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migration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_vertical_migration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of vertical migration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_vertical_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nocturnal_vertical_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nocturnal_vertical_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Nocturnal vertical migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nocturnal_vertical_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Reverse migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twilight_diel_vertical_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twilight_diel_vertical_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Twilight diel vertical migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twilight_diel_vertical_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Seasonal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontogenetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontogenetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ontogenetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontogenetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_migration_stimuli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_migration_stimuli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vertical migration stimuli</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vertical_migration_stimuli-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vertical migration stimuli subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vertical_migration_stimuli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endogenous_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endogenous_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Endogenous factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endogenous_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endogenous_rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endogenous_rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Endogenous rhythm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endogenous_rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clock_gene_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clock_gene_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Clock gene expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clock_gene_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Body size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exogenous_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exogenous_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Exogenous factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exogenous_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Salinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predator_kairomones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predator_kairomones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Predator kairomones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predator_kairomones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidal_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Tidal patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_vertical_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_vertical_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reasons for vertical migration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reasons_for_vertical_migration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reasons for vertical migration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_vertical_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predator_avoidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predator_avoidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Predator avoidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predator_avoidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolic_advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolic_advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Metabolic advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolic_advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispersal_and_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersal_and_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dispersal and transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersal_and_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avoid_UV_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoid_UV_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Avoid UV damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoid_UV_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Water transparency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unusual_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unusual_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unusual events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unusual_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_for_the_biological_pump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_for_the_biological_pump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Importance for the biological pump</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_for_the_biological_pump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3_vertical_di%C3%A0ria" title="Migració vertical diària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Migració vertical diària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertikalwanderung" title="Vertikalwanderung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertikalwanderung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraci%C3%B3n_vertical_diaria" title="Migración vertical diaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Migración vertical diaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مهاجرت عمودی روزانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهاجرت عمودی روزانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_verticale" title="Migration verticale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Migration verticale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnevne_vertikalne_migracije" title="Dnevne vertikalne migracije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dnevne vertikalne migracije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrasi_vertikal_harian" title="Migrasi vertikal harian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Migrasi vertikal harian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrazione_nictemerale" title="Migrazione nictemerale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Migrazione nictemerale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertikali_migracija" title="Vertikali migracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vertikali migracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дневна вертикална миграција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дневна вертикална миграција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verticale_migratie" title="Verticale migratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verticale migratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobowe_migracje_pionowe" title="Dobowe migracje pionowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dobowe migracje pionowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_vertical_diurna" title="Migração vertical diurna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Migração vertical diurna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%9D%E5%A4%9C%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E9%81%B7%E7%A7%BB" title="晝夜垂直遷移 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="晝夜垂直遷移" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Diel">Diel</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> A pattern of daily vertical movement characteristic of many aquatic species </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Diel" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Diel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Diel (disambiguation)">Diel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_diel_migration.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Animation_of_diel_migration.gif/440px-Animation_of_diel_migration.gif" decoding="async" width="440" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Animation_of_diel_migration.