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version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M23.922 16.992c-.861 1.495-5.859 5.023-11.922 5.023-6.063 0-11.061-3.528-11.922-5.023A.641.641 0 0 1 0 16.736v-2.869a.841.841 0 0 1 .053-.22c.372-.935 1.347-2.292 2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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</a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"actions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"actions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/actions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any 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1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Review</div> Manage code changes </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"discussions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"discussions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/discussions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 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12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 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Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"view_all_industries","context":"solutions","tag":"link","label":"view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar"}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span> <ul 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data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"executive_insights","context":"resources","tag":"link","label":"executive_insights_link_resources_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights"> Executive Insights </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"the_readme_project","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/readme"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"topics","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"topics_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/topics"> Topics </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"trending","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"trending_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/trending"> Trending </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" 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href=\"/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/blob/master/assets/img/bulb.svg\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/raw/master/assets/img/bulb.svg\" width=\"200\" alt=\"light bulb icon\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCSS Protips \u003ca href=\"https://awesome.re\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/6d34d99b6e82729d77086196abb185d9cf0aa7d415a7cfb30fbf33ed2572de01/68747470733a2f2f617765736f6d652e72652f62616467652d666c61742e737667\" alt=\"Awesome\" data-canonical-src=\"https://awesome.re/badge-flat.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-css-protips-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: CSS Protips \" href=\"#css-protips-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA collection of tips to help take your CSS skills pro.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eTip\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor other great lists check out \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/sindresorhus/\"\u003e@sindresorhus\u003c/a\u003e's curated list of \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/sindresorhus/awesome/\"\u003eawesome lists\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-contents\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Contents\" href=\"#contents\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#protips\"\u003eProtips\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#support\"\u003eSupport\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#translations\"\u003eTranslations\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md\"\u003eContribution Guidelines\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eProtips\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-protips\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Protips\" href=\"#protips\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-a-css-reset\"\u003eUse a CSS Reset\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#inherit-box-sizing\"\u003eInherit \u003ccode\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-unset-instead-of-resetting-all-properties\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003eunset\u003c/code\u003e Instead of Resetting All Properties\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003e:not()\u003c/code\u003e to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#check-if-font-is-installed-locally\"\u003eCheck if Font Is Installed Locally\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#add-line-height-to-body\"\u003eAdd \u003ccode\u003eline-height\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003ebody\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#set-focus-for-form-elements\"\u003eSet \u003ccode\u003e:focus\u003c/code\u003e for Form Elements\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#vertically-center-anything\"\u003eVertically-Center Anything\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-aspect-ratio-instead-of-heightwidth\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003easpect-ratio\u003c/code\u003e Instead of Height/Width\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#comma-separated-lists\"\u003eComma-Separated Lists\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#select-items-using-negative-nth-child\"\u003eSelect Items Using Negative \u003ccode\u003enth-child\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-svg-for-icons\"\u003eUse SVG for Icons\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-the-lobotomized-owl-selector\"\u003eUse the \"Lobotomized Owl\" Selector\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-max-height-for-pure-css-sliders\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003emax-height\u003c/code\u003e for Pure CSS Sliders\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#equal-width-table-cells\"\u003eEqual-Width Table Cells\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#get-rid-of-margin-hacks-with-flexbox\"\u003eGet Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-attribute-selectors-with-empty-links\"\u003eUse Attribute Selectors with Empty Links\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#control-specificity-better-with-is\"\u003eControl Specificity Better With \u003ccode\u003e:is()\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#style-default-links\"\u003eStyle \"Default\" Links\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#intrinsic-ratio-boxes\"\u003eIntrinsic Ratio Boxes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#style-broken-images\"\u003eStyle Broken Images\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-rem-for-global-sizing-use-em-for-local-sizing\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003erem\u003c/code\u003e for Global Sizing; Use \u003ccode\u003eem\u003c/code\u003e for Local Sizing\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#hide-autoplay-videos-that-arent-muted\"\u003eHide Autoplay Videos That Aren't Muted\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-root-for-flexible-type\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003e:root\u003c/code\u003e for Flexible Type\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#set-font-size-on-form-elements-for-a-better-mobile-experience\"\u003eSet \u003ccode\u003efont-size\u003c/code\u003e on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-pointer-events-to-control-mouse-events\"\u003eUse Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#set-display-none-on-line-breaks-used-as-spacing\"\u003eSet \u003ccode\u003edisplay: none\u003c/code\u003e on Line Breaks Used as Spacing\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-empty-to-hide-empty-html-elements\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003e:empty\u003c/code\u003e to Hide Empty HTML Elements\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#use-margin-inline-instead-of-margin\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003emargin-inline\u003c/code\u003e instead of \u003ccode\u003emargin\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse a CSS Reset\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-a-css-reset\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use a CSS Reset\" href=\"#use-a-css-reset\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCSS resets help enforce style consistency across different browsers with a clean slate for styling elements. There are plenty of reset patterns to find, or you can use a more simplified reset approach:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"*,\n*::before,\n*::after {\n box-sizing: border-box;\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebefore\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eafter\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e border-box;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emargin\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003epadding\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow elements will be stripped of margins and padding, and \u003ccode\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/code\u003e lets you manage layouts with the CSS box model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/kkrkLL\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eTip\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you follow the \u003ca href=\"#inherit-box-sizing\"\u003eInherit \u003ccode\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e tip below you might opt to not include the \u003ccode\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/code\u003e property in your CSS reset.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eInherit \u003ccode\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-inherit-box-sizing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Inherit box-sizing\" href=\"#inherit-box-sizing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLet \u003ccode\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/code\u003e be inherited from \u003ccode\u003ehtml\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"html {\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n\n*,\n*::before,\n*::after {\n box-sizing: inherit;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ehtml\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e border-box;\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebefore\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eafter\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e inherit;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis makes it easier to change \u003ccode\u003ebox-sizing\u003c/code\u003e in plugins or other components that leverage other behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://css-tricks.com/inheriting-box-sizing-probably-slightly-better-best-practice/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-1\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-1\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003eunset\u003c/code\u003e Instead of Resetting All Properties\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-unset-instead-of-resetting-all-properties\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use unset Instead of Resetting All Properties\" href=\"#use-unset-instead-of-resetting-all-properties\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen resetting an element's properties, it's not necessary to reset each individual property:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"button {\n background: none;\n border: none;\n color: inherit;\n font: inherit;\n outline: none;\n padding: 0;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebutton\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebackground\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eborder\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecolor\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e inherit;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e inherit;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eoutline\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003epadding\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can specify all of an element's properties using the \u003ccode\u003eall\u003c/code\u003e shorthand. Setting the value to \u003ccode\u003eunset\u003c/code\u003e changes an element's properties to their initial values:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"button {\n all: unset;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebutton\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eall\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e unset;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003e:not()\u003c/code\u003e to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use :not() to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation\" href=\"#use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstead of putting on the border...\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"/* add border */\n.nav li {\n border-right: 1px solid #666;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e/* add border */\u003c/span\u003e\n.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eborder-right\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e solid \u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e666\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e...and then taking it off the last element...\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"/* remove border */\n.nav li:last-child {\n border-right: none;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e/* remove border */\u003c/span\u003e\n.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003elast-child\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eborder-right\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e...use the \u003ccode\u003e:not()\u003c/code\u003e pseudo-class to only apply to the elements you want:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\".nav li:not(:last-child) {\n border-right: 1px solid #666;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enot\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003elast-child\u003c/span\u003e) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eborder-right\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e solid \u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e666\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere, the CSS selector is read as a human would describe it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/LkymvO\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-2\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-2\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCheck if Font Is Installed Locally\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-check-if-font-is-installed-locally\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Check if Font Is Installed Locally\" href=\"#check-if-font-is-installed-locally\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can check if a font is installed locally before fetching it remotely, which is a good performance tip, too.