρίας-Μαργιανής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαιολογικό Σύμπλεγμα Βακτρίας-Μαργιανής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complejo_arqueol%C3%B3gico_Bactria-Margiana" title="Complejo arqueológico Bactria-Margiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Complejo arqueológico Bactria-Margiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria-Margiana_Ar%C4%A5eologia_Komplekso" title="Baktria-Margiana Arĥeologia Komplekso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baktria-Margiana Arĥeologia Komplekso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تمدن آمودریا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن آمودریا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_de_l%27Oxus" title="Civilisation de l'Oxus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civilisation de l'Oxus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84-%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%84%EB%82%98_%EA%B3%A0%EA%B3%A0%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EB%B3%B5%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="박트리아-마르기아나 고고학적 복합체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박트리아-마르기아나 고고학적 복합체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वक्शु सभ्यता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वक्शु सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasan_Arkeologis_Baktria%E2%80%93Margiana" title="Kawasan Arkeologis Baktria–Margiana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kawasan Arkeologis Baktria–Margiana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complesso_archeologico_battriano-margiano" title="Complesso archeologico battriano-margiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Complesso archeologico battriano-margiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტრია-მარგიანეს არქეოლოგიური კომპლექსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტრია-მარგიანეს არქეოლოგიური კომპლექსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktrijos%E2%80%93Margianos_archeologinis_kompleksas" title="Baktrijos–Margianos archeologinis kompleksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baktrijos–Margianos archeologinis kompleksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompleks_Arkeologi_Baktria%E2%80%93Margiana" title="Kompleks Arkeologi Baktria–Margiana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kompleks Arkeologi Baktria–Margiana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeologisch_complex_Bactri%C3%AB-Margiana" title="Archeologisch complex Bactrië-Margiana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Archeologisch complex Bactrië-Margiana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88" title="バクトリア・マルギアナ複合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バクトリア・マルギアナ複合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_arkeologiske_kompleks_i_Baktria_og_Margiana" title="Det arkeologiske kompleks i Baktria og Margiana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det arkeologiske kompleks i Baktria og Margiana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqtriya%E2%80%93Marg%CA%BBiyona_arxeologik_majmuasi" title="Baqtriya–Margʻiyona arxeologik majmuasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baqtriya–Margʻiyona arxeologik majmuasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktryjsko-Margia%C5%84ski_Zesp%C3%B3%C5%82_Archeologiczny" title="Baktryjsko-Margiański Zespół Archeologiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baktryjsko-Margiański Zespół Archeologiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Arqueol%C3%B3gica_B%C3%A1ctria%E2%80%93Margiana" title="Cultura Arqueológica Báctria–Margiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura Arqueológica Báctria–Margiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexul_Arheologic_Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana" title="Complexul Arheologic Bactria–Margiana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Complexul Arheologic Bactria–Margiana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бактрийско-Маргианский археологический комплекс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактрийско-Маргианский археологический комплекс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margianakulttuuri" title="Margianakulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Margianakulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாக்திரியா-மார்கியானா தொல்லியல் வளாகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்திரியா-மார்கியானா தொல்லியல் வளாகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktria-Margiyana_Arkeoloji_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Baktria-Margiyana Arkeoloji Bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baktria-Margiyana Arkeoloji Bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Бактрійсько-маргіанський археологічний комплекс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактрійсько-маргіанський археологічний комплекс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%81" title="بیکٹریا-مارگیانا آثار قدیمہ کا مجموعہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیکٹریا-مارگیانا آثار قدیمہ کا مجموعہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E9%98%BF%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E9%AB%94" title="巴克特里亞·馬爾吉阿納文明體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴克特里亞·馬爾吉阿納文明體" 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and other data for this location">37.30111°N 64.15531°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.30111; 64.15531</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">c. 2250–1700 BC Central Asian archaeological culture</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMAC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BMAC.png/238px-BMAC.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BMAC.png/357px-BMAC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/BMAC.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The extent of the BMAC (according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:244px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_female_MET_DT867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seated_female_MET_DT867.jpg/238px-Seated_female_MET_DT867.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seated_female_MET_DT867.jpg/357px-Seated_female_MET_DT867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seated_female_MET_DT867.jpg/476px-Seated_female_MET_DT867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3549" data-file-height="3653" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Female statuette, an example of a "Bactrian princess"; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; <a href="/wiki/Steatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatite">steatite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>; 9 × 9.4 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/250px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/375px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/500px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.618%;left:36.714%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex"><img alt="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Continental Asia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Southern Central Asia</a>, mainly in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sarianidi" title="Viktor Sarianidi">Viktor Sarianidi</a> (late 1960s to 1979)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruins</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuristani_language" title="Proto-Nuristani language">Proto-Nuristani</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_culture" title="Copper Hoard culture">Copper Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>Central Asia</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Nuristanis</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristanis</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Iranian_origins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indo-Iranian_origins.png/260px-Indo-Iranian_origins.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indo-Iranian_origins.png/390px-Indo-Iranian_origins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indo-Iranian_origins.png/520px-Indo-Iranian_origins.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological cultures associated with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranian migration">Indo-Iranian migrations</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">EIEC</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a>, BMAC and <a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz cultures</a> have often been associated with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> migrations. The <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">GGC</a> (Swat), <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Hoard Culture">Copper Hoard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">PGW</a> cultures are candidates for cultures associated with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration">migrations</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</b> (<b>BMAC</b>) is the modern archaeological designation for a particular Middle <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, also known as the <b>Oxus Civilization</b>. The civilisation's urban phase or Integration Era,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was dated in 2010 by Sandro Salvatori to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2400</span>–1950 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a different view is held by Nadezhda A. Dubova and Bertille Lyonnet, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2250</span>–1700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though it may be called the "Oxus civilization", apparently centred on the upper <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> (Oxus River) in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, most of the BMAC's urban sites are actually located in <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Murghab_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Murghab river">Murghab river</a> delta, and in the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopet Dagh">Kopet Dagh</a> mountain range. There are a few later (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950</span>–1450 BC) sites in northern Bactria, currently known as southern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they are mostly graveyards belonging to the BMAC-related Sapalli culture.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single BMAC site, known as <i>Dashli</i>, lies in southern Bactria, current territory of northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites found further east, in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, though contemporary with the main BMAC sites in Margiana, are only graveyards, with no urban developments associated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civilisation was named BMAC by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sarianidi" title="Viktor Sarianidi">Viktor Sarianidi</a> in 1976, during the period (1969–1979) when he was excavating in northern Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarianidi's excavations from the late 1970s onward revealed numerous monumental structures in many sites, fortified by impressive walls and gates. Reports on the BMAC were mostly confined to Soviet journals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A journalist from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> wrote in 2001 that during the years of the Soviet Union, the findings were largely unknown to the West until Sarianidi's work began to be translated in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some publications by Soviet authors, like Masson, Sarianidi, Atagarryev, and Berdiev, had been available to the West, translated in the first half of 1970s, slightly before Sarianidi labelled the findings as BMAC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_chronology">Origin and chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian archaeologists, like Massimo Vidale and Dennys Frenez, support Sandro Salvatori's hypothesis that Namazga V is the beginning of the ultimate urban phase called BMAC, belonging to the Integration Era (c. 2400–1950 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Russian and French archaeologists Nadezhda Dubova and Bertille Lyonnet consider there was a gap between the end of Namazga III phase and the beginning of BMAC in Margiana, and that most of the sites both in Margiana and Bactria were founded on virgin soil only around 2250 BC lasting until 1700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region was first named Bakhdi in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, which then formed the Persian <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrapy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Marguš</a> (perhaps from the Sumerian term <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhasi</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the capital of which was <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, in modern-day southeastern Turkmenistan. It was then called <i>Bāxtriš</i> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>, and <i>Baxl</i> in <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>. The region was also mentioned in ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts as बाह्लीक or <i>Bāhlīka</i>. The modern term <i><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></i> is derived from the Ancient Greek: Βακτριανή (Romanized Greek term: Baktrianē) (modern <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>), which came from the Sanskrit term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Food-Producing_Era">Early Food-Producing Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Food-Producing Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the well-watered northern foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period at <a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a> (or Djeitun). In this region, mud brick houses were first occupied during the Early Food-Producing Era, also known as <a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, from c. 7200 to 4600 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inhabitants were farmers with origins in southwest Asia, who kept herds of goats and sheep and grew wheat and barley.