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center">Daily migration of marine life between the twilight zone<br />and the ocean surface – animation by NASA <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Diel vertical migration</b> (<b>DVM</b>), also known as <b>diurnal vertical migration</b>, is a pattern of movement used by some organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, living in the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>. The adjective <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diel" class="extiw" title="wikt:diel">"diel"</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_for_English" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet for English">IPA</a>: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>) comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">diēs</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'day', and refers to a 24-hour period. The <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration"> migration</a> occurs when organisms move up to the <a href="/wiki/Epipelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipelagic">uppermost layer of the water</a> at night and return to the <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopelagic">bottom of the daylight</a> zone of the oceans or to the <a href="/wiki/Hypolimnion" title="Hypolimnion">dense, bottom layer</a> of lakes during the day.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DVM is important to the functioning of <a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web"> deep-sea food webs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump"> biologically-driven sequestration of carbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Drazen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drazen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>, DVM is the largest synchronous migration in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Seo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not restricted to any one taxon, as examples are known from <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-P.B._Holliland,_I._Ahlbeck,_E._Westlund,_S._Hansson_298–307_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.B._Holliland,_I._Ahlbeck,_E._Westlund,_S._Hansson_298–307-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"> molluscs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">ray-finned fishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-L.F.G._Gutowsky,_P.M._Harrison,_E.G._Martins,_A._Leake,_D.A._Patterson,_M._Power,_S.J._Cooke_365–373_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.F.G._Gutowsky,_P.M._Harrison,_E.G._Martins,_A._Leake,_D.A._Patterson,_M._Power,_S.J._Cooke_365–373-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phenomenon may be advantageous for a number of reasons, most typically to access food and to avoid predators.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is triggered by various stimuli, the most prominent being changes in light-intensity,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm"> biological clocks</a> are an underlying stimulus as well.<sup id="cite_ref-N.S._Hafker,_B._Meyer,_K.S._Last,_D.W._Pond,_L._Huppe,_M._Taschke_2194–2201_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N.S._Hafker,_B._Meyer,_K.S._Last,_D.W._Pond,_L._Huppe,_M._Taschke_2194–2201-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this mass migration is generally nocturnal, with the animals ascending from the depths at nightfall and descending at sunrise, the timing can alter in response to the different cues and stimuli that trigger it. Some unusual events impact vertical migration: DVM can be absent during the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_sun" title="Midnight sun">midnight sun</a> in Arctic regions<sup id="cite_ref-Darnis_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Manno,_A.K._Pavlov_285–295_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Manno,_A.K._Pavlov_285–295-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and vertical migration can occur suddenly during a <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-K._Sherman,_K.A._Honey_1156–1158_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K._Sherman,_K.A._Honey_1156–1158-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon also demonstrates cloud-driven variations.<sup id="cite_ref-Omand_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omand-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Common_swift" title="Common swift">common swift</a> is an exception among birds in that it ascends and descends into high altitudes at dusk and dawn, similar to the vertical migration of aquatic lifeforms. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phenomenon was first documented by French naturalist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> in 1817. He noted that <i><a href="/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">daphnia</a></i>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, appeared and disappeared according to a diurnal pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Seo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bandara_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandara-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> was taking <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> readings of the ocean when they discovered the <a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">deep scattering layer</a> (DSL). While performing sound propagation experiments, the University of California's Division of War Research (UCDWR) consistently had results of the <a href="/wiki/Echo_sounding" title="Echo sounding">echo-sounder</a> that showed a distinct reverberation that they attributed to mid-water layer scattering agents. At the time, there was speculation that these readings may be attributed to enemy submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_W._Johnson" title="Martin W. Johnson">Martin W. Johnson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a> proposed a possible explanation. Working with the UCDWR, the Scripps researchers were able to confirm that the observed reverberations from the echo-sounder were in fact related to the diel vertical migration of marine animals. The DSL was caused by large, dense groupings of organisms, like zooplankton, that scattered the sonar to create a false or second bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-Seo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bandara_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bandara-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once scientists started to do more research on what was causing the DSL, it was discovered that a large range of organisms were vertically migrating. Most types of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> and some types of <a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">nekton</a> have exhibited some type of vertical migration, although it is not always diel. These migrations may have substantial effects on <a href="/wiki/Mesopredator" title="Mesopredator">mesopredators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apex_predators" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex predators">apex predators</a> by modulating the concentration and accessibility of their prey (e.g., impacts on the foraging behavior of <a href="/wiki/Pinnipeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnipeds">pinnipeds</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_vertical_migration">Types of vertical migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of vertical migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diel">Diel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the most common form of vertical migration. Organisms migrate on a daily basis through different depths in the water column. Migration usually occurs between shallow surface waters of the epipelagic zone and deeper mesopelagic zone of the ocean or hypolimnion zone of lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three recognized types of diel vertical migration: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nocturnal_vertical_migration">Nocturnal vertical migration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nocturnal vertical migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the most common form, nocturnal vertical migration, organisms ascend to the surface around dusk, remaining at the surface for the night, then migrating to depth again around dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reverse_migration">Reverse migration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reverse migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reverse migration occurs with organisms ascending to the surface at sunrise and remaining high in the water column throughout the day until descending with the setting sun.