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"@font-face {\n font-family: \u0026quot;Dank Mono\u0026quot;;\n src:\n /* Full name */ local(\u0026quot;Dank Mono\u0026quot;), /* Postscript name */ local(\u0026quot;Dank Mono\u0026quot;),\n /* Otherwise, download it! */ url(\u0026quot;//...a.server/fonts/DankMono.woff\u0026quot;);\n}\n\ncode {\n font-family: \u0026quot;Dank Mono\u0026quot;, system-ui-monospace;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003e@font-face\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-family\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Dank Mono\"\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003esrc\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e/* Full name */\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003elocal\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Dank Mono\"\u003c/span\u003e)\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e/* Postscript name */\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003elocal\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Dank Mono\"\u003c/span\u003e)\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e/* Otherwise, download it! */\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eurl\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"//...a.server/fonts/DankMono.woff\"\u003c/span\u003e);\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ecode\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-family\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Dank Mono\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e system-ui-monospace;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eH/T to Adam Argyle for sharing this protip and \u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/argyleink/pen/VwYJpgR\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edemo\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdd \u003ccode\u003eline-height\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003ebody\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-add-line-height-to-body\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Add line-height to body\" href=\"#add-line-height-to-body\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou don't need to add \u003ccode\u003eline-height\u003c/code\u003e to each \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;p\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;h*\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. separately. Instead, add it to \u003ccode\u003ebody\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"body {\n line-height: 1.5;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebody\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eline-height\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1.5\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis way textual elements can inherit from \u003ccode\u003ebody\u003c/code\u003e easily.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/VjbdYd\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-3\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-3\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSet \u003ccode\u003e:focus\u003c/code\u003e for Form Elements\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-set-focus-for-form-elements\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Set :focus for Form Elements\" href=\"#set-focus-for-form-elements\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSighted keyboard users rely on focus to determine where keyboard events go in the page. Make focus for form elements stand out and consistent than a browser's default implementation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"a:focus,\nbutton:focus,\ninput:focus,\nselect:focus,\ntextarea:focus {\n box-shadow: none;\n outline: #000 dotted 2px;\n outline-offset: 0.05em;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efocus\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebutton\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efocus\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003einput\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efocus\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eselect\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efocus\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003etextarea\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efocus\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebox-shadow\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eoutline\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e000\u003c/span\u003e dotted \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eoutline-offset\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0.05\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/ePzoOP/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-4\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-4\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eVertically-Center Anything\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-vertically-center-anything\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Vertically-Center Anything\" href=\"#vertically-center-anything\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNo, it's not black magic, you really can center elements vertically. You can do this with flexbox...\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"html,\nbody {\n height: 100%;\n}\n\nbody {\n align-items: center;\n display: flex;\n justify-content: center;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ehtml\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebody\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eheight\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebody\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ealign-items\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e center;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e flex;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ejustify-content\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e center;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e...and also with CSS Grid:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"body {\n display: grid;\n height: 100vh;\n place-items: center;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebody\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e grid;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eheight\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eplace-items\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e center;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eTip\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWant to center something else? Vertically, horizontally...anything, anytime, anywhere? CSS-Tricks has \u003ca href=\"https://css-tricks.com/centering-css-complete-guide/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ea nice write-up\u003c/a\u003e on doing all of that.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/GqmGqZ\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-5\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-5\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003easpect-ratio\u003c/code\u003e Instead of Height/Width\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-aspect-ratio-instead-of-heightwidth\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use aspect-ratio Instead of Height/Width\" href=\"#use-aspect-ratio-instead-of-heightwidth\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003easpect-ratio\u003c/code\u003e property allows you to easily size elements and maintain consistent width-to-height ratio. This is incredibly useful in responsive web design to prevent layout shift. Use \u003ccode\u003eobject-fit\u003c/code\u003e with it to prevent disrupting the layout if the height/width values of images changes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"img {\n aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; /* width / height */\n object-fit: cover;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eimg\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003easpect-ratio\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e/* width / height */\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eobject-fit\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e cover;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLearn more about the \u003ccode\u003easpect-ratio\u003c/code\u003e property in this \u003ca href=\"https://web.dev/articles/aspect-ratio\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eweb.dev post\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/MWxwoNx/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-6\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-6\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eComma-Separated Lists\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-comma-separated-lists\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Comma-Separated Lists\" href=\"#comma-separated-lists\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMake list items look like a real, comma-separated list:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"ul \u0026gt; li:not(:last-child)::after {\n content: \u0026quot;,\u0026quot;;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eul\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enot\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003elast-child\u003c/span\u003e)::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eafter\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econtent\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\",\"\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse the \u003ccode\u003e:not()\u003c/code\u003e pseudo-class and no comma will be added to the last item.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-note\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-info mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis tip may not be ideal for accessibility, specifically screen readers. And copy/paste from the browser doesn't work with CSS-generated content. Proceed with caution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSelect Items Using Negative \u003ccode\u003enth-child\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-select-items-using-negative-nth-child\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Select Items Using Negative nth-child\" href=\"#select-items-using-negative-nth-child\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse negative \u003ccode\u003enth-child\u003c/code\u003e in CSS to select items 1 through n.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"li {\n display: none;\n}\n\n/* select items 1 through 3 and display them */\nli:nth-child(-n + 3) {\n display: block;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e/* select items 1 through 3 and display them */\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enth-child\u003c/span\u003e(-n + 3) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e block;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOr, since you've already learned a little about \u003ca href=\"#use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation\"\u003eusing \u003ccode\u003e:not()\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, try:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"/* select all items except the first 3 and display them */\nli:not(:nth-child(-n + 3)) {\n display: block;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e/* select all items except the first 3 and display them */\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enot\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enth-child\u003c/span\u003e(-n + 3)) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e block;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/WxjKZp\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-7\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-7\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse SVG for Icons\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-svg-for-icons\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use SVG for Icons\" href=\"#use-svg-for-icons\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere's no reason not to use SVG for icons:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\".logo {\n background: url(\u0026quot;logo.svg\u0026quot;);\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003elogo\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebackground\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eurl\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"logo.svg\"\u003c/span\u003e);\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSVG scales well for all resolution types and is supported in all browsers \u003ca href=\"http://caniuse.com/#search=svg\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eback to IE9\u003c/a\u003e. Ditch your .png, .jpg, or .gif-jif-whatev files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-note\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-info mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you have SVG icon-only buttons for sighted users and the SVG fails to load, this will help maintain accessibility:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\".no-svg .icon-only::after {\n content: attr(aria-label);\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eno-svg\u003c/span\u003e .\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eicon-only\u003c/span\u003e::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eafter\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econtent\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eattr\u003c/span\u003e(aria-label);\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse the \"Lobotomized Owl\" Selector\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-the-lobotomized-owl-selector\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use the \u0026quot;Lobotomized Owl\u0026quot; Selector\" href=\"#use-the-lobotomized-owl-selector\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt may have a strange name but using the universal selector (\u003ccode\u003e*\u003c/code\u003e) with the adjacent sibling selector (\u003ccode\u003e+\u003c/code\u003e) can provide a powerful CSS capability:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"* + * {\n margin-top: 1.5em;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emargin-top\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1.5\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn this example, all elements in the flow of the document that follow other elements will receive \u003ccode\u003emargin-top: 1.5em\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eTip\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor more on the \"lobotomized owl\" selector, read \u003ca href=\"http://alistapart.com/article/axiomatic-css-and-lobotomized-owls\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHeydon Pickering's post\u003c/a\u003e on \u003cem\u003eA List Apart\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/grRvWq\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-8\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-8\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003emax-height\u003c/code\u003e for Pure CSS Sliders\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-max-height-for-pure-css-sliders\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use max-height for Pure CSS Sliders\" href=\"#use-max-height-for-pure-css-sliders\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eImplement CSS-only sliders using \u003ccode\u003emax-height\u003c/code\u003e with overflow hidden:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\".slider {\n max-height: 200px;\n overflow-y: hidden;\n width: 300px;\n}\n\n.slider:hover {\n max-height: 600px;\n overflow-y: scroll;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eslider\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emax-height\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e200\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eoverflow-y\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e hidden;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewidth\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e300\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\n\n.