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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976 - Charles P. Bourne, Trudi Bellardo Hahn - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_about_this_book_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/atb_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__en.js"></script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Online_Information_Services.html?id=LTTvmUU8rskC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Online_Information_Services.html?id=LTTvmUU8rskC"/><meta name="title" content="A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976"/><meta name="description" content="A detailed chronology of the early, pre-Internet years of online information systems and services.Every field of history has a basic need for a detailed chronology of what happened: who did what when. In the absence of such a resource, fanciful accounts flourish. This book provides a rich narrative of the early development of online information retrieval systems and services, from 1963 to 1976—a period important to anyone who uses a search engine, online catalog, or large database. Drawing on personal experience, extensive research, and interviews with many of the key participants, the book describes the individuals, projects, and institutions of the period. It also corrects many common errors and misconceptions and provides milestones for many of the significant developments in online systems and technology."/><meta property="og:title" content="A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE72L5h2uaPtH9ViR9GB0kLHfIE7rpMZ_L3RCngkU3ZVlu3Ts71wNm5p5g6cr9AiMQv8lMlgI3iiNPK-bxwwyBhzhHrni9jjZ2U61tQYGwq-laMk89sHEt2lpFqACLUFwzxtMHMpN"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE72L5h2uaPtH9ViR9GB0kLHfIE7rpMZ_L3RCngkU3ZVlu3Ts71wNm5p5g6cr9AiMQv8lMlgI3iiNPK-bxwwyBhzhHrni9jjZ2U61tQYGwq-laMk89sHEt2lpFqACLUFwzxtMHMpN"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DLTTvmUU8rskC%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&redir_esc=y&hl=en&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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Bourne</span></a>, <a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Trudi+Bellardo+Hahn%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Trudi Bellardo Hahn</span></a></div><div><span dir=ltr>MIT Press</span>, <span dir=ltr>1 Aug 2003</span> - <a class="secondary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Computers%22&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0"><span dir=ltr>Computers</span></a> - <span dir=ltr>496 pages</span></div></div><div id=synopsis><div id=synopsis-window><div id=synopsistext dir=ltr class="sa"><b>A detailed chronology of the early, pre-Internet years of online information systems and services.</b><p>Every field of history has a basic need for a detailed chronology of what happened: who did what when. In the absence of such a resource, fanciful accounts flourish. This book provides a rich narrative of the early development of online information retrieval systems and services, from 1963 to 1976—a period important to anyone who uses a search engine, online catalog, or large database. Drawing on personal experience, extensive research, and interviews with many of the key participants, the book describes the individuals, projects, and institutions of the period. It also corrects many common errors and misconceptions and provides milestones for many of the significant developments in online systems and technology.</p></div></div></div><div class="search_box_wrapper"><form action=/books id=search_form style="margin:0px;padding:0px;" method=get> <input type=hidden name="redir_esc" value="y"><input type=hidden name="id" value="LTTvmUU8rskC"><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 class="swv-table"><tr><td class="swv-td-search"><span><input id=search_form_input type=text maxlength=1024 class="text_flat swv-input-search" aria-label="Search in this book" name=q value="" title="Search inside" accesskey=i></span></td><td class="swv-td-space"><div> </div></td><td><input type=submit value="Search inside"></td></tr></table><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_autoDir']) {_OC_autoDir('search_form_input');}</script></form><div id="preview-link"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&printsec=frontcover" class="primary"><span dir=ltr>Preview this book</span> »</a></div></div></td> </tr></table><div id="summary-second-column"></div></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="selected_pages_anchor"></a>Selected pages</h3><div id=selected_pages class=about_content><div id=selected_pages_v><div class="selectedpagesthumbnail"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PR3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PR3&img=1&zoom=1&sig=ACfU3U2xSUARt3EkCU_Ch7f1WIv5cBIR7g" alt="Title Page" title="Title Page" height="160" border="1"></a><br/><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PR3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" >Title Page</a></div><div class="selectedpagesthumbnail"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA469&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA469&img=1&zoom=1&sig=ACfU3U1z5pdJDYWhwjRFr_zNly8fS-IYMw" alt="Index" title="Index" height="160" border="1"></a><br/><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA469&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" >Index</a></div><div class="selectedpagesthumbnail"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA424&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" ><img src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA424&img=1&zoom=1&sig=ACfU3U1JOfLR1Gt3e9-frMKbUeJZuJlj3A" alt="References" title="References" height="160" border="1"></a><br/><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA424&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1" >References</a></div><div style="clear:both;"></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="toc_anchor"></a>Contents</h3><div id=toc class=about_content><div id=toc_v><div class="first_toc_column"><div class="first_toc_pad"><table><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Prologue</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>xv</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Introduction</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>1</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Early Research and Development Activities</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>11</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Further Experimentation and Prototypes in Universities Mid1960s to Early 1970s</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>61</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Experimental Systems Developed in Nonacademic Laboratories Mid1960s to Early 1970s</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>101</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Lockheed DIALOG and Related Systems 19611972</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>141</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>SDC ORBIT and Related Systems 19631972</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>185</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Computer Searching for the Legal Profession Data Corporation OBAR Mead Data Central 19641972</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>229</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="second_toc_column"><div class="second_toc_pad"><table><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>The Online Industry The Public