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twilight_diel_vertical_migration">Twilight diel vertical migration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Twilight diel vertical migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twilight diel vertical migration involves two separate migrations in a single 24-hour period, with the first ascent at dusk followed by a descent at midnight, often known as the "midnight sink". The second ascent to the surface and descent to the depths occurs at sunrise.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal">Seasonal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seasonal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organisms are found at different depths depending on what season it is.<sup id="cite_ref-Visser,_Andre_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visser,_Andre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seasonal changes to the environment may influence changes to migration patterns. Normal diel vertical migration occurs in species of <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a> throughout the year in the polar regions; however, during the midnight sun, no differential light cues exist so they remain at the surface to feed upon the abundant phytoplankton, or to facilitate photosynthesis by their symbionts.<sup id="cite_ref-C._Manno,_A.K._Pavlov_285–295_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Manno,_A.K._Pavlov_285–295-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not true for all species at all times, however. <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a> have been observed to resynchronize their migrations with the light of the moon during periods when the sun is not visible, and to stay in deeper waters when the moon is full.<sup id="cite_ref-Seo_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger seasonally-migrating <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Overwintering" title="Overwintering">overwintering</a> copepods have been shown to transport a substantial amount of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep ocean</a> through a process known as the <a href="/wiki/Lipid_pump" title="Lipid pump">lipid pump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lipid pump is a process that sequesters carbon (in the form of carbon-rich <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>) out of the surface ocean via the descent of copepods to the deep during autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These copepods accumulate these lipids during late summer and autumn before descending to the deep to overwinter in response to reduced <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> and harsh conditions at the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, they rely on these lipid reserves that are <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> for energy to survive through winter before ascending back to the surface in the spring, typically at the onset of a <a href="/wiki/Spring_bloom" title="Spring bloom">spring bloom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontogenetic">Ontogenetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ontogenetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organisms spend different stages of their life cycle at different depths.<sup id="cite_ref-Kobari,_Toru_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kobari,_Toru-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are often pronounced differences in migration patterns of adult female copepods, like <i><a href="/wiki/Eurytemora" title="Eurytemora">Eurytemora affinis</a>,</i> which stay at depth with only a small upward movement at night, compared to the rest of its life stages which migrate over 10 meters. In addition, there is a trend seen in other copepods, like <i>Acartia spp</i>. that have an increasing amplitude of their DVM seen with their progressive life stages. This is possibly due to increasing body size of the copepods and the associated risk of visual predators, like fish, as being larger makes them more noticeable.<sup id="cite_ref-P.B._Holliland,_I._Ahlbeck,_E._Westlund,_S._Hansson_298–307_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P.B._Holliland,_I._Ahlbeck,_E._Westlund,_S._Hansson_298–307-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertical_migration_stimuli">Vertical migration stimuli</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vertical migration stimuli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two different types of factors that are known to play a role in vertical migration, <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Exogenous">exogenous</a>. Endogenous factors originate from the organism itself; sex, age, size, <a href="/wiki/Biological_rhythms" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological rhythms">biological rhythms</a>, etc. Exogenous factors are environmental factors acting on the organism such as light, gravity, oxygen, temperature, predator-prey interactions, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endogenous_factors">Endogenous factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Endogenous factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endogenous_rhythm">Endogenous rhythm</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Endogenous rhythm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biological clocks are an ancient and adaptive sense of time innate to an organism that allows them to anticipate environmental changes and cycles so they are able to physiologically and behaviorally respond to the expected change.<sup id="cite_ref-N.S._Hafker,_B._Meyer,_K.S._Last,_D.W._Pond,_L._Huppe,_M._Taschke_2194–2201_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N.S._Hafker,_B._Meyer,_K.S._Last,_D.W._Pond,_L._Huppe,_M._Taschke_2194–2201-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of circadian rhythms controlling DVM, metabolism, and even gene expression have been found in copepod species, <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i>. These copepods were shown to continue to exhibit these daily rhythms of vertical migration in the laboratory setting even in constant darkness, after being captured from an actively migrating wild population.<sup id="cite_ref-N.S._Hafker,_B._Meyer,_K.S._Last,_D.W._Pond,_L._Huppe,_M._Taschke_2194–2201_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N.S._Hafker,_B._Meyer,_K.S._Last,_D.W._Pond,_L._Huppe,_M._Taschke_2194–2201-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An experiment was done at the <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a> which kept organisms in column tanks with light/dark cycles. A few days later the light was changed to a constant low light and the organisms still displayed diel vertical migration. This suggests that some type of internal response was causing the migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Enright,_J.T.._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enright,_J.T..-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clock_gene_expression">Clock gene expression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clock gene expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many organisms, including the copepod <i>C. finmarchicus</i>, have genetic material devoted to maintaining their biological clock. The expression of these genes varies temporally with the expression significantly increasing following dawn and dusk at times of greatest vertical migration. These findings may indicate they work as a molecular stimulus for vertical migration.<sup id="cite_ref-N.S._Hafker,_B._Meyer,_K.S._Last,_D.W._Pond,_L._Huppe,_M._Taschke_2194–2201_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N.S._Hafker,_B._Meyer,_K.S._Last,_D.W._Pond,_L._Huppe,_M._Taschke_2194–2201-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Body_size">Body size</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Body size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relative body size of an organism has been found to affect DVM. Bull trout express daily and seasonal vertical migrations with smaller individuals always staying at a deeper layer than the larger individuals. This is most likely due to a predation risk, but is dependent on the individuals own size such that smaller animals may be more inclined to remain at depth.<sup id="cite_ref-L.F.G._Gutowsky,_P.M._Harrison,_E.G._Martins,_A._Leake,_D.A._Patterson,_M._Power,_S.J._Cooke_365–373_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L.F.G._Gutowsky,_P.M._Harrison,_E.G._Martins,_A._Leake,_D.A._Patterson,_M._Power,_S.J._Cooke_365–373-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exogenous_factors">Exogenous factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exogenous factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light">Light</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Light is the most common and critical cue for vertical migration".