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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976 - Charles P. Bourne, Trudi Bellardo Hahn - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Online_Information_Services.html?id=LTTvmUU8rskC"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Online_Information_Services.html?id=LTTvmUU8rskC"/><meta name="title" content="A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976"/><meta name="description" content="A detailed chronology of the early, pre-Internet years of online information systems and services.Every field of history has a basic need for a detailed chronology of what happened: who did what when. In the absence of such a resource, fanciful accounts flourish. This book provides a rich narrative of the early development of online information retrieval systems and services, from 1963 to 1976鈥攁 period important to anyone who uses a search engine, online catalog, or large database. Drawing on personal experience, extensive research, and interviews with many of the key participants, the book describes the individuals, projects, and institutions of the period. It also corrects many common errors and misconceptions and provides milestones for many of the significant developments in online systems and technology."/><meta property="og:title" content="A History of Online Information Services, 1963-1976"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE71jSX2UFx6zGpWL8SwTLbmsO1aXuPwh9gyq_K31NgAHe1hJ4YfQ2chfrKX2bGnNrkyOeRh0sxlyTWOa3fHi-z5fceDPFtQ0IBahBflnywweMJmCsle1tXhKuHzVdWp2d_sn9e_B"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE71jSX2UFx6zGpWL8SwTLbmsO1aXuPwh9gyq_K31NgAHe1hJ4YfQ2chfrKX2bGnNrkyOeRh0sxlyTWOa3fHi-z5fceDPFtQ0IBahBflnywweMJmCsle1tXhKuHzVdWp2d_sn9e_B"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DLTTvmUU8rskC%26q%3Dterminals%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC&q=terminals&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&hl=en&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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Bourne, Trudi Bellardo Hahn","additional_info":{"[JsonBookInfo]":{"BuyLinks":[{"Seller":"Amazon.com","Url":"http://www.amazon.com/gp/search?index=books\u0026linkCode=qs\u0026keywords=9780262261753","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-print-mit_press\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=LTTvmUU8rskC\u0026q=http://www.amazon.com/gp/search%3Findex%3Dbooks%26linkCode%3Dqs%26keywords%3D9780262261753\u0026usg=AOvVaw0Ki_mG2cmnvmMJGcvpI_cH"},{"Seller":"MPH","Url":"http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx?do=detail\u0026pcode=9780262261753","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-print-mit_press\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=LTTvmUU8rskC\u0026q=http://www.mphonline.com/books/nsearch.aspx%3Fdo%3Ddetail%26pcode%3D9780262261753\u0026usg=AOvVaw3Pgcr_mqj60iySV3OU9rUQ"},{"Seller":"Popular","Url":"https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/?q=9780262261753","TrackingUrl":"/url?client=ca-print-mit_press\u0026format=googleprint\u0026num=0\u0026id=LTTvmUU8rskC\u0026q=https://www.popular.com.sg/catalogsearch/result/%3Fq%3D9780262261753\u0026usg=AOvVaw1hnDjyUACTDvRewWGvEgbk"}],"AboutUrl":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC","PreviewUrl":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC","allowed_syndication_flags":{"allow_disabling_chrome":true},"TocLine":[{"Title":"Prologue","Pid":"PR15","PgNum":"xv","Order":20},{"Title":"Introduction","Pid":"PA1","PgNum":"1","Order":22},{"Title":"Early Research and Development Activities","Pid":"PA11","PgNum":"11","Order":32},{"Title":"Further Experimentation and Prototypes in Universities Mid1960s to Early 1970s","Pid":"PA61","PgNum":"61","Order":82},{"Title":"Experimental Systems Developed in Nonacademic Laboratories Mid1960s to Early 1970s","Pid":"PA101","PgNum":"101","Order":122},{"Title":"Lockheed DIALOG and Related Systems 19611972","Pid":"PA141","PgNum":"141","Order":162},{"Title":"SDC ORBIT and Related Systems 19631972","Pid":"PA185","PgNum":"185","Order":206},{"Title":"Computer Searching for the Legal Profession Data Corporation OBAR Mead Data Central 19641972","Pid":"PA229","PgNum":"229","Order":250},{"Title":"State University of New York Biomedical Communication Network 19651976","Pid":"PA259","PgNum":"259","Order":280},{"Title":"The Online Industry The Public View","Pid":"PA279","PgNum":"279","Order":300},{"Title":"Building the Online Industry Behind the Scenes","Pid":"PA353","PgNum":"353","Order":374},{"Title":"Summing Up the Story","Pid":"PA405","PgNum":"405","Order":426},{"Title":"Notes","Pid":"PA411","PgNum":"411","Order":432},{"Title":"Summary of Online Milestones","Pid":"PA415","PgNum":"415","Order":436},{"Title":"Bibliography","Pid":"PA419","PgNum":"419","Order":440},{"Title":"Index","Pid":"PA469","PgNum":"469","Order":490}]}},"max_resolution_image_width":1280,"max_resolution_image_height":1700,"quality_info":"We know this book has perfect quality.","volume_id":"LTTvmUU8rskC","permission_info":"Pages displayed by permission of \u003ca class=link_aux href=\"https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=LTTvmUU8rskC\u0026pg=PA385\u0026q=http://mitpress.mit.edu\u0026clientid=ca-print-mit_press\u0026linkid=1\u0026usg=AOvVaw06gmhSVaYF-UDoDQGJTOX8\u0026source=gbs_pub_info_r\"\u003eMIT Press\u003c/a\u003e","is_ebook":false,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":false,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"publisher":"MIT Press","publication_date":"2003.08.01","subject":"Computers","num_pages":496,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=LTTvmUU8rskC\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"A detailed chronology of the early, pre-Internet years of online information systems and services.Every field of history has a basic need for a detailed chronology of what happened: who did what when. In the absence of such a resource, fanciful accounts flourish. This book provides a rich narrative of the early development of online information retrieval systems and services, from 1963 to 1976鈥攁 period important to anyone who uses a search engine, online catalog, or large database. Drawing on personal experience, extensive research, and interviews with many of the key participants, the book describes the individuals, projects, and institutions of the period. It also corrects many common errors and misconceptions and provides milestones for many of the significant developments in online systems and technology.