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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Punjabi diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Castes_and_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Castes_and_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Castes and tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castes_and_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions_in_Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions_in_Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religions in Punjab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions_in_Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punjabi_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Punjabi Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi_Hindus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_Hindus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Punjabi Hindus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_Hindus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi_Sikhs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_Sikhs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Punjabi Sikhs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_Sikhs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Punjabi Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Traditional dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Folk tales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Punjabi State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjabis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi%27s" title="Punjabi's – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Punjabi's" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85)" title="بنجاب (قوم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنجاب (قوم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99ncabl%C4%B1lar" title="Pəncablılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pəncablılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پنجاب‌لی‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنجاب‌لی‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="পাঞ্জাবি জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঞ্জাবি জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Панджабцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панджабцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Пенджабци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пенджабци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabis" title="Panjabis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Panjabis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Punjabis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Παντζάμποι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παντζάμποι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_panyab%C3%AD" title="Pueblo panyabí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo panyabí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%9Daboj" title="Panĝaboj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panĝaboj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(herria)" title="Punjab (herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Punjab (herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="پنجابی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنجابی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendjabis" title="Pendjabis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pendjabis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puinse%C3%A1baigh" title="Puinseábaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Puinseábaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B" title="પંજાબી લોકો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પંજાબી લોકો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%80%EC%9E%90%EB%B8%8C%EC%9D%B8" title="펀자브인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펀자브인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen_Punjabi" title="Mutanen Punjabi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutanen Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փանջաբցիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փանջաբցիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="पंजाबी समुदाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंजाबी समुदाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEapci" title="Pandžapci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pandžapci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Punjab" title="Orang Punjab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Punjab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_(popolo)" title="Punjabi (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punjabi (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პენჯაბელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენჯაბელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пенджабдықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пенджабдықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Панжабдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Панжабдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEabai" title="Pandžabai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pandžabai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponjaby_(vahoaka)" title="Ponjaby (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ponjaby (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="പഞ്ചാബികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചാബികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="بنجاب (مجموعه عرقيه فى كندا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنجاب (مجموعه عرقيه فى كندا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi" title="Punjabi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯄꯟꯖꯥꯕꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯟꯖꯥꯕꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Punjab" title="Urang Punjab – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Punjab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi%27s" title="Punjabi's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Punjabi's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E4%BA%BA" title="パンジャーブ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンジャーブ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabier" title="Punjabier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punjabier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabiar" title="Panjabiar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panjabiar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="پنجابی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنجابی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="پنجابي قوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پنجابي قوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BCabczycy" title="Pendżabczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pendżabczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Панджабцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панджабцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="پنجابی لوک – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پنجابی لوک" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Punjabis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BB%DA%BE%D9%88" title="پنجابي ماڻھو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پنجابي ماڻھو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="خەڵکی پەنجابی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵکی پەنجابی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Панџапци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панџапци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BEapci" title="Pendžapci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pendžapci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabit" title="Punjabit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punjabit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பஞ்சாபி மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சாபி மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пәнҗаблылар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пәнҗаблылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పంజాబీలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంజాబీలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="ชาวปัญจาบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวปัญจาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Панҷобиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Панҷобиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%86%D1%96" title="Пенджабці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенджабці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="پنجابی قوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنجابی قوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Punjab" title="Người Punjab – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Punjab" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencab%C4%B1ci" title="Pencabıci – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pencabıci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E4%BA%BA" title="旁遮普人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旁遮普人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Punjabi" title="Jolma Punjabi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Punjabi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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For their language, see <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a>. For the geographical Punjabi region, see <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Punjabi (disambiguation)">Punjabi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Punjabis</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span title="Punjabi (Western)-language text"><span lang="pnb">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></span></li><li><span title="Punjabi-language text"><span lang="pa"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پنجابی</span></span></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 million</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e21|pnb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e21|pnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">112,806,516 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-PakistanPunjabiPopulation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PakistanPunjabiPopulation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WorldAtlas_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38,046,464 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">942,170 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-punjabicanada2021_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punjabicanada2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-canada_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canada-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">700,000 (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-HC_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">253,740<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">132,496 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">56,400 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35,000 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">34,227 (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24,000 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23,700 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18,000 (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Punjabi diaspora</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a></b></span>: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">dialects</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a></b></span>: <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(in Pakistan)</span> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(in India)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Majority</b> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Islam</a> <br /><b>Minority</b> <br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthis</a>) • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/20px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/40px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a> • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HarrNishaan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HarrNishaan.png/30px-HarrNishaan.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HarrNishaan.png/45px-HarrNishaan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/HarrNishaan.png/60px-HarrNishaan.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="436" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a></b>:<br /><b>Majority</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Islam</a> (97%)<br /><b>Minority</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/20px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/40px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a> (2%) • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a> (0.2%) • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Indian Punjab</a></b>:<br /><b>Majority</b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (57.7%)<br /><b>Minority</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Budhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Budhism">Budhism</a> • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a> (38.5%) • <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/20px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/40px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Islam</a> (1.9%) • <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/20px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/40px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a></span> (1.3%)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2007p132_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2007p132-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 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.sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Punjabi_culture" title="Category:Punjabi culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjabis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" title="Punjab region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/85px-Punjabi_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/128px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Punjabi_example.svg/170px-Punjabi_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i>Asia</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis_in_Afghanistan" title="Punjabis in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Punjabis" title="British Punjabis">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <p><i>North America</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Canadians" title="Punjabi Canadians">Canada</a></li></ul> <p><i>Oceania</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Australians" title="Punjabi Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_New_Zealanders" title="Punjabi New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Punjab">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Festivals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">India</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)" title="Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)">Pakistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_media" title="List of Punjabi media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Sikhism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels" title="List of Punjabi-language television channels">Television</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puadh" title="Puadh">Puadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiore" title="Bhatiore">Bhatiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiana" title="Bhattiana">Bhattiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhachh" title="Chhachh">Chhachh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhi_(Punjab)" title="Kachhi (Punjab)">Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab#The_Punjab_Doabs" title="Doab">Doabs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindh_Sagar_Doab" title="Sindh Sagar Doab">Sindh Sagar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chaj_Doab" title="Chaj Doab">Chaj</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rachna_Doab" title="Rachna Doab">Rachna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bari_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari Doab">Bari</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bist_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bist Doab">Bist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Region" title="Bar Region">Bars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sandal_Bar" title="Sandal Bar">Sandal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Bar" title="Kirana Bar">Kirana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Neeli_Bar" title="Neeli Bar">Neeli</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ganji_Bar" title="Ganji Bar">Ganji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gondal_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondal Bar">Gondal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Bar">Jungle</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #0047AB;border-bottom:1px solid #0047AB;font-size:95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/50px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/75px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/100px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjabis" title="Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjabis" title="Template talk:Punjabis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjabis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Punjabis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پنجابی</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a>)</span>; ਪੰਜਾਬੀ <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>)</span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanised" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanised">romanised</a> as <b>Pañjābī</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-:9_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> ethnolinguistic group<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>, comprising areas of northwestern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They generally speak <a href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Standard Punjabi</a> or various <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dialects">Punjabi dialects</a> on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Majority of the overall Punjabi population adheres to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> with significant minorities practicing <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and smaller minorities practicing <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. However, the religious demographics significantly vary when viewed from Pakistani and Indian sides, respectively, with over 95 percent of the Punjabi population from Pakistan being <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Muslim</a>, with a small minority of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hindus</a> and an even smaller minority of <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Sikhs</a>. Over 57 percent of the population of the Indian state of Punjab is Sikh and over 38 percent Hindu with a small minority of Muslims and Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2007p132_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2007p132-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> is derived from the term <i>Punjab</i> (Five rivers) in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> to describe the geographic region of the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, where five rivers <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> merge into the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition of the now-vanished <a href="/wiki/Ghaggar-Hakra_River" title="Ghaggar-Hakra River">Ghaggar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thandi_1996_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thandi_1996-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Punjabi people were a <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> group and were subdivided into a number of clans called <i><a href="/wiki/Baradari_(brotherhood)" title="Baradari (brotherhood)">biradari</a></i> (literally meaning "brotherhood") or <i><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi tribes">tribes</a></i>, with each person bound to a clan. With the passage of time, tribal structures became replaced with a more cohesive and holistic society, as <a href="/wiki/Community_building" title="Community building">community building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_cohesiveness" title="Group cohesiveness">group cohesiveness</a> form the new pillars of Punjabi society.<sup id="cite_ref-Thandi_1996_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thandi_1996-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Integration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Punjabis share a common territory, ethnicity and language, they are likely to be followers of one of several religions, most often <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Hinduism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta,_S.K_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta,_S.K-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The term "Punjab" came into currency during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> in the late sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the name Punjab is of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> origin, its two parts (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پنج</span></span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">panj</i></span>, 'five' and <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آب</span></span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">āb</i></span>, 'water') are cognates of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">पञ्‍च</span></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">pañca</i></span>, 'five' and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">अप्</span></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">áp</i></span>, 'water', of the same meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-EoS_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>pañjāb</i> thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All are <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, the Sutlej being the largest. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, which calls one of the regions in ancient Bharat <i>Panchanada</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">पञ्चनद</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">pañca-nada</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'five rivers').<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greeks</a> referred to the region as <i>Pentapotamía</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Πενταποταμία</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khalid_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalid-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has the same meaning as the Persian word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a></div> <p>Punjab is a geopolitical, cultural, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, specifically in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, comprising areas of eastern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The boundaries of the region are ill-defined and focus on historical accounts. The geographical definition of the term "Punjab" has changed over time. In the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> it referred to a relatively smaller area between the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_Grewal_1998_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS_Grewal_1998-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_map_(topographic)_with_cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/220px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/330px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png/440px-Punjab_map_%28topographic%29_with_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>, with its rivers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <p>While the total population of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> is 110 million as noted in the 2017 Pakistan census,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Punjabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Punjabis">ethnic Punjabis</a> comprise approximately 44.7% of the national population.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WorldAtlas_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an estimated national population of 252 million in 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ethnic Punjabis thus number approximately 112.8 million in Pakistan;<sup id="cite_ref-PakistanPunjabiPopulation_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PakistanPunjabiPopulation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this makes Punjabis the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Pakistan">largest ethnic group in Pakistan</a> by population.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WorldAtlas_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldAtlas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> population with <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <p>The Punjabi-speaking people make up 2.74% of India's population as of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of Indian Punjabis is unknown due to the fact that ethnicity is not recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> are largely concentrated in the modern-day state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> forming 57.7% of the population with <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> forming 38.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanjay2008_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjay2008-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian censuses record the native languages, but not the descent of the citizens. Thus, there is no concrete official data on the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Delhi" title="Ethnic groups in Delhi">ethnic makeup of Delhi</a> and other Indian states.