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aria-controls="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Objectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Payload</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Payload-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Payload subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Indian instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments_from_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments_from_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Instruments from other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruments_from_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mission timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earth_orbit_burns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_orbit_burns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Earth orbit burns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_orbit_burns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_orbit_insertion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_orbit_insertion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lunar orbit insertion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_orbit_insertion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_MIP_on_the_lunar_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_MIP_on_the_lunar_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Impact of the MIP on the lunar surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_MIP_on_the_lunar_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_spacecraft's_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_spacecraft's_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Rise of spacecraft's temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_spacecraft's_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_of_minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_of_minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Mapping of minerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_of_minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping_of_Apollo_landing_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping_of_Apollo_landing_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Mapping of Apollo landing sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping_of_Apollo_landing_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_acquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_acquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Image acquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_acquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_of_X-Ray_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_of_X-Ray_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Detection of X-Ray signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_of_X-Ray_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_Earth_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_Earth_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Full Earth image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_Earth_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_raised_to_200_km" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_raised_to_200_km"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Orbit raised to 200 km</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_raised_to_200_km-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_sensor_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_sensor_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Attitude sensor failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_sensor_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radar_scans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radar_scans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Radar scans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radar_scans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>End of the mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lunar_water_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_water_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Lunar water discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_water_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_water_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_water_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Lunar water production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_water_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Lunar caves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tectonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Tectonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Team</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_release_of_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_release_of_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Public release of data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_release_of_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Follow-up_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Follow-up_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Follow-up missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Follow-up_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_outpost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_outpost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Lunar outpost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_outpost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chandrayaan-1</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_1" title="شاندرايان 1 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاندرايان 1" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A7" title="চন্দ্ৰযান-১ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চন্দ্ৰযান-১" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A7" title="চন্দ্রযান-১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চন্দ্রযান-১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-1" title="चंद्रयान-1 – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चंद्रयान-1" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Candraj%C3%A1n-1" title="Čandraján-1 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čandraján-1" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%DB%B1" title="چاندریان-۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاندریان-۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan_1" title="Chandrayaan 1 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chandrayaan 1" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8-%E0%AB%A7" title="ચંદ્રયાન-૧ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચંદ્રયાન-૧" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%96%80_1%ED%98%B8" title="찬드라얀 1호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찬드라얀 1호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="चन्द्रयान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चन्द्रयान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_1" title="צ'אנדריאן 1 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אנדריאן 1" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8-%E0%B3%A7" title="ಚಂದ್ರಯಾನ-೧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಂದ್ರಯಾನ-೧" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Чандраян – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чандраян" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csandraj%C3%A1an%E2%80%931" title="Csandrajáan–1 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csandrajáan–1" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB-1" title="ചന്ദ്രയാൻ-1 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചന്ദ്രയാൻ-1" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A7" title="चंद्रयान १ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चंद्रयान १" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%81%81_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA" title="ချန်ဒရာယန် ၁ အာကာသယာဉ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချန်ဒရာယန် ၁ အာကာသယာဉ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B31%E5%8F%B7" title="チャンドラヤーン1号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャンドラヤーン1号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8-%E0%AD%A7" title="ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଯାନ-୧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଯାନ-୧" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8-1" title="ਚੰਦਰਯਾਨ-1 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੰਦਰਯਾਨ-1" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1" title="چندریان 1 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چندریان 1" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan_1" title="Chandrayaan 1 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Chandrayaan 1" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan" title="Chandrayaan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chandrayaan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD-1" title="Чандраян-1 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чандраян-1" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1-%E1%B1%91" title="ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱭᱟᱱ-᱑ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱚᱭᱟᱱ-᱑" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Candraj%C3%A1n-1" title="Čandraján-1 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čandraján-1" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%A1" title="چاندریان١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاندریان١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chandrayaan-1" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-1" title="சந்திரயான்-1 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சந்திரயான்-1" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_1" title="చంద్రయాన్ 1 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చంద్రయాన్ 1" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99-1" title="จันทรยาน-1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จันทรยาน-1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD-1" title="Чандраян-1 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чандраян-1" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1" title="چندریان 1 – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چندریان 1" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E8%88%B91%E5%8F%B7" title="月船1号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="月船1号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49011#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Chandrayaan-1</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CY1_2007_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">orbiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Impactor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2008-052A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">33405</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/chandrayaan-1">www<wbr />.isro<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in<wbr />/Spacecraft<wbr />/chandrayaan-1</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Planned: 2 years <br /> Final: 10 months, 6 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,380 kg (3,040 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dry mass</th><td class="infobox-data">560 kg (1,230 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-CY1_Booklet_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CY1_Booklet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">105 kg (231 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-CY1_Booklet_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CY1_Booklet-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 2008, 00:52<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">2008-10-22UTC00:52</span>)</span> UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#PSLV-XL" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV-XL</a> C11<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO-Mission_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO-Mission-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre#Second_Launch_Pad" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 2009, 20:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">2009-08-28UTC21</span>)</span> UTC</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Selenocentric_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenocentric orbit">Selenocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">Semi-major axis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,758 kilometers (1,092 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periselene altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200 km (120 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aposelene altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200 km (120 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 May 2009</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">8 November 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits</th><td class="infobox-data">3,400 at EOM<sup id="cite_ref-mission_end_1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission_end_1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan programme</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chandrayaan-1</b> (<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5b\/Chandrayaan.ogg\/Chandrayaan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Chandrayaan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Chandrayaan.ogg/Chandrayaan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan.ogg" title="File:Chandrayaan.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></i></span>, "Moon" and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">yāna</i></span>, "craft, vehicle")<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first Indian <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">lunar</a> <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">probe</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan programme</a>. It was launched by the <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO) in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. The mission included an orbiter and an impactor. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> launched the spacecraft using a <a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#PSLV-XL" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV-XL</a> rocket on 22 October 2008 at 00:52 UTC from <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was a major boost to India's space program, as India researched and developed indigenous technology to explore the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vehicle was inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. </p><p>On 14 November 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a> separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter at 14:36 UTC and struck the south pole in a controlled manner. The probe hit near the crater <a href="/wiki/Shackleton_(crater)" title="Shackleton (crater)">Shackleton</a> at 15:01 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of impact was named <a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Point" title="Jawahar Point">Jawahar Point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this mission, ISRO became the fifth <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Space Agency">national space agency</a> to reach the lunar surface. Other nations whose <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Space Agency">national space agencies</a> achieved similar feats were the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States in 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan in 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA member states</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TOI_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimated cost for the project was <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>386 crore</span> (US$88.73 million). It was intended to survey the lunar surface for over two years, to produce a complete map of the chemical composition at the surface and its three-dimensional topography. The polar regions were of special interest as they had high probability of presence of water ice.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of its many achievements was the discovery of the widespread presence of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">water molecules</a> in lunar soil.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After almost a year, the orbiter started experiencing several technical issues including failure of the <a href="/wiki/Star_tracker" title="Star tracker">star tracker</a> and poor thermal shielding; Chandrayaan-1 stopped communicating at about 20:00 UTC on 28 August 2009, shortly after which the ISRO officially declared that the mission was over. Chandrayaan-1 operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years; however, the mission achieved most of its scientific objectives, including detecting the presence of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Lunar water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mission_end_1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission_end_1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mission_end_2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission_end_2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mission_end_3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission_end_3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa_chandrayaan_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_chandrayaan-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 July 2016, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> used ground-based radar systems to relocate Chandrayaan-1 in its lunar orbit, almost seven years after it shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn20170310_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn20170310-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20170309_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20170309-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repeated observations over the next three months allowed a precise determination of its orbit which varies between 150 and 270 km (93 and 168 mi) in altitude every two years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, announced the <i>Chandrayaan 1</i> project<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was a major boost to India's space program.