View</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>279</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Building the Online Industry Behind the Scenes</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>353</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Summing Up the Story</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>405</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Notes</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>411</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Summary of Online Milestones</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>415</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Bibliography</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>419</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA469&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2" ><span title="Index" style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Index</span></span></a></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>469</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&printsec=copyright" ><span title="Copyright" style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>Copyright</span></span></a></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right></td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr></table></div></div><br style="clear:both;"/></div><span onclick="_OC_setListSectionVisible('toc_h', 1)" class=morelesslink id=toc_hc0 style="display:none"><br>More</span><div id=toc_hd1><div class="first_toc_column"><div class="first_toc_pad"><table><tr><td class="toc_entry"><div class="toc_entry"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span dir=ltr>State University of New York Biomedical Communication Network 19651976</span></span></div></td><td class="toc_number" align=right>259</td></tr><tr><td class="toc_border"> </td><td class="toc_border"></td></tr></table></div></div><div class="second_toc_column"><div class="second_toc_pad"><table></table></div></div><br style="clear:both;"/><span onclick="_OC_setListSectionVisible('toc_h', 0)" class=morelesslink id=toc_hc1 style="display:none"><br>Less</span></div><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_setListSectionVisible']) {_OC_setListSectionVisible('toc_h', 0);}</script></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="book_other_versions_anchor"></a>Other editions - <a href='https://books.google.com.sg/books?q=editions:ISBN0262261758&id=LTTvmUU8rskC'>View all</a></h3><div id=book_other_versions class=about_content><div id=book_other_versions_v><div class="one-third-column"><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=0v_MnQEACAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=3" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=0v_MnQEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=0v_MnQEACAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=3"><span dir=ltr>A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Charles+P.+Bourne%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Charles P. Bourne</span></a>,<a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Teaching+Professor+and+Director+of+Academic+Outreach+Trudi+Bellardo+Hahn%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Teaching Professor and Director of Academic Outreach Trudi Bellardo Hahn</span></a>,<a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Trudi+Bellardo+Hahn%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Trudi Bellardo Hahn</span></a>,<a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Trudi+Bellardo+Burke%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Trudi Bellardo Burke</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#999">No preview available</span> - 2003</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div></div><script>(function () {var fn = window['_OC_WSBookList'] || window['_OC_BookList'];fn && fn('book_other_versions', [{"title":"A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976","authors":"Charles P. Bourne, Teaching Professor and Director of Academic Outreach Trudi Bellardo Hahn, Trudi Bellardo Hahn, Trudi Bellardo Burke","bib_key":"ISBN:0262025388","pub_date":"2003","snippet":"Winner of the 2004 Best Information Science Book of the Year Award presented by the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST) Every field of history has a ...","subject":"Computers","info_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=0v_MnQEACAAJ\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","preview_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=0v_MnQEACAAJ\u0026source=gbs_book_other_versions","thumbnail_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=0v_MnQEACAAJ\u0026printsec=frontcover\u0026img=1\u0026zoom=1","num_pages":493,"viewability":4,"preview":"noview","embeddable":false,"my_ebooks_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fas_coll%3D7\u0026hl=en","can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false}]);})();</script></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="word_cloud_anchor"></a>Common terms and phrases</h3><div id=word_cloud class=about_content><div id=word_cloud_v><style type="text/css">.cloud9 {color: #7777cc;font-size: 10px;}.cloud8 {color: #6963CC;font-size: 10.5px;}.cloud7 {color: #6057CC;font-size: 11px;}.cloud6 {color: #574BCC;font-size: 11.5px;}.cloud5 {color: #4E3DCC;font-size: 12px;}.cloud4 {color: #4632CC;font-size: 14px;}.cloud3 {color: #3D26CC;font-size: 16px;}.cloud2 {color: #341ACC;font-size: 18px;}.cloud1 {color: #2B0DCC;font-size: 20px;}.cloud0 {color: #2200CC;font-size: 22px;}.cloud {margin-top: 4px;line-height: 24px;}.cloud a {margin-right: 6px;text-decoration: none;}.cloud a:hover {text-decoration: underline;}</style><div class=cloud><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=abstracts&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>abstracts</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=AIM-TWX&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>AIM-TWX</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Automated&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Automated</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=batch+search&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>batch search</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Boolean&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Boolean</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Boolean+logic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Boolean logic</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=catalog&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>catalog</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Center&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>Center</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=chapter&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>chapter</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=citations&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>citations</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=COLEX&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>COLEX</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=commercial&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>commercial</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=communication&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>communication</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=contract&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>contract</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=costs&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>costs</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Cuadra&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Cuadra</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Data+Central&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Data