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a> has given its name to the whole <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period in the northern foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a>. At the late Neolithic site of Chagylly Depe, farmers increasingly grew the kinds of crops that are typically associated with irrigation in an arid environment, such as <a href="/wiki/Hexaploid_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaploid wheat">hexaploid bread wheat</a>, which became predominant during the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region is dotted with the multi-period hallmarks characteristic of the ancient Near East, similar to those southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a> Plain in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohl2007189–190_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohl2007189–190-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regionalization_Era">Regionalization Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regionalization Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Regionalization_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Regionalization Era">Regionalization Era</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a> IA with a pre-Chalcolithic phase also in the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> piedmont region from 4600 to 4000 BC, then the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> period develops from 4000 to 2800 BC in <a href="/wiki/Namazga" class="mw-redirect" title="Namazga">Namazga</a> I-III, Ilgynly Depe, and <a href="/wiki/Altyn_Depe" class="mw-redirect" title="Altyn Depe">Altyn Depe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this Copper Age, the population of the region grew. Archaeologist Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, who led the <a href="/wiki/South_Turkmenistan_Complex_Archaeological_Expedition" title="South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition">South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition</a> of 1946, saw signs that people migrated to the region from central Iran at this time, bringing metallurgy and other innovations, but thought that the newcomers soon blended with the Jeitun farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-MassonThe_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassonThe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Vadim was the son of archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Masson" title="Mikhail Masson">Mikhail Masson</a>, who had previously already started work in this same area.) By contrast, a re-excavation of <a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a> in 2010 found a distinct break in settlement history between the late neolithic and early chalcolithic eras there.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AltynDepeMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/AltynDepeMap.jpg/220px-AltynDepeMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/AltynDepeMap.jpg/330px-AltynDepeMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/AltynDepeMap.jpg/440px-AltynDepeMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Altyn-Depe location on the modern <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> map as well as location of other <a href="/wiki/Eneolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eneolithic">Eneolithic</a> cultures (<a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Major chalcolithic settlements sprang up at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Depe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Depe (page does not exist)">Kara-Depe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Depe</a>. In addition, there were smaller settlements at <a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a>, Dashlyji, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yassy_Depe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yassy Depe (page does not exist)">Yassy-depe</a>. Settlements similar to the early level at Anau also appeared further east– in the ancient delta of the river <a href="/wiki/Tejen_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejen River">Tedzen</a>, the site of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoksiur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoksiur (page does not exist)">Geoksiur</a> Oasis. About 3500 BC, the cultural unity of the area split into two pottery styles: colourful in the west (Anau, Kara-Depe and Namazga-Depe) and more austere in the east at <a href="/wiki/Altyn-Depe" class="mw-redirect" title="Altyn-Depe">Altyn-Depe</a> and the Geoksiur Oasis settlements. This may reflect the formation of two tribal groups. It seems that around 3000 BC, people from Geoksiur migrated into the <a href="/wiki/Murghab_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Murghab River">Murghab</a> delta (where small, scattered settlements appeared) and reached further east into the <a href="/wiki/Zeravshan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeravshan River">Zerafshan</a> Valley in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>. In both areas pottery typical of Geoksiur was in use. In Transoxiana they settled at <a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a> near <a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Pendjikent</a>. To the south the foundation layers of <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-i Sōkhta</a> on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_River" title="Helmand River">Helmand River</a> in south-eastern Iran contained pottery of the Altyn-Depe and Geoksiur type. Thus the farmers of Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan were connected by a scattering of farming settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-MassonThe_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassonThe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Regionalization_Era">Late Regionalization Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Regionalization Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> region, at <a href="/wiki/Altyn_Depe" class="mw-redirect" title="Altyn Depe">Altyn Depe</a>, the Namazga III phase lasted (c. 3200–2800 BC) and showed a late Chalcolithic culture, at the beginning of Late Regionalization Era.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>, at the end of Late Regionalization Era (2800 to 2400 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the culture of the Kopet Dag oases in Altyn-Depe site developed a proto-urban society. This corresponds to phase IV at <a href="/wiki/Namazga-Depe" class="mw-redirect" title="Namazga-Depe">Namazga-Depe</a>. Altyn-Depe was a major centre even then. Pottery was wheel-turned. Grapes were grown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integration_Era:_Oxus_Civilization">Integration Era: Oxus Civilization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Integration Era: Oxus Civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The height of the urban development was reached in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Integration_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Integration Era">Integration Era</a>, mainly in three regions, Kopet Dag piedmont, Margiana, and southern Bactria, as well as some cemetery remains recently found in southwestern Tajikistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kopet_Dag,_Namazga_V_phase"><span id="Kopet_Dag.2C_Namazga_V_phase"></span>Kopet Dag, Namazga V phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kopet Dag, Namazga V phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BMAC's urban period begins in the Kopet Dag piedmont, as per Massimo Vidale, corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Namazga-Depe" class="mw-redirect" title="Namazga-Depe">Namazga-Depe</a> level V (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2400</span>-2000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MassonThe_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassonThe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Namazga_Depe" class="mw-redirect" title="Namazga Depe">Namazga Depe</a> reaching c. 52 hectares and holding maybe 17–20,000 inhabitants, and <a href="/wiki/Altyn_Depe" class="mw-redirect" title="Altyn Depe">Altyn Depe</a> with its maximum size of c. 25 hectares and 7–10,000 inhabitants, were the two big cities in <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> piedmont.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This urban development is considered to have lasted, not from 2400 BC, but from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2250</span> to 1700 BC by Lyonnet and Dubova's recent publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Margiana,_Kelleli_phase"><span id="Margiana.2C_Kelleli_phase"></span>Margiana, Kelleli phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Margiana, Kelleli phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Identification of the first large settling in Margiana was possible through excavations at Kelleli 3 and 4, and these are the type sites of Kelleli phase.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massimo Vidale (2017) considers that the Kelleli phase was characterised by the appearance of the first palatial compounds from 2400 to 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelleli is located around 40 km northwest of Gonur; featuring Kelleli 3 with four hectares, characterised by towers in a double perimetral wall, four equal entrances, and houses in the southwest of the site. Kelleli 4 settlement is around three hectares, with the same characteristics in its wall.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandro Salvatori (1998) commented that Kelleli phase began sightly later than Namazga V period.<sup id="cite_ref-Salvatori,_Sandro_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvatori,_Sandro-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Margiana,_Gonur_phase"><span id="Margiana.2C_Gonur_phase"></span>Margiana, Gonur phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Margiana, Gonur phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gonur phase was considered, by Sarianidi, as a southward movement of the previous Kelleli phase people.<sup id="cite_ref-Salvatori,_Sandro_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvatori,_Sandro-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a>, the site <a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a> is the largest of all settlements in this period and is located at the delta of <a href="/wiki/Murghab_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Murghab river">Murghab river</a> in southern Turkmenistan, with an area of around 55 hectares. An almost elliptical fortified complex, known as Gonur North includes the so-called "Monumental Palace", other minor buildings, temples and ritual places, together with the "Royal Necropolis", and water reservoirs, all dated by Italian archaeologists from around 2400 to 1900 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However French and Russian scholars like Lyonnet and Dubova date it to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2250</span>-1700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Bactria">Southern Bactria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Southern Bactria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In southern <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, northern Afghanistan, the site Dashly 3 is regarded to be also from Middle Bronze Age to Late Bronze Age (2300–1700 BC) occupation,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its beginning is probably later than 2300 BC, although earlier than 2000 BC, if new datings for BMAC by Lyonnet and Dubova are taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old Dashly 3 complex, sometimes identified as a palace, is a fortified rectangular 88 m x 84 m compound. The square building had massive double outer walls and in the middle of each wall was a protruding salient composed of a T-shaped corridor flanked by two L-shaped corridors.