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of 2010, there had not been sufficient research to determine which aspect of the light field was responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, research has suggested that both light intensity and spectral composition of light are important.<sup id="cite_ref-Prins_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prins-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature">Temperature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organisms will migrate to a water depth with temperatures that best suit the organisms needs, for example some fish species migrate to warmer surface waters in order to aid digestion. Temperature changes can influence swimming behavior of some copepods. In the presence of a strong thermocline some zooplankton may be inclined to pass through it, and migrate to the surface waters, though this can be very variable even in a single species. The marine copepod, <i>Calanus finmarchicus,</i> will migrate through gradients with temperature differences of 6 °C over George's Ban<i>k;</i> whereas, in the North Sea they are observed to remain below the gradient.<sup id="cite_ref-Ringelberg_2010_122–127_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringelberg_2010_122–127-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salinity">Salinity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Salinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes in salinity may promote organism to seek out more suitable waters if they happen to be <a href="/wiki/Stenohaline" title="Stenohaline">stenohaline</a> or unequipped to handle regulating their osmotic pressure. Areas that are impacted by tidal cycles accompanied by salinity changes, estuaries for example, may see vertical migration in some species of zooplankton.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1993_327–329_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1993_327–329-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salinity has also been proposed as a factor that regulates the biogeochemical impact of diel vertical migration.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pressure">Pressure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pressure changes have been found to produce differential responses that result in vertical migration. Many zooplankton will react to increased pressure with positive phototaxis, a negative geotaxis, and/or a kinetic response that results in ascending in the water column. Likewise, when there is a decrease in pressure, the zoo plankton respond by passively sinking or active downward swimming to descend in the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1993_327–329_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1993_327–329-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predator_kairomones">Predator kairomones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Predator kairomones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A predator might release a <a href="/wiki/Kairomone" title="Kairomone">chemical cue</a> which could cause its prey to vertically migrate away.<sup id="cite_ref-von_Elert,_Eric._27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-von_Elert,_Eric.-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may stimulate the prey to vertically migrate to avoid said predator. The introduction of a potential predator species, like a fish, to the habitat of diel vertical migrating zooplankton has been shown to influence the distribution patterns seen in their migration. For example, a study used <i>Daphnia</i> and a fish that was too small to prey on them (<i>Lebistus reticulatus</i>), found that with the introduction of the fish to the system the <i>Daphnia</i> remained below the <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a>, where the fish was not present. This demonstrates the effects of kairomones on <i>Daphnia</i> DVM<i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ringelberg_2010_122–127_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringelberg_2010_122–127-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tidal_patterns">Tidal patterns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tidal patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some organisms have been found to move with the tidal cycle. A study looked at the abundance of a species of small shrimp, <i>Acetes sibogae,</i> and found that they tended to move further higher in the water column and in higher numbers during flood tides than during ebb tides experiences at the mouth of an estuary. It is possible that varying factors with the tides may be the true trigger for the migration rather than the movement of the water itself, like the salinity or minute pressure changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_1993_327–329_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes_1993_327–329-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_vertical_migration">Reasons for vertical migration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reasons for vertical migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many hypotheses as to why organisms would vertically migrate, and several may be valid at any given time.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerfoot,_WC_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerfoot,_WC-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predator_avoidance">Predator avoidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Predator avoidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The universality of DVM suggests that there is some powerful common factor behind it. The connection between available light and DVM has led researchers to theorize that organisms may stay in deeper, darker areas during the day to avoid being eaten by predators who depend on light to see and catch their prey. While the ocean's surface provides an abundance of food, it may be safest for many species to visit it at night.<sup id="cite_ref-Seo_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Light-dependent predation by fish is a common pressure that causes DVM behavior in zooplankton and krill. A given body of water may be viewed as a risk gradient whereby the surface layers are riskier to reside in during the day than deep water, and as such promotes varied longevity among zooplankton that settle at different daytime depths.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in many instances it is advantageous for zooplankton to migrate to deep waters during the day to avoid predation and come up to the surface at night to feed. For example, the northern krill <i>Meganyctiphanes norvegica</i> undergoes diel vertical migration to avoid planktivorous fish.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patterns among migrators seem to support the predator avoidance theory. Migrators will stay in groups as they migrate, a behavior that may protect individuals within the group from being eaten. Groups of smaller, harder to see animals begin their upward migration before larger, easier to see species, consistent with the idea that detectability by visual predators is a key issue. Small creatures may start to migrate upwards as much as 20 minutes before the sun sets, while large conspicuous fish may wait as long as 80 minutes after the sun goes down. Species that are better able to avoid predators also tend to migrate before those with poorer swimming capabilities. <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a> are a primary prey for Risso's dolphins (<i><a href="/wiki/Grampus_griseus" class="mw-redirect" title="Grampus griseus">Grampus griseus</a></i>), an air-breathing predator, but one that relies on acoustic rather than visual information to hunt. Squid delay their migration pattern by about 40 minutes when dolphins are about, lessening risk by feeding later and for a shorter time.