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DLTTvmUU8rskC%26q%3Dterminals%26source%3Dgbs_word_cloud_r%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA385","highlights":[{"X":184,"Y":294,"W":39,"H":11},{"X":154,"Y":308,"W":39,"H":10},{"X":98,"Y":321,"W":40,"H":10},{"X":85,"Y":373,"W":40,"H":10},{"X":59,"Y":451,"W":40,"H":10},{"X":191,"Y":491,"W":39,"H":10},{"X":162,"Y":530,"W":40,"H":10},{"X":129,"Y":643,"W":36,"H":10},{"X":142,"Y":655,"W":35,"H":8},{"X":201,"Y":666,"W":35,"H":9},{"X":244,"Y":679,"W":35,"H":9},{"X":300,"Y":182,"W":35,"H":7},{"X":384,"Y":359,"W":39,"H":10},{"X":313,"Y":412,"W":39,"H":10},{"X":344,"Y":426,"W":39,"H":10},{"X":300,"Y":568,"W":40,"H":9},{"X":341,"Y":608,"W":40,"H":10}],"flags":8,"order":406,"vq":"terminals"}]},null,{"number_of_results":88,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e . 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RIOT could , and did , use multiple files , but they were presented ... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e , either at 110 baud ( 10 cps ) with acoustic couplers or at 4,800 Chapter 4 110."},{"page_id":"PA111","page_number":"111","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e and about 31,000 bibliographic records ; access through several IBM 2260 CRT \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e became available in 1970 . ISIS , which could operate in either a batch or online mode , allowed online data entry for the database . 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The Silent 600 portable printing \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e of Texas Instruments ( TI ) were becoming commonplace , and IBM had recently announced the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA134","page_number":"134","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e . 1970 Milestone ELMS may have been the first OPAC . Alexander ( 1967 ) first reported this effort and Alexander ( 1968 ) provided the first specifications for the system , which he referred to as LMS rather than ELMS . 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The online search system used with the later Ames experiment was a big improvement over the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA161","page_number":"161","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTerminal\u003c/b\u003e Operation at NASA In July 1967 , during the contract\u0026#39;s second phase , Lockheed shipped the \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e to NASA head- quarters in Washington , D.C. , for further testing and evaluation . NASA staff , mainly Karen Milligan , a NASA\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e with its own electric power supply because each one con- sumed so much power . The \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e still over- heated regularly and blew the circuit breakers ; each time staff had to wait until the machines cooled off before resuming\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA165","page_number":"165","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e . Online service was scheduled to be available for twelve hours per day . NASA was in the process of changing the \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e printers , and already had received twenty - four new printers from TI . The new TIs , relatively quiet\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA166","page_number":"166","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e are on the system , and we can say about forty seconds for the afternoon . Forty seconds is the average response time from the time at which you press the transmit button with the request until the response comes back on the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA171","page_number":"171","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e was installed at the ERIC Clearinghouse on Educa- tional Media and Technology at Stanford , also in Palo Alto ( Burchinal 1970 ) . USOE asked ERIC clearinghouse staff to help evaluate the online service because of their\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA177","page_number":"177","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e was installed at DTIE in Oak Ridge ( see figure 5.2 ) . In 1970 , \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e were added at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ( Berkeley ) , Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory ( Pittsburgh ) , and AEC headquarters library ( Germantown )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA180","page_number":"180","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e had been installed on the AEC / RECON network . Unfortu- nately , however , the early operation \u0026quot; was ... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e number 10 in the network , and that they had to remember never to turn off the power to the \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA193","page_number":"193","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e supplied by the developers of early SDC ORBIT software . This was the kind of cooperative coupling and technol- ogy transfer that their mutual sponsor , DIA , wanted . Unfortunately , although the Air Force and civilian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA194","page_number":"194","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e to give searchers rapid access to source documents . Some \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e would have interfaces with automatic microfiche filing equipment to facilitate retrieval and re - filing . CIRCOL , now identified as CIRC II , continued in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA196","page_number":"196","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in CDA head- quarters in New York and at the Copper Data Center office at Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus , Ohio had online access . CDA member companies were expected to have \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e access by the end of 1969\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA210","page_number":"210","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e to provide access to remote computer centers ... permit- ting access to remote data - banks ; on - line programming using the advanced programming languages available at computer centers ; and experimentation in several\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA212","page_number":"212","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e had been installed in more than 500 libraries and could be used for online searching without the purchase of additional \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e equipment . AT \u0026amp; T\u0026#39;s TWX network paralleled the Teletype network of Western Union . They were\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA215","page_number":"215","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e . Black ( 1995 ) recalled : \u0026quot; It was more like a 67 - pound \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e ! It even came with wheels on it . I went out to UC - Riverside to give a demonstration . They gave us a room on the second floor of a motel that had no\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA223","page_number":"223","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e with higher speed equip- ment and lines was a big step forward . When MEDLINE became available , patrons chose it over the MEDLARS batch service . As the MEDLINE service grew , the regional centers sent in fewer requests to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA234","page_number":"234","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e to search an index to articles published in Florida legal periodicals . The records included the periodical citation along with up to three subject heading codes ( Levinson 1967 ) . University of Manitoba Faculty of Law In 1968\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA242","page_number":"242","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e , other \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e types , more generalized file defini- tion , more recursiveness , optional and personalized synonymy , KWIC displays , and more generalized input - output options . As described next , Gorog obtained\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA243","page_number":"243","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e was difficult when the metal stamping machines were in operation , jiggling the floors . Giering ( 1995 ) recalled that he arranged to receive advance notice of scheduled heavy stamping , or cutting of I - beams , so he could\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA247","page_number":"247","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e with screens not only made the system faster and easier to use , it made the KWIC feature feasible . KWIC highlighted the words in the source text that caused the item to be retrieved . A variety of ways to achieve the high\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA248","page_number":"248","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in law offices , while Data Corporation continued developing their com- mercial system . Data Corporation sales staff and OBAR representatives arranged full beta testing in law firms around Ohio , starting in 1970 . In the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA249","page_number":"249","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e type , and line speeds used . The $ 75 figure was an average ; in discussions in - house and with ... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e with CRTs that were twelve times faster . Rubin ( 1974 , 49 ) remarked : The original ( 1969 ) MDC - OBAR\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA250","page_number":"250","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e inability to print out retrieved cases quickly enough for the user to determine relevance . In 1970 , MDC remedied the problem by re- placing teletypewriter \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e with CRT \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e ( accompanied by hard - copy printers )\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA253","page_number":"253","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in most EPA regional offices , and continued at Data Corporation at least into 1972 . PADAT From 1968 to ... \u003cb\u003eTerminal\u003c/b\u003e ) . Data Central\u0026#39;s Arlington service bureau made Psychological Abstracts available online to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA254","page_number":"254","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e . A total of forty - seven searches were completed during the experiment- sixteen different users at six centers ( Porter , Penry , and Caponio 1971 ) . ( Other reports based on this study were Lancaster 1971b ; Rapport\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA265","page_number":"265","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e was installed at the Medical Center library at Ohio State University , the twenty - first to be ... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e were located in the libraries of participating medical centers , so most users were individuals within the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA266","page_number":"266","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e were on AT \u0026amp; T dedicated lines ; they were not dial - up \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e . Because the \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e were dedicated , the system was accessible only to sub- scribing institutions . The system was up initially for four hours a day , five\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA267","page_number":"267","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e were IBM 2740s that the medical library used also for interlibrary loan . An IBM 1403 printer provided offline printing with mixed upper and lower case characters - it was unusual at that time to see large volume computer\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA268","page_number":"268","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e ( Egeland 1971 ) . Bridegam and Meyerhoff 1970 , 107 ) described the situation : \u0026quot; Despite the fact ... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e used for retrieval is too slow to make it practical to allow a user to utilize long periods of on - line\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA272","page_number":"272","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e from institutions that had more than one ( Pizer 1972a ) . SUNY BCN was planned and operated as a facil ... \u003cb\u003eTerminal\u003c/b\u003e 25 ) ; the Food and Drug Administration at the Public Health Service in Rockville , Maryland ( October\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA274","page_number":"274","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e with speeds of 30 cps . The institu- tions renting \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e from the Computer Center were using either the UNIVAC DCT - 500 or NCR 260 \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e . Other \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in operation through- out the network were either the TI\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA284","page_number":"284","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e and access to the DIALOG service . DIALIB was eventually extended to three years , June 1974 through July 1977. During the first year searches were conducted for free , during the second year they were priced at half , and the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA305","page_number":"305","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e operation between Darmstadt , Paris , and Noordwijk ( Holland ) . According to Kallenbach ( 1972 , 198 ) , \u0026quot; For present system loading with 10 \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e , an average response time for any elementary com- mand is between 8 and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA306","page_number":"306","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in mind : \u0026quot; The number of \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e needed to arrive somewhere near a breakeven position is a network of at least twenty - five \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e , an apparently ambitious number for Europe . \u0026quot; ESRO was interested in reaching an\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA307","page_number":"307","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e that were active in the United States then were wired into a 300 cps voice - grade leased line network . Slow response time continued to be the most serious problem in the 1970s . Harold Pryor , the director of NASA\u0026#39;s STIF\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA313","page_number":"313","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e scattered over considerable dis- tances and the jurisdiction of five telephone com- panies to test communications techniques , and with plans for an expanded test with \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in law offices and government agencies . Queen\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA317","page_number":"317","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e interface responses programmed into BASIS of 1970-1971 . For example , the response to entry of an invalid ... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e at speeds up to 480 cps . TYMNET communication service was connected to BASIS and made operational in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA325","page_number":"325","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e ( IBM 4279/4506 digital TV display subsystems ) and up to 120 remote lines with display or type- writer \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e , and operate on an IBM 360. Index- ing data were to be stored on IBM 2314 disk storage , abstracts of all\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA326","page_number":"326","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in the Times building . The special \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e displayed both digital signals for Information Bank searching and analog signals for video display of the fiche . The \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e cost $ 10,000 each ; IBM had designed them for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA334","page_number":"334","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e were located in volunteer districts in the state , and access provided to ERIC via dial - up phone lines at rates of 10 to 30 cps . The four separate files could not be searched simultaneously . The search system used Boolean\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA335","page_number":"335","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e . A pilot was started in late 1970 or early 1971 , in which a single \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e in the main DOJ building in Washington was connected to NASA / RECON about ten miles away in College Park , Maryland . The data- base used in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA338","page_number":"338","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e ( keyboard plus CRT ) , and IBM 2741 \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e over public phone lines ( 15 cps for the IBM 2741 , 20 cps for the VUCOM \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e ) . 