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjay2008_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjay2008-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–10">: 8–10 </span></sup> </p><p>Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christians. Most of the <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a>'s Muslims left for West Punjab in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a small community still exists today, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla" title="Malerkotla">Malerkotla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi_diaspora">Punjabi diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Punjabi diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streetcars_passing_at_the_400_Block_of_Granville_Street,_Vancouver,_in_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Streetcars_passing_at_the_400_Block_of_Granville_Street%2C_Vancouver%2C_in_1908.jpg/225px-Streetcars_passing_at_the_400_Block_of_Granville_Street%2C_Vancouver%2C_in_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Streetcars_passing_at_the_400_Block_of_Granville_Street%2C_Vancouver%2C_in_1908.jpg/338px-Streetcars_passing_at_the_400_Block_of_Granville_Street%2C_Vancouver%2C_in_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Streetcars_passing_at_the_400_Block_of_Granville_Street%2C_Vancouver%2C_in_1908.jpg/450px-Streetcars_passing_at_the_400_Block_of_Granville_Street%2C_Vancouver%2C_in_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2118" /></a><figcaption>Punjabis in Vancouver, 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. In the early 20th century, many Punjabis began settling in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, including independence activists who formed the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a>. The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India. The most populous areas being London, Birmingham, Manchester and Glasgow. In Canada (specifically <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the United States, (specifically California's <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a> as well as the New York and New Jersey region). In the 1970s, a large wave of emigration of Punjabis (predominately from Pakistan) began to the Middle East, in places such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. There are also large communities in East Africa including the countries of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Singapore and Hong Kong. Of recent times many Punjabis have also moved to Italy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass,_Nasinu,_Fiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass%2C_Nasinu%2C_Fiji.jpg/220px-Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass%2C_Nasinu%2C_Fiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass%2C_Nasinu%2C_Fiji.jpg/330px-Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass%2C_Nasinu%2C_Fiji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass%2C_Nasinu%2C_Fiji.jpg/440px-Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass%2C_Nasinu%2C_Fiji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Gurdwara <a href="/wiki/Guru_Ravidass" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Ravidass">Guru Ravidass</a>, Nasinu, Fiji Established in 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan,_Birmingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan%2C_Birmingham.jpg/220px-Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan%2C_Birmingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan%2C_Birmingham.jpg/330px-Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan%2C_Birmingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan%2C_Birmingham.jpg/440px-Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan%2C_Birmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Sabha,Southall_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Sabha%2CSouthall_.jpg/220px-Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Sabha%2CSouthall_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Sabha%2CSouthall_.jpg/330px-Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Sabha%2CSouthall_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Sabha%2CSouthall_.jpg/440px-Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Sabha%2CSouthall_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Sabha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha (page does not exist)">Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha</a>, Southall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castes_and_tribes">Castes and tribes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_tribes" title="List of Punjabi tribes">List of Punjabi tribes</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjab#Tribes" title="Punjab">Punjab § Tribes</a></div> <p>Among the major castes and tribes of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">West Punjab</a> (Pakistan) are the <a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arain" title="Arain">Arains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gujjars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awan_(tribe)" title="Awan (tribe)">Awans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">the partition in 1947</a>, major communities of West Punjab also included the <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arora" title="Arora">Aroras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:202_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:202-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1822_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1822-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">East Punjab</a> (India), Jats are almost 20 per cent of East Punjab's population. The Scheduled Castes constitute almost 32 per cent of its total population and 4.3 per cent of the SCs nationally, official data show. Of more than 35 designated Scheduled Castes in the state, the Mazhabis, the Ravidasias/Ramdasias, the Ad Dharmis, the Valmikis, and the Bazigars together make up around 87 per cent of East Punjab's total Scheduled Caste population. The Ravidasia Hindus/Ad-Dharmi and the Ramdasia Sikhs together constitute 34.93 per cent of East Punjab's total Scheduled Caste population and 11.15 per cent of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India"> Punjab</a> Population. <a href="/wiki/Ramdasia" title="Ramdasia">Ramdasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dharmi" title="Ad-Dharmi">Ad-Dharmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravidassias" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravidassias">Ravidassias</a> are subgroups of the Chamar<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are traditionally linked to leather-related occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions_in_Punjab">Religions in Punjab</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Punjab" title="Religion in the Punjab">Religion in the Punjab</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda,_manuscript_page_sample_i,_Mandala_1,_Hymn_1_(Sukta_1),_Adhyaya_1,_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/220px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/330px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/440px-1500-1200_BCE_Rigveda%2C_manuscript_page_sample_i%2C_Mandala_1%2C_Hymn_1_%28Sukta_1%29%2C_Adhyaya_1%2C_lines_1.1.1_to_1.1.9%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2791" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a> is the oldest Hindu text that originated in the Punjab region.</figcaption></figure> <p>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the oldest of the religions practised by the Punjabi people.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a> constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (1500–500 BCE), centered primarily in the worship of <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michaels-legacy_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michaels-legacy-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a>, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">spread of Buddhisim</a> and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> in the Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century, becoming the majority by the 16th century, via local conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century, while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region became predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> due to missionary <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> saints whose <a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">dargahs</a> dot the landscape of the Punjab region.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Punjabis during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial period of India</a> became Christians, with all of these religions characterising the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <p>Due to religious tensions, emigration between Punjabi people started far before the partition and dependable records.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly prior to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province (British India)</a> had a slight majority <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population at about 53.2% in 1941, which was an increase from the previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of 1947</a>, a rapid shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across the Punjab region owing to the new international border that cut through the province. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">mass migration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Population exchange">population exchange</a> but also caused by large-scale <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Religious_cleansing" title="Religious persecution">religious cleansing</a> riots that occurred across the region at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historical demographer <a href="/wiki/Tim_Dyson" title="Tim Dyson">Tim Dyson</a>, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Indian Punjab</a> following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</a>, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the population exchanges during partition, both parts of Punjab are now relatively homogeneous, as far as religion is concerned. Today the majority of Pakistani Punjabis follow <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> with a small Christian minority, and less Sikh and Hindu populations, while the majority of Indian Punjabis are either <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> minority. Punjab is also the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and the movement <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-alislam.org_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alislam.org-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punjabi_Muslims">Punjabi Muslims</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi Muslims</a></div> <p>Punjabi Muslims are found almost exclusively in Pakistan with 97% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2007p132_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2007p132-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forming the majority of the Punjabi ethnicity in the greater <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab region</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_2013_1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punjabi Muslims write the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi</a>. With a population of more than 80 million,<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_1_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_2013_1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are the largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">ethnic group in Pakistan</a> and the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">third-largest Islam-adhering ethnicity</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arabs</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, while a minority adhere to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> community which originated in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajah_Ali_Gour,_a_Gukkur_chief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Punjabi Muslim of the Ghakkar tribe"><img alt="A Punjabi Muslim of the Ghakkar tribe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rajah_Ali_Gour%2C_a_Gukkur_chief.jpg/120px-Rajah_Ali_Gour%2C_a_Gukkur_chief.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rajah_Ali_Gour%2C_a_Gukkur_chief.jpg/180px-Rajah_Ali_Gour%2C_a_Gukkur_chief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Rajah_Ali_Gour%2C_a_Gukkur_chief.jpg/240px-Rajah_Ali_Gour%2C_a_Gukkur_chief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Punjabi Muslim of the <a href="/wiki/Ghakkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghakkar">Ghakkar</a> tribe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Punjabi Muslim of the Tanoli tribe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tanolis.jpg/120px-Tanolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tanolis.jpg/250px-Tanolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_een_onbekende_man_van_de_Kharal-stam_uit_Multan_Kharal._Soonnee_Mahomedan._Googaira._Mooltan_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-40.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punjabi Muslim of Kharal tribe from Multan"><img alt="Punjabi Muslim of Kharal tribe from Multan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Portret_van_een_onbekende_man_van_de_Kharal-stam_uit_Multan_Kharal._Soonnee_Mahomedan._Googaira._Mooltan_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-40.jpg/90px-Portret_van_een_onbekende_man_van_de_Kharal-stam_uit_Multan_Kharal._Soonnee_Mahomedan._Googaira._Mooltan_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-40.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Portret_van_een_onbekende_man_van_de_Kharal-stam_uit_Multan_Kharal._Soonnee_Mahomedan._Googaira._Mooltan_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-40.jpg/135px-Portret_van_een_onbekende_man_van_de_Kharal-stam_uit_Multan_Kharal._Soonnee_Mahomedan._Googaira._Mooltan_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Portret_van_een_onbekende_man_van_de_Kharal-stam_uit_Multan_Kharal._Soonnee_Mahomedan._Googaira._Mooltan_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-40.jpg/180px-Portret_van_een_onbekende_man_van_de_Kharal-stam_uit_Multan_Kharal._Soonnee_Mahomedan._Googaira._Mooltan_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4974" data-file-height="6622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Punjabi Muslim of <a href="/wiki/Kharal" title="Kharal">Kharal</a> tribe from Multan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Potowaree_Rawul_Pindee_%26_Bunneah_Tonk%22_%E2%80%93_Painting_from_19th_century_Punjab_46.webp" class="mw-file-description" title="Pothwari Muslim"><img alt="Pothwari Muslim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%22Potowaree_Rawul_Pindee_%26_Bunneah_Tonk%22_%E2%80%93_Painting_from_19th_century_Punjab_46.webp/119px-%22Potowaree_Rawul_Pindee_%26_Bunneah_Tonk%22_%E2%80%93_Painting_from_19th_century_Punjab_46.webp.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%22Potowaree_Rawul_Pindee_%26_Bunneah_Tonk%22_%E2%80%93_Painting_from_19th_century_Punjab_46.webp/179px-%22Potowaree_Rawul_Pindee_%26_Bunneah_Tonk%22_%E2%80%93_Painting_from_19th_century_Punjab_46.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%22Potowaree_Rawul_Pindee_%26_Bunneah_Tonk%22_%E2%80%93_Painting_from_19th_century_Punjab_46.webp/238px-%22Potowaree_Rawul_Pindee_%26_Bunneah_Tonk%22_%E2%80%93_Painting_from_19th_century_Punjab_46.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="1086" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pothwari Muslim</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_Muslim_Dogar_tribe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Punjabi Muslim, Firuzpur"><img alt="Punjabi Muslim, Firuzpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Punjabi_Muslim_Dogar_tribe.jpg/120px-Punjabi_Muslim_Dogar_tribe.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Punjabi_Muslim_Dogar_tribe.jpg/250px-Punjabi_Muslim_Dogar_tribe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Punjabi Muslim, Firuzpur</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punjabi_Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a></div> <p>In the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a> make up approximately 38.5% of the state's population; numbering 10.7 million and are a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</a> region. Punjabi Hindus form a majority in five districts of Punjab, namely, <a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar</a> districts.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punjabi Hindus also form around 8-10 percent of Indian state <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>'s population and are very much influential in the state politics.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1947 partition, millions of Punjabi Hindus (including <a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowan</a> Hindus and <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki</a> Hindus<sup id="cite_ref-The_Tribune_-_Derawal_Nagar_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tribune_-_Derawal_Nagar-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <a href="/wiki/Mass_migration" title="Mass migration">migrated</a> from <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">West Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a>, of which many ultimately settled in Delhi. Determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates, Punjabi Hindus form approximately 24 to 35 per cent of Delhi's population;<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on 2011 official census counts, this amounts to between 4,029,106 and 5,875,779 people.<sup id="cite_ref-delhi2011_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delhi2011-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the large scale exodus that took place during the 1947 partition, there remains a small Punjabi Hindu community in Pakistan today. According to the <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 Census</a>, there are about 200,000 Hindus in Punjab province, forming approximately 0.2% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-2017_Census_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017_Census-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the community resides in the primarily rural South Punjab districts of <a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District" title="Rahim Yar Khan District">Rahim Yar Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_District" title="Bahawalpur District">Bahawalpur</a> where they form 3.12% and 1.12% of the population respectively,<sup id="cite_ref-Districtwise_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Districtwise-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the rest are concentrated in urban centres such as <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punjabi Hindus in India use <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nāgarī script</a> to write the Hindi and Punjabi languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996p395_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996p395-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_een_onbekende_handelaar_uit_Hazara_Khutree._Hindoo_trader._Hazara_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hindu Khatri Trader of Hazara, ca. 1868-1872"><img alt="A Hindu Khatri Trader of Hazara, ca. 1868-1872" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portret_van_een_onbekende_handelaar_uit_Hazara_Khutree._Hindoo_trader._Hazara_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-20.jpg/73px-Portret_van_een_onbekende_handelaar_uit_Hazara_Khutree._Hindoo_trader._Hazara_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portret_van_een_onbekende_handelaar_uit_Hazara_Khutree._Hindoo_trader._Hazara_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-20.jpg/110px-Portret_van_een_onbekende_handelaar_uit_Hazara_Khutree._Hindoo_trader._Hazara_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portret_van_een_onbekende_handelaar_uit_Hazara_Khutree._Hindoo_trader._Hazara_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-20.jpg/147px-Portret_van_een_onbekende_handelaar_uit_Hazara_Khutree._Hindoo_trader._Hazara_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-2001-7-1122E-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="2894" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Hindu <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a> Trader of <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a>, ca. 1868-1872</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_(likely_Tarkhan)_with_tools,_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindu Tarkhan Carpenters of Lahore, ca.1862-72"><img alt="Hindu Tarkhan Carpenters of Lahore, ca.1862-72" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/120px-Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/250px-Portrait_of_three_unidentified_Lahore_carpenters_%28likely_Tarkhan%29_with_tools%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 1.5x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="6572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hindu <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Punjab)" title="Tarkhan (Punjab)">Tarkhan</a> Carpenters of Lahore, ca.1862-72</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_two_unidentified_men_of_the_Kamboj_(or_Kamboh)_tribe_of_Multan,_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindu Kamboj of Multan, ca.1862-72"><img alt="Hindu Kamboj of Multan, ca.1862-72" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Portrait_of_two_unidentified_men_of_the_Kamboj_%28or_Kamboh%29_tribe_of_Multan%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/89px-Portrait_of_two_unidentified_men_of_the_Kamboj_%28or_Kamboh%29_tribe_of_Multan%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Portrait_of_two_unidentified_men_of_the_Kamboj_%28or_Kamboh%29_tribe_of_Multan%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/134px-Portrait_of_two_unidentified_men_of_the_Kamboj_%28or_Kamboh%29_tribe_of_Multan%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Portrait_of_two_unidentified_men_of_the_Kamboj_%28or_Kamboh%29_tribe_of_Multan%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/178px-Portrait_of_two_unidentified_men_of_the_Kamboj_%28or_Kamboh%29_tribe_of_Multan%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="6624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hindu <a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboj</a> of Multan, ca.1862-72</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him,_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hindu Arora Trader of Lahore, ca.1862-72"><img alt="A Hindu Arora Trader of Lahore, ca.1862-72" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/86px-Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/129px-Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/172px-Portrait_of_an_unidentified_Arora_Storekeeper_from_Lahore_with_coins_in_hand_and_in_front_of_him%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="6528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Hindu <a href="/wiki/Arora" title="Arora">Arora</a> Trader of Lahore, ca.1862-72</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Lahore_distiller_and_vendor_of_liquor_(Kalwar,_Kullal,_Kalal,_or_Kalar),_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hindu Kalal of Lahore, ca.1862-72"><img alt="A Hindu Kalal of Lahore, ca.1862-72" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Portrait_of_a_Lahore_distiller_and_vendor_of_liquor_%28Kalwar%2C_Kullal%2C_Kalal%2C_or_Kalar%29%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/120px-Portrait_of_a_Lahore_distiller_and_vendor_of_liquor_%28Kalwar%2C_Kullal%2C_Kalal%2C_or_Kalar%29%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Portrait_of_a_Lahore_distiller_and_vendor_of_liquor_%28Kalwar%2C_Kullal%2C_Kalal%2C_or_Kalar%29%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png/250px-Portrait_of_a_Lahore_distiller_and_vendor_of_liquor_%28Kalwar%2C_Kullal%2C_Kalal%2C_or_Kalar%29%2C_ca.1862%E2%80%9372.png 1.5x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="6518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Hindu <a href="/wiki/Kalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalal">Kalal</a> of Lahore, ca.1862-72</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punjabi_Sikhs">Punjabi Sikhs</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Sikhs" title="Punjabi Sikhs">Punjabi Sikhs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Sikh_girls_enrolled_in_a_school_run_by_the_Church_Missionary_School,_Amritsar,_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Photograph_of_Sikh_girls_enrolled_in_a_school_run_by_the_Church_Missionary_School%2C_Amritsar%2C_1875.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Sikh_girls_enrolled_in_a_school_run_by_the_Church_Missionary_School%2C_Amritsar%2C_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Photograph_of_Sikh_girls_enrolled_in_a_school_run_by_the_Church_Missionary_School%2C_Amritsar%2C_1875.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Sikh_girls_enrolled_in_a_school_run_by_the_Church_Missionary_School%2C_Amritsar%2C_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Photograph_of_Sikh_girls_enrolled_in_a_school_run_by_the_Church_Missionary_School%2C_Amritsar%2C_1875.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Sikh_girls_enrolled_in_a_school_run_by_the_Church_Missionary_School%2C_Amritsar%2C_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Sikh girls enrolled in a school run by the Church Missionary School, Amritsar, 1875</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> from <i>Sikh</i>, meaning a "disciple", or a "learner", is a monotheistic religion originated in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (region)">Punjab region</a> of the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Partridge2013_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partridge2013-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, articulated in the sacred scripture <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>, include faith and meditation on the name of the one creator, unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in <a href="/wiki/Selfless_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Selfless service">selfless service</a>, striving for social justice for the <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_da_bhala" title="Sarbat da bhala">benefit and prosperity of all</a>, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder's life.