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southwestern_Tajikistan">Southwestern Tajikistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southwestern Tajikistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New archaeological research has recently found at three ancient cemeteries in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> called <a href="/wiki/Farkhor" title="Farkhor">Farkhor</a>, Gelot (in <a href="/wiki/Kulob_District" title="Kulob District">Kulob District</a>), and Darnajchi, ceramics influenced by <a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga</a> IV and <a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga</a> V transitional period from Early to Middle Bronze Age, which can suggest a presence of BMAC inhabitants in this region earlier considered out of their influx.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelot's grave N6-13 was dated to 2203–2036 cal BC (2 sigma), and Darnajchi's grave N2-2 as 2456-2140 cal BC (2 sigma).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farkhor's cemetery is located on the right bank of <a href="/wiki/Panj_(river)" title="Panj (river)">Panj</a> river, very near the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Civilization">Indus Civilization</a>'s site <a href="/wiki/Shortugai" title="Shortugai">Shortughai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compartmented_Seal_with_Bird-Headed_Man_with_Snakes_LACMA_AC1995.5.6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Compartmented_Seal_with_Bird-Headed_Man_with_Snakes_LACMA_AC1995.5.6.jpg/220px-Compartmented_Seal_with_Bird-Headed_Man_with_Snakes_LACMA_AC1995.5.6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Compartmented_Seal_with_Bird-Headed_Man_with_Snakes_LACMA_AC1995.5.6.jpg/330px-Compartmented_Seal_with_Bird-Headed_Man_with_Snakes_LACMA_AC1995.5.6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Compartmented_Seal_with_Bird-Headed_Man_with_Snakes_LACMA_AC1995.5.6.jpg/440px-Compartmented_Seal_with_Bird-Headed_Man_with_Snakes_LACMA_AC1995.5.6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Bird-headed man with snakes; 2000–1500 BC; bronze; 7.30 cm; from Northern Afghanistan; <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> (USA)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_economy">Agriculture and economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Agriculture and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inhabitants of the BMAC were sedentary people who practised <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> farming of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. With their impressive material culture including monumental architecture, bronze tools, ceramics, and jewellery of semiprecious stones, the complex exhibits many of the <a href="/wiki/Civilization#Characteristics" title="Civilization">hallmarks of civilisation</a>. The complex can be compared to proto-urban settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand basin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a> in western Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a> in eastern Iran, or at <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohl2007186–187_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohl2007186–187-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Models of two-wheeled carts from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BC</span> found at Altyn-Depe are the earliest evidence of wheeled transport in Central Asia, though model wheels have come from contexts possibly somewhat earlier. Judging by the type of harness, carts were initially pulled by oxen or a bull. However, camels were domesticated within the BMAC. A model of a cart drawn by a camel of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200 BC</span> was found at Altyn-Depe.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fertility goddesses, named "Bactrian princesses", made from limestone, <a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">chlorite</a> and clay reflect agrarian <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> society, while the extensive corpus of metal objects point to a sophisticated tradition of metalworking.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wearing large stylised dresses, as well as headdresses that merge with the hair, "Bactrian princesses" embody the ranking goddess, character of the Central Asian mythology that plays a regulatory role, pacifying the untamed forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bactrian_princess-AO_22918-IMG_0239-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; chlorite mineral group (dress and headdresses) and limestone (face and neck); height: 17.3 cm, width: 16.1 cm; Louvre"><img alt="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; chlorite mineral group (dress and headdresses) and limestone (face and neck); height: 17.3 cm, width: 16.1 cm; Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bactrian_princess-AO_22918-IMG_0239-black.jpg/170px-Bactrian_princess-AO_22918-IMG_0239-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bactrian_princess-AO_22918-IMG_0239-black.jpg/255px-Bactrian_princess-AO_22918-IMG_0239-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bactrian_princess-AO_22918-IMG_0239-black.jpg/340px-Bactrian_princess-AO_22918-IMG_0239-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite mineral group</a> (dress and headdresses) and limestone (face and neck); height: 17.3 cm, width: 16.1 cm; <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaft-hole_axe_head_with_bird-headed_demon,_boar,_and_dragon_MET_1982.5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Axe with eagle-headed demon & animals; late 3rd millennium-early 2nd millennium BC; gilt silver; length: 15 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Axe with eagle-headed demon & animals; late 3rd millennium-early 2nd millennium BC; gilt silver; length: 15 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shaft-hole_axe_head_with_bird-headed_demon%2C_boar%2C_and_dragon_MET_1982.5.jpg/170px-Shaft-hole_axe_head_with_bird-headed_demon%2C_boar%2C_and_dragon_MET_1982.5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shaft-hole_axe_head_with_bird-headed_demon%2C_boar%2C_and_dragon_MET_1982.5.jpg/255px-Shaft-hole_axe_head_with_bird-headed_demon%2C_boar%2C_and_dragon_MET_1982.5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shaft-hole_axe_head_with_bird-headed_demon%2C_boar%2C_and_dragon_MET_1982.5.jpg/340px-Shaft-hole_axe_head_with_bird-headed_demon%2C_boar%2C_and_dragon_MET_1982.5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Axe with eagle-headed demon & animals; late 3rd millennium-early 2nd millennium BC; <a href="/wiki/Gilt_silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilt silver">gilt silver</a>; length: 15 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bactrian_camel_MET_DP-14200-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camel figurine; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BCE; copper alloy; 8.89 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Camel figurine; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BCE; copper alloy; 8.89 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bactrian_camel_MET_DP-14200-001.jpg/146px-Bactrian_camel_MET_DP-14200-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bactrian_camel_MET_DP-14200-001.jpg/219px-Bactrian_camel_MET_DP-14200-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bactrian_camel_MET_DP-14200-001.jpg/292px-Bactrian_camel_MET_DP-14200-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Camel figurine; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BCE; copper alloy; 8.89 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monstrous_male_figure_MET_dp22227.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monstrous male figure; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; chlorite, calcite, gold and iron; height: 10.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Monstrous male figure; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; chlorite, calcite, gold and iron; height: 10.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Monstrous_male_figure_MET_dp22227.jpg/167px-Monstrous_male_figure_MET_dp22227.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Monstrous_male_figure_MET_dp22227.jpg/251px-Monstrous_male_figure_MET_dp22227.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Monstrous_male_figure_MET_dp22227.jpg/334px-Monstrous_male_figure_MET_dp22227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monstrous male figure; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; <a href="/wiki/Chlorite" title="Chlorite">chlorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, gold and iron; height: 10.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Axe_head_MET_1989.281.39.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Axe head; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; copper alloy; height: 2.8 cm, length: 7.2 cm, thickness: 1.8 cm, weight: 82.5 g; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Axe head; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; copper alloy; height: 2.8 cm, length: 7.2 cm, thickness: 1.8 cm, weight: 82.5 g; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Axe_head_MET_1989.281.39.jpg/125px-Axe_head_MET_1989.281.39.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Axe_head_MET_1989.281.39.jpg/187px-Axe_head_MET_1989.281.39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Axe_head_MET_1989.281.39.jpg/250px-Axe_head_MET_1989.281.39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Axe head; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; copper alloy; height: 2.8 cm, length: 7.2 cm, thickness: 1.8 cm, weight: 82.5 g; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Bactrian_Princess%22;_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC;_grey_chlorite_and_calcite;_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_(Geneva,_Switzerland).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; grey chlorite (dress and headdresses) and calcite (face); Barbier-Mueller Museum (Geneva, Switzerland)"><img alt="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; grey chlorite (dress and headdresses) and calcite (face); Barbier-Mueller Museum (Geneva, Switzerland)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29.jpg/155px-%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29.jpg/233px-%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29.jpg/310px-%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1098" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; grey chlorite (dress and headdresses) and calcite (face); <a href="/wiki/Barbier-Mueller_Museum" title="Barbier-Mueller Museum">Barbier-Mueller Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Bactrian_Princess%22;_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC;_grey_chlorite_and_calcite;_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_(Geneva,_Switzerland)_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; grey chlorite (dress and headdresses) and calcite (face); Barbier-Mueller Museum"><img alt="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; grey chlorite (dress and headdresses) and calcite (face); Barbier-Mueller Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29_1.jpg/170px-%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29_1.jpg/255px-%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29_1.jpg/340px-%22Bactrian_Princess%22%3B_late_3rd%E2%80%93early_2nd_millennium_BC%3B_grey_chlorite_and_calcite%3B_Barbier-Mueller_Museum_%28Geneva%2C_Switzerland%29_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; grey chlorite (dress and headdresses) and calcite (face); Barbier-Mueller Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaker_with_birds_on_the_rim_MET_DT866.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaker with birds on the rim; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; electrum; height: 12 cm, width: 13.3 cm, depth: 4.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Beaker with birds on the rim; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; electrum; height: 12 cm, width: 13.3 cm, depth: 4.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Beaker_with_birds_on_the_rim_MET_DT866.jpg/170px-Beaker_with_birds_on_the_rim_MET_DT866.