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eslider\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ehover\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emax-height\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e600\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eoverflow-y\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e scroll;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe element expands to the \u003ccode\u003emax-height\u003c/code\u003e value on hover and the slider displays as a result of the overflow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eEqual-Width Table Cells\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-equal-width-table-cells\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Equal-Width Table Cells\" href=\"#equal-width-table-cells\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTables can be a pain to work with. Try using \u003ccode\u003etable-layout: fixed\u003c/code\u003e to keep cells at equal width:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\".calendar {\n table-layout: fixed;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecalendar\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etable-layout\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e fixed;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePain-free table layouts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/jALALm\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-9\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-9\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eGet Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-get-rid-of-margin-hacks-with-flexbox\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Get Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox\" href=\"#get-rid-of-margin-hacks-with-flexbox\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen working with column gutters you can get rid of \u003ccode\u003enth-\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003efirst-\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003elast-child\u003c/code\u003e hacks by using flexbox's \u003ccode\u003espace-between\u003c/code\u003e property:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\".list {\n display: flex;\n justify-content: space-between;\n}\n\n.list .person {\n flex-basis: 23%;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003elist\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e flex;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ejustify-content\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e space-between;\n}\n\n.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003elist\u003c/span\u003e .\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eperson\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eflex-basis\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e23\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow column gutters always appear evenly-spaced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse Attribute Selectors with Empty Links\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-attribute-selectors-with-empty-links\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use Attribute Selectors with Empty Links\" href=\"#use-attribute-selectors-with-empty-links\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDisplay links when the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;a\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element has no text value but the \u003ccode\u003ehref\u003c/code\u003e attribute has a link:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"a[href^=\u0026quot;http\u0026quot;]:empty::before {\n content: attr(href);\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ehref\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e^=\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"http\"\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eempty\u003c/span\u003e::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebefore\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econtent\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eattr\u003c/span\u003e(href);\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThat's really convenient.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/zBzXRx\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-10\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-10\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-note\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-info mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis tip may not be ideal for accessibility, specifically screen readers. And copy/paste from the browser doesn't work with CSS-generated content. Proceed with caution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eControl Specificity Better with \u003ccode\u003e:is()\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-control-specificity-better-with-is\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Control Specificity Better with :is()\" href=\"#control-specificity-better-with-is\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003e:is()\u003c/code\u003e pseudo-class is used to target multiple selectors at once, reducing redundancy and enhancing code readability. This is incredibly useful for writing large selectors in a more compact form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\":is(section, article, aside, nav) :is(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6) {\n color: green;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eis\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003esection\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003earticle\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003easide\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eis\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh6\u003c/span\u003e) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecolor\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e green;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe above ruleset is equivalent to the following number selector rules...\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"section h1,\nsection h2,\nsection h3,\nsection h4,\nsection h5,\nsection h6,\narticle h1,\narticle h2,\narticle h3,\narticle h4,\narticle h5,\narticle h6,\naside h1,\naside h2,\naside h3,\naside h4,\naside h5,\naside h6,\nnav h1,\nnav h2,\nnav h3,\nnav h4,\nnav h5,\nnav h6 {\n color: green;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003esection\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003esection\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003esection\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003esection\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003esection\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003esection\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003earticle\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003earticle\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003earticle\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003earticle\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003earticle\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003earticle\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003easide\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003easide\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003easide\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003easide\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003easide\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003easide\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003enav\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh6\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecolor\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e green;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/rNRVxdx\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-11\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-11\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStyle \"Default\" Links\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-style-default-links\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Style \u0026quot;Default\u0026quot; Links\" href=\"#style-default-links\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdd a style for \"default\" links:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"a[href]:not([class]) {\n color: #008000;\n text-decoration: underline;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ehref\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enot\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e]) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ecolor\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e008000\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etext-decoration\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e underline;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow links that are inserted via a CMS, which don't usually have a \u003ccode\u003eclass\u003c/code\u003e attribute, will have a distinction without generically affecting the cascade.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIntrinsic Ratio Boxes\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-intrinsic-ratio-boxes\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Intrinsic Ratio Boxes\" href=\"#intrinsic-ratio-boxes\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo create a box with an intrinsic ratio, all you need to do is apply top or bottom padding to a div:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\".container {\n height: 0;\n padding-bottom: 20%;\n position: relative;\n}\n\n.container div {\n border: 2px dashed #ddd;\n height: 100%;\n left: 0;\n position: absolute;\n top: 0;\n width: 100%;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econtainer\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eheight\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003epadding-bottom\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e20\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eposition\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e relative;\n}\n\n.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econtainer\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ediv\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eborder\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e dashed \u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003eddd\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eheight\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eleft\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eposition\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e absolute;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etop\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewidth\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsing 20% for padding makes the height of the box equal to 20% of its width. No matter the width of the viewport, the child div will keep its aspect ratio (100% / 20% = 5:1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/jALZvE\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-12\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-12\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStyle Broken Images\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-style-broken-images\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Style Broken Images\" href=\"#style-broken-images\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMake broken images more aesthetically-pleasing with a little bit of CSS:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"img {\n display: block;\n font-family: sans-serif;\n font-weight: 300;\n height: auto;\n line-height: 2;\n position: relative;\n text-align: center;\n width: 100%;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eimg\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e block;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-family\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e sans-serif;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-weight\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e300\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eheight\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e auto;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eline-height\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eposition\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e relative;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etext-align\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e center;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ewidth\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow add pseudo-elements rules to display a user message and URL reference of the broken image:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"img::before {\n content: \u0026quot;We're sorry, the image below is broken :(\u0026quot;;\n display: block;\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n}\n\nimg::after {\n content: \u0026quot;(url: \u0026quot; attr(src) \u0026quot;)\u0026quot;;\n display: block;\n font-size: 12px;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eimg\u003c/span\u003e::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ebefore\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econtent\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"We're sorry, the image below is broken :(\"\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e block;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emargin-bottom\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e10\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eimg\u003c/span\u003e::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eafter\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econtent\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"(url: \"\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eattr\u003c/span\u003e(src) \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\")\"\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e block;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-size\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e12\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eTip\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLearn more about styling for this pattern in \u003ca href=\"http://bitsofco.de/styling-broken-images/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eIre Aderinokun's post\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003erem\u003c/code\u003e for Global Sizing; Use \u003ccode\u003eem\u003c/code\u003e for Local Sizing\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-rem-for-global-sizing-use-em-for-local-sizing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use rem for Global Sizing; Use em for Local Sizing\" href=\"#use-rem-for-global-sizing-use-em-for-local-sizing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAfter setting the base font size at the root (\u003ccode\u003ehtml { font-size: 100%; }\u003c/code\u003e), set the font size for textual elements to \u003ccode\u003eem\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"h2 {\n font-size: 2em;\n}\n\np {\n font-size: 1em;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eh2\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-size\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-size\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThen set the font-size for modules to \u003ccode\u003erem\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"article {\n font-size: 1.25rem;\n}\n\naside .module {\n font-size: 0.9rem;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003earticle\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-size\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1.25\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003erem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003easide\u003c/span\u003e .