<sup id="cite_ref-Seo_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benoit-Bird_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoit-Bird-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolic_advantages">Metabolic advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Metabolic advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another possibility is that predators can benefit from diel vertical migration as an energy conservation strategy. Studies indicate that male dogfish (<i><a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinus_canicula" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyliorhinus canicula">Scyliorhinus canicula</a></i>) follow a "hunt warm - rest cool" strategy that enables them to lower their daily energy costs. They remain in warm water only long enough to obtain food, and then return to cooler areas where their metabolism can operate more slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-Benoit-Bird_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benoit-Bird-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sims_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sims-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sogard_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sogard-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, organisms feeding on the bottom in cold water during the day may migrate to surface waters at night in order to digest their meal at warmer temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispersal_and_transport">Dispersal and transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dispersal and transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organisms can use deep and shallow currents to find food patches or to maintain a geographical location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoid_UV_damage">Avoid UV damage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Avoid UV damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sunlight can penetrate into the water column. If an organism, especially something small like a <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbe</a>, is too close to the surface the UV can damage them. So they would want to avoid getting too close to the surface, especially during daylight.<sup id="cite_ref-Leach_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leach-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_transparency">Water transparency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Water transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A theory known as the “transparency-regulator hypothesis" predicts that "the relative roles of UV and visual predation pressure will vary systematically across a gradient of lake transparency."<sup id="cite_ref-Leach_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leach-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In less transparent waters, where fish are present and more food is available, fish tend to be the main driver of DVM. In more transparent bodies of water, where fish are less numerous and food quality improves in deeper waters, UV light can travel farther, thus functioning as the main driver of DVM in such cases.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unusual_events">Unusual events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Unusual events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the particular types of stimuli and cues used to initiate vertical migration, anomalies can change the pattern drastically. </p><p>For example, the occurrence of midnight sun in the Arctic induces changes to planktonic life that would normally perform DVM with a 24-hour night and day cycle. In the summers of the Arctic the Earth's north pole is directed toward the sun creating longer days and at the high latitude continuous day light for more than 24-hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Darnis_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darnis-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species of foraminifera found in the ocean have been observed to cease their DVM pattern, and rather remain at the surface in favor of feeding on the phytoplankton.<sup id="cite_ref-Greco_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greco-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example <i>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma</i>, and for those species that contain symbionts, like <i>Turborotalita quinqueloba</i>, remain in sunlight to aid photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-C._Manno,_A.K._Pavlov_285–295_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Manno,_A.K._Pavlov_285–295-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in sea-ice and surface chlorophyll concentration are found to be stronger determinants of the vertical habitat of Arctic <i>N. pachyderma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greco_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greco-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also evidence of changes to vertical migration patterns during solar eclipse events. In the moments that the sun is obscured during normal day light hours, there is a sudden dramatic decrease in light intensity. The decreased light intensity, replicates the typical lighting experienced at night time that stimulate the planktonic organisms to migrate. During an eclipse, some copepod species distribution is concentrated near the surface, for example <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> displays a classic diurnal migration pattern but on a much shorter time scale during an eclipse.<sup id="cite_ref-K._Sherman,_K.A._Honey_1156–1158_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K._Sherman,_K.A._Honey_1156–1158-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_for_the_biological_pump">Importance for the biological pump</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Importance for the biological pump"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Processes_in_the_biological_pump.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Processes_in_the_biological_pump.webp/440px-Processes_in_the_biological_pump.webp.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Processes_in_the_biological_pump.webp/660px-Processes_in_the_biological_pump.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Processes_in_the_biological_pump.webp/880px-Processes_in_the_biological_pump.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="1522" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center">Biological pump</div> Diel vertically migrating krill, smaller zooplankton such as copepods, and fish can actively transport carbon to depth by consuming <a href="/wiki/Particulate_organic_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate organic carbon">particulate organic carbon</a> (POC) in the surface layer at night, and metabolising it at their daytime, mesopelagic residence depths. Depending on species life history, active transport may occur on a seasonal basis as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavan2019_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavan2019-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biological pump</a> is the conversion of <a href="/wiki/CO2" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2">CO<sub>2</sub></a> and inorganic nutrients by plant photosynthesis into <a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">particulate</a> organic matter in the <a href="/wiki/Euphotic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphotic zone">euphotic zone</a> and transference to the deeper ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinberg,_Deborah._40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinberg,_Deborah.-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a major process in the ocean and without vertical migration it wouldn't be nearly as efficient. The deep ocean gets most of its nutrients from the higher water column when they sink down in the form of <a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">marine snow</a>. This is made up of dead or dying animals and microbes, fecal matter, sand and other inorganic material. </p><p>Organisms migrate up to feed at night so when they migrate back to depth during the day they defecate large sinking fecal pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinberg,_Deborah._40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinberg,_Deborah.-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst some larger fecal pellets can sink quite fast, the speed that organisms move back to depth is still faster. At night organisms are in the top 100 metres of the water column, but during the day they move down to between 800 and 1000 meters. If organisms were to defecate at the surface it would take the fecal pellets days to reach the depth that they reach in a matter of hours. Therefore, by releasing fecal pellets at depth they have almost 1000 metres less to travel to get to the deep ocean. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a>. The organisms are playing a more active role in moving organic matter down to depths. Because a large majority of the deep sea, especially marine microbes, depends on nutrients falling down, the quicker they can reach the ocean floor the better. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salps" class="mw-redirect" title="Salps">salps</a> play a large role in the active transport of fecal pellets. 15–50% of zooplankton biomass is estimated to migrate, accounting for the transport of 5–45% of particulate organic nitrogen to depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinberg,_Deborah._40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinberg,_Deborah.