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagla_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagla-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of an Indian scientific mission to the Moon was first raised in 1999 during a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a>. The Astronautical Society of India (ASI) began planning the implementation of such an idea in 2000. Soon after, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) set up the National Lunar Mission Task Force. The Task Force concluded that ISRO had the technical expertise to carry out an Indian mission to the Moon. In April 2003, over 100 Indian scientists spanning fields from planetary and space sciences, <a href="/wiki/Earth_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a>, physics, chemistry, astronomy, astrophysics, engineering, and communication sciences discussed and approved the Task Force recommendation to launch an Indian probe to the Moon. Six months later, in November, the <a href="/wiki/Vajpayee_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajpayee government">Vajpayee government</a> formally approved the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission had the following stated objectives:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>To design, develop, launch, and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using an Indian-made launch vehicle</li> <li>To conduct scientific experiments using instruments on the spacecraft which would yield data: <ul><li>for the preparation of a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5–10 m or 16–33 ft) of both the near and far sides of the Moon</li> <li>for chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface at a high spatial resolution, mapping particularly the chemical elements <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a></li></ul></li> <li>To increase scientific knowledge</li> <li>To test the impact of a sub-satellite (Moon Impact Probe – MIP) on the surface of the Moon as a fore-runner for future soft-landing missions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goals">Goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To reach its objective, the mission defined these goals: </p> <ul><li>High-resolution mineralogical and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">chemical imaging</a> of the permanently shadowed north- and south-polar regions</li> <li>To search for surface or sub-surface <a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">lunar water</a> ice, especially at the lunar poles</li> <li>Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks</li> <li>Chemical <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> of the lunar crust by <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> of the central <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">uplands</a> of large lunar craters, and of the South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR), an expected site of interior material</li> <li>Mapping the height variation of features of the lunar surface</li> <li>Observation of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moon's surface with 5 m (16 ft) resolution</li> <li>Providing new insights in understanding the Moon's origin and evolution<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chandrayaan-1.svg/220px-Chandrayaan-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chandrayaan-1.svg/330px-Chandrayaan-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chandrayaan-1.svg/440px-Chandrayaan-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Mass</dt> <dd>1,380 kg (3,042 lb) at launch, 675 kg (1,488 lb) at lunar orbit,<sup id="cite_ref-description_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-description-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 523 kg (1,153 lb) after releasing the impactor.</dd> <dt>Dimensions</dt> <dd>Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m (4.9 ft)</dd> <dt>Communications</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a>, 0.7 m (2.3 ft) diameter dual <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimballed</a> parabolic antenna for payload data transmission. The Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TTC) communication operates in <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a> frequency.</dd> <dt>Power</dt> <dd>The spacecraft was mainly powered by its <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic array">solar array</a>, which included one solar panel covering a total area of 2.15 × 1.8 m (7.1 × 5.9 ft) generating 750 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a> of peak power, which was stored in a 36 <a href="/wiki/Ampere_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampere hour">A·h</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a> for use during eclipses.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Propulsion</dt> <dd>The spacecraft used a <a href="/wiki/Bipropellant_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipropellant rocket">bipropellant</a> integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon. The power plant consisted of one 440 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a> engine and eight 22 N thrusters. Fuel and oxidizer were stored in two tanks of 390 liters (100 U.S. gal) each.<sup id="cite_ref-description_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-description-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Navigation and control</dt> <dd>The craft was <a href="/wiki/3-axis_stabilized_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="3-axis stabilized spacecraft">3-axis stabilized</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Attitude_dynamics_and_control#Star_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Attitude dynamics and control">star sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyroscopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyroscopes">gyros</a>, and four <a href="/wiki/Reaction_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaction wheels">reaction wheels</a>. The craft carried dual redundant bus management units for attitude control, sensor processing, antenna orientation, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-description_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-description-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Payload">Payload</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scientific payload had a mass of 90 kg (198 lb), contained five Indian instruments and six instruments from other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_instruments">Indian instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indian instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>TMC</b> or the <b>Terrain Mapping Camera</b> is a <a href="/wiki/CMOS_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="CMOS camera">CMOS camera</a> with 5 m (16 ft) resolution and a 40 km (25 mi) swath in the <a href="/wiki/Panchromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchromatic">panchromatic</a> band and was used to produce a high-resolution map of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This instrument aimed to completely map the topography of the Moon. The camera works in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and captures black-and-white stereo images. When used in conjunction with data from the Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), it can help in a better understanding of the lunar gravitational field as well. TMC was built by the ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC) at Ahmedabad.