Central</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Data+Corporation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>Data Corporation</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=database&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>database</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=demonstration&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>demonstration</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=described&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>described</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=DIALOG&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>DIALOG</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=disk&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>disk</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=disk+storage&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>disk storage</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=display&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>display</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=documents&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>documents</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=early&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>early</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=ERIC&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>ERIC</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=ESRO&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>ESRO</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=evaluation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>evaluation</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=experience&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>experience</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=experimental&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>experimental</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=full-text&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>full-text</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=implemented&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>implemented</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=included&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>included</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=indexing&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>indexing</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Informatics&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Informatics</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Information+Retrieval&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Information Retrieval</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Information+Science&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Information Science</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=information+system&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>information system</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=installed&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>installed</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Institute&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Institute</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=interactive&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>interactive</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=KWIC&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>KWIC</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=later&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>later</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=LEXIS&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>LEXIS</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=librarians&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>librarians</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Lockheed&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>Lockheed</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=major&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>major</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=marketing&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>marketing</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Medical+Library&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>Medical Library</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=MEDLARS&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>MEDLARS</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=MEDLINE&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>MEDLINE</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=ment&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>ment</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Milestone&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Milestone</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=NASA&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>NASA</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=National&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>National</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=NLM%27s&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>NLM's</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=NTIS&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>NTIS</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=OBAR&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>OBAR</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=OCLC&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>OCLC</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=online+retrieval&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>online retrieval</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=online+search+service&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>online search service</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=online+search+system&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>online search system</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=online+service&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>online service</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=online+system&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>online system</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=operation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>operation</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=ORBIT&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>ORBIT</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=output&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>output</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Pizer&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>Pizer</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=processing&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>processing</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=produced&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>produced</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Project+MAC&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Project MAC</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=puter&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>puter</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=query&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>query</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=RECON&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>RECON</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=response&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>response</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=retrieval+system&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>retrieval