-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salps are large gelatinous plankton that can vertically migrate 800 meters and eat large amounts of food at the surface. They have a very long gut retention time, so fecal pellets usually are released at maximum depth. Salps are also known for having some of the largest fecal pellets. Because of this they have a very fast sinking rate, small <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a> particles are known to aggregate on them. This makes them sink that much faster. As previously mentioned, the lipid pump represents a substantial flux of POC (particulate organic carbon) to the deep ocean in the form of lipids produced by large overwintering copepods.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through overwintering, these lipids are transported to the deep in autumn and are metabolized at depths below the thermocline through winter before the copepods rise to the surface in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metabolism of these lipids reduces this POC at depth while producing CO<sub>2</sub> as a waste product, ultimately serving as a potentially significant contributor to oceanic <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the flux of lipid carbon from the lipid pump has been reported to be comparable to the global POC flux from the biological pump, observational challenges with the lipid pump from deficient <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and capture techniques have made it difficult to incorporate it into the global carbon export flux.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So while currently there is still much research being done on why organisms vertically migrate, it is clear that vertical migration plays a large role in the active transport of dissolved organic matter to depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiebe,_P.H_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiebe,_P.H-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diel_vertical_migration&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2788/this-twilight-zone-is-dark-watery-and-yes-also-full-of-intrigue/">This twilight zone is dark, watery, and yes, also full of intrigue</a> <i>NASA Blog</i>, 21 August 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://funwithkrill.blogspot.com/2011/08/diel-vertical-migration-dvm.html">"Diel Vertical Migration (DVM)"</a>. 2011-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biological_rhythm" title="Template:Biological rhythm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biological_rhythm" title="Template talk:Biological rhythm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biological_rhythm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biological rhythm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biological_rhythms67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biological_rhythm" title="Biological rhythm">Biological rhythms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal rhythms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infradian_rhythm" title="Infradian rhythm">Infradian rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultradian_rhythm" title="Ultradian rhythm">Ultradian rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Annual rhythm</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_Ethology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Light_Ethology.svg/150px-Light_Ethology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Light_Ethology.svg/225px-Light_Ethology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Light_Ethology.svg/300px-Light_Ethology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External cycles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">Diurnality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">Diurnal cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">Nocturnality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathemerality" title="Cathemerality">Cathemerality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crepuscular_animal" title="Crepuscular animal">Crepuscular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matutinal" title="Matutinal">Matutinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespertine_(biology)" title="Vespertine (biology)">Vespertine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Seasonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoperiodism" title="Photoperiodism">Photoperiodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernalization" title="Vernalization">Vernalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behavioural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronotype" title="Chronotype">Chronotype</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solunar_theory" title="Solunar theory">Solunar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Parts_of_a_day" title="Template:Parts of a day">Parts of a day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fish574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template talk:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fish574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoichthyology" title="Ethnoichthyology">Ethnoichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">- as food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_fish" title="Fear of fish">Fear of -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antennarius_striatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striated frogfish"><img alt="Striated frogfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/250px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/330px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Anatomy</a><br /> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_determination_in_fish" title="Age determination in fish">Age determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">Anguilliformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_bone" title="Fish bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_bone" title="Dermal bone">dermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification" title="Intramembranous ossification">intramembranous ossification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">Fins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Gill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill raker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobranch" title="Pseudobranch">pseudobranch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossohyal" title="Glossohyal">Glossohyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_jaw" title="Fish jaw">Jaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyomandibula" title="Hyomandibula">hyomandibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_jaw" title="Pharyngeal jaw">pharyngeal jaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig%27s_organ" title="Leydig's organ">Leydig's organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthner_cell" title="Mauthner cell">Mauthner cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristics" title="Meristics">Meristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">Operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_papillare" title="Operculum papillare">papillare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilla_(fish_anatomy)" title="Papilla (fish anatomy)">Papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_effect" title="Root effect">Root effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_cartilage" title="Shark cartilage">Shark cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">Scales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganoine" title="Ganoine">ganoine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">Spiral valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckermouth" title="Suckermouth">Suckermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">Swim bladder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physoclisti" title="Physoclisti">physoclisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostome" title="Physostome">physostome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">Teeth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth" title="Pharyngeal teeth">pharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleost_leptins" title="Teleost leptins">Teleost leptins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Fish_Library" title="Digital Fish Library">Digital Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_systems_in_fish" title="Sensory systems in fish">Sensory<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbel (anatomy)">Barbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception" title="Hydrodynamic reception">Hydrodynamic reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Capacity for pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schreckstoff" title="Schreckstoff">Schreckstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection_by_animals" title="Surface wave detection by animals">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision in fishes">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_nest" title="Bubble nest">Bubble nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">Clasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">Egg case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_development" title="Fish development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">Life history theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">Milt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthbrooder" title="Mouthbrooder">Mouthbrooder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish" title="Polyandry in fish">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_in_fish" title="Pregnancy in fish">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">triggers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_fish" title="Amphibious fish">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_fish" title="Walking fish">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboTuna" title="RoboTuna">RoboTuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corallivore" title="Corallivore">Corallivory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Scale eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_fish" title="Sleep in fish">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_intelligence" title="Fish intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">Euryhaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfish">Groundfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Genetically modified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_fish" title="Hallucinogenic fish">Hallucinogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">Oily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_fish" title="Poisonous fish">Poisonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">Rough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Salmonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">lampreys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">chimaeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">spiny-finned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">fleshy-finned</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_aquarium_life" title="Lists of aquarium life">Aquarium life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_fish" title="Blind fish">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_common_names" title="List of fish common names">Fish common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_families" title="List of fish families">Fish families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Glossary of ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_fish" title="List of smallest fish">Smallest</a></li> <li>Threatened <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fishes" title="Category:Lists of fishes">more lists...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fish" title="Category:Fish">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fishes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plankton118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plankton" title="Template:Plankton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plankton" title="Template talk:Plankton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plankton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plankton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plankton118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis" title="CLAW hypothesis">CLAW hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:High_lipid_content_microalgae" title="Category:High lipid content microalgae">High lipid content microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoplankton" title="Holoplankton">Holoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroplankton" title="Meroplankton">Meroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplankton" title="Mycoplankton">Mycoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milky_seas_effect" title="Milky seas effect">Milky seas effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktology" title="Planktology">Planktology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">Red tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_bloom" title="Spring bloom">Spring bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_layers_(oceanography)" title="Thin layers (oceanography)">Thin layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planktology" title="Category:Planktology">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/140px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/210px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/280px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eukaryotic_picoplankton_species" title="List of eukaryotic picoplankton species">Eukaryotic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic_picoplankton" title="Heterotrophic picoplankton">Heterotrophic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine microplankton">Marine microplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">Microphyte (microalgae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanophytoplankton" title="Nanophytoplankton">Nanophytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_picoplankton" title="Photosynthetic picoplankton">Photosynthetic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picobiliphyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Picobiliphyte">Picobiliphyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoeukaryote" title="Picoeukaryote">Picoeukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoplankton" title="Picoplankton">Picoplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacterioplankton" title="Bacterioplankton">Bacterioplankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_salmonicida" title="Aeromonas salmonicida">Aeromonas salmonicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobiont" title="Cyanobiont">Cyanobiont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_redmouth_disease" title="Enteric redmouth disease">Enteric redmouth disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium" title="Flavobacterium">Flavobacterium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium_columnare" title="Flavobacterium columnare">Flavobacterium columnare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelagibacter_ubique" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagibacter ubique">Pelagibacter ubique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagibacterales" title="Pelagibacterales">SAR11 clade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxospore" title="Auxospore">Auxospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axodine" title="Axodine">Axodine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacteriastrum" title="Bacteriastrum">Bacteriastrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaetoceros" title="Chaetoceros">Chaetoceros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetocerotaceae" title="Chaetocerotaceae">Chaetocerotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">Coccolithophore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emiliania huxleyi">Emiliania huxleyi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustigmatophyte" title="Eustigmatophyte">Eustigmatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">Frustule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nannochloropsis" title="Nannochloropsis">Nannochloropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navicula" title="Navicula">Navicula</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinophyceae">Prasinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphidophyte" title="Raphidophyte">Raphidophyte</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalassiosira_pseudonana" title="Thalassiosira pseudonana">Thalassiosira pseudonana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Diatom orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coscinodiscophyceae" title="Coscinodiscophyceae">Centrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennales" title="Pennales">Pennales</a> <ul><li>Classes: <a href="/wiki/Coscinodiscophyceae" title="Coscinodiscophyceae">Coscinodiscophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragilariophyceae" title="Fragilariophyceae">Fragilariophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Bacillariophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">Flagellates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida" title="Pfiesteria piscicida">Pfiesteria piscicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symbiodinium" title="Symbiodinium">Symbiodinium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_(fish_disease)" title="Velvet (fish disease)">Velvet (fish disease)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatinous_zooplankton" title="Gelatinous zooplankton">Gelatinous zooplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean_larva" title="Crustacean larva">Crustacean larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_louse" title="Salmon louse">Salmon louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">Sea louse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepod orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calanoida" title="Calanoida">Calanoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canuelloida" class="mw-redirect" title="Canuelloida">Canuelloida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopoida" title="Cyclopoida">Cyclopoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelyelloida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelyelloida">Gelyelloida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpacticoida" title="Harpacticoida">Harpacticoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misophrioida" title="Misophrioida">Misophrioida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monstrilloida" class="mw-redirect" title="Monstrilloida">Monstrilloida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonilloida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonilloida">Mormonilloida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platycopioida" class="mw-redirect" title="Platycopioida">Platycopioida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphonostomatoida" title="Siphonostomatoida">Siphonostomatoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copepods" title="Category:Copepods">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeroplankton" title="Aeroplankton">Aeroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_mat" title="Algal mat">Algal mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_nutrient_solution" title="Algal nutrient solution">Algal nutrient solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_seawater" title="Artificial seawater">Artificial seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Autotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylsulfoniopropionate" title="Dimethylsulfoniopropionate">Dimethylsulfoniopropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">Heterotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_regions" title="High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions">HNLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">Macroalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manta_trawl" title="Manta trawl">Manta trawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_snot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea snot">Marine mucilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoplankton" title="Pseudoplankton">Pseudoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">Stromatolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychoplankton" title="Tychoplankton">Tychoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoid" title="Zoid">Zoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Microbial_Oceanography:_Research_and_Education" title="Center for 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swarming" title="Template:Swarming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swarming" title="Template talk:Swarming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swarming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swarming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swarming203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour#Biological_swarming" title="Swarm behaviour">Biological swarming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">Collective animal behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droving" title="Droving">Droving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(birds)" title="Flock (birds)">Flock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocking (behavior)">flocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_sol" title="Sort sol">sort sol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">Herd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">herd behavior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Locust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-species_foraging_flock" title="Mixed-species foraging flock">Mixed-species foraging flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">Mobbing behavior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">feeding frenzy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">Pack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pack_hunter" title="Pack hunter">pack hunter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_of_self-organization_in_ants" title="Patterns of self-organization in ants">Patterns of self-organization in ants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_mill" title="Ant mill">ant mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_breaking_of_escaping_ants" title="Symmetry breaking of escaping ants">symmetry breaking of escaping ants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">bait ball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarming behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">Swarming (honey bee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_motility" title="Swarming motility">Swarming motility</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/140px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/210px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/280px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="2561" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitudinal_migration" title="Altitudinal migration">altitudinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_migration_tracking" title="Animal migration tracking">tracking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wildlife_tracking_technology" title="History of wildlife tracking technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">coded wire tag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bird_migration_flyways" title="Category:Bird migration flyways">flyways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_migration_(birds)" title="Reverse migration (birds)">reverse migration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">Cell migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Fish migration</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">diel vertical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">Lessepsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">sardine run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homing_(biology)" title="Homing (biology)">Homing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natal_homing" title="Natal homing">natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">Insect migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">butterflies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration" title="Monarch butterfly migration">monarch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">Sea turtle migration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour#Models" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant colony optimization algorithm">Ant colony optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boids" title="Boids">Boids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">Swarm intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(simulation)" title="Swarm (simulation)">Swarm (simulation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_matter" title="Active matter">Active matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">Self-propelled particles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustering_of_self-propelled_particles" title="Clustering of self-propelled particles">clustering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicsek_model" title="Vicsek model">Vicsek model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIO-LGCA" title="BIO-LGCA">BIO-LGCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_robotics" title="Ant robotics">Ant robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbrion" title="Symbrion">Symbrion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralised_system" title="Decentralised system">Decentralised system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_size_measures" title="Group size measures">Group size measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">Predator satiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_organization" title="Spatial organization">Spatial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</a></li> 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