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TMC was tested on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_TMC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_TMC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>HySI</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging" title="Hyperspectral imaging">Hyper Spectral Imager</a></b> is a CMOS camera, that performs mineralogical mapping in the 400–900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m (260 ft).</li> <li><b>LLRI</b> or <b>Lunar <a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">Laser Ranging Instrument</a></b> determines the height of the surface topography by sending pulses of <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> light toward the lunar surface and detecting the reflected portion of that light. It operated continuously and collected 10 measurements per second on both the day and night sides of the Moon. LLRI was developed by the Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems of ISRO, Bangalore.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_LLRI_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_LLRI-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was tested on 16 November 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_LLRI_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_LLRI-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_LLRI_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu_LLRI-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>HEX</b> is a <b>High Energy aj/gamma x-ray spectrometer</b> for 30–200 keV measurements with a ground resolution of 40 km (25 mi), the HEX measured <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead-210" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-210"><sup>210</sup>Pb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222"><sup>222</sup>Rn</a> degassing, and other radioactive elements.</li> <li><b>MIP</b> or the <b><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></b> developed by the ISRO is an impact probe that consists of a C-band Radar altimeter for measurement of the altitude of the probe, a video imaging system for acquiring images of the lunar surface, and a mass spectrometer for measuring the constituents of the lunar atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was ejected at 14:30 UTC on 14 November 2008. As planned, the Moon Impact Probe impacted the lunar south pole at 15:01 UTC on 14 November 2008. ISRO was the fifth national space agency to reach the surface of the Moon. Other <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="National Space Agency">national space agencies</a> to have done so prior were the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States in 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan in 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ESA in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TOI_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments_from_other_countries">Instruments from other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Instruments from other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper_left.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper_left.jpg/220px-Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper_left.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper_left.jpg/330px-Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper_left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper_left.jpg/440px-Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper_left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Moon Mineralogy Mapper (left)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIR-2_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SIR-2_Logo.jpg/220px-SIR-2_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/SIR-2_Logo.jpg/330px-SIR-2_Logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/SIR-2_Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>SIR-2 Logo</figcaption></figure><p>These international contributions were vital to the mission’s success and overall achievements of Chandrayaan 1. </p><ul><li><b>C1XS</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> spectrometer</b> covering 1–10 keV, mapped the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> at the surface with a ground resolution of 25 km (16 mi), and monitored solar <a href="/wiki/Flux" title="Flux">flux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This payload results from the collaboration between Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, U.K, ESA and ISRO. It was activated on 23 November 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceDaily1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceDaily1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>SARA</b>, the <b>Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser</b> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> mapped mineral composition using <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Atom_Imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Atom Imaging">low energy neutral atoms</a> emitted from the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_SARA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_SARA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>M<sup>3</sup></b>, the <b><a href="/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a></b> from <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> and <a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a> (funded by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition. It was activated on 17 December 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL_M3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL_M3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/SIR-2" title="SIR-2">SIR-2</a></b>, a <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared spectroscopy">near-infrared spectrometer</a> from ESA, built at the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Academy of Science">Polish Academy of Science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a>, also mapped the mineral composition using an <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared grating spectrometer</a>. The instrument is similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Smart-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart-1">Smart-1</a> SIR.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_SIR2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_SIR2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was activated on 19 November 2008 and scientific observations were started on 20 November 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceDaily1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceDaily1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mini-SAR</b>, designed, built, and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval Air Warfare Center, <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>, with outer support from ISRO. <a href="/wiki/Mini-RF" title="Mini-RF">Mini-SAR</a> is the active <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_Aperture_Radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic Aperture Radar">Synthetic Aperture Radar</a> system to search for lunar polar ice and water ice. The instrument transmitted right <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarised</a> radiation with a frequency of 2.5 GHz and monitored scattered left and right polarised radiation. The <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel reflectivity">Fresnel reflectivity</a> and the circular polarisation ratio (CPR) are the key parameters deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect, which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR so that the water content of the Moon's polar regions can be estimated.