\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emodule\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-size\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0.9\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003erem\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow each module becomes compartmentalized and easier to style, more maintainable, and flexible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHide Autoplay Videos That Aren't Muted\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-hide-autoplay-videos-that-arent-muted\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Hide Autoplay Videos That Aren't Muted\" href=\"#hide-autoplay-videos-that-arent-muted\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is a great trick for a custom user stylesheet. Avoid overloading a user with sound from a video that autoplays when the page is loaded. If the sound isn't muted, don't show the video:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"video[autoplay]:not([muted]) {\n display: none;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003evideo\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eautoplay\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enot\u003c/span\u003e([\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emuted\u003c/span\u003e]) {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnce again, we're taking advantage of using the \u003ca href=\"#use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e:not()\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e pseudo-class.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003e:root\u003c/code\u003e for Flexible Type\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-root-for-flexible-type\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use :root for Flexible Type\" href=\"#use-root-for-flexible-type\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe type font size in a responsive layout should be able to adjust with each viewport. You can calculate the font size based on the viewport height and width using \u003ccode\u003e:root\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\":root {\n font-size: calc(1vw + 1vh + 0.5vmin);\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eroot\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-size\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003ecalc\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evw\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0.5\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evmin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e);\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow you can utilize the \u003ccode\u003eroot em\u003c/code\u003e unit based on the value calculated by \u003ccode\u003e:root\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"body {\n font: 1rem/1.6 sans-serif;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebody\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003erem/1.6 sans-serif;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/XKgOkR\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-13\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-13\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSet \u003ccode\u003efont-size\u003c/code\u003e on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-set-font-size-on-form-elements-for-a-better-mobile-experience\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Set font-size on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience\" href=\"#set-font-size-on-form-elements-for-a-better-mobile-experience\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo avoid mobile browsers (iOS Safari, \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e.) from zooming in on HTML form elements when a \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;select\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e drop-down is tapped, add \u003ccode\u003efont-size\u003c/code\u003e to the selector rule:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"input[type=\u0026quot;text\u0026quot;],\ninput[type=\u0026quot;number\u0026quot;],\nselect,\ntextarea {\n font-size: 16px;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003einput\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"text\"\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003einput\u003c/span\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003etype\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"number\"\u003c/span\u003e]\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eselect\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003etextarea\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efont-size\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e16\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003epx\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-pointer-events-to-control-mouse-events\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events\" href=\"#use-pointer-events-to-control-mouse-events\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/pointer-events\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePointer events\u003c/a\u003e allow you to specify how the mouse interacts with the element it's touching. To disable the default pointer event on a button, for instance:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"button:disabled {\n opacity: 0.5;\n pointer-events: none;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebutton\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisabled\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eopacity\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e;\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003epointer-events\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt's that simple.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSet \u003ccode\u003edisplay: none\u003c/code\u003e on Line Breaks Used as Spacing\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-set-display-none-on-line-breaks-used-as-spacing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Set display: none on Line Breaks Used as Spacing\" href=\"#set-display-none-on-line-breaks-used-as-spacing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/csswizardry/status/1170835532584235008\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHarry Roberts pointed out\u003c/a\u003e, this can help prevent CMS users from using extra line breaks for spacing:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"br + br {\n display: none;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ebr\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003e:empty\u003c/code\u003e to Hide Empty HTML Elements\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-empty-to-hide-empty-html-elements\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use :empty to Hide Empty HTML Elements\" href=\"#use-empty-to-hide-empty-html-elements\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you have HTML elements that are empty, i.e., the content has yet to be set either by a CMS or dynamically injected (e.g., \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;p class=\"error-message\"\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e) and it's creating unwanted space on your layout, use the \u003ccode\u003e:empty\u003c/code\u003e pseudo-class to hide the element on the layout.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\":empty {\n display: none;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eempty\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003edisplay\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e none;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-note\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-info mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eKeep in mind that elements with whitespace aren't considered empty, e.g., \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;p class=\"error-message\"\u0026gt; \u0026lt;/p\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupport\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-support\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Support\" href=\"#support\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCurrent versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003emargin-inline\u003c/code\u003e instead of \u003ccode\u003emargin\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-use-margin-inline-instead-of-margin\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Use margin-inline instead of margin\" href=\"#use-margin-inline-instead-of-margin\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003emargin-inline\u003c/code\u003e defines the inline start and end margins of an element. So instead of using \u003ccode\u003emargin-left\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003emargin-right\u003c/code\u003e we can use the inline property to define both.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\".div {\n margin-inline: auto;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ediv\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emargin-inline\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e auto;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe same can be done for \u003ccode\u003emargin-block\u003c/code\u003e with defines the block start and end margins, i.e., \u003ccode\u003emargin-top\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003emargin-bottom\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\".div {\n margin-block: auto;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e.\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ediv\u003c/span\u003e {\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003emargin-block\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e:\u003c/span\u003e auto;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/PwoOQGB\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDemo\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-demo-14\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Demo\" href=\"#demo-14\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTranslations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-translations\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Translations\" href=\"#translations\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-alert markdown-alert-note\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cp class=\"markdown-alert-title\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-info mr-2\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI've had less time available to maintain the growing list of translated tips; adding a new tip requires including it with over a dozen translations. For that reason, translated README files are likely to not include all the tips listed on the main README file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/zh-CN\"\u003e简体中文\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/zh-TW\"\u003e正體中文\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/de-DE\"\u003eDeutsch\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/es-ES\"\u003eEspañol\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/fr-FR\"\u003eFrançais\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/gr-GR\"\u003eλληνικά\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/gu-IND\"\u003eગુજરાતી\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/it-IT\"\u003eItaliano\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/ja-JP\"\u003e日本語\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/ko-KR\"\u003e한국어\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/pl-PL\"\u003ePolskie\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/pt-BR\"\u003ePortuguês do Brasil\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/pt-PT\"\u003ePortuguês do Europe\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/ru-RU\"\u003eРусский\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/vn-VN\"\u003eTiếng Việt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003ca href=\"#contents\"\u003eBack to top\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"CSS Protips ","anchor":"css-protips-","htmlText":"CSS Protips "},{"level":2,"text":"Contents","anchor":"contents","htmlText":"Contents"},{"level":2,"text":"Protips","anchor":"protips","htmlText":"Protips"},{"level":3,"text":"Use a CSS Reset","anchor":"use-a-css-reset","htmlText":"Use a CSS Reset"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Inherit box-sizing","anchor":"inherit-box-sizing","htmlText":"Inherit box-sizing"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-1","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Use unset Instead of Resetting All Properties","anchor":"use-unset-instead-of-resetting-all-properties","htmlText":"Use unset Instead of Resetting All Properties"},{"level":3,"text":"Use :not() to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation","anchor":"use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation","htmlText":"Use :not() to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-2","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Check if Font Is Installed Locally","anchor":"check-if-font-is-installed-locally","htmlText":"Check if Font Is Installed Locally"},{"level":3,"text":"Add line-height to body","anchor":"add-line-height-to-body","htmlText":"Add line-height to body"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-3","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Set :focus for Form Elements","anchor":"set-focus-for-form-elements","htmlText":"Set :focus for Form Elements"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-4","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Vertically-Center Anything","anchor":"vertically-center-anything","htmlText":"Vertically-Center Anything"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-5","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Use aspect-ratio Instead of Height/Width","anchor":"use-aspect-ratio-instead-of-heightwidth","htmlText":"Use aspect-ratio