1973 Milestone RETRO may have been the first online search system to offer a bilingual\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA344","page_number":"344","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e was put into trial operation in June 1975 at each of seven California public libraries , forming PLAN ( Public Library Automation Network ) ; this was the first non- Stanford use of BALLOTS . In 1976 , new \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e ( Zentec\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA347","page_number":"347","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e because they could include hard - wired programs that removed a processing load from the mainframes . At a meeting on the user - \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e interface , Kilgour ( 1971 , 278 ) noted : \u0026quot; We tried to eliminate as much command\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA349","page_number":"349","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e ( Velazquez 1979 ) . By the end of 1976 , UTLAS was a major online catalog support service in Canada ... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e , coupled with a GE Terminet printer modified to accept catalog card stock for the local printing of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA375","page_number":"375","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e and subscriptions for law school students and faculty for use of the entire system and data- bases , not just with practice or training files . Mead also offered free training to law school students while they were summer\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA385","page_number":"385","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in use . Fur- thermore , using three \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e at the same time as the four \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in the New York session might make a heavy load on the computer and they were worried about the impact . Crawford wanted to know if the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA386","page_number":"386","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e users . All the \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e shared the 240 to 480 cps capacity , and twenty \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e was the practical limit . Some users also dialed the Palo Alto computer from the Washington area and other areas around the country , first at\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA393","page_number":"393","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e and conduct a simple search , one man simply froze in front of a ter- minal , paralyzed with fear . No amount of coaxing induced him to move a muscle . Even though it was only 10:30 a.m. , Bayer broke for lunch . Crawford\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA395","page_number":"395","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e elbow \u0026quot; ) because they carried the \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e out from their bodies to avoid bruising their legs and ripping their stockings . Crawford recalled carrying an early TI \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e with him on an airplane . It had to be placed in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA398","page_number":"398","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e in the reading room at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland : \u0026quot; It sat there for 60 days and no one wanted to use it . So , they moved the \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e into the back room so the librarians could use it . No one wanted to learn\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA401","page_number":"401","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminal\u003c/b\u003e and printer used , time of day , and number of concurrent users . Murdock and Opello\u0026#39;s article in 1973 was just one of several that appeared that attempted to explicate for librarians the comparable costs for online searching\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA405","page_number":"405","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e were either slow , clumsy teletypewriters , or astonishingly sophisti- cated CRTs , some with embellishments such as light pens , color monitors , and interactive video displays . None , however , were really portable or\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA419","page_number":"419","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in Canada . 1972. Information ; Part 1 / News ; Sources ; Profiles 4 ( 6 ) , 315. Nov. - Dec . Allocation of MEDLINE \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e in Canada . 1972 . Information ; Part 1 / News ; Sources ; Profiles 4 ( 6 ) , 315 . Nov. - Dec\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA490","page_number":"490","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eterminals\u003c/b\u003e , 15 , 18 , 25-26 , 30-32 , 40-41 , 43-44 , 57-58 , 83 Telex network , 43 , 67 , 68 \u003cb\u003eTerminal\u003c/b\u003e TEXT - PAC , 130 Terry , Edward , 62 Tessier , Judith , 74 , 125 TEXT - PAC , 54-55 , 96 , 126-130 TEXTIR , 24-27 Thomas , Alvin L\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=LTTvmUU8rskC\u0026pg=PA490\u0026vq=terminals"}],"search_query_escaped":"terminals"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>