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Beaker_with_birds_on_the_rim_MET_DT866.jpg/255px-Beaker_with_birds_on_the_rim_MET_DT866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Beaker_with_birds_on_the_rim_MET_DT866.jpg/340px-Beaker_with_birds_on_the_rim_MET_DT866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3765" data-file-height="3658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beaker with birds on the rim; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>; height: 12 cm, width: 13.3 cm, depth: 4.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handled_Weight_LACMA_M.2001.11_(1_of_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Handled weight; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; chlorite; 25.08 x 19.69 x 4.45 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (USA)"><img alt="Handled weight; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; chlorite; 25.08 x 19.69 x 4.45 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (USA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Handled_Weight_LACMA_M.2001.11_%281_of_3%29.jpg/148px-Handled_Weight_LACMA_M.2001.11_%281_of_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Handled_Weight_LACMA_M.2001.11_%281_of_3%29.jpg/222px-Handled_Weight_LACMA_M.2001.11_%281_of_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Handled_Weight_LACMA_M.2001.11_%281_of_3%29.jpg/296px-Handled_Weight_LACMA_M.2001.11_%281_of_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Handled weight; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; chlorite; 25.08 x 19.69 x 4.45 cm; <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> (USA)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Female_Figure_LACMA_M.2000.1a-f_(1_of_3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; 2500–1500; chlorite (dress and headdresses) and limestone (head, hands and a leg); height: 13.33 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (USA)"><img alt="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; 2500–1500; chlorite (dress and headdresses) and limestone (head, hands and a leg); height: 13.33 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (USA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seated_Female_Figure_LACMA_M.2000.1a-f_%281_of_3%29.jpg/144px-Seated_Female_Figure_LACMA_M.2000.1a-f_%281_of_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seated_Female_Figure_LACMA_M.2000.1a-f_%281_of_3%29.jpg/216px-Seated_Female_Figure_LACMA_M.2000.1a-f_%281_of_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Seated_Female_Figure_LACMA_M.2000.1a-f_%281_of_3%29.jpg/288px-Seated_Female_Figure_LACMA_M.2000.1a-f_%281_of_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; 2500–1500; chlorite (dress and headdresses) and limestone (head, hands and a leg); height: 13.33 cm; <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> (USA)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vessel_with_Gilloche_Pattern_LACMA_AC1995.5.7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vessel with guilloche pattern; 2000–1500; chlorite; 3.33 x 6.67 x 3.81 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art"><img alt="Vessel with guilloche pattern; 2000–1500; chlorite; 3.33 x 6.67 x 3.81 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vessel_with_Gilloche_Pattern_LACMA_AC1995.5.7.jpg/170px-Vessel_with_Gilloche_Pattern_LACMA_AC1995.5.7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vessel_with_Gilloche_Pattern_LACMA_AC1995.5.7.jpg/255px-Vessel_with_Gilloche_Pattern_LACMA_AC1995.5.7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vessel_with_Gilloche_Pattern_LACMA_AC1995.5.7.jpg/340px-Vessel_with_Gilloche_Pattern_LACMA_AC1995.5.7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vessel with guilloche pattern; 2000–1500; chlorite; 3.33 x 6.67 x 3.81 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaunakes_Bactria-AO_31917-IMG_0237.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; 2nd millennium BC; chlorite and calcite; Louvre"><img alt="Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; 2nd millennium BC; chlorite and calcite; Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kaunakes_Bactria-AO_31917-IMG_0237.JPG/113px-Kaunakes_Bactria-AO_31917-IMG_0237.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kaunakes_Bactria-AO_31917-IMG_0237.JPG/170px-Kaunakes_Bactria-AO_31917-IMG_0237.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kaunakes_Bactria-AO_31917-IMG_0237.JPG/226px-Kaunakes_Bactria-AO_31917-IMG_0237.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="4416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; 2nd millennium BC; chlorite and calcite; Louvre</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Goddess,_Western_Central_Asia,_Bronze_Age_Bactria,_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE,_chlorite_and_limestone,_Miho_Museum,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated Goddess, an example of a "Bactrian princess", Bronze Age Bactria, Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, circa 2000 BC. chlorite and limestone. Central Asian art, Miho Museum, Japan.[43][44]"><img alt="Seated Goddess, an example of a "Bactrian princess", Bronze Age Bactria, Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, circa 2000 BC. chlorite and limestone. Central Asian art, Miho Museum, Japan.[43][44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/139px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/209px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/279px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2138" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seated Goddess, an example of a "Bactrian princess", Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, circa 2000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miho_Museum" title="Miho Museum">Miho Museum</a>, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMAC_bronze_tools.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BMAC_bronze_tools.jpg/330px-BMAC_bronze_tools.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BMAC_bronze_tools.jpg/495px-BMAC_bronze_tools.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BMAC_bronze_tools.jpg/660px-BMAC_bronze_tools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>BMAC bronze tools.<sup id="cite_ref-DB_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sarianidi regards <a href="/wiki/Gonur_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonur Tepe">Gonur</a> as the "capital" of the complex in Margiana throughout the Bronze Age. The palace of north Gonur measures 150 metres by 140 metres, the temple at <a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a> 140 metres by 100 metres, the fort at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelleli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelleli (page does not exist)">Kelleli</a> 3 125 metres by 125 metres, and the house of a local ruler at <a href="/wiki/Adji_Kui" class="mw-redirect" title="Adji Kui">Adji Kui</a> 25 metres by 25 metres. Each of these formidable structures has been extensively excavated. While they all have impressive fortification walls, gates, and buttresses, it is not always clear why one structure is identified as a temple and another as a palace.<sup id="cite_ref-LambergKarlovskyArchaeology_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LambergKarlovskyArchaeology-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory</a> points out that the BMAC fortified settlements such as Gonur and Togolok resemble the <a href="/wiki/Qila" title="Qila">qila</a>, the type of fort known in this region in the historical period. They may be circular or rectangular and have up to three encircling walls. Within the forts are residential quarters, workshops and temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams199772_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams199772-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of the BMAC culture were very proficient at working in a variety of metals including bronze, copper, silver, and gold. This is attested through the many metal artefacts found throughout the sites.<sup id="cite_ref-DB_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extensive irrigation systems have been discovered at the Geoksiur Oasis.<sup id="cite_ref-MassonThe_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassonThe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of a single tiny stone <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> (known as the "Anau seal") with geometric markings from the BMAC site at Anau in Turkmenistan in 2000 led some to claim that the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>-<a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a> complex had also developed <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, and thus may indeed be considered a literate civilisation. It bears five markings which are similar to Chinese "small seal" characters. The only match to the Anau seal is a small jet seal of almost identical shape from Niyä (near modern Minfeng) along the southern Silk Road in Xinjiang, originally thought to be from the Western Han dynasty but now thought to date to 700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_interactions_with_neighbouring_cultures">Archaeological interactions with neighbouring cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archaeological interactions with neighbouring cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x03" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 2000 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-2000</span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.481%;left:37.039%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex"><img alt="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Red_circle_50%25.svg/20px-Red_circle_50%25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Red_circle_50%25.svg/30px-Red_circle_50%25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Red_circle_50%25.svg/40px-Red_circle_50%25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div></div><div id="annotation_25x83" style="position:absolute; 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margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) and contemporary cultures <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span></div></div></div></div> <p>BMAC materials have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LambergKarlovskyArchaeology_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LambergKarlovskyArchaeology-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finds within BMAC sites provide further evidence of trade and cultural contacts. They include an Elamite-type cylinder seal and a <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappan</a> seal stamped with an elephant and Indus script found at Gonur-depe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohl2007196–199_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohl2007196–199-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between Altyn-Depe and the Indus Valley seems to have been particularly strong. Among the finds there were two <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappan</a> seals and ivory objects. The Harappan settlement of <a href="/wiki/Shortugai" title="Shortugai">Shortugai</a> in Northern Afghanistan on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> probably served as a trading station.<sup id="cite_ref-MassonThe_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MassonThe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence of sustained contact between the BMAC and the Eurasian steppes to the north, intensifying <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>. In the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> where it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>, its waters were channelled for irrigation agriculture by people whose remains resemble those of the nomads of the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>. This is interpreted as nomads settling down to agriculture, after contact with the BMAC, known as the <a href="/wiki/Tazabagyab_culture" title="Tazabagyab culture">Tazabagyab culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohl2007Chapter_5_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohl2007Chapter_5-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1900 BC, the walled BMAC centres decreased sharply in size. Each oasis developed its own types of pottery and other objects. Also pottery of the Tazabagyab-Andronovo culture to the north appeared widely in the Bactrian and Margian countryside. Many BMAC strongholds continued to be occupied and Tazabagyab-Andronovo coarse incised pottery occurs within them (along with the previous BMAC pottery) as well as in pastoral camps outside the mudbrick walls. In the highlands above the Bactrian oases in Tajikistan, <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a> cemeteries of the <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vaksh</a> and Bishkent type appeared with pottery that mixed elements of the late BMAC and Tazabagyab-Andronovo traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidAnthony_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidAnthony-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern Bactrian sites like Sappali Tepe too, increasing links with the Andronovo culture are seen. During the period 1700 – 1500 BCE, metal artefacts from Sappali Tepe derive from the Tazabagyab-Andronovo culture.