Instead of Height/Width"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-6","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Comma-Separated Lists","anchor":"comma-separated-lists","htmlText":"Comma-Separated Lists"},{"level":3,"text":"Select Items Using Negative nth-child","anchor":"select-items-using-negative-nth-child","htmlText":"Select Items Using Negative nth-child"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-7","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Use SVG for Icons","anchor":"use-svg-for-icons","htmlText":"Use SVG for Icons"},{"level":3,"text":"Use the \"Lobotomized Owl\" Selector","anchor":"use-the-lobotomized-owl-selector","htmlText":"Use the \"Lobotomized Owl\" Selector"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-8","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Use max-height for Pure CSS Sliders","anchor":"use-max-height-for-pure-css-sliders","htmlText":"Use max-height for Pure CSS Sliders"},{"level":3,"text":"Equal-Width Table Cells","anchor":"equal-width-table-cells","htmlText":"Equal-Width Table Cells"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-9","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Get Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox","anchor":"get-rid-of-margin-hacks-with-flexbox","htmlText":"Get Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox"},{"level":3,"text":"Use Attribute Selectors with Empty Links","anchor":"use-attribute-selectors-with-empty-links","htmlText":"Use Attribute Selectors with Empty Links"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-10","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Control Specificity Better with :is()","anchor":"control-specificity-better-with-is","htmlText":"Control Specificity Better with :is()"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-11","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Style \"Default\" Links","anchor":"style-default-links","htmlText":"Style \"Default\" Links"},{"level":3,"text":"Intrinsic Ratio Boxes","anchor":"intrinsic-ratio-boxes","htmlText":"Intrinsic Ratio Boxes"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-12","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Style Broken Images","anchor":"style-broken-images","htmlText":"Style Broken Images"},{"level":3,"text":"Use rem for Global Sizing; Use em for Local Sizing","anchor":"use-rem-for-global-sizing-use-em-for-local-sizing","htmlText":"Use rem for Global Sizing; Use em for Local Sizing"},{"level":3,"text":"Hide Autoplay Videos That Aren't Muted","anchor":"hide-autoplay-videos-that-arent-muted","htmlText":"Hide Autoplay Videos That Aren't Muted"},{"level":3,"text":"Use :root for Flexible Type","anchor":"use-root-for-flexible-type","htmlText":"Use :root for Flexible Type"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-13","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":3,"text":"Set font-size on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience","anchor":"set-font-size-on-form-elements-for-a-better-mobile-experience","htmlText":"Set font-size on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience"},{"level":3,"text":"Use Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events","anchor":"use-pointer-events-to-control-mouse-events","htmlText":"Use Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events"},{"level":3,"text":"Set display: none on Line Breaks Used as Spacing","anchor":"set-display-none-on-line-breaks-used-as-spacing","htmlText":"Set display: none on Line Breaks Used as Spacing"},{"level":3,"text":"Use :empty to Hide Empty HTML Elements","anchor":"use-empty-to-hide-empty-html-elements","htmlText":"Use :empty to Hide Empty HTML Elements"},{"level":2,"text":"Support","anchor":"support","htmlText":"Support"},{"level":3,"text":"Use margin-inline instead of margin","anchor":"use-margin-inline-instead-of-margin","htmlText":"Use margin-inline instead of margin"},{"level":4,"text":"Demo","anchor":"demo-14","htmlText":"Demo"},{"level":2,"text":"Translations","anchor":"translations","htmlText":"Translations"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FAllThingsSmitty%2Fcss-protips"}},{"displayName":"CODE-OF-CONDUCT.md","repoName":"css-protips","refName":"master","path":"CODE-OF-CONDUCT.md","preferredFileType":"code_of_conduct","tabName":"Code of 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id="user-content-css-protips-" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: CSS Protips " href="#css-protips-"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A collection of tips to help take your CSS skills pro.</p> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2" viewBox="0 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class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Contents</h2><a id="user-content-contents" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Contents" href="#contents"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#protips">Protips</a></li> <li><a href="#support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="#translations">Translations</a></li> <li><a href="/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md">Contribution Guidelines</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Protips</h2><a id="user-content-protips" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Protips" href="#protips"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ol dir="auto"> <li><a href="#use-a-css-reset">Use a CSS Reset</a></li> <li><a href="#inherit-box-sizing">Inherit <code>box-sizing</code></a></li> <li><a href="#use-unset-instead-of-resetting-all-properties">Use <code>unset</code> Instead of Resetting All Properties</a></li> <li><a href="#use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation">Use <code>:not()</code> to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="#check-if-font-is-installed-locally">Check if Font Is Installed Locally</a></li> <li><a href="#add-line-height-to-body">Add <code>line-height</code> to <code>body</code></a></li> <li><a href="#set-focus-for-form-elements">Set <code>:focus</code> for Form Elements</a></li> <li><a href="#vertically-center-anything">Vertically-Center Anything</a></li> <li><a href="#use-aspect-ratio-instead-of-heightwidth">Use <code>aspect-ratio</code> Instead of Height/Width</a></li> <li><a href="#comma-separated-lists">Comma-Separated Lists</a></li> <li><a href="#select-items-using-negative-nth-child">Select Items Using Negative <code>nth-child</code></a></li> <li><a href="#use-svg-for-icons">Use SVG for Icons</a></li> <li><a href="#use-the-lobotomized-owl-selector">Use the "Lobotomized Owl" Selector</a></li> <li><a href="#use-max-height-for-pure-css-sliders">Use <code>max-height</code> for Pure CSS Sliders</a></li> <li><a href="#equal-width-table-cells">Equal-Width Table Cells</a></li> <li><a href="#get-rid-of-margin-hacks-with-flexbox">Get Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="#use-attribute-selectors-with-empty-links">Use Attribute Selectors with Empty Links</a></li> <li><a href="#control-specificity-better-with-is">Control Specificity Better With <code>:is()</code></a></li> <li><a href="#style-default-links">Style "Default" Links</a></li> <li><a href="#intrinsic-ratio-boxes">Intrinsic Ratio Boxes</a></li> <li><a href="#style-broken-images">Style Broken Images</a></li> <li><a href="#use-rem-for-global-sizing-use-em-for-local-sizing">Use <code>rem</code> for Global Sizing; Use <code>em</code> for Local Sizing</a></li> <li><a href="#hide-autoplay-videos-that-arent-muted">Hide Autoplay Videos That Aren't Muted</a></li> <li><a href="#use-root-for-flexible-type">Use <code>:root</code> for Flexible Type</a></li> <li><a href="#set-font-size-on-form-elements-for-a-better-mobile-experience">Set <code>font-size</code> on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience</a></li> <li><a href="#use-pointer-events-to-control-mouse-events">Use Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events</a></li> <li><a href="#set-display-none-on-line-breaks-used-as-spacing">Set <code>display: none</code> on Line Breaks Used as Spacing</a></li> <li><a href="#use-empty-to-hide-empty-html-elements">Use <code>:empty</code> to Hide Empty HTML Elements</a></li> <li><a href="#use-margin-inline-instead-of-margin">Use <code>margin-inline</code> instead of <code>margin</code></a></li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use a CSS Reset</h3><a id="user-content-use-a-css-reset" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use a CSS Reset" href="#use-a-css-reset"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">CSS resets help enforce style consistency across different browsers with a clean slate for styling elements. There are plenty of reset patterns to find, or you can use a more simplified reset approach:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent"><span class="pl-c1">*</span></span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent"><span class="pl-c1">*</span></span>::<span class="pl-c1">before</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent"><span class="pl-c1">*</span></span>::<span class="pl-c1">after</span> { <span class="pl-c1">box-sizing</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> border-box; <span class="pl-c1">margin</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">0</span>; <span class="pl-c1">padding</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">0</span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Now elements will be stripped of margins and padding, and <code>box-sizing</code> lets you manage layouts with the CSS box model.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/kkrkLL" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p><p dir="auto">If you follow the <a href="#inherit-box-sizing">Inherit <code>box-sizing</code></a> tip below you might opt to not include the <code>box-sizing</code> property in your CSS reset.</p> </div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Inherit <code>box-sizing</code></h3><a id="user-content-inherit-box-sizing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Inherit box-sizing" href="#inherit-box-sizing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Let <code>box-sizing</code> be inherited from <code>html</code>:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="html { box-sizing: border-box; } *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: inherit; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">html</span> { <span class="pl-c1">box-sizing</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> border-box; } <span class="pl-ent"><span class="pl-c1">*</span></span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent"><span class="pl-c1">*</span></span>::<span class="pl-c1">before</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent"><span class="pl-c1">*</span></span>::<span class="pl-c1">after</span> { <span class="pl-c1">box-sizing</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> inherit; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">This makes it easier to change <code>box-sizing</code> in plugins or other components that leverage other behavior.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://css-tricks.com/inheriting-box-sizing-probably-slightly-better-best-practice/" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-1" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-1"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use <code>unset</code> Instead of Resetting All Properties</h3><a id="user-content-use-unset-instead-of-resetting-all-properties" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use unset Instead of Resetting All Properties" href="#use-unset-instead-of-resetting-all-properties"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When resetting an element's properties, it's not necessary to reset each individual property:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="button { background: none; border: none; color: inherit; font: inherit; outline: none; padding: 0; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">button</span> { <span class="pl-c1">background</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; <span class="pl-c1">border</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; <span class="pl-c1">color</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> inherit; <span class="pl-c1">font</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> inherit; <span class="pl-c1">outline</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; <span class="pl-c1">padding</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">0</span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">You can specify all of an element's properties using the <code>all</code> shorthand. Setting the value to <code>unset</code> changes an element's properties to their initial values:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="button { all: unset; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">button</span> { <span class="pl-c1">all</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> unset; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use <code>:not()</code> to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation</h3><a id="user-content-use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use :not() to Apply/Unapply Borders on Navigation" href="#use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Instead of putting on the border...</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="/* add border */ .nav li { border-right: 1px solid #666; }"><pre><span class="pl-c">/* add border */</span> .<span class="pl-c1">nav</span> <span class="pl-ent">li</span> { <span class="pl-c1">border-right</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">1<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span> solid <span class="pl-pds"><span class="pl-kos">#</span>666</span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">...and then taking it off the last element...</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="/* remove border */ .nav li:last-child { border-right: none; }"><pre><span class="pl-c">/* remove border */</span> .<span class="pl-c1">nav</span> <span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">last-child</span> { <span class="pl-c1">border-right</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">...use the <code>:not()</code> pseudo-class to only apply to the elements you want:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=".nav li:not(:last-child) { border-right: 1px solid #666; }"><pre>.<span class="pl-c1">nav</span> <span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">not</span>(<span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">last-child</span>) { <span class="pl-c1">border-right</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">1<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span> solid <span class="pl-pds"><span class="pl-kos">#</span>666</span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Here, the CSS selector is read as a human would describe it.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/LkymvO" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-2" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-2"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Check if Font Is Installed Locally</h3><a id="user-content-check-if-font-is-installed-locally" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Check if Font Is Installed Locally" href="#check-if-font-is-installed-locally"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">You can check if a font is installed locally before fetching it remotely, which is a good performance tip, too.