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalsi_Chelsea_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalsi_Chelsea-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cole_Sambhi_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_Sambhi-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Teece_2004_4_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teece_2004_4-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being one of the youngest amongst the major world religions, with 25-28 million adherents worldwide, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> is <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups#Religious_demographics" title="Major religious groups">the fifth- largest religion in the world</a>. </p><p>The Sikhs form a majority of close to 58% in the modern day <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi alphabet">Gurmukhi</a> is the writing script used by Sikhs and for scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>. It is used in official documents in parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Bright1996p395_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bright1996p395-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tenth Guru of Sikhs, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> (1666 – 1708) established the Khalsa Brotherhood, and set for them a code of conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-colesambhip37_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colesambhip37-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johnkoller313_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnkoller313-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Punjabi_Christians">Punjabi Christians</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Christians" title="Punjabi Christians">Punjabi Christians</a></div> <p>Most of the modern Punjabi Christians are descended from converts during British rule; initially, conversions to Christianity came from the "upper levels of Punjab society, from the privileged and prestigious", including "high caste" Hindu families, as well as Muslim families.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones1976_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones1976-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Day2015_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day2015-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moghal1997_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moghal1997-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other modern Punjabi Christians have converted from the <a href="/wiki/Chuhra" title="Chuhra">Chuhra</a> group. The <a href="/wiki/Chuhra" title="Chuhra">Churas</a> were largely converted to Christianity in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. The vast majority were converted from the <a href="/wiki/Chuhra" title="Chuhra">Hindu Chura</a> communities of Punjab, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikhs</a>; under the influence of enthusiastic <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">army</a> officers and Christian missionaries. Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Mazhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazhabi">Mazhabi Sikhs</a> were also converted in the <a href="/wiki/Moradabad_district" title="Moradabad district">Moradabad district</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bijnor_district" title="Bijnor district">Bijnor district</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a> saw a mass conversion of its entire population of 4500 Mazhabi Sikhs into the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikh organisations became alarmed at the rate of conversions among high caste Sikh families, and as a result, they responded by immediately dispatching Sikh missionaries to counteract the conversions.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadha2005_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadha2005-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims#History" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi Muslims § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs#History" title="Sikhs">Sikhs § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus#History" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Culture_Day" title="Punjabi Culture Day">Punjabi Culture Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_a_group_of_Punjabi_women,_1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Photograph_of_a_group_of_Punjabi_women%2C_1905.png/250px-Photograph_of_a_group_of_Punjabi_women%2C_1905.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Photograph_of_a_group_of_Punjabi_women%2C_1905.png/330px-Photograph_of_a_group_of_Punjabi_women%2C_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Photograph_of_a_group_of_Punjabi_women%2C_1905.png/500px-Photograph_of_a_group_of_Punjabi_women%2C_1905.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of a group of Punjabi women, 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Punjabi culture grew out of the settlements along the five rivers, which served as an important route to the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> as early as the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>, dating back to 3000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar1_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> during the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan".<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar1_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides being known for agriculture and trade, the Punjab is also a region that over the centuries has experienced many foreign invasions and consequently has a long-standing history of warfare, as the Punjab is situated on the principal route of invasions through the northwestern frontier of the Indian subcontinent, which promoted to adopt a lifestyle that entailed engaging in warfare to protect the land.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar1_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warrior culture typically elevates the value of the community's honour (<a href="/wiki/Izzat_(honour)" title="Izzat (honour)">izzat</a>), which is highly esteemed by Punjabis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nayar1_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nayar1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a></div><p>Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> natively spoken by the Punjabi people. </p><p>Punjabi is the most popular first language in Pakistan, with 80.5 million native speakers as per the <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 census</a>, and the 11th most popular in India, with 31.1 million native speakers, as per the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>. </p><p>The language is spoken among a <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">significant overseas diaspora</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the United States, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>In Pakistan, Punjabi is written using the <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi alphabet">Shahmukhi alphabet</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic script</a>; in India, it is written using the <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi alphabet</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic scripts</a>. Punjabi is unusual among the Indo-Aryan languages and the broader <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> in its usage of <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">lexical tone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punjabi developed from <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> languages and later <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Apabhraṃśa</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अपभ्रंश</span>, 'deviated' or 'non-grammatical speech')<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 600 BCE, Sanskrit was advocated as official language and Prakrit gave birth to many regional languages in different parts of India. All these languages are called Prakrit (Sanskrit: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">प्राकृत</span></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">prākṛta</i></span>) collectively. <a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gandhari</a> were Prakrit languages, which were spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from one of these Prakrits. Later in northern India, these Prakrits gave rise to their own <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>, a descendant of Prakrit.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punjabi emerged as an <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century CE and became stable by the 10th century. The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath Yogi</a> era from 9th to 14th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoiberg_2000_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoiberg_2000-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of these compositions is morphologically closer to <a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Apbhramsa</a>, though vocabulary and rhythm is surcharged with extreme colloquialism and folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoiberg_2000_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoiberg_2000-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabic and modern Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> words were incorporated in Punjabi.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google3_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So Punjabi relies heavily on Persian and Arabic words which are used with a liberal approach to language. After the fall of the Sikh empire, Urdu was made the official language of Punjab (in Pakistani Punjab, it is still the primary official language), and influenced the language as well.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punjabis also speak several languages and dialects related to Punjabi, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothohar</a> region of Northern Pakistani Punjab<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_dress">Traditional dress</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Punjabi clothing</a></div> <p><b>Kaintha</b> </p><p>The Kaintha, a traditional necklace which is usually made out of gold or steel, is an integral element of Punjabi clothing. It is adorned with a pendant that stands out from the rest of the necklace, which is accompanied by matching color schemes as well as yarn in the back to hold the piece together. It is worn with the Shalwar Kameez alongside a shawl, chunni, or vest. Men and women alike traditionally wear the Kaintha to the <a href="/wiki/Mayian" title="Mayian">Mayian</a> and Jaggo ceremonies. It is also commonly worn while performing the traditional <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a> dances </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Punjabi clothing</a></div><p><b>Phulkari</b> </p><p>A traditional element of Punjabi clothing has been the <a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a>. The phulkari is folk embroidery that was typically inclusive of work in floral patterns but has taken on a larger aspect of including geometrical shapes, symbols and motifs relevant to the culture. This pattern has been worn by women for hundreds of years in very vibrant colours. The pattern is typically stitched with woven silk and colourful thread. The phulkari pattern is adorned onto dupattas/chunis, better known as a decorative scarf. Over time the phulkari pattern has taken onto embellishments onto suits, dresses, accessories and more. You will see women wearing phulkari during important religious and cultural folk celebrations (i.e.: Vaisakhi, Lohri) and then in wedding celebrations such as the Jago. </p><p>Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2024, February 21). Punjab. Encyclopædia Britannica. </p><p>https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-state-India </p><p>Malhotra, A., & Mir, F. (2012). Punjab Reconsidered: History, culture, and Practice. Oxford University Press. </p><p>Snehi, Y. (2013). Book review: Punjab reconsidered: History, culture and practice. Studies in History, 29(1), 155– </p><p>158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0257643013496694 </p><p>Szivak, J. (2022). The changing landscape of Punjab in Bollywood film songs. South Asia: Journal of South Asian </p><p>Studies, 45(6), 1112–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2022.2114061 </p> <dl><dt>Dastar</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> is an item of headgear associated with <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and is an important part of the Punjabi and Sikh culture. Among the Sikhs, the <i>dastār</i> is an article of faith that represents equality, honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> Sikh men and women, who keep the <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">Five Ks</a>, wear the turban to cover their long, uncut hair (<i><a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sikhism)" title="Kesh (Sikhism)">kesh</a></i>). The Sikhs regard the <i>dastār</i> as an important part of the unique Sikh identity. After the ninth Sikh Guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Tegh Bahadur</a>, was sentenced to death by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, the tenth Sikh Guru created the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> and gave five articles of faith, one of which is unshorn hair, which the <i>dastār</i> covers.<sup id="cite_ref-turban_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turban-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhi</a>, only kings, royalty, and those of high stature wore turbans, but Sikh Gurus adopted the practice to assert equality and sovereignty among people.<sup id="cite_ref-Turban_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turban-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Punjabi suit</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Shalwar kameez</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_Traditional_Fashion_-_Cultural_Night_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_7370.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Punjabi_Traditional_Fashion_-_Cultural_Night_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_7370.JPG/250px-Punjabi_Traditional_Fashion_-_Cultural_Night_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_7370.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Punjabi_Traditional_Fashion_-_Cultural_Night_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_7370.JPG/330px-Punjabi_Traditional_Fashion_-_Cultural_Night_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_7370.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Punjabi_Traditional_Fashion_-_Cultural_Night_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_7370.JPG/500px-Punjabi_Traditional_Fashion_-_Cultural_Night_-_Wiki_Conference_India_-_CGC_-_Mohali_2016-08-05_7370.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="5175" /></a><figcaption>Punjabi traditional dress in India</figcaption></figure><p>A Punjabi suit that features two items - a <i>qameez</i> (top), <i>salwar</i> (bottom) is the traditional attire of the Punjabi people.<sup id="cite_ref-DSOF_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSOF-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BlanesMapril2013_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlanesMapril2013-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khandelwal2002_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khandelwal2002-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shalwars</i> are <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a> which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring or elastic belt, which causes them to become pleated around the waist.<sup id="cite_ref-StevensonWaite2011_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StevensonWaite2011-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trousers can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on the <a href="/wiki/Grain_(textile)#Bias" title="Grain (textile)">bias</a>. The <i>kameez</i> is a long shirt or tunic.<sup id="cite_ref-StevensonWaite2011-b_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StevensonWaite2011-b-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The side seams are left open below the waist-line (the opening known as the <i>chaak</i><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. The kameez is usually cut straight and flat; older kameez use traditional cuts; modern kameez are more likely to have European-inspired <a href="/wiki/Sleeve#Types_of_sleeves" title="Sleeve">set-in sleeves</a>. The combination garment is sometimes called <i>salwar kurta</i>, <i>salwar suit</i>, or <i>Punjabi suit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shukla2015-sawar-kurta_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shukla2015-sawar-kurta-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mooney2011_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mooney2011-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shalwar-kameez is a widely-worn,<sup id="cite_ref-Marsden2005_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsden2005-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haines2013_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haines2013-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/National_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="National dress">national dress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ozyegin2016_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozyegin2016-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Pakistan. When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a <a href="/wiki/Dupatta" title="Dupatta">dupatta</a> around the head or neck.<sup id="cite_ref-SWIE_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWIE-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chador</a> or <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a>); for Sikh and Hindu women, the dupatta is useful when the head must be covered, as in a temple or the presence of elders.<sup id="cite_ref-Shukla2015_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shukla2015-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everywhere in South Asia, modern versions of the attire have evolved; the shalwars are worn lower down on the waist, the kameez have shorter length, with higher splits, lower necklines and backlines, and with cropped sleeves or without sleeves.<sup id="cite_ref-Koerner2016_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koerner2016-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music of Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk music of Punjab</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a> describes dance-oriented popular music with Punjabi rhythms, developed since the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Qawali">Qawali</a>, commonly practised in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>; are other important genres in the Punjab region.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dance">Punjabi dance</a></div> <p>Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with traditional musical instruments. Bhangra is one of the most famous dances originating in the Punjab by farmers during the harvesting season. It was mainly performed while farmers did agricultural chores. As they did each farming activity they would perform bhangra moves on the spot.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed them to finish their job in a pleasurable way. For many years, farmers performed bhangra to showcase a sense of accomplishment and to welcome the new harvesting season.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional bhangra is performed in a circle<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is performed using traditional dance steps. Traditional bhangra is now also performed on occasions other than during the harvest season.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_tales">Folk tales</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Punjabi folklore</a></div> <p>The folk tales of Punjab include <a href="/wiki/Heer_Ranjha" title="Heer Ranjha">Heer Ranjha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Sahiban" title="Mirza Sahiban">Mirza Sahiban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohni_Mahiwal" title="Sohni Mahiwal">Sohni Mahiwal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Festivals_in_Lahore" title="Festivals in Lahore">Festivals in Lahore</a></div><p>The Punjabi Muslims typically observe the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Islamic festivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Official_Holidays_2016_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_Holidays_2016-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kmc.gos.pk_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmc.gos.pk-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus typically do not observe these, and instead observe <a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basant_(festival)" title="Basant (festival)">Basant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> as seasonal festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Punjabi Muslim festivals are set according to the lunar <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> (Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu and Sikh Punjabi seasonal festivals are set on specific dates of the luni-solar <a href="/wiki/Bikrami_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikrami calendar">Bikrami calendar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi calendar</a> and the date of the festival also typically varies in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> but stays within the same two Gregorian months.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Punjabi Muslims participate in the traditional, seasonal festivals of the Punjab region: Baisakhi, Basant and to a minor scale Lohri, but this is controversial. Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban this participation because of the religious basis of the Punjabi festivals,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they being declared <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> (forbidden in Islam).<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi_State">Punjabi State</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabiyat" title="Punjabiyat">Punjabiyat</a></div> <p>According to Pippa Virdee, the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan has shadowed the sense of loss of what used to be a homeland nation for the Punjabi people in the Indian subcontinent and its diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the mid-1980s, there has been a drive for Punjabi cultural revival, consolidation of Punjabi ethnicity and a virtual Punjabi nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Punjabi_Identity_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Punjabi_Identity-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Giorgio Shani, this is predominantly a Sikh ethno-nationalism movement led by some Sikh organisations, and a view that is not shared by Punjabi people organisations belonging to other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_people" title="List of Punjabi people">List of Punjabi people</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_Muslims" title="List of Punjabi Muslims">List of Punjabi Muslims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_Hindus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Punjabi Hindus">List of Punjabi Hindus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of the Punjab">Dialects of the Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi press">Punjabi press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Punjabi diaspora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PakistanPunjabiPopulation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PakistanPunjabiPopulation_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PakistanPunjabiPopulation_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjabis comprise 44.7% (112,806,516) of Pakistan's total population of 252,363,571 per 2024 estimate by the World Factbook.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Punjabis comprise 2.7% (38,046,464) of India's total population of 1,409,128,296 per 2024 estimate by the World Factbook.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.govIN_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.govIN-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This figure comprises speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> in India. Ethnic Punjabis who no longer speak the language are not included in this number.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canada-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canada_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes all speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a>, as many <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_generations" title="Immigrant generations">multi-generation</a> individuals do not speak the language as a <a href="/wiki/Mother-tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother-tongue">mother tongue</a>, but instead as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third_language_acquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Third language acquisition">third language</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The most important section among settlers is the Punjabis who are estimated to constitute around 35 per cent of the population."<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2015_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2015-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Though Punjabis constitute a mere twenty-four per cent of so of the capital city's population, on average they hold fifty-three per cent of the available managerial positions."