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New research in the <a href="/wiki/Murghab_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Murghab River">Murghab</a> region, in excavations at defensive walls of Adji Kui 1, showed pastoralists present, and living on the edge of the town, as early as the second half of the Middle Bronze Age (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2210</span>-1960 BC), coexisting with the BMAC population that lived in the 'citadel.'<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Indo-Iranians">Relationship with Indo-Iranians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relationship with Indo-Iranians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration">Indo-Aryan migration</a></div> <p>The Bactria–Margiana complex has attracted attention as a candidate for those looking for the material counterparts to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a> (Aryans), a major linguistic branch that split off from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>. </p><p>For example, Sarianidi advocated identifying the complex as Indo-Iranian, describing it as the result of a migration from southwestern Iran. Bactria–Margiana material has been found at <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahdad#Archaeology" title="Shahdad">Shahdad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tepe_Yahya" title="Tepe Yahya">Tepe Yahya</a> in Iran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">In contrast, Lamberg-Karlovsky did not see this as evidence that the complex originated in southeastern Iran. "The limited materials of this complex are intrusive in each of the sites on the Iranian Plateau as they are in sites of the Arabian peninsula."</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mallory/Adams (1997) associated the Andronovo, BMAC and <a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz cultures</a> with Indo-Iranian migrations, writing, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It has become increasingly clear that if one wishes to argue for Indo-Iranian migrations from the steppe lands south into the historical seats of the Iranians and Indo-Aryans that these steppe cultures were transformed as they passed through a membrane of Central Asian urbanism. The fact that typical steppe wares are found on BMAC sites and that intrusive BMAC material is subsequently found further to the south in Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal, India and Pakistan, may suggest then the subsequent movement of Indo-Iranian-speakers after they had adopted the culture of the BMAC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams199773_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams199773-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Anthony (2007) sees the culture as begun by farmers in the Near Eastern <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> tradition, but infiltrated by Indo-Iranian speakers from the Andronovo culture in its late phase, creating a hybrid. In this perspective, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a> developed within the composite culture before moving south into the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidAnthony_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidAnthony-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_evidence_for_a_BMAC_substratum_in_Indo-Iranian">Possible evidence for a BMAC substratum in Indo-Iranian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Possible evidence for a BMAC substratum in Indo-Iranian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit#Language_of_the_Bactria–Margiana_Archaeological_Complex_(BMAC)" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit § Language of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)</a></div> <p>As argued by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Witzel_2003_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel_2003-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lubotsky" title="Alexander Lubotsky">Alexander Lubotsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lubotsky_2001_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubotsky_2001-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is a proposed <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> which can be plausibly identified with the original language of the BMAC. Moreover, Lubotsky points out a larger number of words apparently borrowed from the same language, which are only attested in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> and therefore evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">substratum in Vedic Sanskrit</a>. He explains this by proposing that Indo-Aryan speakers probably formed the vanguard of the movement into south-central Asia and many of the BMAC loanwords which entered Iranian may have been mediated through Indo-Aryan.<sup id="cite_ref-Lubotsky_2001_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lubotsky_2001-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 306">: 306 </span></sup> Michael Witzel points out that the borrowed vocabulary includes words from agriculture, village and town life, flora and fauna, ritual and religion, so providing evidence for the acculturation of Indo-Iranian speakers into the world of urban civilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Witzel_2003_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witzel_2003-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horses">Horses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Horses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In excavations at <a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a>, at a brick-lined burial pit, grave number 3200 of the Royal necropolis, a horse skeleton was found in period I, dated around 2200 BCE along with a four-wheeled wooden wagon with bronze rims.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonora_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonora-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologist Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, mentioning N. A. Dubova's (2015) article, comments that this was an "almost complete skeleton of a foal" resting on the wagon with "wheels circled by bronze bands" and radiocarbon-dated to 2250 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Bendezu_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bendezu-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So he considers this horse and the wagon are "one and a half century prior" to similar burials of <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bendezu_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bendezu-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stone statuette that seems to be a horse with saddle was found in burial number 3210 also in the Royal necropolis and was reported by Sarianidi in 2005, and in burial 3310 parts of a stallion's body were found, the stallion lacked its head, rump, and tail, and was considered as a cult burial of a domestic horse by archaeologist Sarianidi in his 2008 publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonora_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonora-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PC_Analysis_BMAC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PC_Analysis_BMAC.png/330px-PC_Analysis_BMAC.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PC_Analysis_BMAC.png/495px-PC_Analysis_BMAC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/PC_Analysis_BMAC.png/660px-PC_Analysis_BMAC.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Genetic proximity of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (<small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#f0e68c"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#F0E68C ;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small>) with ancient (colour) and modern (grey) populations. Primary Component Analysis (detail).<sup id="cite_ref-ZF_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZF-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMAC_genetic_profile.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/BMAC_genetic_profile.png/220px-BMAC_genetic_profile.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/BMAC_genetic_profile.png/330px-BMAC_genetic_profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/BMAC_genetic_profile.png/440px-BMAC_genetic_profile.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>BMAC genetic profiles.<sup id="cite_ref-ZF_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZF-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2019, Narasimhan and co-authors analysed BMAC skeletons from the Bronze Age sites of <a href="/wiki/Surxondaryo_Region" title="Surxondaryo Region">Bustan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzharkutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzharkutan">Dzharkutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonur_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonur Tepe">Gonur Tepe</a>, and Sappali Tepe. The BMAC population largely derived from preceding local <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> peoples who were in turn related to <a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Neolithic farmers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> and to a lesser extent early <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Neolithic_Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Neolithic Farmers">Anatolian farmers</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_hunter-gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="West Siberian hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers from Western Siberia (WSHG)</a>. The samples extracted from the BMAC sites did not have derived any part of their ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a> people, who are associated with <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>, although some peripheral samples did already carry significant Yamnaya-like <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a> ancestry, inline with the southwards expansion of Western Steppe Herders from the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo cultures</a> towards Southern Central Asia at c. 2100 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Succeeding cultures, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz culture</a>, was characterised by a combination of BMAC and Yamnaya/WSH ancestries, and associated with early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narasimshan et al. (2019) found no essential genetic contributions from the BMAC in later South Asians, suggesting that the Steppe-related ancestry was mediated via other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-narasimhan_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-narasimhan-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male specimens belonged primarily to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">haplogroup J</a>, specifically J* (3/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267" title="Haplogroup J-M267">J1</a> (1/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">J2</a> (7/26), as well as <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201" title="Haplogroup G-M201">G</a> (2/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L-M20" title="Haplogroup L-M20">L</a> (2/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R2" title="Haplogroup R2">R2</a> (3/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> (1/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)">R*</a> (2/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)#H1a" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">H1a</a> (1/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_P_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)">P</a> (1/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Q</a> (1/26), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184" title="Haplogroup T-M184">T</a> (1/26) and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M35" title="Haplogroup E-M35">E1b1b</a> (1/26).