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="@font-face { font-family: "Dank Mono"; src: /* Full name */ local("Dank Mono"), /* Postscript name */ local("Dank Mono"), /* Otherwise, download it! */ url("//...a.server/fonts/DankMono.woff"); } code { font-family: "Dank Mono", system-ui-monospace; }"><pre><span class="pl-k">@font-face</span> { <span class="pl-c1">font-family</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-s">"Dank Mono"</span>; <span class="pl-c1">src</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c">/* Full name */</span> <span class="pl-en">local</span>(<span class="pl-s">"Dank Mono"</span>)<span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c">/* Postscript name */</span> <span class="pl-en">local</span>(<span class="pl-s">"Dank Mono"</span>)<span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-c">/* Otherwise, download it! */</span> <span class="pl-en">url</span>(<span class="pl-s">"//...a.server/fonts/DankMono.woff"</span>); } <span class="pl-ent">code</span> { <span class="pl-c1">font-family</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-s">"Dank Mono"</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> system-ui-monospace; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">H/T to Adam Argyle for sharing this protip and <a href="https://codepen.io/argyleink/pen/VwYJpgR" rel="nofollow">demo</a>.</p> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Add <code>line-height</code> to <code>body</code></h3><a id="user-content-add-line-height-to-body" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Add line-height to body" href="#add-line-height-to-body"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">You don't need to add <code>line-height</code> to each <code><p></code>, <code><h*></code>, <em>et al</em>. separately. Instead, add it to <code>body</code>:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="body { line-height: 1.5; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">body</span> { <span class="pl-c1">line-height</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">1.5</span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">This way textual elements can inherit from <code>body</code> easily.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/VjbdYd" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-3" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-3"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Set <code>:focus</code> for Form Elements</h3><a id="user-content-set-focus-for-form-elements" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Set :focus for Form Elements" href="#set-focus-for-form-elements"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Sighted keyboard users rely on focus to determine where keyboard events go in the page. Make focus for form elements stand out and consistent than a browser's default implementation:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="a:focus, button:focus, input:focus, select:focus, textarea:focus { box-shadow: none; outline: #000 dotted 2px; outline-offset: 0.05em; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">a</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">focus</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">button</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">focus</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">input</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">focus</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">select</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">focus</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">textarea</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">focus</span> { <span class="pl-c1">box-shadow</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; <span class="pl-c1">outline</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-pds"><span class="pl-kos">#</span>000</span> dotted <span class="pl-c1">2<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span>; <span class="pl-c1">outline-offset</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">0.05<span class="pl-smi">em</span></span>; }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/ePzoOP/" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-4" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-4"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Vertically-Center Anything</h3><a id="user-content-vertically-center-anything" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Vertically-Center Anything" href="#vertically-center-anything"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">No, it's not black magic, you really can center elements vertically. You can do this with flexbox...</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="html, body { height: 100%; } body { align-items: center; display: flex; justify-content: center; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">html</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">body</span> { <span class="pl-c1">height</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">100<span class="pl-smi">%</span></span>; } <span class="pl-ent">body</span> { <span class="pl-c1">align-items</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> center; <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> flex; <span class="pl-c1">justify-content</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> center; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">...and also with CSS Grid:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="body { display: grid; height: 100vh; place-items: center; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">body</span> { <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> grid; <span class="pl-c1">height</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">100<span class="pl-smi">vh</span></span>; <span class="pl-c1">place-items</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> center; }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p><p dir="auto">Want to center something else? Vertically, horizontally...anything, anytime, anywhere? CSS-Tricks has <a href="https://css-tricks.com/centering-css-complete-guide/" rel="nofollow">a nice write-up</a> on doing all of that.</p> </div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/GqmGqZ" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-5" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-5"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use <code>aspect-ratio</code> Instead of Height/Width</h3><a id="user-content-use-aspect-ratio-instead-of-heightwidth" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use aspect-ratio Instead of Height/Width" href="#use-aspect-ratio-instead-of-heightwidth"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The <code>aspect-ratio</code> property allows you to easily size elements and maintain consistent width-to-height ratio. This is incredibly useful in responsive web design to prevent layout shift. Use <code>object-fit</code> with it to prevent disrupting the layout if the height/width values of images changes.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="img { aspect-ratio: 16 / 9; /* width / height */ object-fit: cover; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">img</span> { <span class="pl-c1">aspect-ratio</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">16</span> <span class="pl-c1">/</span> <span class="pl-c1">9</span>; <span class="pl-c">/* width / height */</span> <span class="pl-c1">object-fit</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> cover; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Learn more about the <code>aspect-ratio</code> property in this <a href="https://web.dev/articles/aspect-ratio" rel="nofollow">web.dev post</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/MWxwoNx/" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-6" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-6"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Comma-Separated Lists</h3><a id="user-content-comma-separated-lists" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Comma-Separated Lists" href="#comma-separated-lists"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Make list items look like a real, comma-separated list:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="ul > li:not(:last-child)::after { content: ","; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">ul</span> <span class="pl-c1">></span> <span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">not</span>(<span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">last-child</span>)::<span class="pl-c1">after</span> { <span class="pl-c1">content</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-s">","</span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Use the <code>:not()</code> pseudo-class and no comma will be added to the last item.</p> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-note" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-info mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p><p dir="auto">This tip may not be ideal for accessibility, specifically screen readers. And copy/paste from the browser doesn't work with CSS-generated content. Proceed with caution.</p> </div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Select Items Using Negative <code>nth-child</code></h3><a id="user-content-select-items-using-negative-nth-child" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Select Items Using Negative nth-child" href="#select-items-using-negative-nth-child"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Use negative <code>nth-child</code> in CSS to select items 1 through n.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="li { display: none; } /* select items 1 through 3 and display them */ li:nth-child(-n + 3) { display: block; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">li</span> { <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; } <span class="pl-c">/* select items 1 through 3 and display them */</span> <span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">nth-child</span>(-n + 3) { <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> block; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Or, since you've already learned a little about <a href="#use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation">using <code>:not()</code></a>, try:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="/* select all items except the first 3 and display them */ li:not(:nth-child(-n + 3)) { display: block; }"><pre><span class="pl-c">/* select all items except the first 3 and display them */</span> <span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">not</span>(<span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">nth-child</span>(-n + 3)) { <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> block; }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/WxjKZp" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-7" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-7"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use SVG for Icons</h3><a id="user-content-use-svg-for-icons" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use SVG for Icons" href="#use-svg-for-icons"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">There's no reason not to use SVG for icons:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=".logo { background: url("logo.svg"); }"><pre>.<span class="pl-c1">logo</span> { <span class="pl-c1">background</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-en">url</span>(<span class="pl-s">"logo.svg"</span>); }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">SVG scales well for all resolution types and is supported in all browsers <a href="http://caniuse.com/#search=svg" rel="nofollow">back to IE9</a>. Ditch your .png, .jpg, or .gif-jif-whatev files.</p> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-note" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-info mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p><p dir="auto">If you have SVG icon-only buttons for sighted users and the SVG fails to load, this will help maintain accessibility:</p> </div> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=".no-svg .icon-only::after { content: attr(aria-label); }"><pre>.<span class="pl-c1">no-svg</span> .<span class="pl-c1">icon-only</span>::<span class="pl-c1">after</span> { <span class="pl-c1">content</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-en">attr</span>(aria-label); }</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use the "Lobotomized Owl" Selector</h3><a id="user-content-use-the-lobotomized-owl-selector" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use the "Lobotomized Owl" Selector" href="#use-the-lobotomized-owl-selector"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">It may have a strange name but using the universal selector (<code>*</code>) with the adjacent sibling selector (<code>+</code>) can provide a powerful CSS capability:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="* + * { margin-top: 1.5em; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent"><span class="pl-c1">*</span></span> <span class="pl-c1">+</span> <span class="pl-ent"><span class="pl-c1">*</span></span> { <span class="pl-c1">margin-top</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">1.5<span class="pl-smi">em</span></span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">In this example, all elements in the flow of the document that follow other elements will receive <code>margin-top: 1.5em</code>.</p> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p><p dir="auto">For more on the "lobotomized owl" selector, read <a href="http://alistapart.com/article/axiomatic-css-and-lobotomized-owls" rel="nofollow">Heydon Pickering's post</a> on <em>A List Apart</em>.</p> </div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/grRvWq" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-8" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-8"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use <code>max-height</code> for Pure CSS Sliders</h3><a id="user-content-use-max-height-for-pure-css-sliders" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use max-height for Pure CSS Sliders" href="#use-max-height-for-pure-css-sliders"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Implement CSS-only sliders using <code>max-height</code> with overflow hidden:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=".slider { max-height: 200px; overflow-y: hidden; width: 300px; } .slider:hover { max-height: 600px; overflow-y: scroll; }"><pre>.<span class="pl-c1">slider</span> { <span class="pl-c1">max-height</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">200<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span>; <span class="pl-c1">overflow-y</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> hidden; <span class="pl-c1">width</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">300<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span>; } .