<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjay2008_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjay2008-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Punjabi</i> is the <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> spelling, and <i>Pañjābī</i> is the <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">romanised</a> spelling from the native script(s).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/languages/punjabi.php#:~:text=The%20Punjabi%20language%20(native%20name,Punjabi%20as%20their%20mother%20tongue.">"Punjabi - Worldwide distribution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjabi+-+Worldwide+distribution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Flanguages%2Fpunjabi.php%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Punjabi%2520language%2520%28native%2520name%2CPunjabi%2520as%2520their%2520mother%2520tongue.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e21|pnb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e21|pnb_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/pnb">Punjabis</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (21st ed., 2018) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220172325/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">"Abstract Of Speakers' Strength Of Languages And Mother Tongues - 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abstract+Of+Speakers%27+Strength+Of+Languages+And+Mother+Tongues+-+2011&rft.pub=Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf">"Pakistan Census 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pbs.pk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.pk&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Census+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2Fcensus_2017_tables%2Fpakistan%2FTable11n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">"South Asia :: Pakistan — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=South+Asia+%3A%3A+Pakistan+%E2%80%94+The+World+Fact+book+-+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldAtlas-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldAtlas_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldAtlas_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldAtlas_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-in-pakistan.html">"Ethnic Groups in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Worldatlas.com</i>. 30 July 2019. <q>Punjabi people are the ethnic majority in the Punjab region of Pakistan and Northern India accounting for 44.7% of the population in Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldatlas.com&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Groups+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fethnic-groups-in-pakistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf">"Pakistan Census 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pbs.pk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.pk&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Census+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2Fcensus_2017_tables%2Fpakistan%2FTable11n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/languages/punjabi.php">"Punjabi - Worldwide distribution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjabi+-+Worldwide+distribution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Flanguages%2Fpunjabi.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.govIN-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cia.govIN_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/#people-and-society">"South Asia :: India — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=South+Asia+%3A%3A+India+%E2%80%94+The+World+Fact+book+-+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Findia%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddata.info/languages/punjabi.php#:~:text=The%20Punjabi%20language%20(native%20name,Punjabi%20as%20their%20mother%20tongue">"Punjabi - Worldwide distribution"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjabi+-+Worldwide+distribution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Flanguages%2Fpunjabi.php%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Punjabi%2520language%2520%28native%2520name%2CPunjabi%2520as%2520their%2520mother%2520tongue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-punjabicanada2021-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-punjabicanada2021_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Canada">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country]"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Canada+%5BCountry%5D&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000011124%26HEADERlist%3D%2C15%2C13%2C18%2C12%2C16%2C14%2C17%26SearchText%3DCanada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2006" class="citation web cs1">McDonnell, John (5 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmhansrd/cm061205/halltext/61205h0001.htm">"Punjabi Community"</a>. <i>House of Commons</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2016</span>. <q>We now estimate the Punjabi community at about 700,000, with Punjabi established as the second language certainly in London and possibly within the United Kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons&rft.atitle=Punjabi+Community&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200607%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm061205%2Fhalltext%2F61205h0001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/library/data/tables/2008/demo/language-use/2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls">"US Census Bureau <i>American Community Survey (2009-2013)</i> See Row #62"</a>. <i>2.census.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2.census.gov&rft.atitle=US+Census+Bureau+American+Community+Survey+%282009-2013%29+See+Row+%2362&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2008%2Fdemo%2Flanguage-use%2F2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709233002/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20">"Top ten languages spoken at home in Australia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Article~20">the original</a> on 9 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+ten+languages+spoken+at+home+in+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2520Features~Cultural%2520Diversity%2520Article~20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MY">"Malaysia"</a>. <i>Ethnologue.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212/">"Punjabi community involved in money lending in Philippines braces for 'crackdown' by new President"</a>. 18 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjabi+community+involved+in+money+lending+in+Philippines+braces+for+%27crackdown%27+by+new+President&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fpunjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakartaglobe.id/lifestyle/the-sikh-community-of-sumatra">"The Sikh Community of Sumatra"</a>. <i>jakartaglobe.id</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jakartaglobe.id&rft.atitle=The+Sikh+Community+of+Sumatra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakartaglobe.id%2Flifestyle%2Fthe-sikh-community-of-sumatra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/2018-Census-totals-by-topic/Download-data/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights.xlsx">"New Zealand"</a>. <i>Stats New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stats+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Fassets%2FUploads%2F2018-Census-totals-by-topic%2FDownload-data%2F2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrazny2013" class="citation book cs1">Strazny, Philipp (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JOMobauYAC"><i>Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45522-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45522-4"><bdi>978-1-135-45522-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45522-4&rft.aulast=Strazny&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JOMobauYAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD">"Bangladesh"</a>. <i>Ethnologue.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Bangladesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FBD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remid.de/info_zahlen/verschiedene">"Deutsche Informationszentrum für Sikhreligion, Sikhgeschichte, Kultur und Wissenschaft (DISR)"</a>. <i>remid.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=remid.de&rft.atitle=Deutsche+Informationszentrum+f%C3%BCr+Sikhreligion%2C+Sikhgeschichte%2C+Kultur+und+Wissenschaft+%28DISR%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.remid.de%2Finfo_zahlen%2Fverschiedene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/Nepal/Nepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf">"National Population and Housing Census 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Unstats.unorg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unstats.unorg&rft.atitle=National+Population+and+Housing+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fsources%2Fcensus%2Fwphc%2FNepal%2FNepal-Census-2011-Vol1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsenMyrvold2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A.; Myrvold, Kristina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3v3t9bjPAcC&pg=PA290"><i>Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2434-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-2434-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-2434-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhs+in+Europe%3A+Migration%2C+Identities+and+Representations&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-2434-5&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Knut+A.&rft.au=Myrvold%2C+Kristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3v3t9bjPAcC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"C-1 Population By Religious Community - 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-1+Population+By+Religious+Community+-+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW03C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison2007p132-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison2007p132_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison2007p132_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison2007p132_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWade_DavisK._David_HarrisonCatherine_Herbert_Howell2007" class="citation book cs1">Wade Davis; K. David Harrison; Catherine Herbert Howell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkG8f2lyeUMC&pg=PA132"><i>Book of Peoples of the World: A Guide to Cultures</i></a>. National Geographic. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0238-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0238-4"><bdi>978-1-4262-0238-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+A+Guide+to+Cultures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0238-4&rft.au=Wade+Davis&rft.au=K.+David+Harrison&rft.au=Catherine+Herbert+Howell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkG8f2lyeUMC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/punjabis">"Punjabis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">Encyclopaedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia&rft.atitle=Punjabis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fpunjabis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257"><i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">257–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-659-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-659-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabNDLZQ6quYC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTemple2017" class="citation book cs1">Temple, Richard Carnac (20 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtlztAEACAAJ"><i>A Dissertation on the Proper Names of Panjabis: With Special Reference to the Proper Names of Villagers in the Eastern Panjab</i></a>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-375-66993-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-375-66993-1"><bdi>978-1-375-66993-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dissertation+on+the+Proper+Names+of+Panjabis%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+the+Proper+Names+of+Villagers+in+the+Eastern+Panjab&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2017-08-20&rft.isbn=978-1-375-66993-1&rft.aulast=Temple&rft.aufirst=Richard+Carnac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtlztAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGohGabrielpillaiHoldenKhoo2009" class="citation book cs1">Goh, Daniel P. S.; Gabrielpillai, Matilda; Holden, Philip; Khoo, Gaik Cheng (12 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1N5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA187"><i>Race and Multiculturalism in Malaysia and Singapore</i></a>. Routledge. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01649-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01649-5"><bdi>978-1-134-01649-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Multiculturalism+in+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-06-12&rft.isbn=978-1-134-01649-5&rft.aulast=Goh&rft.aufirst=Daniel+P.+S.&rft.au=Gabrielpillai%2C+Matilda&rft.au=Holden%2C+Philip&rft.au=Khoo%2C+Gaik+Cheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1N5AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA257"><i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-659-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-659-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-659-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabNDLZQ6quYC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA522"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a>. Elsevier. 2010. pp. <span class="nowrap">522–</span>523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4"><bdi>978-0-08-087775-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E522-%3C%2Fspan%3E523&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087775-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26pg%3DPA522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/punjabis">"Punjabis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">Encyclopaedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia&rft.atitle=Punjabis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fpunjabis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar1_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayar2012" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7"><i>The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-4070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjabis+in+British+Columbia%3A+Location%2C+Labour%2C+First+Nations%2C+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamala+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7pO-IZY218C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi_2013-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). <i>Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten</i>. New Delhi, India, Urbana, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>: Aleph Book Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0"><bdi>978-93-83064-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%3A+A+History+from+Aurangzeb+to+Mountbatten&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India%2C+Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-83064-41-0&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanfield1991" class="citation book cs1">Canfield, Robert L. 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Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalhotraMir,_Farina2012" class="citation book cs1">Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092802/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en&"><i>Punjab reconsidered : history, culture, and practice</i></a>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-807801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-807801-2"><bdi>978-0-19-807801-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en&">the original</a> on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab+reconsidered+%3A+history%2C+culture%2C+and+practice&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-807801-2&rft.aulast=Malhotra&rft.aufirst=Anshu&rft.au=Mir%2C+Farina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fpunjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012%3Bjsessionid%3D67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16%3Fcc%3Dde%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyers2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ayers, Alyssa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf">"Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>67</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">917–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911808001204">10.1017/s0021911808001204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56127067">56127067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Language%2C+the+Nation%2C+and+Symbolic+Capital%3A+The+Case+of+Punjab&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E917-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56127067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021911808001204&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falyssaayres.com%2Fpdf%2FAyres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thandi_1996-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thandi_1996_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thandi_1996_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghThandi1996" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam; Thandi, Shinder S. 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Coventry, United Kingdom: Association for Punjab Studies (UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874699-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874699-05-7"><bdi>978-1-874699-05-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalisation+and+the+region+%3A+explorations+in+Punjabi+identity&rft.place=Coventry%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Association+for+Punjab+Studies+%28UK%29&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-874699-05-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft.au=Thandi%2C+Shinder+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMukherjeeLopamudra_Ray_Saraswati2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee, Protap; Lopamudra Ray Saraswati (20 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/46839502.pdf">"Levels and Patterns of Social Cohesion and Its Relationship with Development in India: A Woman's Perspective Approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ph.D. Scholars, Centre for the Study of Regional Development School of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi – 110 067, India</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ph.D.+Scholars%2C+Centre+for+the+Study+of+Regional+Development+School+of+Social+Sciences+Jawaharlal+Nehru+University+New+Delhi+%E2%80%93+110+067%2C+India&rft.atitle=Levels+and+Patterns+of+Social+Cohesion+and+Its+Relationship+with+Development+in+India%3A+A+Woman%27s+Perspective+Approach&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Protap&rft.au=Lopamudra+Ray+Saraswati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdev%2Fpgd%2F46839502.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghThandi1999" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam; Thandi, Shinder S. 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New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564864-5"><bdi>978-0-19-564864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi+identity+in+a+global+context&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564864-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft.au=Thandi%2C+Shinder+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2012" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Prtiam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124071525/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf">"Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Punjab Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">153–</span>72. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Punjab+Studies&rft.atitle=Globalisation+and+Punjabi+Identity%3A+Resistance%2C+Relocation+and+Reinvention+%28Yet+Again%21%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prtiam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global.ucsb.edu%2Fpunjab%2Fjournal%2Fv19_2%2FSingh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta,_S.K-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta,_S.K_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1985" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, S.K. (1985). <i>The Scheduled Castes in Modern Indian Politics: Their Emergence as a Political Context</i>. New Delhi, India: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scheduled+Castes+in+Modern+Indian+Politics%3A+Their+Emergence+as+a+Political+Context&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=S.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoga2009" class="citation book cs1">Yoga, Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture Sub Project: Consciousness, Science, Society, Value, and (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9x5FX2RROZgC&pg=PA202"><i>Different Types of History</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1818-6"><bdi>978-81-317-1818-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Different+Types+of+History&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1818-6&rft.aulast=Yoga&rft.aufirst=Project+of+History+of+Indian+Science%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+Culture+Sub+Project%3A+Consciousness%2C+Science%2C+Society%2C+Value%2C+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9x5FX2RROZgC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoS-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoS_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFH_K_Manmohan_Siṅgh" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">H K Manmohan Siṅgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html">"The Punjab"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Editor-in-Chief Harbans Singh</i>. <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</a>, Patiala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305062705/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/PUNJAB.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Punjab&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism%2C+Editor-in-Chief+Harbans+Singh&rft.pub=Punjabi+University%2C+Patiala&rft.au=H+K+Manmohan+Si%E1%B9%85gh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2FPUNJAB.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). <i>Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten</i>. New Delhi, India, Urbana, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>: Aleph Book Company. p. 1 ("Introduction"). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0"><bdi>978-93-83064-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%3A+A+History+from+Aurangzeb+to+Mountbatten&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India%2C+Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=1+%28%22Introduction%22%29&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-83064-41-0&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Punjab." Pp. 107 in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (9th ed.)</a>, vol. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Pletcher2010" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Pletcher, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdKcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA199"><i>The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places</i></a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4"><bdi>978-1-61530-202-4</bdi></a>. <q>The word's origin can perhaps be traced to panca nada, Sanskrit for "five rivers" and the name of a region mentioned in the ancient epic the Mahabharata.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+India%3A+Sacred+and+Historic+Places&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-202-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdKcAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajesh_Bala2005" class="citation book cs1">Rajesh Bala (2005). "Foreign Invasions and their Effect on Punjab". In Sukhdial Singh (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzduAAAAMAAJ"><i>Punjab History Conference, Thirty-seventh Session, March 18-20, 2005: Proceedings</i></a>. Punjabi University. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-990-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-990-3"><bdi>978-81-7380-990-3</bdi></a>. <q>The word Punjab is a compound of two words-Panj (Five) and aab (Water), thus signifying the land of five waters or rivers. This origin can perhaps be traced to panch nada, Sanskrit for 'Five rivers' the word used before the advent of Muslims with a knowledge of Persian to describe the meeting point of the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers, before they joined the Indus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Invasions+and+their+Effect+on+Punjab&rft.btitle=Punjab+History+Conference%2C+Thirty-seventh+Session%2C+March+18-20%2C+2005%3A+Proceedings&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7380-990-3&rft.au=Rajesh+Bala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lassen" title="Christian Lassen">Lassen, Christian</a>. 1827. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XbBCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3">Commentatio Geographica atque Historica de Pentapotamia Indica</a></i> [<i>A Geographical and Historical Commentary on Indian Pentapotamia</i>]. Weber. p. 4: "That part of India which today we call by the Persian name ''Penjab'' is named <i>Panchanada</i> in the sacred language of the Indians; either of which names may be rendered in Greek by Πενταποταμια. The Persian origin of the former name is not at all in doubt, although the words of which it is composed are both Indian and Persian.... But, in truth, that final word is never, to my knowledge, used by the Indians in proper names compounded in this way; on the other hand, there exist multiple Persian names which end with that word, e.g., <i>Doab</i> and <i>Nilab</i>. Therefore, it is probable that the name Penjab, which is today found in all geographical books, is of more recent origin and is to be attributed to the Muslim kings of India, among whom the Persian language was mostly in use. That the Indian name Panchanada is ancient and genuine is evident from the fact that it is already seen in the <i>Ramayana</i> and <i>Mahabharata</i>, the most ancient Indian poems, and that no other exists in addition to it among the Indians; for <i>Panchála</i>, which English translations of the <i>Ramayana</i> render with Penjab...is the name of another region, entirely distinct from Pentapotamia...."