<sup id="cite_ref-narasimhan_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-narasimhan-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic data on <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> samples from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> confirm the admixture between local BMAC groups and <a href="/wiki/Andronovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo">Andronovo</a>-related populations, at the end of Oxus Civilization. These Southern Central Asian Iron Age population derived around 57% of their ancestry from Western Steppe Herders (Andronovo) and c. 43% from the BMAC culture population. Modern day <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobis" title="Yaghnobis">Yaghnobis</a> were found to be direct descendants of the Bronze and Iron Age Central Asian populations, deriving ancestry from both the Yamnaya-like <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a> and BMAC groups, and showing genetic continuity to historical <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Iron Age Central Asians also displayed a higher genetic affinity to present-day Europeans than present-day <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, who harbour an additional component derived from an East Asian-like source "through several admixture events over the past ~2,000 years", absent from Iron Age Uzbeks and modern Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites">Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>In Afghanistan</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tepe_Fullol_bowl_fragment_(cropped),_3rd_millennium_BCE,_National_Museum_of_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tepe_Fullol_bowl_fragment_%28cropped%29%2C_3rd_millennium_BCE%2C_National_Museum_of_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Tepe_Fullol_bowl_fragment_%28cropped%29%2C_3rd_millennium_BCE%2C_National_Museum_of_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tepe_Fullol_bowl_fragment_%28cropped%29%2C_3rd_millennium_BCE%2C_National_Museum_of_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Tepe_Fullol_bowl_fragment_%28cropped%29%2C_3rd_millennium_BCE%2C_National_Museum_of_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tepe_Fullol_bowl_fragment_%28cropped%29%2C_3rd_millennium_BCE%2C_National_Museum_of_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Tepe_Fullol_bowl_fragment_%28cropped%29%2C_3rd_millennium_BCE%2C_National_Museum_of_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a> bowl fragment, 3rd millennium BCE, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Afghanistan" title="National Museum of Afghanistan">National Museum of Afghanistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dashli,_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dashli, Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Dashli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jowzjan_Province" title="Jowzjan Province">Jowzjan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khush_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Khush Tepe">Khush Tepe</a> (Tepe Fullol)</li></ul> <p><b>In Turkmenistan</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonur Tepe">Gonur Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolok 21">Togolok 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berdysy%C4%8Dran-depe" title="Berdysyčran-depe">Berdysyčran-depe</a></li></ul> <p><b>In Uzbekistan</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Lack of sources and information on any settlement during this period but I am assuming good faith so warning people that this is dubious is the best solution. (January 2025)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex#See:_wikiproject_Central_Asia" title="Talk:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djarkutan" title="Djarkutan">Djarkutan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Lack of sources and information on any settlement during this period but I am assuming good faith so warning people that this is dubious is the best solution. (January 2025)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex#See:_wikiproject_Central_Asia" title="Talk:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sappali_tepe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sappali tepe (page does not exist)">Sappali tepe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soma_(drink)" title="Soma (drink)">Soma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVidale2017" class="citation book cs1">Vidale, Massimo (21 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-976-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-976-4"><bdi>978-1-83860-976-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+from+the+Oxus%3A+The+Art+and+Civilization+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-06-21&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-976-4&rft.aulast=Vidale&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salvatori, Sandro, (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6751849/Thinking%20Around%20Grave%203245%20in%20the%20Royal%20Graveyard%20of%20Gonur%20Murghab%20Delta%20Turkmenistan%20?sm=b">"Thinking Around Grave 3245 in the 'Royal Graveyard' of Gonur (Murghab Delta, Turkmenistan)"</a>, in: On the Track of Uncovering a Civilisation. A volume in honor of the 80th-anniversary of Victor Sarianidi, p. 249: "Summing up we can now date the MBA 2400/2300-1950 BC and the LBA 1950–1500 BC and to recognise a very strong chronological correlation between the southern Central Asia MBA and the late Umm an-Nar period."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyonnet,_Bertille,_and_Nadezhda_A._Dubova,_(2020b)_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Oxus-Civilization/Lyonnet-Dubova/p/book/9781138722873">"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview" </a>, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, London and New York, <b>p. 32.</b>: "...Salvatori has often dated its beginning very early (ca. 2400 BC), to make it match with Shahdad where a large amount of material similar to that of the BMAC has been discovered. With the start of international cooperation and the multiplication of analyses, the dates now admitted by all place the Oxus Civilization between 2250 and 1700 BC, while its final phase extends until ca. 1500 BC..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Bertille-Lyonnet/dp/1138722871?asin=036753309X&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1">"Introduction"</a>, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, London and New York, <b>p. 1</b> : "The Oxus Civilization, also named the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or Culture) (BMAC), developed in southern Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age and lasted for about half a millennium (ca. 2250–1700 BC)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaniuth, Kai, (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33288328/Kaniuth_2016_Tilla_Bulak_Four_Years_SAA_2012_pdf">"The Late Bronze Age Settlement of Tilla Bulak (Uzbekistan): A Summary of Four Years' Work"</a>, in South Asian Archaeology and Art 2012, Volume 1, Brepols, <b>p. 119:</b> "Taken together, our dates suggest a timeframe of ca. 1950-1800 cal. BCE for phases 1–2 of Tilla Bulak, and, by extension, for the Sapalli Culture phase LB Ia and the transition to Ib."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaniuth, Kai, (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240790708_The_Metallurgy_of_the_Late_Bronze_Age_Sapalli_Culture_Southern_Uzbekistan_and_its_implications_for_the_%27tin_question%27">"The Metallurgy of the Late Bronze Age Sapalli Culture (Southern Uzbekistan) and its implications for the 'tin question'"</a>, in Iranica Antiqua 42, <b>p. 26:</b> "Northern Bactria (Southern Uzbekistan) has produced some monumental buildings, but nothing to rival the spectacular architectural or sepulchral finds of Margiana and Southern Bactria."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaniuth, Kai, (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35960221/Kaniuth_2013_A_new_Late_Bronze_Age_site_EASAA_2007">"A new Late Bronze Age site in Southern Uzbekistan"</a>, in South Asian Archaeology 2007, Volume I, Prehistoric Periods, BAR International Series 2454, <b>p. 151</b>: "A series of 26 radiocarbon dates from Dzarkutan established a time bracket of the 20th–15th centuries BC [for Sapalli culture], but these samples have not yet been published with reference to certain ceramic assemblages, so we lack a good resolution within this 500-year span (Görsdorf and Huff 2001)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaniuth, Kai, (2020). "Life in the Countryside: The rural archaeology of the Sapalli culture", in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, London and New York, <b>p. 457:</b> "The Sapalli culture, the local northern Bactrian variant of the Oxus Civilization, flourished from the 20th to the 15th century BC."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaniuth, Kai, (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240790708_The_Metallurgy_of_the_Late_Bronze_Age_Sapalli_Culture_Southern_Uzbekistan_and_its_implications_for_the_%27tin_question%27">"The Metallurgy of the Late Bronze Age Sapalli Culture (Southern Uzbekistan) and its implications for the 'tin question'"</a>, in Iranica Antiqua 42, <b>p. 26:</b> "There is general agreement that the date of unprovenanced finds stretches back further than that of the 20th–18th-century BC graves scientifically excavated at Dashly-1 and 3 (Sarianidi 1976), and that they start in the last centuries of the third millennium BC."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/-/es/Bertille-Lyonnet/dp/1138722871?asin=036753309X&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1">"Introduction"</a>, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, London and New York, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vassar College WordPress, (10 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.vassar.edu/central-asia-sites/2017/05/10/dashly/">"Dashly"</a>: "Viktor Sarianidi (1929–2013), a Russian archaeologist born in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, discovered the sites [in northern Afghanistan]. His works are famous, but somewhat difficult to find in English. He, along with his collaborators from the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Moscow, excavated the sites from 1969–1979, halting work when Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan (Salvatori, 2000:97)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Sarianidi, V. I. 1976. "Issledovanija pamjatnikov Dashlyiskogo Oazisa," in <i>Drevnii Baktria</i>, vol. 1. Moscow: Akademia Nauk.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Noble Wilford, (13 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/13/world/in-ruin-symbols-on-a-stone-hint-at-a-lost-asian-culture.html">"In Ruin, Symbols on a Stone Hint at a Lost Asian Culture"</a>, in New York Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurbanov, Aydogdy, (14 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archeorient.hypotheses.org/9078">"A brief history of archaeological research in Turkmenistan from the beginning of the 20th century until the present"</a>, in ArchéOrient.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atagarryev E., and Berdiev O.K., (1970). "The Archaeological Exploration of Turkmenistan in the Year of Soviet Power", East and West 20, pp. 285–306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masson, V.M., and V.I. Sarianidi, (1972). Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids, London, Thames and Hudson. [Reviewed in: Kolb, Charles C., (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1525/aa.1973.75.6.02a01240">American Anthropologist, Vol. 75, Issue 6, December 1973</a>, pp. 1945–1948.], p. 1945: "The [Middle] Bronze Age...2000-1600 B.C...(Namazga V) is the period of an urban revolution based on an Anatolian model of limited (or no) irrigation agriculture and retarded social development...Namazga-depe (170 acres) is the production and probable governmental center, while Altin-depe (114 acres) is a second capital. Specialization in ceramics, metallurgy, monumental architecture (including the Altin-depe ziggurat), wealth-based class stratification, internal and external trade, and vestiges of a symbol system...A sudden and gradual cultural decline began about 1600 B.C., and Namazga-depe shrank to three acres while Altin-depe was completely abandoned..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Louis D., (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/80/2/375/118767">"Review to: Masson, V. M., and V. I. Sarianidi. Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids (1972)" </a>, in The American Historical Review, Volume 80, Issue 2, April 1975, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidale, Massimo, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Treasures from the Oxus</a>, I.B. Tauris, p. 8: "...Soviet scholars [excavated] Namazga Depe [belonging to] the Regionalization and Integration Eras. This latter (phases Namazga IV and V) encompasses the replacement of the Bronze Age cities of the early and mid third millennium BC by large palace-centred fortified compounds surrounded by secondary urban clusters in the late third millennium..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Oxus-Civilization/Lyonnet-Dubova/p/book/9781138722873">"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview" </a>, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, London and New York, <b>p. 20.