<span class="pl-c1">slider</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">hover</span> { <span class="pl-c1">max-height</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">600<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span>; <span class="pl-c1">overflow-y</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> scroll; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">The element expands to the <code>max-height</code> value on hover and the slider displays as a result of the overflow.</p> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Equal-Width Table Cells</h3><a id="user-content-equal-width-table-cells" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Equal-Width Table Cells" href="#equal-width-table-cells"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Tables can be a pain to work with. Try using <code>table-layout: fixed</code> to keep cells at equal width:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=".calendar { table-layout: fixed; }"><pre>.<span class="pl-c1">calendar</span> { <span class="pl-c1">table-layout</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> fixed; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Pain-free table layouts.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/jALALm" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-9" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-9"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Get Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox</h3><a id="user-content-get-rid-of-margin-hacks-with-flexbox" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Get Rid of Margin Hacks With Flexbox" href="#get-rid-of-margin-hacks-with-flexbox"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">When working with column gutters you can get rid of <code>nth-</code>, <code>first-</code>, and <code>last-child</code> hacks by using flexbox's <code>space-between</code> property:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=".list { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } .list .person { flex-basis: 23%; }"><pre>.<span class="pl-c1">list</span> { <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> flex; <span class="pl-c1">justify-content</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> space-between; } .<span class="pl-c1">list</span> .<span class="pl-c1">person</span> { <span class="pl-c1">flex-basis</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">23<span class="pl-smi">%</span></span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Now column gutters always appear evenly-spaced.</p> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use Attribute Selectors with Empty Links</h3><a id="user-content-use-attribute-selectors-with-empty-links" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use Attribute Selectors with Empty Links" href="#use-attribute-selectors-with-empty-links"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Display links when the <code><a></code> element has no text value but the <code>href</code> attribute has a link:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="a[href^="http"]:empty::before { content: attr(href); }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">a</span>[<span class="pl-c1">href</span><span class="pl-c1">^=</span><span class="pl-s">"http"</span>]<span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">empty</span>::<span class="pl-c1">before</span> { <span class="pl-c1">content</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-en">attr</span>(href); }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">That's really convenient.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/zBzXRx" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-10" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-10"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-note" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-info mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p><p dir="auto">This tip may not be ideal for accessibility, specifically screen readers. And copy/paste from the browser doesn't work with CSS-generated content. Proceed with caution.</p> </div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Control Specificity Better with <code>:is()</code></h3><a id="user-content-control-specificity-better-with-is" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Control Specificity Better with :is()" href="#control-specificity-better-with-is"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The <code>:is()</code> pseudo-class is used to target multiple selectors at once, reducing redundancy and enhancing code readability. This is incredibly useful for writing large selectors in a more compact form.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=":is(section, article, aside, nav) :is(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6) { color: green; }"><pre><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">is</span>(<span class="pl-ent">section</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">article</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">aside</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">nav</span>) <span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">is</span>(<span class="pl-ent">h1</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">h2</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">h3</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">h4</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">h5</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">h6</span>) { <span class="pl-c1">color</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> green; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">The above ruleset is equivalent to the following number selector rules...</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="section h1, section h2, section h3, section h4, section h5, section h6, article h1, article h2, article h3, article h4, article h5, article h6, aside h1, aside h2, aside h3, aside h4, aside h5, aside h6, nav h1, nav h2, nav h3, nav h4, nav h5, nav h6 { color: green; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">section</span> <span class="pl-ent">h1</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">section</span> <span class="pl-ent">h2</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">section</span> <span class="pl-ent">h3</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">section</span> <span class="pl-ent">h4</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">section</span> <span class="pl-ent">h5</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">section</span> <span class="pl-ent">h6</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">article</span> <span class="pl-ent">h1</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">article</span> <span class="pl-ent">h2</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">article</span> <span class="pl-ent">h3</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">article</span> <span class="pl-ent">h4</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">article</span> <span class="pl-ent">h5</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">article</span> <span class="pl-ent">h6</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">aside</span> <span class="pl-ent">h1</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">aside</span> <span class="pl-ent">h2</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">aside</span> <span class="pl-ent">h3</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">aside</span> <span class="pl-ent">h4</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">aside</span> <span class="pl-ent">h5</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">aside</span> <span class="pl-ent">h6</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">nav</span> <span class="pl-ent">h1</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">nav</span> <span class="pl-ent">h2</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">nav</span> <span class="pl-ent">h3</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">nav</span> <span class="pl-ent">h4</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">nav</span> <span class="pl-ent">h5</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">nav</span> <span class="pl-ent">h6</span> { <span class="pl-c1">color</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> green; }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/rNRVxdx" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-11" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-11"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Style "Default" Links</h3><a id="user-content-style-default-links" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Style "Default" Links" href="#style-default-links"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Add a style for "default" links:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="a[href]:not([class]) { color: #008000; text-decoration: underline; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">a</span>[<span class="pl-c1">href</span>]<span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">not</span>([<span class="pl-c1">class</span>]) { <span class="pl-c1">color</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-pds"><span class="pl-kos">#</span>008000</span>; <span class="pl-c1">text-decoration</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> underline; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Now links that are inserted via a CMS, which don't usually have a <code>class</code> attribute, will have a distinction without generically affecting the cascade.</p> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Intrinsic Ratio Boxes</h3><a id="user-content-intrinsic-ratio-boxes" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Intrinsic Ratio Boxes" href="#intrinsic-ratio-boxes"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To create a box with an intrinsic ratio, all you need to do is apply top or bottom padding to a div:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=".container { height: 0; padding-bottom: 20%; position: relative; } .container div { border: 2px dashed #ddd; height: 100%; left: 0; position: absolute; top: 0; width: 100%; }"><pre>.<span class="pl-c1">container</span> { <span class="pl-c1">height</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">0</span>; <span class="pl-c1">padding-bottom</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">20<span class="pl-smi">%</span></span>; <span class="pl-c1">position</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> relative; } .<span class="pl-c1">container</span> <span class="pl-ent">div</span> { <span class="pl-c1">border</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">2<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span> dashed <span class="pl-pds"><span class="pl-kos">#</span>ddd</span>; <span class="pl-c1">height</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">100<span class="pl-smi">%</span></span>; <span class="pl-c1">left</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">0</span>; <span class="pl-c1">position</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> absolute; <span class="pl-c1">top</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">0</span>; <span class="pl-c1">width</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">100<span class="pl-smi">%</span></span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Using 20% for padding makes the height of the box equal to 20% of its width. No matter the width of the viewport, the child div will keep its aspect ratio (100% / 20% = 5:1).</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/jALZvE" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-12" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-12"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Style Broken Images</h3><a id="user-content-style-broken-images" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Style Broken Images" href="#style-broken-images"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Make broken images more aesthetically-pleasing with a little bit of CSS:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="img { display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: 300; height: auto; line-height: 2; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 100%; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">img</span> { <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> block; <span class="pl-c1">font-family</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> sans-serif; <span class="pl-c1">font-weight</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">300</span>; <span class="pl-c1">height</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> auto; <span class="pl-c1">line-height</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">2</span>; <span class="pl-c1">position</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> relative; <span class="pl-c1">text-align</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> center; <span class="pl-c1">width</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">100<span class="pl-smi">%</span></span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Now add pseudo-elements rules to display a user message and URL reference of the broken image:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="img::before { content: "We're sorry, the image below is broken :("; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; } img::after { content: "(url: " attr(src) ")"; display: block; font-size: 12px; }"><pre><span class="pl-c1">img</span>::<span class="pl-c1">before</span> { <span class="pl-c1">content</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-s">"We're sorry, the image below is broken :("</span>; <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> block; <span class="pl-c1">margin-bottom</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">10<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span>; } <span class="pl-c1">img</span>::<span class="pl-c1">after</span> { <span class="pl-c1">content</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-s">"(url: "</span> <span class="pl-en">attr</span>(src) <span class="pl-s">")"</span>; <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> block; <span class="pl-c1">font-size</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">12<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span>; }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-tip" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-light-bulb mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M8 1.5c-2.363 0-4 1.69-4 3.75 0 .984.424 1.625.984 2.304l.214.253c.223.264.47.556.673.848.284.411.537.896.621 1.49a.75.75 0 0 1-1.484.211c-.04-.282-.163-.547-.37-.847a8.456 8.456 0 0 0-.542-.68c-.084-.1-.173-.205-.268-.32C3.201 7.75 2.5 6.766 2.5 5.25 2.5 2.31 4.863 0 8 0s5.5 2.31 5.5 5.25c0 1.516-.701 2.5-1.328 3.259-.095.115-.184.22-.268.319-.207.245-.383.453-.541.681-.208.3-.33.565-.37.847a.751.751 0 0 1-1.485-.212c.084-.593.337-1.078.621-1.489.203-.292.45-.584.673-.848.075-.088.147-.173.213-.253.561-.679.985-1.32.985-2.304 0-2.06-1.637-3.75-4-3.75ZM5.75 12h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM6 15.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path></svg>Tip</p><p dir="auto">Learn more about styling for this pattern in <a href="http://bitsofco.de/styling-broken-images/" rel="nofollow">Ire Aderinokun's post</a>.