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation"><span title="This translation of a non-English text into English lacks translator's reference. (August 2022)">whose translation?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLatif1891" class="citation book cs1">Latif, Syad Muhammad (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1"><i>History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcultta_Central_Press_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calcultta Central Press Company (page does not exist)">Calcultta Central Press Company</a>. p. 1. <q>The Panjáb, the Pentapotamia of the Greek historians, the north-western region of the empire of Hindostán, derives its name from two Persian words, <i>panj</i> (five), an <i>áb</i> (water, having reference to the five rivers which confer on the country its distinguishing features."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Panj%C3%A1b+from+the+Remotest+Antiquity+to+the+Present+Time&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Calcultta+Central+Press+Company&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Latif&rft.aufirst=Syad+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzBAAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalid-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khalid_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2015" class="citation journal cs1">Khalid, Kanwal (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/7.%20Kanwal%20Khalid_v52_2_15.pdf">"Lahore of Pre Historic Era"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 73. <q>The earliest mention of five rivers in the collective sense was found in Yajurveda and a word Panchananda was used, which is a Sanskrit word to describe a land where five rivers meet. [...] In the later period the word <i>Pentapotamia</i> was used by the Greeks to identify this land. (<i>Penta</i> means 5 and potamia, water ___ the land of five rivers) Muslim Historians implied the word "Punjab " for this region. Again it was not a new word because in Persian-speaking areas, there are references of this name given to any particular place where five rivers or lakes meet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Research+Society+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Lahore+of+Pre+Historic+Era&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Kanwal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpu.edu.pk%2Fimages%2Fjournal%2Fhistory%2FPDF-FILES%2F7.%2520Kanwal%2520Khalid_v52_2_15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JS_Grewal_1998-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JS_Grewal_1998_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>. The New Cambridge History of India (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pwd.punjab.gov.pk/population_profile">"Population Profile Punjab | Population Welfare Department"</a>. <i>Pwd.punjab.gov.pk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pwd.punjab.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Population+Profile+Punjab+%26%23124%3B+Population+Welfare+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpwd.punjab.gov.pk%2Fpopulation_profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/pakistan-population/">"Pakistan Population (2019)"</a>. <i>Worldometers.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Worldwide Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88054-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88054-00-8"><bdi>978-81-88054-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invasion+of+Delhi&rft.pub=Worldwide+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-88054-00-8&rft.au=Sanjay+Yadav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTBBL1q5C_EC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Towards the 'Punjabi Province' (1947–1966)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/sikhs-of-the-punjab/towards-the-punjabi-province-19471966/BFF4661DA2FA85A954DC95F97F03E0B4"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>. 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Horizon Books (A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd). p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86369-37-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86369-37-6"><bdi>978-93-86369-37-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THEORY+OF+INDIAN+DIASPORA%3A+DYNAMICS+OF+GLOBAL+MIGRATION&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Horizon+Books+%28A+Division+of+Ignited+Minds+Edutech+P+Ltd%29&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.isbn=978-93-86369-37-6&rft.aulast=Tyagi&rft.aufirst=Dr+Madhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMpJDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkhatris%2Bmultan%2Bthevenot%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:202-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:202_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuri1988" class="citation book cs1">Puri, Baij Nath (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ytuAAAAMAAJ&q=khatris+a+socio+cultural+study"><i>The Khatris, a Socio-cultural Study</i></a>. M.N. Publishers and Distributors. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khatris%2C+a+Socio-cultural+Study&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=M.N.+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Baij+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ytuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkhatris%2Ba%2Bsocio%2Bcultural%2Bstudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1822-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1822_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOonk2007" class="citation book cs1">Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&dq=they+are+the+only+hindus+known+in+central+asia+khatris&pg=PA44"><i>Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-035-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-035-8"><bdi>978-90-5356-035-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Indian+Diasporas%3A+Exploring+Trajectories+of+Migration+and+Theory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-035-8&rft.aulast=Oonk&rft.aufirst=Gijsbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBkwsMTyShi8C%26dq%3Dthey%2Bare%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Bhindus%2Bknown%2Bin%2Bcentral%2Basia%2Bkhatris%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChander2019" class="citation book cs1">Chander, Rajesh K. (1 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TvnDwAAQBAJ&dq=ramdasia+caste+in+jammu&pg=PA64"><i>Combating Social Exclusion: Inter-sectionalities of Caste, Gender, Class and Regions</i></a>. Studera Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85883-58-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85883-58-3"><bdi>978-93-85883-58-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combating+Social+Exclusion%3A+Inter-sectionalities+of+Caste%2C+Gender%2C+Class+and+Regions&rft.pub=Studera+Press&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft.isbn=978-93-85883-58-3&rft.aulast=Chander&rft.aufirst=Rajesh+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TvnDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dramdasia%2Bcaste%2Bin%2Bjammu%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2022" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Harmeet Shah (18 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/punjab-assembly-polls-2022/story/understanding-dalit-demography-of-punjab-scheduled-caste-channi-ravidasias-ad-dharmis-valmikis-1914965-2022-02-18">"Understanding the Dalit demography of Punjab, caste by caste"</a>. <i>India Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Dalit+demography+of+Punjab%2C+caste+by+caste&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Harmeet+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Felections%2Fpunjab-assembly-polls-2022%2Fstory%2Funderstanding-dalit-demography-of-punjab-scheduled-caste-channi-ravidasias-ad-dharmis-valmikis-1914965-2022-02-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1874" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, James Talboys (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSFGIqjWG14C&q=punjab"><i>The History of India from the Earliest Ages: Hindu Buddhist Brahmanical revival</i></a>. N. Trübner. p. 330. <q>The Punjab, to say the least, was less Brahmanical. It was an ancient centre of the worship of Indra, who was always regarded as an enemy by the Bráhmans; and it was also a stronghold of Buddhism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India+from+the+Earliest+Ages%3A+Hindu+Buddhist+Brahmanical+revival&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=N.+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=James+Talboys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSFGIqjWG14C%26q%3Dpunjab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunter2013" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, W. W. (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products</i></a>. Routledge. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-38301-4"><bdi>978-1-136-38301-4</bdi></a>. <q>In the settlements of the Punjab, Indra thus advanced to the first place among the Vedic divinities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%3A+Its+People%2C+History+and+Products&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-38301-4&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVdv7AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVirdee2018" class="citation book cs1">Virdee, Pippa (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WYJIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24"><i>From the Ashes of 1947</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42811-8"><bdi>978-1-108-42811-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Ashes+of+1947&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42811-8&rft.aulast=Virdee&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWYJIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (13 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z/page/37/mode/2up"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-07-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanintroductiontohinduismgavinfloodd.oupseeotherbooks_355_z%2Fpage%2F37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nayar-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nayar_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayar2012" class="citation book cs1">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA7"><i>The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-4070-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-4070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjabis+in+British+Columbia%3A+Location%2C+Labour%2C+First+Nations%2C+and+Multiculturalism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-4070-5&rft.aulast=Nayar&rft.aufirst=Kamala+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7pO-IZY218C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/in-ancient-punjab-religion-was-fluid-not-watertight-says-romila-thapar-5709145/">"In ancient Punjab, religion was fluid, not watertight, says Romila Thapar"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 3 May 2019. <q>Thapar said Buddhism was very popular in Punjab during the Mauryan and post-Mauryan period. Bookended between Gandhara in Taxila on the one side where Buddhism was practised on a large scale and Mathura on another side where Buddhism, Jainism and Puranic religions were practised, this religion flourished in the state. But after the Gupta period, Buddhism began to decline.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=In+ancient+Punjab%2C+religion+was+fluid%2C+not+watertight%2C+says+Romila+Thapar&rft.date=2019-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fin-ancient-punjab-religion-was-fluid-not-watertight-says-romila-thapar-5709145%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford2_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamboFarhadian2014" class="citation book cs1">Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">489–</span>491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7"><bdi>978-0-19-971354-7</bdi></a>. <q>First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the <b>majority</b> in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religious+Conversion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E491&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971354-7&rft.aulast=Rambo&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rft.au=Farhadian%2C+Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU03gAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChhabra1968" class="citation book cs1">Chhabra, G. S. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9DAAAAYAAJ"><i>Advanced History of the Punjab: Guru and post-Guru period upto Ranjit Singh</i></a>. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+History+of+the+Punjab%3A+Guru+and+post-Guru+period+upto+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=New+Academic+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Chhabra&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvF9DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamboFarhadian2014" class="citation book cs1">Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U03gAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA490"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971354-7"><bdi>978-0-19-971354-7</bdi></a>. <q>While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established, there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab. Buddhist communities, however, had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Religious+Conversion&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971354-7&rft.aulast=Rambo&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rft.au=Farhadian%2C+Charles+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU03gAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichollsRiddell2020" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Ruth J.; Riddell, Peter G. (31 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdz0DwAAQBAJ&q=islam+punjab+sufi"><i>Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5748-2"><bdi>978-1-5275-5748-2</bdi></a>. <q>With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam. Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insights+into+Sufism%3A+Voices+from+the+Heart&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-5748-2&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Ruth+J.&rft.au=Riddell%2C+Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgdz0DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dislam%2Bpunjab%2Bsufi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pritam (19 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQpswqcdDLIC&pg=PA25"><i>Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2"><bdi>978-1-134-04946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-02-19&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04946-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQpswqcdDLIC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones. (2006). Socio-religious reform movements in British India (<a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India" title="The New Cambridge History of India">The New Cambridge History of India</a>). Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, R. (2007). The great uprising in India, 1857–58: Untold stories, Indian and British (worlds of the east India company). Boydell Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022818/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf">"Journal of Punjab Studies – Center for Sikh and Punjab Studies – UC Santa Barbara"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Global.ucsb.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Journal+of+Punjab+Studies+%E2%80%93+Center+for+Sikh+and+Punjab+Studies+%E2%80%93+UC+Santa+Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global.ucsb.edu%2Fpunjab%2Fjournal_11_1%2F6_krishan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cet.edu/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html">South Asia: British India Partitioned</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102060502/http://www.cet.edu/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html">Archived</a> 2 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avari, B. (2007). India: The ancient past. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35616-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35616-9">978-0-415-35616-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2018188–189_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alislam.org-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alislam.org_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alislam.org/">"Ahmadiyya – Ahmadiyya Community – Al Islam Online – Official Website"</a>. <i>Alislam.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alislam.org&rft.atitle=Ahmadiyya+%E2%80%93+Ahmadiyya+Community+%E2%80%93+Al+Islam+Online+%E2%80%93+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi_2013_1-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_1_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_2013_1_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). <i>Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten</i>. New Delhi, India, Urbana, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>: Aleph Book Company. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0"><bdi>978-93-83064-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%3A+A+History+from+Aurangzeb+to+Mountbatten&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India%2C+Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-83064-41-0&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/census_2017_tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf">"Pakistan Census 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Pakistan+Census+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F%2Fpopulation_census%2Fcensus_2017_tables%2Fpakistan%2FTable11n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2013" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013). <i>Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten</i>. New Delhi, India, Urbana, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>: Aleph Book Company. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83064-41-0"><bdi>978-93-83064-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjab%3A+A+History+from+Aurangzeb+to+Mountbatten&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India%2C+Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Aleph+Book+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-83064-41-0&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Kleffner Nydell <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC">Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times</a>, Intercultural Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1931930252" title="Special:BookSources/1931930252">1931930252</a>, page xxiii, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">roughly 152 million Bengali Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and 36.4 million Bengali Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/CIA_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA Factbook</a> 2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_the_Middle_East" title="Bangladeshis in the Middle East">Bangladeshis in the Middle East</a>, 1 million <a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengalis in Pakistan</a>, 5 million <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Religion by districts - Punjab"</a>. <i>census.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov.in&rft.atitle=Religion+by+districts+-+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW03C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/punjabi-leaders-in-cong-seek-due-representation-489628Based">on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25.4 million, this amounts to 8.1 million people. "Punjabi Hindus in Haryana"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjabi+Hindus+in+Haryana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fharyana%2Fpunjabi-leaders-in-cong-seek-due-representation-489628Based+on+2011+official+census+counts+out+of+a+total+population+of+25.4+million%2C+this+amounts+to+8.1+million+people.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Tribune_-_Derawal_Nagar-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Tribune_-_Derawal_Nagar_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030319/ncr1.htm">"Colonies, posh and model in name only!"</a>. NCR Tribune<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Started in 1978, Derawal Nagar was a colony of those who had migrated from Dera Ismile Khan in Northwest Frontier provinces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonies%2C+posh+and+model+in+name+only%21&rft.pub=NCR+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2003%2F20030319%2Fncr1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagpal2020" class="citation book cs1">Nagpal, Vinod Kumar (25 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zCPtDwAAQBAJ&dq=derawali+saraiki&pg=PT90"><i>Lessons Unlearned</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64869-984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64869-984-9"><bdi>978-1-64869-984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+Unlearned&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft.isbn=978-1-64869-984-9&rft.aulast=Nagpal&rft.aufirst=Vinod+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzCPtDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dderawali%2Bsaraiki%26pg%3DPT90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2015-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2015_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2015" class="citation news cs1">Singh, Raj (6 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html">"Delhi Assembly elections 2015: Important facts and major stakeholders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_TV" title="India TV">India TV</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+TV&rft.atitle=Delhi+Assembly+elections+2015%3A+Important+facts+and+major+stakeholders&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatvnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnational%2Fdelhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delhi2011-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delhi2011_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925">"Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts"</a>. <i>City Population</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302112054/https://www.citypopulation.de/India-Delhi.html?cityid=2925">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Delhi+%28India%29%3A+Union+Territory%2C+Major+Agglomerations+%26+Towns+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics+in+Maps+and+Charts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FIndia-Delhi.html%3Fcityid%3D2925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017_Census-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017_Census_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447">"CCI defers approval of census results until elections"</a>. <i>Dawn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=CCI+defers+approval+of+census+results+until+elections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1410447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Districtwise-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Districtwise_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/district-wise-census-2017-results">"District wise census"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+wise+census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fcontent%2Fdistrict-wise-census-2017-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDharmindar_Balach2017" class="citation news cs1">Dharmindar Balach (17 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/120531/pakistani-hindus-celebrate-janmashtami-with-fervour/">"Pakistani Hindus celebrate Janmashtami with fervour"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistani+Hindus+celebrate+Janmashtami+with+fervour&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft.au=Dharmindar+Balach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F120531%2Fpakistani-hindus-celebrate-janmashtami-with-fervour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1842865/1-hindu-community-celebrates-diwali-across-punjab">"Hindu community celebrates Diwali across Punjab"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Hindu+community+celebrates+Diwali+across+Punjab&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1842865%2F1-hindu-community-celebrates-diwali-across-punjab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/978422/victory-over-evil-dussehra-celebrated-at-krishna-mandir">"Dussehra celebrated at Krishna Mandir"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. 23 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Dussehra+celebrated+at+Krishna+Mandir&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F978422%2Fvictory-over-evil-dussehra-celebrated-at-krishna-mandir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bright1996p395-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996p395_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bright1996p395_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_T._DanielsWilliam_Bright1996" class="citation book cs1">Peter T. Daniels; William Bright (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395"><i>The World's Writing Systems</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.au=Peter+T.+Daniels&rft.au=William+Bright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DospMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW.Owen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi1993" class="citation book cs1">W.Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1993). <i>Sikhism and Christianity: A Comparative Study (Themes in Comparative Religion)</i>. Wallingford, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-54107-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-54107-4"><bdi>978-0-333-54107-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+and+Christianity%3A+A+Comparative+Study+%28Themes+in+Comparative+Religion%29&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-333-54107-4&rft.au=W.Owen+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partridge2013-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Partridge2013_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Partridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Partridge (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3AjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA429"><i>Introduction to World Religions</i></a>. Fortress Press. pp. 429–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3"><bdi>978-0-8006-9970-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pages=429-&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3&rft.au=Christopher+Partridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3AjAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalsi_Chelsea-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalsi_Chelsea_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSewa_Singh_Kalsi" class="citation book cs1">Sewa Singh Kalsi. <i>Sikhism</i>. Chelsea House, Philadelphia. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Chelsea+House%2C+Philadelphia&rft.au=Sewa+Singh+Kalsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_Sambhi-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_Sambhi_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Owen_ColePiara_Singh_Sambhi1995" class="citation book cs1">William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). <i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.au=William+Owen+Cole&rft.au=Piara+Singh+Sambhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teece_2004_4-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teece_2004_4_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeece2004" class="citation book cs1">Teece, Geoff (2004). <i>Sikhism:Religion in focus</i>. Black Rabbit Books. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58340-469-0"><bdi>978-1-58340-469-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3AReligion+in+focus&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Black+Rabbit+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58340-469-0&rft.aulast=Teece&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colesambhip37-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-colesambhip37_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColeSambhi,_Piara_Singh1978" class="citation book cs1">Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/37"><i>The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8842-0"><bdi>978-0-7100-8842-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8842-0&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=W.+Owen&rft.au=Sambhi%2C+Piara+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhs00cole%2Fpage%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnkoller313-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johnkoller313_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M_Koller2016" class="citation book cs1">John M Koller (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA313"><i>The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">312–</span>313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50740-8"><bdi>978-1-315-50740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Way%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Philosophies+%26+Religions+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E313&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-50740-8&rft.au=John+M+Koller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlgg3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones1976-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones1976_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones1976" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Kenneth W. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse/page/12"><i>Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse/page/12">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02920-0"><bdi>978-0-520-02920-0</bdi></a>. <q>Christian conversion followed patterns of previous religious inroads, striking at the two sections of the social structure. Initial conversions came from the upper levels of Punjab society, from the privileged and prestigious. Few in number and won individually, high caste converts accounted for far more public attention and reaction to Christian conversion than the numerically superior successes among the depressed. Repeatedly, conversion or the threat of conversion among students at mission schools, or members of the literate castes, produced a public uproar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arya+Dharm%3A+Hindu+Consciousness+in+19th-century+Punjab&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02920-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericocastromea0000unse%2Fpage%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day2015-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Day2015_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay2015" class="citation book cs1">Day, Abby (28 December 2015). <i>Contemporary Issues in the Worldwide Anglican Communion: Powers and Pieties</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-4415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-4415-8"><bdi>978-1-4724-4415-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Anglican mission work in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent was primarily carried out by CMS and USPG in the Punjab Province (Gabriel 2007, 10), which covered most parts of the present state of Pakistan, particularly Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi (Gibbs 1984, 178-203). A native subcontinental church began to take shape with people from humbler backgrounds, while converts from high social caste preferred to attend the worship with the English (Gibbs 1984, 284).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Issues+in+the+Worldwide+Anglican+Communion%3A+Powers+and+Pieties&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2015-12-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-4415-8&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Abby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moghal1997-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moghal1997_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoghal1997" class="citation book cs1">Moghal, Dominic (1997). <i>Human person in Punjabi society: a tension between religion and culture</i>. Christian Study Centre. <q>Those Christians who were converted from the "high caste" families both Hindus and Muslims look down upon those Christians who were converted from the low caste, specially from the untouchables.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+person+in+Punjabi+society%3A+a+tension+between+religion+and+culture&rft.pub=Christian+Study+Centre&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Moghal&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a>: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadha2005-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chadha2005_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChadha2005" class="citation book cs1">Chadha, Vivek (23 March 2005). <i>Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3325-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-3325-0</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'In 1881 there were 3,976 Christians in the Punjab. By 1891 their number had increased to 19,547, by 1901 to 37,980, by 1911 to 163,994 and by 1921 to 315,931 persons' (see Figure 8.1). However, the Sikhs were more alarmed when some of the high caste families starting converting.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Low+Intensity+Conflicts+in+India%3A+An+Analysis&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3325-0&rft.aulast=Chadha&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1999" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Tej (1999). "Lexican Anaphors and Pronouns in Punjabi". In Lust, Barbara; Gair, James (eds.). <i>Lexical Anaphors and Pronouns in Selected South Asian Languages</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 637. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014388-1"><bdi>978-3-11-014388-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lexican+Anaphors+and+Pronouns+in+Punjabi&rft.btitle=Lexical+Anaphors+and+Pronouns+in+Selected+South+Asian+Languages&rft.pages=637&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014388-1&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Tej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span> Other tonal Indo-Aryan languages include <a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western Pahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingha2000" class="citation book cs1">Singha, H. S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121195057/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C"><i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)</i></a>. Hemkunt Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1"><bdi>978-81-7010-301-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&dq=punjabi+prakrit+language&pg=PA166">the original</a> on 21 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism+%28over+1000+Entries%29&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7010-301-1&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqIbJz7vMn0C%26dq%3Dpunjabi%2Bprakrit%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2019" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Sikander (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353680383">"The Origin Theories of Punjabi Language: A Context of Historiography of Punjabi Language"</a>. <i>International Journal of Sikh Studies</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Origin+Theories+of+Punjabi+Language%3A+A+Context+of+Historiography+of+Punjabi+Language&rft.date=2019-04&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sikander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F353680383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFG_S_Sidhu2004" class="citation book cs1">G S Sidhu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/panjabandpanjabi_202003"><i>Panjab And Panjabi</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panjab+And+Panjabi&rft.date=2004&rft.au=G+S+Sidhu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanjabandpanjabi_202003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoiberg_2000-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoiberg_2000_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoiberg_2000_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg, Dale (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&q=Punjabi+language+Nath+Saints&pg=PA214"><i>Students' Britannica India</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISFBJarYX7YC%26q%3DPunjabi%2Blanguage%2BNath%2BSaints%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrard,_G.S.S.2007" class="citation book cs1">Brard, G.S.S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81"><i>East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab</i></a>. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170103608" title="Special:BookSources/9788170103608"><bdi>9788170103608</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+of+Indus%3A+My+Memories+of+Old+Punjab&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788170103608&rft.au=Brard%2C+G.S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUdYFH9skIkC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMir,_F.2010" class="citation book cs1">Mir, F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35"><i>The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520262690" title="Special:BookSources/9780520262690"><bdi>9780520262690</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045039/https://books.google.com/books?id=EUPc5pDWKikC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Space+of+Language%3A+Vernacular+Culture+in+British+Colonial+Punjab&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780520262690&rft.au=Mir%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUPc5pDWKikC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google3_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman,_H.2011" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314"><i>Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</i></a>. Brill. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004201453" title="Special:BookSources/9789004201453"><bdi>9789004201453</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209045040/https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004201453&rft.au=Schiffman%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52aicl9l7rwC%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman2011" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Harold (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52aicl9l7rwC&q=urdu+words+in+punjabi&pg=PA314"><i>Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20145-3"><bdi>978-90-04-20145-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20145-3&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52aicl9l7rwC%26q%3Durdu%2Bwords%2Bin%2Bpunjabi%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFred_A1895" class="citation book cs1">Fred A, Robertson (1895). <i>Gazetteer of Rawalpindi District</i> (2nd ed.). Punjab Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Rawalpindi+District&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Punjab+Government&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Fred+A&rft.aufirst=Robertson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turban-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turban_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=233794">“Importance of turban in Sikhism”</a>, earlytimes.in. 29 May 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turban-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turban_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhcoalition.org/sikh-theology-why-sikhs-wear-a-turban">"Sikh Theology Why Sikhs Wear A Turban"</a>. <i>The Sikh Coalition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sikh+Coalition&rft.atitle=Sikh+Theology+Why+Sikhs+Wear+A+Turban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhcoalition.org%2Fsikh-theology-why-sikhs-wear-a-turban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSOF-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DSOF_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDominiqueRaimbault2007" class="citation book cs1">Dominique, Grele; Raimbault, Lydie (1 March 2007). <i>Discover Singapore on Foot</i> (2 ed.). Singapore: Select Publishing. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4022-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4022-33-0"><bdi>978-981-4022-33-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discover+Singapore+on+Foot&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Select+Publishing&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft.isbn=978-981-4022-33-0&rft.aulast=Dominique&rft.aufirst=Grele&rft.au=Raimbault%2C+Lydie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlanesMapril2013-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlanesMapril2013_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFraile2013" class="citation book cs2">Fraile, Sandra Santos (11 July 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8accAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA263">"Sikhs in Barcelona"</a>, in Blanes, Ruy; Mapril, José (eds.), <i>Sites and Politics of Religious Diversity in Southern Europe: The Best of All Gods</i>, BRILL, p. 263, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25524-1"><bdi>978-90-04-25524-1</bdi></a>, <q>The shalwar kamiz was worn traditionally by Muslim women and gradually adopted by many Hindu women following the Muslim conquest of northern India. Eventually, it became the regional style for parts of northern India, as in Punjab where it has been worn for centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikhs+in+Barcelona&rft.btitle=Sites+and+Politics+of+Religious+Diversity+in+Southern+Europe%3A+The+Best+of+All+Gods&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25524-1&rft.aulast=Fraile&rft.aufirst=Sandra+Santos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8accAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khandelwal2002-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khandelwal2002_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhandelwal2002" class="citation book cs2">Khandelwal, Madhulika Shankar (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZsZKj0FrBgC&pg=PA43"><i>Becoming American, Being Indian: An Immigrant Community in New York City</i></a>, Cornell University Press, p. 43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8807-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8807-9"><bdi>0-8014-8807-9</bdi></a>, <q>Even highly educated women pursuing careers continue to wear traditional dress in urban India, although men of similar status long ago adopted Western attire. The forms of dress most popular with urban Indian women are the sari, the long wrapped and draped dress-like garment, worn throughout India, and the salwar-kameez or kurta-pyjama, a two-piece suit garment, sometimes also called Punjabi because of its region of origin. Whereas the sari can be considered the national dress of Indian women, the salwar-kameez, though originally from the north, has been adopted all over India as more comfortable attire than the sari.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+American%2C+Being+Indian%3A+An+Immigrant+Community+in+New+York+City&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8014-8807-9&rft.aulast=Khandelwal&rft.aufirst=Madhulika+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZsZKj0FrBgC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StevensonWaite2011-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StevensonWaite2011_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevensonWaite2011" class="citation book cs2">Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1272"><i>Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set</i></a>, Oxford University Press, p. 1272, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960110-3"><bdi>978-0-19-960110-3</bdi></a>, <q>Salwar/Shalwar: A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers, usually tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from South Asia typically with a kameez (the two together being a salwar kameez). Origin From Persian and Urdu šalwār.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+Book+%26+CD-ROM+Set&rft.pages=1272&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960110-3&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft.au=Waite%2C+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XycAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StevensonWaite2011-b-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StevensonWaite2011-b_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevensonWaite2011" class="citation book cs2">Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XycAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA774"><i>Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set</i></a>, Oxford University Press, p. 774, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960110-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960110-3"><bdi>978-0-19-960110-3</bdi></a>, <q>Kameez: A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia, typically with a salwar or churidars. Origin: From Arabic qamīṣ, perhaps from late Latin camisia (see chemise).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+Book+%26+CD-ROM+Set&rft.pages=774&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960110-3&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft.au=Waite%2C+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XycAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlatts2015" class="citation book cs2">Platts, John Thompson (February 2015) [1884], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204345/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=418"><i>A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English</i></a> (online ed.), London: W. H. Allen & Co., p. 418, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/platts_query.py?page=418">the original</a> on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Urdu%2C+classical+Hindi%2C+and+English&rft.place=London&rft.pages=418&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=2015-02&rft.aulast=Platts&rft.aufirst=John+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsalsrv04.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fplatts_query.py%3Fpage%3D418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shukla2015-sawar-kurta-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shukla2015-sawar-kurta_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShukla2015" class="citation book cs1">Shukla, Pravina (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02121-2"><bdi>978-0-253-02121-2</bdi></a>. <q>You can buy an entire three-piece <i>salwar suit</i>, or a two-piece suit that consists of either a readymade <i>kurta</i> or a <i>kurta</i> cloth piece, each with a matching <i>dupatta</i>. For these, you must have the salwar pants stitched from cloth you buy separately. A third option would be to buy a two-piece ensemble, consisting of the top and pants, leaving you the task of buying an appropriate <i>dupatta</i>, or using one you already own, or buying a strip of cloth and having it dyed to your desire. The end result will always be a three-piece ensemble, but a customer may start with one piece (only the <i>kurta</i>) or two pieces (<i>kurta</i> and pants, or <i>kurta</i> and <i>dupatta</i>), and exercise her creativity and fashion sense to end up with the complete <i>salwar kurta</i> outfit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grace+of+Four+Moons%3A+Dress%2C+Adornment%2C+and+the+Art+of+the+Body+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02121-2&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Pravina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlObCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mooney2011-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mooney2011_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMooney2011" class="citation book cs2">Mooney, Nicola (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1B2vdLBizIC&pg=PA260"><i>Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs</i></a>, University of Toronto Press, p. 260, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9257-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9257-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-9257-1</bdi></a>, <q>The salwar-kameez is a form of dress that has been adopted widely in Punjab and is now known in English as the Punjabi suit; J. P. S. Uberoi suggests that the salwar-kameez is an Afghani import to Punjab (1998 personal communication). Punjabi forms of dress are therefore constructs or inventions of tradition rather than having historical veracity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Nostalgias+and+Transnational+Dreams%3A+Identity+and+Modernity+Among+Jat+Sikhs&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-9257-1&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1B2vdLBizIC%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsden2005-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marsden2005_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarsden2005" class="citation book cs1">Marsden, Magnus (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9lLQ8QqM8C&pg=PA37"><i>Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan's North-West Frontier</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44837-6"><bdi>978-1-139-44837-6</bdi></a>. <q>The village's men and boys largely dress in sombre colours in the loose trousers and long shirt (shalwar kameez) worn across Pakistan. Older men often wear woollen Chitrali caps (pakol), waistcoats and long coats (chugha), made by Chitrali tailors (darzi) who skills are renowned across Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Islam%3A+Muslim+Religious+Experience+in+Pakistan%27s+North-West+Frontier&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44837-6&rft.aulast=Marsden&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7q9lLQ8QqM8C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haines2013-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haines2013_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaines2013" class="citation book cs2">Haines, Chad (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueTGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT162"><i>Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins</i></a>, Routledge, p. 162, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-44997-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-44997-0"><bdi>978-1-136-44997-0</bdi></a>, <q>the shalwar kameez happens to be worn by just about everyone in Pakistan, including in all of Gilgit-Baltistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation%2C+Territory%2C+and+Globalization+in+Pakistan%3A+Traversing+the+Margins&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-44997-0&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DueTGBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ozyegin2016-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ozyegin2016_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOzyegin2016" class="citation book cs1">Ozyegin, Gul (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq21CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222"><i>Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures</i></a>. Routledge. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13051-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13051-2"><bdi>978-1-317-13051-2</bdi></a>. <q>What is common in all the cases is the wearing of shalwar, kameez, and dupatta, the national dress of Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Sexuality+in+Muslim+Cultures&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-13051-2&rft.aulast=Ozyegin&rft.aufirst=Gul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAq21CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWIE-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SWIE_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRait2005" class="citation book cs1">Rait, Satwant Kaur (14 April 2005). <i>Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs</i>. Trent and Sterling: Trentham Book. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-353-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85856-353-4"><bdi>978-1-85856-353-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Women+In+England%3A+Religious%2C+Social+and+Cultural+Beliefs&rft.place=Trent+and+Sterling&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Trentham+Book&rft.date=2005-04-14&rft.isbn=978-1-85856-353-4&rft.aulast=Rait&rft.aufirst=Satwant+Kaur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shukla2015-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shukla2015_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShukla2015" class="citation book cs2">Shukla, Pravina (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlObCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India</i></a>, Indiana University Press, p. 72, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02121-2"><bdi>978-0-253-02121-2</bdi></a>, <q>Muslim and Punjabi women—whether Muslim, Sikh, or Hindu—often wear the dupatta over the head to create a modest look while framing the face with color. When entering a temple, Hindu women might comparably use their dupattas to cover their heads. Though the dupatta is often made of flimsy cloth and does not actually cover the body, its presence implies modesty, like many of the outer garments worn by Muslim women that do not cover much but do provide a symbolic extra layer, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grace+of+Four+Moons%3A+Dress%2C+Adornment%2C+and+the+Art+of+the+Body+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02121-2&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Pravina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlObCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koerner2016-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koerner2016_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoerner2016" class="citation book cs2">Koerner, Stephanie (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwioDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT405"><i>Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, p. 405, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-87667-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-87667-4"><bdi>978-1-351-87667-4</bdi></a>, <q>The Pakistani National dress worn by women is Shalwar Kameez. This consists of a long tunic (Kameez) teamed with a wide legged trouser (Shalwar) that skims in at the bottom accompanied by a duppata, which is a less stringent alternative to the burqa. Modern versions of this National dress have evolved into less modest versions. Shalwar have become more low cut so that the hips are visible and are worn with a shorter length of Kameez which has high splits and may have a lowcut neckline and backline as well as being sleeveless or having cropped sleeves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unquiet+Pasts%3A+Risk+Society%2C+Lived+Cultural+Heritage%2C+Re-designing+Reflexivity&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-351-87667-4&rft.aulast=Koerner&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwioDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPande1999" class="citation book cs1">Pande, Alka (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkmusicmusical00pand"><i>Folk music & musical instruments of Punjab : from mustard fields to disco lights</i></a>. Ahmedabad [India]: Mapin Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18-902-0615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-18-902-0615-4"><bdi>978-18-902-0615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+music+%26+musical+instruments+of+Punjab+%3A+from+mustard+fields+to+disco+lights&rft.place=Ahmedabad+%5BIndia%5D&rft.pub=Mapin+Pub.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-18-902-0615-4&rft.aulast=Pande&rft.aufirst=Alka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkmusicmusical00pand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThinda1996" class="citation book cs1">Thinda, Karanaila Siṅgha (1996). <i>Pañjāba dā loka wirasā</i> (New rev. ed.). Paṭiālā: Pabalikeshana Biūro, Pañjābī Yūniwarasiṭī. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7380-223-2"><bdi>978-81-7380-223-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pa%C3%B1j%C4%81ba+d%C4%81+loka+wiras%C4%81&rft.place=Pa%E1%B9%ADi%C4%81l%C4%81&rft.edition=New+rev.&rft.pub=Pabalikeshana+Bi%C5%ABro%2C+Pa%C3%B1j%C4%81b%C4%AB+Y%C5%ABniwarasi%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7380-223-2&rft.aulast=Thinda&rft.aufirst=Karanaila+Si%E1%B9%85gha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandher" class="citation web cs1">Pandher, Gurdeep. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gurdeep.ca/bhangra/bhangra-history/">"Bhangra History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhangra+History&rft.aulast=Pandher&rft.aufirst=Gurdeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgurdeep.ca%2Fbhangra%2Fbhangra-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (23 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nmZjCerzi4C&q=bhangra+gurdaspur&pg=PA85"><i>Land of Five Rivers</i></a>. Orient Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122201079" title="Special:BookSources/9788122201079"><bdi>9788122201079</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Five+Rivers&rft.pub=Orient+Paperbacks&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft.isbn=9788122201079&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nmZjCerzi4C%26q%3Dbhangra%2Bgurdaspur%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBedell2017" class="citation book cs1">Bedell, J. M. (23 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gRNTUme_a-4C&q=bhangra+pakistan+harvest&pg=PT38"><i>Teens in Pakistan</i></a>. Capstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780756540432" title="Special:BookSources/9780756540432"><bdi>9780756540432</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teens+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft.isbn=9780756540432&rft.aulast=Bedell&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgRNTUme_a-4C%26q%3Dbhangra%2Bpakistan%2Bharvest%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2003" class="citation book cs1">Black, Carolyn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3adRL3lQwMC&q=bhangra+festivals++pakistan&pg=PA26"><i>Pakistan: The culture</i></a>. Crabtree Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780778793489" title="Special:BookSources/9780778793489"><bdi>9780778793489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+culture&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780778793489&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3adRL3lQwMC%26q%3Dbhangra%2Bfestivals%2B%2Bpakistan%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRYZAQAAIAAJ&q=bhangra+pakistan+harvest">"Pakistan Almanac"</a>. Royal Book Company. 23 May 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Almanac&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRYZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbhangra%2Bpakistan%2Bharvest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/steel/punjab/punjab.html">Tales of the Punjab</a>. Digital.library.upenn.edu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrisouthasian.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35%3Apeelu-the-first-narrator-of-the-legend-of-mirza-sahiban&catid=6%3Alovelegend&Itemid=13">Peelu: The First Narrator of the Legend of Mirza-SahibaN</a>. Hrisouthasian.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Official_Holidays_2016-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Official_Holidays_2016_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schools.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Notification_2.pdf">Official Holidays 2016</a>, Government of Punjab – Pakistan (2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kmc.gos.pk-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kmc.gos.pk_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=48">Official Holidays 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901090935/http://kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=48">Archived</a> 1 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Karachi Metropolitan, Sindh, Pakistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1O0eAQAAMAAJ&q=makara">Census of India, 1961: Punjab. Manage of Publications</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_Suthren_HirstJohn_Zavos2013" class="citation book cs1">Jacqueline Suthren Hirst; John Zavos (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOpAgAAQBAJ"><i>Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62668-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62668-5"><bdi>978-1-136-62668-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Traditions+in+Modern+South+Asia&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-62668-5&rft.au=Jacqueline+Suthren+Hirst&rft.au=John+Zavos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBOpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/india/eid-ul-fitar">Eid ul-Fitar</a>, Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar in India, Festival Dates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTej_Bhatia2013" class="citation book cs1">Tej Bhatia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209"><i>Punjabi</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">209–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-89460-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-89460-2"><bdi>978-1-136-89460-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punjabi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-89460-2&rft.au=Tej+Bhatia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTKBAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1315376">The ban on fun</a>, IRFAN HUSAIN, Dawn, 18 February 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/columns/the-barricaded-muslim-mind/286436.html">The barricaded Muslim mind</a>, Saba Naqvi (28 August 2016), Quote: "Earlier, Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals; now they think that would be haraam, so stay away. Visiting dargahs is also haraam"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEltringhamMaclean2014" class="citation book cs1">Eltringham, Nigel; Maclean, Pam (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6OfpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT30"><i>Remembering Genocide</i></a>. New York: Routledge. p. 'No man's land'. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75421-3"><bdi>978-1-317-75421-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%27No+man%27s+land%27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75421-3&rft.aulast=Eltringham&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6OfpAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Punjabi_Identity-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Punjabi_Identity_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshallTaylorYu2005" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Stewart; Taylor, Wal; Yu, Xinghuo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eF-TFVrLUL0C&pg=PA409"><i>Encyclopedia of Developing Regional Communities With Information And Communication Technology</i></a>. Idea Group. p. 409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59140-791-1"><bdi>978-1-59140-791-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Developing+Regional+Communities+With+Information+And+Communication+Technology&rft.pages=409&rft.pub=Idea+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59140-791-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Wal&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xinghuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeF-TFVrLUL0C%26pg%3DPA409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiorgio_Shani2007" class="citation book cs1">Giorgio Shani (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKu66SixH6AC"><i>Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8, <span class="nowrap">86–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10189-4"><bdi>978-1-134-10189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism+and+Identity+in+a+Global+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10189-4&rft.au=Giorgio+Shani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKu66SixH6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Michaels-legacy-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michaels-legacy_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels (2004</a>, p. 38)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFMichaels2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>: "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (<i>karma</i>), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (<i>jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana</i>); the idea of the world as illusion (<i>maya</i>) must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (<i>asrama</i>), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions."<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamisonWitzel1992" class="citation web cs1">Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf">"Vedic Hinduism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Harvard University. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedic+Hinduism&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fvedica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span>: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism."<br />See also <a href="#CITEREFHalbfass1991">Halbfass 1991</a>, pp. 1–2<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHalbfass1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English</i>: <i>chāk</i> derives from the Persian "چاك ćāk, Fissure, cleft, rent, slit, a narrow opening (intentionally left in clothes)."<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation cs2">Dyson, Tim (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8"><bdi>978-0-19-882905-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TRtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Mohini Gupta, Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture & History – Vol. 1 (Window on Punjab) [Hardcover], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-202-0507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-202-0507-9">978-81-202-0507-9</a></li> <li>Iqbal Singh Dhillion, Folk Dances of Punjab <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-220-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7116-220-8">978-81-7116-220-8</a></li> <li>Punjabi Culture: Punjabi Language, Bhangra, Punjabi People, Karva Chauth, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, Lohri, Punjabi Dhabha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-157-61392-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-157-61392-3">978-1-157-61392-3</a></li> <li>Kamla C. Aryan, Cultural Heritage of Punjab <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-900002-9-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-900002-9-1">978-81-900002-9-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Aqeel" title="Shafi Aqeel">Shafi Aqeel</a>, Popular Folk Tales from the Punjab <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547579-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547579-1">978-0-19-547579-1</a></li> <li>Online Book of Punjabi Folk Tales</li> <li>Colloquial Panjabi: The Complete Course for Beginners (Colloquial Series) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10191-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10191-2">978-0-415-10191-2</a></li> <li>Gilmartin, David. <i>Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan</i>. Univ of California Press (1988), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06249-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06249-3">0-520-06249-3</a>.</li> <li>Grewal, J.S. and Gordon Johnson. <i>The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India)</i>. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3">0-521-63764-3</a>.</li> <li>Latif, Syed. <i>History of the Panjab</i>. Kalyani (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7096-245-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7096-245-5">81-7096-245-5</a>.</li> <li>Sekhon, Iqbal S. <i>The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise</i>. Delhi, Cosmo, 2000, 3 Vols., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7755-051-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7755-051-9">81-7755-051-9</a>.</li> <li>Singh, Gurharpal. <i>Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab</i>. Palgrave Macmillan (2000).</li> <li>Singh, Gurharpal (Editor) and Ian Talbot (Editor). <i>Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change</i>. South Asia Books (1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-117-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7304-117-2">81-7304-117-2</a>.</li> <li>Singh, Khushwant. <i>A History of the Sikhs – Volume 1</i>.Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-562643-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-562643-5">0-19-562643-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel,_Flora_Annie" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel, Flora Annie">Steel, Flora Annie</a>. <i>Tales of the Punjab : Told by the People (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)</i>. Oxford University Press, US; New Ed edition (2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579789-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579789-2">0-19-579789-2</a>.</li> <li>Tandon, Prakash and Maurice Zinkin. <i>Punjabi Century 1857–1947</i>, University of California Press (1968), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01253-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01253-4">0-520-01253-4</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26">DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pan">Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pnb">Ethnologue Western Panjabi</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKivisildRootsiMetspaluMastana2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kivisild, T; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Mastana, S; Kaldma, K; Parik, J; Metspalu, E; Adojaan, M; Tolk, H. V; Stepanov, V; Gölge, M; Usanga, E; Papiha, S. S; Cinnioğlu, C; King, R; Cavalli-Sforza, L; Underhill, P. A; Villems, R (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219054854/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf">"The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Am. J. Hum. Genet</i>. <b>72</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">313–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F346068">10.1086/346068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC379225">379225</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12536373">12536373</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Heritage+of+the+Earliest+Settlers+Persists+Both+in+Indian+Tribal+and+Caste+Populations&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC379225%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12536373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F346068&rft.aulast=Kivisild&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+S&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+M&rft.au=Mastana%2C+S&rft.au=Kaldma%2C+K&rft.au=Parik%2C+J&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+E&rft.au=Adojaan%2C+M&rft.au=Tolk%2C+H.+V&rft.au=Stepanov%2C+V&rft.au=G%C3%B6lge%2C+M&rft.au=Usanga%2C+E&rft.au=Papiha%2C+S.+S&rft.au=Cinnio%C4%9Flu%2C+C&rft.au=King%2C+R&rft.au=Cavalli-Sforza%2C+L&rft.au=Underhill%2C+P.+A&rft.au=Villems%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpgl.stanford.edu%2Fpublications%2FAJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalib1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gurbachan_Singh_Talib" title="Gurbachan Singh Talib">Talib, Gurbachan</a> (1950). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_League_Attack_on_Sikhs_and_Hindus_in_the_Punjab_1947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 (page does not exist)"><i>Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947</i></a>. India: <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Shiromani+Gurdwara+Prabandhak+Committee&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Talib&rft.aufirst=Gurbachan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjabis" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091231141247/http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mla/">Online 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ&q=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947">Online 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030827045441/http://allaboutsikhs.com/books/gst/">Online 3</a> (A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included "Online Sources" of this free "Online Book")</li> <li>The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2891/11/11_chapter%204.pdf">Glimpses of Punjabi society and everyday life in Punjab villages</a> shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Punjabi_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Punjabi people">Punjabi people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansal" title="Bansal">Bansal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arain" title="Arain">Arains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayeen">Rayeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mian (tribe)">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehr_(name)" title="Mehr (name)">Mehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardar_(surname)" title="Kardar (surname)">Kardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramay" title="Ramay">Ramay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutto_(clan)" title="Bhutto (clan)">Bhutto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ahir_clans" title="Ahir clans">Ahirs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaduvanshi_Ahirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaduvanshi Ahirs">Yaduvanshi Ahirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Ghosi" title="Hindu Ghosi">Hindu Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahar_caste" title="Ahar caste">Aharwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar">Ranghar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chauhan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chauhan Dynasty">Chauhans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandowa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khandowa (tribe)">Khandowya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dharmi" title="Ad-Dharmi">Ad-Dharmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuhra" title="Chuhra">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar" title="Bazigar">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatik" title="Khatik">Khatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi_(Hindu)" title="Mochi (Hindu)">Mochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(caste)" title="Nat (caste)">Nat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdasia" title="Ramdasia">Ramdasia Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravidassia religion">Ravidasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gakhars" title="Gakhars">Gakhars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayani_Ghakar" title="Kayani Ghakar">Kayani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhati" title="Bhati">Bhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baisla" title="Baisla">Baisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatana" title="Khatana">Khatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aulakh" title="Aulakh">Aulakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajwa" title="Bajwa">Bajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutta_(surname)" title="Bhutta (surname)">Bhutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttar" title="Buttar">Buttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhary">Chaudhary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheema_(surname)" title="Cheema (surname)">Cheema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauhan_dynasty" title="Chauhan dynasty">Chohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhankhar" title="Dhankhar">Dhankhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deol" title="Deol">Deol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill (surname)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grewal" title="Grewal">Grewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswal" title="Jaswal">Jaswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlon" title="Kahlon">Kahlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharal" title="Kharal">Kharal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khokhar" title="Khokhar">Khokhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_(surname)" title="Maan (surname)">Maan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhi_(Jat_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malhi (Jat clan)">Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_(surname)" title="Noon (surname)">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjha_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranjha clan">Ranjha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randhawa" title="Randhawa">Randhawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhu" title="Sandhu">Sandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhon" title="Sekhon">Sekhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidhu" title="Sidhu">Sidhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sial_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sial tribe">Sial tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipra">Sipra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodhi" title="Sodhi">Sodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohal" title="Sohal">Sohal</a></li> <li>Tiwana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppal_(surname)" title="Uppal (surname)">Uppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virk" title="Virk">Virk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warraich_(clan)" title="Warraich (clan)">Warraich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyne_(surname)" title="Wyne (surname)">Wyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labana" title="Labana">Labana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labana" title="Labana">Labana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anand_(name)" title="Anand (name)">Anand</a></li> <li>Bhamba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhambri" title="Bhambri">Bhambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhandari" title="Bhandari">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhasin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasin">Bhasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindra" title="Bindra">Bindra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadha" title="Chadha">Chadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopra_(surname)" title="Chopra (surname)">Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawan" title="Dhawan">Dhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggal" title="Duggal">Duggal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambhir" title="Gambhir">Gambhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghai" title="Ghai">Ghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujral" title="Gujral">Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkar" title="Kakkar">Kakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandhari" title="Kandhari">Kandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapoor" title="Kapoor">Kapoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanna_(name)" title="Khanna (name)">Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khattar_(clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khattar (clan)">Khattar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetarpal" title="Khetarpal">Khetarpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khosla" title="Khosla">Khosla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khukhrain" title="Khukhrain">Khukhrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohli_(clan)" title="Kohli (clan)">Kohli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khullar" title="Khullar">Khullar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_(surname)" title="Madan (surname)">Madan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhok" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhok">Madhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendru" title="Mahendru">Mahendru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makan_(name)" title="Makan (name)">Makan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhotra" title="Malhotra">Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehra" title="Mehra">Mehra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrotra" title="Mehrotra">Mehrotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpal" title="Nagpal">Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(surname)" title="Nanda (surname)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narula" title="Narula">Narula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayar_(name)" title="Nayar (name)">Nayyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijhawan_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nijhawan (surname)">Nijhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberoi" title="Oberoi">Oberoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri_(surname)" title="Puri (surname)">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabharwal" title="Sabharwal">Sabharwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahni" title="Sahni">Sahni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehgal" title="Sehgal">Sehgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_(surname)" title="Seth (surname)">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethi" title="Sethi">Sethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodhi" title="Sodhi">Sodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sohi_(clan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sohi (clan) (page does not exist)">Sohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talwar_(surname)" title="Talwar (surname)">Talwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandon" title="Tandon">Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapar_(surname)" title="Thapar (surname)">Thapar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehan_(surname)" title="Trehan (surname)">Trehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadera" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadera">Vadera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadra" title="Vadra">Vadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohra" title="Vohra">Vohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mohyal_Brahmin" title="Mohyal Brahmin">Mohyal Brahmin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali_clan" title="Bali clan">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimwal" title="Bhimwal">Bhimwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhibber" title="Chhibber">Chhibber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datt" title="Datt">Datt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lau clan">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_(clan)" title="Mohan (clan)">Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaid_(surname)" title="Vaid (surname)">Vaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarral" title="Jarral">Jarral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mair_Rajput" class="mw-redirect" title="Mair Rajput">Mair Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhati" title="Bhati">Bhatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjua" title="Janjua">Janjua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)" title="Rathore (Rajput clan)">Rathore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauhan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chauhan Dynasty">Chauhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhas" title="Minhas">Minhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswal" title="Jaswal">Jaswal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamwal" title="Jamwal">Jamwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_(name)" title="Rana (name)">Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattoo_(surname)" title="Wattoo (surname)">Wattoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_(Punjab)" title="Tarkhan (Punjab)">Tarkhans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panesar" title="Panesar">Panesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohal" title="Sohal">Sohal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora" title="Arora">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagga" title="Bagga">Bagga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakarwal" title="Bakarwal">Bakarwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">Bania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogar" title="Dogar">Dogar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saini" title="Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_people" title="Sansi people">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Shaikh" title="Punjabi Shaikh">Shaikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Punjab,_India388" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjab,_India" title="Template:Punjab, India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjab,_India" title="Template talk:Punjab, India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab,_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab, India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Punjab,_India388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Punjab,_India" title="Category:Punjab, India">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Punjab,_India" title="Education in Punjab, India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porus" title="Porus">King Porus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Punjab,_India" title="Tourism in Punjab, India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/60px-Punjab_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/120px-Punjab_in_India.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of chief ministers of Punjab, India">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of governors of Punjab, India">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Punjab" title="Raj Bhavan, Punjab">Raj Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Folk dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aawat_pauni" title="Aawat pauni">Aawat pauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipri_dance_(Punjab)" title="Tipri dance (Punjab)">Tipri dance (Punjab)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_practices_in_Punjab" title="Folk practices in Punjab">Folk practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjhi" title="Sanjhi">Sanjhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogaji" title="Gogaji">Gogaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhapar_Mela" title="Chhapar Mela">Chhapar Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhi_Sarwar_(saint)" title="Sakhi Sarwar (saint)">Sakhi Sarwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_fasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi fasts">Punjabi fasts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salwar" title="Salwar">Salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_ghagra_suit" title="Punjabi ghagra suit">Punjabi ghagra suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_salwar" title="Patiala salwar">Patiala salwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tamba_and_Kurta" title="Punjabi Tamba and Kurta">Punjabi Tamba and Kurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutti" title="Jutti">Jutti</a></li></ul></li> <li>Calendars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Bikrami calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairs_and_festivals_in_Punjab,_India" title="List of fairs and festivals in Punjab, India">Fairs and festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basant_(festival)" title="Basant (festival)">Basant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeyan" title="Teeyan">Teeyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhri">Rakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Religious festivals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals_in_Punjab" title="List of Hindu festivals in Punjab">Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sikh_festivals" title="List of Sikh festivals">Sikh festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_sports_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi sports (India)">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi_in_India" title="Kabaddi in India">Kabaddi in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Raipur_Sports_Festival" title="Qila Raipur Sports Festival">Qila Raipur Sports Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_kabaddi" title="Punjabi kabaddi">Punjabi kabaddi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Folk arts and crafts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chowk_poorana" title="Chowk poorana">Chowk poorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Patiala</li> <li>Rupnagar</li> <li>Jalandhar</li> <li>Faridkot</li> <li>Firozpur</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of districts of Punjab, India">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohali_district" title="Mohali district">SAS Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Sri Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnala_district" title="Barnala district">Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda_district" title="Bathinda district">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_district" title="Faridkot district">Faridkot </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_district" title="Kapurthala district">Kapurthala </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansa_district,_India" title="Mansa district, India">Mansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga_district" title="Moga district">Moga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala_district" title="Patiala district">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib_district" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib district">Sri Muktsar Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupnagar_district" title="Rupnagar district">Rupnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangrur_district" title="Sangrur district">Sangrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district" title="Tarn Taran district">Tarn Taran Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chandigarh_and_Punjab,_India_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Chandigarh and Punjab, India by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga,_Punjab" title="Moga, Punjab">Moga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan29" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan29" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">Ethnic groups in Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract#Bagri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehwar" title="Dehwar">Dehwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetran" title="Khetran">Khetran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bateri_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bateri people (page does not exist)">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa" title="Brokpa">Broqpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burusho_people" title="Burusho people">Burusho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damia_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damia people (page does not exist)">Damia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogras" title="Dogras">Dogras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domaa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domaa people (page does not exist)">Domaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British people in Pakistan">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gowro_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gowro people (page does not exist)">Gabaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gawar_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gawar people (page does not exist)">Gawar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gawri_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gawri people (page does not exist)">Gawri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindkowans" title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani_people" title="Indus Kohistani people">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkoti_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkoti people (page does not exist)">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolai people (page does not exist)">Kolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakhi people">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makrani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makrani people (page does not exist)">Makrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">Muhajirs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujaratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujaratis">Gujaratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memons" class="mw-redirect" title="Memons">Memons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthanis">Rajasthanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu speakers">Urdu speakers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata_people" title="Kata people">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_people_(Afghanistan)" title="Kom people (Afghanistan)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumo" title="Mumo">Mumo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)" title="Pahari people (Kashmir)">Paharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_people" title="Palula people">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarikoli people">Sariquli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_people" title="Shughni people">Shughnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Yidgha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ormur" title="Ormur">Ormur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareen" title="Tareen">Spin Tareen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purigpa" title="Purigpa">Purigpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_people" title="Rajasthani people">Rajasthani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thari_people" title="Thari people">Thari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvi_(caste)" title="Salvi (caste)">Salvi Mewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_people" title="Shina people">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shumashti_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shumashti people (page does not exist)">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgal_people" title="Jadgal people">Jadgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_people" title="Kutchi people">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasi_people" title="Lasi people">Lasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghwar_Bhil" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghwar Bhil">Meghwar Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memon_people" title="Memon people">Memons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_Pakistan" title="Tajiks in Pakistan">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_people" title="Torwali people">Torwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Pakistan" title="Kyrgyz in Pakistan">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmens in Pakistan">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Pakistan" title="Uyghurs in Pakistan">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Pakistan" title="Uzbeks in Pakistan">Uzbek</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Pakistan84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Template:Immigration to Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Immigration to Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Pakistan84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration to Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Pakistan" title="Americans in Pakistan">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Pakistan" title="Canadians in Pakistan">Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Pakistan" title="Rohingya refugees in Pakistan">Rohingya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranded Pakistanis">Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_Pakistan" title="Maldivians in Pakistan">Maldivians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Pakistan" title="Nepalis in Pakistan">Nepalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rest of Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Pakistan" title="Arabs in Pakistan">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Pakistan" title="Palestinians in Pakistan">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenis_in_Pakistan" title="Yemenis in Pakistan">Yemenis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Pakistan" title="Armenians in Pakistan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Chinese</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Pakistan" title="Uyghurs in Pakistan">Uyghurs</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Pakistan" title="Filipinos in Pakistan">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_Pakistan" title="Indonesians in Pakistan">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Pakistan" title="Iranians in Pakistan">Iranians</a></li> <li>Japanese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Pakistan" title="Kurds in Pakistan">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_Pakistan" title="Tajiks in Pakistan">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Pakistan" title="Kyrgyz in Pakistan">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_in_Pakistan" title="Turkmen in Pakistan">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Pakistan" title="Uzbeks in Pakistan">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans in Pakistan">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Pakistan" title="Britons in Pakistan">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Pakistan" title="French people in Pakistan">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Pakistan" title="Germans in Pakistan">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people_in_Pakistan" title="Polish people in Pakistan">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese people in Pakistan">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Pakistan" title="Russians in Pakistan">Russians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Pakistan" title="Somalis in Pakistan">Somalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Pakistan" title="Australians in Pakistan">Australians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Punjab,_Pakistan&#124;link=Punjab,_Pakistan_Province_of_Punjab,_Pakistan_topics365" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Template:Punjab, Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Punjab, Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punjab, Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Punjab,_Pakistan&#124;link=Punjab,_Pakistan_Province_of_Punjab,_Pakistan_topics365" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan"><img alt="Punjab, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/23px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/35px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Punjab.svg/45px-Flag_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>, Pakistan topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lahore" title="History of Lahore">History of Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A shield displaying a coat of arms; on a dark blue background, an open book displays the words "Dominus Illuminatio Mea"; two gold crowns above, one below" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Government of Punjab, Pakistan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab" title="Provincial Assembly of the Punjab">Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Governor of Punjab, Pakistan">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi tribes">Punjabi tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_Ajrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraiki Ajrak">Saraiki Ajrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_diaspora" title="Punjabi diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salwar_(Punjabi)_Suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar (Punjabi) Suit">Salwar (Punjabi) Suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_and_monuments_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of archaeological sites and monuments in Punjab, Pakistan">Archaeological sites and monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals_(Pakistan)" title="Punjabi festivals (Pakistan)">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Punjab,_Pakistan" title="List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahawalpur</li> <li>Dera Ghazi Khan</li> <li>Faisalabad</li> <li>Gujranwala</li> <li>Gujrat</li> <li>Lahore</li> <li>Mianwali</li> <li>Multan</li> <li>Rawalpindi</li> <li>Sahiwal</li> <li>Sarghoda</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalnagar_District" title="Bahawalnagar District">Bahawalnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_District" title="Bahawalpur District">Bahawalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakkar_District" title="Bhakkar District">Bhakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakwal_District" title="Chakwal District">Chakwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiniot_District" title="Chiniot District">Chiniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_District" title="Faisalabad District">Fasialabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizabad_District" title="Hafizabad District">Hafizabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jampur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jampur District">Jampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanewal_District" title="Khanewal District">Khanewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushab_District" title="Khushab District">Khushab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kot_Addu_District" title="Kot Addu District">Kot Addu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layyah_District" title="Layyah District">Layyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhran_District" title="Lodhran District">Lodhran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_Bahauddin_District" title="Mandi Bahauddin District">Mandi Bahauddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murree_District" title="Murree District">Murree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankana_Sahib_District" title="Nankana Sahib District">Nankana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narowal_District" title="Narowal District">Narowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okara_District" title="Okara District">Okara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpattan_District" title="Pakpattan District">Pakpattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasur_District" title="Kasur District">Kasur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District" title="Rahim Yar Khan District">Rahim Yar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajanpur_District" title="Rajanpur District">Rajanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahiwal_District" title="Sahiwal District">Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargodha_District" title="Sargodha District">Sargodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talagang_District" title="Talagang District">Talagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunsa_District" title="Taunsa District">Taunsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh_District" title="Toba Tek Singh District">Toba Tek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehari_District" title="Vehari District">Vehari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazirabad_District" title="Wazirabad District">Wazirabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_Stadium" title="Gaddafi Stadium">Gaddafi Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Stadium_(Faisalabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iqbal Stadium (Faisalabad)">Iqbal Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad_Hockey_Stadium" title="Faisalabad Hockey Stadium">Faisalabad Hockey Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisalabad" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabis&oldid=1281563946">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabis&oldid=1281563946</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Punjab" title="Category:Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a 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