</b>: "...Though some authors consider that the Oxus Civilization could be an ultimate development of the Namazga culture...there is in fact a gap in our knowledge of a few hundred years in Margiana between the end of the NMG III period and the beginning of the BMAC, and the great majority of the sites in Bactria and Margiana are founded upon virgin soil."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiebert, Fredrik Talmage (1994): Origins of the Bronze Age Oasis Civilization in Central Asia, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidale, Massimo, (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBiWDwAAQBAJ">Treasures from the Oxus</a>, p. 9, Table 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisGosdenCharles1996" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, D. R.; Gosden, C.; Charles, M. P. (1996). "Jeitun: Recent excavations at an early Neolithic site in Southern Turkmenistan". <i>Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society</i>. <b>62</b>: <span class="nowrap">423–</span>442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0079497X00002863">10.1017/S0079497X00002863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129621644">129621644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society&rft.atitle=Jeitun%3A+Recent+excavations+at+an+early+Neolithic+site+in+Southern+Turkmenistan&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0079497X00002863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129621644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Gosden%2C+C.&rft.au=Charles%2C+M.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Naomi F. (1999). "Agricultural development in western Central Asia in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages". <i>Vegetation History and Archaeobotany</i>. <b>8</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999VegHA...8...13M">1999VegHA...8...13M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02042837">10.1007/BF02042837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53965048">53965048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetation+History+and+Archaeobotany&rft.atitle=Agricultural+development+in+western+Central+Asia+in+the+Chalcolithic+and+Bronze+Ages&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53965048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02042837&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999VegHA...8...13M&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Naomi+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohl2007189–190-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohl2007189–190_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohl2007">Kohl 2007</a>, pp. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MassonThe-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MassonThe_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassonThe_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassonThe_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassonThe_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MassonThe_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Masson, V. M. (1992). "The Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxiana". In Dani, A. H.; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (eds.). <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia</i>. Vol. 1: <i>The dawn of civilization: earliest times to 700 BCE</i>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102719-0" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102719-0"><bdi>92-3-102719-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bronze+Age+in+Khorasan+and+Transoxiana&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=92-3-102719-0&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=V.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhard Bernbeck et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.topoi.org/index.php/etopoi/article/view/6">"A-II Spatial Effects of Technological Innovations and Changing Ways of Life,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010013350/http://journal.topoi.org/index.php/etopoi/article/view/6">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Friederike Fless, Gerd Graßhoff, Michael Meyer (eds.), <i>Reports of the Research Groups at the Topoi Plenary Session 2010</i>, <i>eTopoi: Journal for Ancient Studies</i>, Special Volume 1 (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monjukli.net/artefakte.html">Monjukli Depe artefacts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629083425/http://monjukli.net/artefakte.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidale, Massimo, (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia</a>, I. B. Tauris, London-New York, p. 9, Table 1: "3200–2800 BC. Kopet Dag, Altyn Depe, Namazga III, late Chalcolithic. Late Regionalisation Era."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidale, Massimo, (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Treasures from the Oxus</a>, pp. 10, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiebert, Fredrik Talmage, (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DAy7gMnSroC&dq=gonur+kelleli+phase&pg=PA17">Origins of the Bronze Age Oasis Civilization in Central Asia</a>, Peabody Museum Press, <b>p. 17:</b> "The excavations at Kelleli 3 and 4 have given the name 'Kelleli phase' to the first major occupation in Margiana."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduljee, K. E., (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/merv/gonur3.htm">"Kelleli"</a><b>:</b> "...located some 40 km northwest of Gonur. The settlement has two major sites: Kelleli 3 and 4. Kelleli 3 is four hectares in size and had double external wall with towers flanking four symmetrical entrances. In the south-western sector, is an area of houses. Kelleli 4 is three hectares in size and also has a double outer wall with towers..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salvatori,_Sandro-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salvatori,_Sandro_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salvatori,_Sandro_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salvatori, Sandro, (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37391998/THE_BRONZE_AGE_IN_MARGIANA">"The Bronze Age in Margiana"</a>, in A. Gubaev, G.A. Koshelenko, and M. Tosi (eds), The Archaeological Map of the Murghab Delta, Preliminary Reports 1990–95, Rome, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frenez, Dennys, (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34596109/Manufacturing_and_trade_of_Asian_elephant_ivory_in_Bronze_Age_Middle_Asia._Evidence_from_Gonur_Depe_Margiana_Turkmenistan_">"Manufacturing and trade of Asian elephant ivory in Bronze Age Middle Asia: Evidence from Gonur Depe (Margiana, Turkmenistan)"</a> in Archaeological Research in Asia 15, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduljee, K. E., (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/balkh/dashly.htm">"Dashly"</a>: "...Dashly 3 site consists of two complexes and its occupation is dated to the [middle]-late Bronze Age, (2300–1700 BCE) and the Iron Age..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-World-of-the-Oxus-Civilization/Lyonnet-Dubova/p/book/9781138722873">"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview" </a>, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, London and New York, <b>p. 31.</b>: "The oldest period (pre-2000 BC) is mainly identified in Margiana and probably also at...Dashly 3."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduljee, K. E., (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/balkh/dashly.htm">"Dashly"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vinogradova, Natal'ja M., (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315193359-27/formation-%D0%BExus-civilization-bmac-southwestern-tajikistan-natal-ja-vinogradova?context=ubx&refId=aabc12d5-612d-4628-8b86-2475e3e8e59c">"The formation of the Оxus Civilization/BMAC in southwestern Tajikistan"</a>, in <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, Abstract: "Southwestern Tajikistan has long been considered as isolated from the rest of Central Asia, and only slightly and late affected by the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) phenomenon. However recent discoveries at cemeteries (Farkhor, Gelot, and Darnajchi) where the material can be compared to that of Middle and Late Bronze Age sites (from Namazga (NMG) IV/early V to VI) disrupt this scenario..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teufer, Mike, (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315193359-29/classical-vakhsh-culture-mike-teufer?context=ubx&refId=59214d4c-f3b3-46ee-acb0-56b3bb60e4fd">"The 'classical Vakhsh culture'" </a>, in <i>The World of the Oxus Civilization</i>, Routledge, pp. 698–733.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francfort, Henri-Paul, (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03059953/document">"The Grand'Route of Khorasan (Great Khorasan Road) during the third millennium BC and the 'dark stone' artefacts"</a>, <i>The Iranian Plateau during the Bronze Age: Development of urbanisation, production and trade</i>, Archéologies, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohl2007186–187-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohl2007186–187_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohl2007">Kohl 2007</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirtcho2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kirtcho, L. B. (2009). 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Phaidon. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-7502-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-7502-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+ART+MUSEUM&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-7502-6&rft.aulast=Fortenberry&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInagaki" class="citation book cs1">Inagaki, Hajime. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34579548"><i>Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM</i></a>. 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Evidence comes from the excavations made in three trenches just outside the defensive walls of the Bronze Age site of Adji Kui 1...There, the coexistence of the BMAC people living in the 'citadel,' as defined by G. 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(2019). File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx), Table S1, in Resources, "Supplementary Material."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guarino-Vignon, Perle, et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-04144-4">"Genetic Continuity of Indo-Iranian Speakers Since the Iron Age in Southern Central Asia"</a>, in <i>Scientific Reports 12, Article 733</i>, 14 January 2022.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancfort1991" class="citation cs2">Francfort, H.P. (1991), "Note on some Bronze Age Petroglyphs of Upper Indus and Central Asia", <i>Pakistan Archaeology</i>, <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">125–</span>135</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Note+on+some+Bronze+Age+Petroglyphs+of+Upper+Indus+and+Central+Asia&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Francfort&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancfort1994" class="citation cs2">Francfort, H.P. (1994), "The central Asian Dimension of the Symbolic System in Bactria and Margia", <i>Antiquity</i>, vol. 28, no. 259, pp. <span class="nowrap">406–</span>418</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+central+Asian+Dimension+of+the+Symbolic+System+in+Bactria+and+Margia&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=259&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E406-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Francfort&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohl2007" class="citation book cs1">Kohl, Philip L. (2007). <i>The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139461993" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139461993"><bdi>978-1139461993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Bronze+Age+Eurasia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1139461993&rft.aulast=Kohl&rft.aufirst=Philip+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; Adams, D. Q. (1997). "BMAC". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture</a></i>. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2"><bdi>1-884964-98-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BMAC&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-884964-98-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation book cs1">Parpola, Asko (2015). <i>The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</i>. Oxford University Press Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190226923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190226923"><bdi>978-0190226923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Incorporated&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0190226923&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aruz, Joan (ed), <i>Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</i>, pp. 347–375, 2003, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8l9X_3rHFdEC">google books (fully online)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_Bryant2001" class="citation book cs1">Edwin Bryant (2001). <i>The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516947-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516947-6"><bdi>0-19-516947-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Origins+of+Vedic+Culture%3A+The+Indo-Aryan+Migration+Debate&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-516947-6&rft.au=Edwin+Bryant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>CNRS, L'archéologie de la Bactriane ancienne, actes du colloque Franco-soviétique n° 20. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-222-03514-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-222-03514-7">2-222-03514-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussman2005" class="citation book cs1">Fussman, G.; et al. (2005). <i>Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale</i>. Paris: de Boccard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86803-072-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-86803-072-6"><bdi>2-86803-072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryas%2C+Aryens+et+Iraniens+en+Asie+Centrale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=de+Boccard&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-86803-072-6&rft.aulast=Fussman&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubotsky2001" class="citation book cs1">Lubotsky, A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411120201/http://www.ieed.nl/lubotsky/pdf/Indo-Iranian%20substratum.pdf">"Indo-Iranian substratum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Carpelan, Christian (ed.). <i>Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European</i>. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-5150-59-3" title="Special:BookSources/952-5150-59-3"><bdi>952-5150-59-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieed.nl/lubotsky/pdf/Indo-Iranian%20substratum.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-Iranian+substratum&rft.btitle=Early+Contacts+between+Uralic+and+Indo-European&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Suomalais-Ugrilainen+Seura&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=952-5150-59-3&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieed.nl%2Flubotsky%2Fpdf%2FIndo-Iranian%2520substratum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubotsky2020" class="citation book cs1">Lubotsky, Alexander (2020). "What Language Was Spoken by the People of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex?". In Paul W. Kroll; Jonathan A. Silk (eds.). <i>At the Shores of the Sky</i>. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 151. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004438200_003">10.1163/9789004438200_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43298-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43298-7"><bdi>978-90-04-43298-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Language+Was+Spoken+by+the+People+of+the+Bactria-Margiana+Archaeological+Complex%3F&rft.btitle=At+the+Shores+of+the+Sky&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.series=Sinica+Leidensia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004438200_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43298-7&rft.aulast=Lubotsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarianidi1994" class="citation book cs1">Sarianidi, V. I. (1994). "Preface". In Hiebert, F. T. (ed.). <i>Origins of the Bronze Age Oasis Civilization of Central Asia</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87365-545-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87365-545-1"><bdi>0-87365-545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Bronze+Age+Oasis+Civilization+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87365-545-1&rft.aulast=Sarianidi&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarianidi1995" class="citation book cs1">Sarianidi, V. I. (1995). "Soviet Excavations in Bactria: The Bronze Age". In Ligabue, G.; Salvatori, S. (eds.). <i>Bactria: An ancient oasis civilization from the sands of Afghanistan</i>. Venice: Erizzo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7077-025-7" title="Special:BookSources/88-7077-025-7"><bdi>88-7077-025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet+Excavations+in+Bactria%3A+The+Bronze+Age&rft.btitle=Bactria%3A+An+ancient+oasis+civilization+from+the+sands+of+Afghanistan&rft.place=Venice&rft.pub=Erizzo&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=88-7077-025-7&rft.aulast=Sarianidi&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABactria%E2%80%93Margiana+Archaeological+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Forizs, L. (2016, 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4277610/Ap%C4%81%E1%B9%81_Nap%C4%81t_D%C4%ABrghatamas_and_Construction_of_the_Brick_Altar._Analysis_of_RV_1.143">Apāṁ Napāt, Dīrghatamas and Construction of the Brick Altar. Analysis of RV 1.143</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tkbf.academia.edu/LászlóFórizs">homepage of Laszlo Forizs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_ancient_Central_Asia147" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rulers_of_ancient_Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rulers of ancient Central Asia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_ancient_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_ancient_Central_Asia147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">ancient Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Trans-Jaxartes steppes</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="13"><i>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3500–2500 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="13">(Eastern migration of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>, as far as the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="12" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400–2000 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Goddess,_Western_Central_Asia,_Bronze_Age_Bactria,_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE,_chlorite_and_limestone,_Miho_Museum,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/35px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/53px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/70px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2138" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–1900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Arzhan_culture" title="Arzhan culture">Arzhan culture</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a>)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/30px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/45px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/60px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><big><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–256 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big>Hellenistic Period</big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander I</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>256–160 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="8"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Laoshang" title="Laoshang">Laoshang</a><br /><br /><b><big><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">141 BCE – 30 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Agesiles" title="Agesiles">Agesiles</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">30–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a> <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">224–350 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah" title="Ardashir I Kushanshah">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd II Kushanshah">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_II_Kushanshah" title="Peroz II Kushanshah">Peroz II</a> <a href="/wiki/Varahran_Kushanshah" title="Varahran Kushanshah">Varahran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></big></b><br />Wanunkhur </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">320–467 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></big></b><br />Yosada <a href="/wiki/Kirada" title="Kirada">Kirada</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_(Kidarite)" title="Peroz (Kidarite)">Peroz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a> <a href="/wiki/Grumbates" title="Grumbates">Grumbates</a> Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) <a href="/wiki/Tobazini" title="Tobazini">Tobazini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">370–540 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Khingila_I" title="Khingila I">Khingila I</a> <a href="/wiki/Javukha" title="Javukha">Javukha</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a> Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">440–560 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a> Kun-khi Ghadfar </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Amrak_Khagan" title="Amrak Khagan">Ashina Anluo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560–625 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b><br />(vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> 657–742)<br /><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Heshana_Qaghan" title="Heshana Qaghan">Heshana Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">625–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a> Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a> <a href="/wiki/Sy_Yabghu_Khagan" title="Sy Yabghu Khagan">Sy Yabghu Khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Ashina Helu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>651–673 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>673–751 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></big></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the ancient Near East">Rulers of the ancient Near-East</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" title="Template:Ancient India and Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" title="Template talk:Ancient India and Central Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient India and Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India and Central Asia">Ancient India and Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranians" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranians">Proto-Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Indo-Aryan migration theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swat_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat culture">Swat culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">Genetics and archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the horse in South Asia">History of the horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical peoples and clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakaldwipiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakaldwipiya">Sakaldwipiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakdvipa" title="Shakdvipa">Shakdvipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians_in_Indian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythians in Indian literature">Indo-Scythians in Indian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaramadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttaramadra">Uttaramadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakuru" title="Uttarakuru">Uttarakuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bronze_Age157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template talk:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bronze_Age157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↑ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Park_Phase" title="Ewart Park Phase">Ewart Park Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture">Glazkov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="El Argar culture">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afghanistan_articles744" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles744" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Afghanistan_War_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)">Aftermath of the war (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Afghanistan" title="Democracy in Afghanistan">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_with_the_Taliban" title="International relations with the Taliban">with the Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Afghanistan">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Asia345" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia345" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Early_settlements" title="Neolithic">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">Time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output 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