system</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Santa+Monica&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Santa Monica</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=SDC+Search+Service&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>SDC Search Service</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=SDC%27s&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>SDC's</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=search+terms&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>search terms</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=searchers&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>searchers</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=staff&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>staff</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=storage&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>storage</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Summit&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>Summit</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=SUNY+BCN&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>SUNY BCN</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=tape&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud6"><span dir=ltr>tape</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=technical&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>technical</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=Teletype&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>Teletype</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=teletypewriter&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud4"><span dir=ltr>teletypewriter</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=terminals&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>terminals</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=TEXT-PAC&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud8"><span dir=ltr>TEXT-PAC</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=time-sharing&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud2"><span dir=ltr>time-sharing</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=tion&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud5"><span dir=ltr>tion</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=TYMNET&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud1"><span dir=ltr>TYMNET</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=UNIVAC&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud3"><span dir=ltr>UNIVAC</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=University&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud7"><span dir=ltr>University</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=users&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud0"><span dir=ltr>users</span></a> <a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=words&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=4" class="cloud9"><span dir=ltr>words</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="quotes_anchor"></a>Popular passages</h3><div id=quotes class=about_content><div id=quotes_v><div class="quot"><span class="nobr"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA453&vq=%22Committee+on+Scientific+and+Technical+Information+of+the+Federal+Council+for+Science+and+Technology.+Progress+of+the+United+States+government%22&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5" >Page 453</a></span> - <span dir=ltr>Department membership on the Committee on Scientific and Technical Information of the Federal Council for Science and Technology, the Public Health Service since June 1962, has made its contribution to the Council's effort to "promote coordination and improve planning and management of Federal programs in science and technology.</span>‎<div class="qt_aprs"><a class="secondary" href=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&qtid=427e7c82&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5>Appears in 160 books from 1918-2003</a></div></div><div class="quot"><span class="nobr"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA441&vq=%22Kilgour,+FG.+PL+Long,+and+EB+Leiderman.+1970.+Retrieval+of+bibliographic+entries+from+a+name-title+catalog+by+use+of+truncated%22&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5" >Page 441</a></span> - <span dir=ltr>Retrieval of Bibliographic Entries from a Name-Title Catalog by Use of Truncated Search Keys," American Society for Information Science, Proceedings 7:79-82 (1970) . Frederick G.</span>‎<div class="qt_aprs"><a class="secondary" href=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&qtid=857e7cec&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5>Appears in 18 books from 1939-2003</a></div></div></div><span onclick="_OC_setListSectionVisible('quotes_h', 1)" class=morelesslink id=quotes_hc0 style="display:none">More</span><div id=quotes_hd1><div class="quot"><span class="nobr"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA439&vq=%22development+of+a+semantic+differential+to+assess+users%27+attitudes+towards+an+on-line+interactive+reference+retrieval+system.+Journal+of+the+American%22&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5" >Page 439</a></span> - <span dir=ltr>The development of a semantic differential to assess users' attitudes towards an on-line interactive reference retrieval system.</span>‎<div class="qt_aprs"><a class="secondary" href=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&qtid=587e7ce0&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5>Appears in 19 books from 1954-2003</a></div></div><div class="quot"><span class="nobr"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA441&vq=%22Kilgour,+FG,+PL+Long,+EB+Leiderman,+and+AL+Landgraf.+1971.+Title-only+entries+retrieved+by+use+of+truncated+search+keys.+Journal%22&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5" >Page 441</a></span> - <span dir=ltr>Title-Only Entries Retrieved by Use of Truncated Search Keys," Journal of Library Automation 4:207-10 (Dec.</span>‎<div class="qt_aprs"><a class="secondary" href=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&qtid=a67e7cec&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5>Appears in 15 books from 1939-2003</a></div></div><div class="quot"><span class="nobr"><a class="primary" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&pg=PA437&vq=%221963.+Use+of+Flexowriters+to+prepare+large+amounts+of+alphabetic+legal+data+for+computer+retrieval.+Proceedings+of+the+26th+Annual%22&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5" >Page 437</a></span> - <span dir=ltr>Use of Flexowriters to Prepare Large Amounts of Alphabetic Legal Data for Computer Retrieval", in HP Luhn [ed].</span>‎<div class="qt_aprs"><a class="secondary" href=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&qtid=697e7cdb&source=gbs_quotes_r&cad=5>Appears in 12 books from 1918-2003</a></div></div><span onclick="_OC_setListSectionVisible('quotes_h', 0)" class=morelesslink id=quotes_hc1 style="display:none">Less</span></div><script type="text/javascript">if (window['_OC_setListSectionVisible']) {_OC_setListSectionVisible('quotes_h', 0);}</script></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="citations_module_anchor"></a>References to this book</h3><div id=citations_module class=about_content><div id=citations_module_v><div class="left-column-outer"><div class="left-column-inner"><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=aZGyjL3uatIC&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=6" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=aZGyjL3uatIC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5&edge=curl" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=aZGyjL3uatIC&printsec=frontcover&vq=%22A+History+of+Online+Information+Services,+1963-1976%22&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=6"><span dir=ltr>Electronic Resource Management in Libraries: Research and Practice: Research ...