</p> </div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use <code>rem</code> for Global Sizing; Use <code>em</code> for Local Sizing</h3><a id="user-content-use-rem-for-global-sizing-use-em-for-local-sizing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use rem for Global Sizing; Use em for Local Sizing" href="#use-rem-for-global-sizing-use-em-for-local-sizing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">After setting the base font size at the root (<code>html { font-size: 100%; }</code>), set the font size for textual elements to <code>em</code>:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="h2 { font-size: 2em; } p { font-size: 1em; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">h2</span> { <span class="pl-c1">font-size</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">2<span class="pl-smi">em</span></span>; } <span class="pl-ent">p</span> { <span class="pl-c1">font-size</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">1<span class="pl-smi">em</span></span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Then set the font-size for modules to <code>rem</code>:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="article { font-size: 1.25rem; } aside .module { font-size: 0.9rem; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">article</span> { <span class="pl-c1">font-size</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">1.25<span class="pl-smi">rem</span></span>; } <span class="pl-ent">aside</span> .<span class="pl-c1">module</span> { <span class="pl-c1">font-size</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">0.9<span class="pl-smi">rem</span></span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Now each module becomes compartmentalized and easier to style, more maintainable, and flexible.</p> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Hide Autoplay Videos That Aren't Muted</h3><a id="user-content-hide-autoplay-videos-that-arent-muted" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Hide Autoplay Videos That Aren't Muted" href="#hide-autoplay-videos-that-arent-muted"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This is a great trick for a custom user stylesheet. Avoid overloading a user with sound from a video that autoplays when the page is loaded. If the sound isn't muted, don't show the video:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="video[autoplay]:not([muted]) { display: none; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">video</span>[<span class="pl-c1">autoplay</span>]<span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">not</span>([<span class="pl-c1">muted</span>]) { <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Once again, we're taking advantage of using the <a href="#use-not-to-applyunapply-borders-on-navigation"><code>:not()</code></a> pseudo-class.</p> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use <code>:root</code> for Flexible Type</h3><a id="user-content-use-root-for-flexible-type" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use :root for Flexible Type" href="#use-root-for-flexible-type"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The type font size in a responsive layout should be able to adjust with each viewport. You can calculate the font size based on the viewport height and width using <code>:root</code>:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=":root { font-size: calc(1vw + 1vh + 0.5vmin); }"><pre><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">root</span> { <span class="pl-c1">font-size</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-en">calc</span>(<span class="pl-c1">1<span class="pl-smi">vw</span></span> <span class="pl-c1">+</span> <span class="pl-c1">1<span class="pl-smi">vh</span></span> <span class="pl-c1">+</span> <span class="pl-c1">0.5<span class="pl-smi">vmin</span></span>); }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Now you can utilize the <code>root em</code> unit based on the value calculated by <code>:root</code>:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="body { font: 1rem/1.6 sans-serif; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">body</span> { <span class="pl-c1">font</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">1</span>rem/1.6 sans-serif; }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/XKgOkR" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-13" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-13"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Set <code>font-size</code> on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience</h3><a id="user-content-set-font-size-on-form-elements-for-a-better-mobile-experience" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Set font-size on Form Elements for a Better Mobile Experience" href="#set-font-size-on-form-elements-for-a-better-mobile-experience"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To avoid mobile browsers (iOS Safari, <em>et al</em>.) from zooming in on HTML form elements when a <code><select></code> drop-down is tapped, add <code>font-size</code> to the selector rule:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="input[type="text"], input[type="number"], select, textarea { font-size: 16px; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">input</span>[<span class="pl-c1">type</span><span class="pl-c1">=</span><span class="pl-s">"text"</span>]<span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">input</span>[<span class="pl-c1">type</span><span class="pl-c1">=</span><span class="pl-s">"number"</span>]<span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">select</span><span class="pl-kos">,</span> <span class="pl-ent">textarea</span> { <span class="pl-c1">font-size</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">16<span class="pl-smi">px</span></span>; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events</h3><a id="user-content-use-pointer-events-to-control-mouse-events" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use Pointer Events to Control Mouse Events" href="#use-pointer-events-to-control-mouse-events"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/pointer-events" rel="nofollow">Pointer events</a> allow you to specify how the mouse interacts with the element it's touching. To disable the default pointer event on a button, for instance:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="button:disabled { opacity: 0.5; pointer-events: none; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">button</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">disabled</span> { <span class="pl-c1">opacity</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> <span class="pl-c1">0.5</span>; <span class="pl-c1">pointer-events</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">It's that simple.</p> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Set <code>display: none</code> on Line Breaks Used as Spacing</h3><a id="user-content-set-display-none-on-line-breaks-used-as-spacing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Set display: none on Line Breaks Used as Spacing" href="#set-display-none-on-line-breaks-used-as-spacing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">As <a href="https://twitter.com/csswizardry/status/1170835532584235008" rel="nofollow">Harry Roberts pointed out</a>, this can help prevent CMS users from using extra line breaks for spacing:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="br + br { display: none; }"><pre><span class="pl-ent">br</span> <span class="pl-c1">+</span> <span class="pl-ent">br</span> { <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use <code>:empty</code> to Hide Empty HTML Elements</h3><a id="user-content-use-empty-to-hide-empty-html-elements" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use :empty to Hide Empty HTML Elements" href="#use-empty-to-hide-empty-html-elements"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">If you have HTML elements that are empty, i.e., the content has yet to be set either by a CMS or dynamically injected (e.g., <code><p class="error-message"></p></code>) and it's creating unwanted space on your layout, use the <code>:empty</code> pseudo-class to hide the element on the layout.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=":empty { display: none; }"><pre><span class="pl-kos">:</span><span class="pl-c1">empty</span> { <span class="pl-c1">display</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> none; }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-note" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-info mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p><p dir="auto">Keep in mind that elements with whitespace aren't considered empty, e.g., <code><p class="error-message"> </p></code>.</p> </div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Support</h2><a id="user-content-support" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Support" href="#support"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Current versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.</p> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Use <code>margin-inline</code> instead of <code>margin</code></h3><a id="user-content-use-margin-inline-instead-of-margin" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Use margin-inline instead of margin" href="#use-margin-inline-instead-of-margin"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>margin-inline</code> defines the inline start and end margins of an element. So instead of using <code>margin-left</code> and <code>margin-right</code> we can use the inline property to define both.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=".div { margin-inline: auto; }"><pre>.<span class="pl-c1">div</span> { <span class="pl-c1">margin-inline</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> auto; }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">The same can be done for <code>margin-block</code> with defines the block start and end margins, i.e., <code>margin-top</code> and <code>margin-bottom</code>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-css notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=".div { margin-block: auto; }"><pre>.<span class="pl-c1">div</span> { <span class="pl-c1">margin-block</span><span class="pl-kos">:</span> auto; }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="https://codepen.io/AllThingsSmitty/pen/PwoOQGB" rel="nofollow">Demo</a></h4><a id="user-content-demo-14" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Demo" href="#demo-14"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Translations</h2><a id="user-content-translations" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Translations" href="#translations"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-alert markdown-alert-note" dir="auto"><p class="markdown-alert-title" dir="auto"><svg class="octicon octicon-info mr-2" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 8a8 8 0 1 1 16 0A8 8 0 0 1 0 8Zm8-6.5a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 0 13 6.5 6.5 0 0 0 0-13ZM6.5 7.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.25 7h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.75h.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.25v-2h-.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75ZM8 6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg>Note</p><p dir="auto">I've had less time available to maintain the growing list of translated tips; adding a new tip requires including it with over a dozen translations. For that reason, translated README files are likely to not include all the tips listed on the main README file.</p> </div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/zh-CN">简体中文</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/zh-TW">正體中文</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/de-DE">Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/es-ES">Español</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/fr-FR">Français</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/gr-GR">λληνικά</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/gu-IND">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/it-IT">Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/ja-JP">日本語</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/ko-KR">한국어</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/pl-PL">Polskie</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/pt-BR">Português do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/pt-PT">Português do Europe</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/ru-RU">Русский</a></li> <li><a href="https://github.com/AllThingsSmitty/css-protips/tree/master/translations/vn-VN">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><sup><a href="#contents">Back to top</a></sup></p> </article></div></div></div></div></div>   <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="jky3AazFmCzywvlQogrY0Zu/Xi0OssQjc0DFatbQuu4uhzqWI09vFKHmuyoS05hLTghvOaRBz8HpoysLbQsNqQ==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> ⚡️ A collection of tips to help take your CSS skills pro 🦾 </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div class="my-3"> <div class="f6"> <a href="/topics/css" title="Topic: css" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> css </a> <a href="/topics/awesome" title="Topic: awesome" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> awesome </a> <a href="/topics/css3" title="Topic: css3" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> css3 </a> <a href="/topics/tips" title="Topic: tips" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> tips </a> <a href="/topics/flexbox" title="Topic: flexbox" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> flexbox </a> <a href="/topics/css-grid" title="Topic: css-grid" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> css-grid </a> <a href="/topics/awesome-list" title="Topic: awesome-list" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> awesome-list </a> <a href="/topics/useful" title="Topic: useful" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> useful </a> <a href="/topics/tips-and-tricks" title="Topic: tips-and-tricks" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> tips-and-tricks </a> <a href="/topics/protip" title="Topic: protip" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> protip </a> <a href="/topics/css-tricks" title="Topic: css-tricks" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> css-tricks </a> <a href="/topics/css-flexbox" title="Topic: css-flexbox" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> css-flexbox </a> <a href="/topics/learning-resources" title="Topic: learning-resources" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> learning-resources </a> </div> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Resources</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Repository Overview","action":"click","label":"location:sidebar;file:readme"}" href="#readme-ov-file"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-book mr-2"> <path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v10.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4.507a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-1.591.659l-.622.621a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-.622-.621A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.258 13H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm7.251 10.324.004-5.073-.002-2.253A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 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