</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Yu, Holly</span></a>,<a href="" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Breivold, Scott</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#99522e">Limited preview</span> - 2008</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div><div class="crsiwrapper"><table class="rsi" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0><tr><td class="coverdstd" align="center"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=aqPtsG4GAz8C&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=6" ><img alt="" class="coverthumb hover-card-attach-point" src="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=aqPtsG4GAz8C&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=5" border="0" height="80"></a></td><td valign=top><div class=resbdy><a class="primary cresbdy" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=aqPtsG4GAz8C&printsec=references&vq=%22A+History+of+Online+Information+Services,+1963-1976%22&source=gbs_citations_module_r&cad=6"><span dir=ltr>Text Information Retrieval Systems</span></a><br><span style="line-height: 1.3em; font-size:-1;"><span><a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Charles+T.+Meadow%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Charles T. Meadow</span></a>,<a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Bert+R.+Boyce%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Bert R. Boyce</span></a>,<a href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Donald+H.+Kraft%22" class="secondary"><span dir=ltr>Donald H. Kraft</span></a></span><br/><span><span style="color:#999">No preview available</span> - 2007</span><br/></span></div></td><td align=right></td></tr></table></div></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div> </div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class=about_title><a name="about_author_anchor"></a>About the author <span style="color:#666; font-weight:normal">(2003)</span></h3><div id=about_author class=about_content><div id=about_author_v><div class=textmodulecontent>Charles P. Bourne, a pioneer in information retrieval services, was formerly Director of the Institute of Library Research at the University of California and Vice President of DIALOG Information Services.<br><br>Trudi Bellardo Hahn is Manager of Library User Education Services and Adjunct Professor at the College of Information Studies, University of Maryland.</div></div></div></div><div class=vertical_module_list_row><h3 class="about_title">Bibliographic information</h3><div class="about_content" id="metadata_content" style="padding-bottom:.3em"><div class="metadata_sectionwrap"><table id="metadata_content_table"><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label">Title</td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976</span><br><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=bibliogroup:%22The+MIT+Press%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8"><i><span dir=ltr>The MIT Press</span></i></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Authors</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Charles+P.+Bourne%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8"><span dir=ltr>Charles P. Bourne</span></a>, <a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Trudi+Bellardo+Hahn%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8"><span dir=ltr>Trudi Bellardo Hahn</span></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Edition</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>illustrated</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Publisher</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>MIT Press, 2003</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>ISBN</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>0262261758, 9780262261753</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Length</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><span dir=ltr>496 pages</span></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Subjects</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Computers%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">Computers</span></a></div> › <div style="display:inline" itemscope itemtype="http://data-vocabulary.org/Breadcrumb"><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Computers+History%22" itemprop="url" dir=ltr><span itemprop="title">History</span></a></div><br><br><a class="primary" href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=subject:%22Computers+/+History%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8"><span dir=ltr>Computers / History</span></a></td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td>&nbsp</td><td>&nbsp</td></tr><tr class="metadata_row"><td class="metadata_label"><span dir=ltr>Export Citation</span></td><td class="metadata_value"><a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/A_History_of_Online_Information_Services.bibtex?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&output=bibtex"><span dir=ltr>BiBTeX</span></a> <a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/A_History_of_Online_Information_Services.enw?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&output=enw"><span dir=ltr>EndNote</span></a> <a class="gb-button " href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/download/A_History_of_Online_Information_Services.ris?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&output=ris"><span dir=ltr>RefMan</span></a></td></tr></table></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><script>_OC_addFlags({Host:"https://books.google.com.sg/", IsBrowsingHistoryEnabled:1, IsZipitFolderCollectionEnabled:1, IsBooksUnifiedLeftNavEnabled:1, IsBooksRentalEnabled:1});_OC_Run({"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DLTTvmUU8rskC%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en"}, {"volume_id":"LTTvmUU8rskC","is_ebook":false,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":false,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=LTTvmUU8rskC\u0026source=gbs_atb_hover","is_browsable":true,"is_public_domain":false}, {});</script><div id="footer_table" style="font-size:83%;text-align:center;position:relative;top:20px;height:4.5em;margin-top:2em"><div style="margin-bottom:8px"><a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/about.html"><nobr><nobr>About Google Books</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/privacy.html"><nobr><nobr>Privacy Policy</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="/intl/en/googlebooks/tos.html"><nobr><nobr>Terms of Service</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/partner/?hl=en-SG"><nobr><nobr>Information for Publishers</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/answer/180577?hl=en-SG&url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&redir_esc=y&hl=en&v=LTTvmUU8rskC&is=atb"><nobr><nobr>Report an issue</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="http://books.google.com.sg/support/topic/4359341?hl=en-SG"><nobr><nobr>Help</nobr></nobr></a> - <a href="https://www.google.com.sg/"><nobr><nobr>Google Home</nobr></nobr></a></div></div></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>