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_SAR_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_SAR-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-radar_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radar-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/RADOM-7" title="RADOM-7">RADOM-7</a></b>, <b>Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment</b> from the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a> mapped the radiation environment around the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_RADOM1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_RADOM1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was tested on 16 November 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_LLRI_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_LLRI-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_LLRI_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu_LLRI-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_timeline">Mission timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mission timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg/220px-PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg/330px-PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg/440px-PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>PSLV C11 carrying Chandrayaan-1</figcaption></figure> <p>During the tenure of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, the Chandrayaan project got a boost and finally Chandrayaan-1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 00:52 UTC from <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a> using the ISRO's 44.4-metre (146 ft) tall, four-stage <a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a> C11 launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandrayaan-1 was sent to the Moon in a series of orbit-increasing manoeuvres around the Earth over a period of 21 days as opposed to launching the craft on a direct trajectory to the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-HinduOrbits_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HinduOrbits-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At launch the spacecraft was inserted into <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a> (GTO) with an <a href="/wiki/Apogee" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee">apogee</a> of 22,860 km (14,200 mi) and a <a href="/wiki/Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a> of 255 km (158 mi). The apogee was increased with a series of five orbit burns conducted over a period of 13 days after launch.<sup id="cite_ref-HinduOrbits_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HinduOrbits-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the duration of the mission, ISRO's telemetry, tracking and command network (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISTRAC</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Peenya" title="Peenya">Peenya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, tracked and controlled Chandrayaan-1.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandrayaan-1_successfully_put_into_Earth's_orbit_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandrayaan-1_successfully_put_into_Earth's_orbit-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists from India, Europe, and the U.S. conducted a high-level review of Chandrayaan-1 on 29 January 2009 after the spacecraft completed its first 100 days in space.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth_orbit_burns">Earth orbit burns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Earth orbit burns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Earth orbit burns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date (UTC) </th> <th>Burn time<br />(minutes) </th> <th>Resulting<br /> apogee </th></tr> <tr> <th>22 October<br />Launch </th> <td>18.2<br />in four stages </td> <td>22,860 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 October </th> <td>18 </td> <td>37,900 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>25 October </th> <td>16 </td> <td>74,715 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>26 October </th> <td>9.5 </td> <td>164,600 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>29 October </th> <td>3 </td> <td>267,000 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 November </th> <td>2.5 </td> <td>380,000 km </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>First orbit burn</dt></dl> <p>The first orbit-raising manoeuvre of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was performed at 03:30 UTC on 23 October 2008 when the spacecraft's 440 Newton liquid engine was fired for about 18 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Peenya, Bangalore. With this Chandrayaan-1's apogee was raised to 37,900 km (23,500 mi), and its perigee to 305 km (190 mi). In this orbit, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft took about 11 hours to go around the Earth once.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Second orbit burn</dt></dl> <p>The second orbit-raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was carried out on 25 October 2008 at 00:18 UTC when the spacecraft's engine was fired for about 16 minutes, raising its apogee to 74,715 km (46,426 mi), and its perigee to 336 km (209 mi), thus completing 20 percent of its journey. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft took about twenty-five and a half hours to go round the Earth once. This was the first time an Indian spacecraft went beyond the 36,000 km (22,000 mi) high geostationary orbit and reached an altitude more than twice that height.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_2_orb_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_2_orb-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Third orbit burn</dt></dl> <p>The third orbit raising manoeuvre was initiated on 26 October 2008 at 01:38 UTC when the spacecraft's engine was fired for about nine and a half minutes. With this its apogee was raised to 164,600 km (102,300 mi), and the perigee to 348 km (216 mi). In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 took about 73 hours to go around the Earth once.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_3_orb_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_3_orb-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Fourth orbit burn</dt></dl> <p>The fourth orbit-raising maneuver took place on 29 October 2008 at 02:08 UTC when the spacecraft's engine was fired for about three minutes, raising its apogee to 267,000 km (166,000 mi) and the perigee to 465 km (289 mi). This extended its orbit to a distance more than half the way to the Moon. In this orbit, the spacecraft took about six days to go around the Earth once.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_4_orb_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_4_orb-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Final orbit burn</dt></dl> <p>The fifth and final orbit raising manoeuvre was carried out on 3 November 2008 at 23:26 UTC when the spacecraft's engine was fired for about two and a half minutes resulting in Chandrayaan-1 entering the <a href="/wiki/Trans_Lunar_Injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans Lunar Injection">Lunar Transfer Trajectory</a> with an apogee of about 380,000 km (240,000 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_5_orb_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_5_orb-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_orbit_insertion">Lunar orbit insertion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lunar orbit insertion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Lunar orbit insertion </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date (UTC) </th> <th>Burn time <br /> (seconds) </th> <th>Resulting <br /> periselene </th> <th>Resulting <br /> aposelene </th></tr> <tr> <th>8 November </th> <td>817 </td> <td>504 km </td> <td>7,502 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 November </th> <td>57 </td> <td>200 km </td> <td>7,502 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 November </th> <td>866 </td> <td>187 km </td> <td>255 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 November </th> <td>31 </td> <td>101 km </td> <td>255 km </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 November <br /> Final orbit </th> <td> </td> <td>100 km </td> <td>100 km </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chandrayaan-1 completed the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbit_Insertion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Orbit Insertion">lunar orbit insertion</a> operation on 8 November 2008 at 11:21 UTC. This manoeuvre involved firing of the liquid engine for 817 seconds (about thirteen and half minutes) when the spacecraft passed within 500 km (310 mi) from the Moon. The satellite was placed in an elliptical orbit that passed over the polar regions of the Moon, with 7,502 km (4,662 mi) <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">aposelene</a> and 504 km (313 mi) <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">periselene</a>. The orbital period was estimated to be around 11 hours. With the successful completion of this operation, India became the fifth nation to put a vehicle in lunar orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_6_LOI_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_6_LOI-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>First orbit reduction</dt></dl> <p>First Lunar Orbit Reduction Manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 was carried out on 9 November 2008 at 14:33 UTC. During this, the engine of the spacecraft was fired for about 57 seconds. This reduced the <a href="/wiki/Periselene" class="mw-redirect" title="Periselene">periselene</a> to 200 km (124 mi) while <a href="/wiki/Aposelene" class="mw-redirect" title="Aposelene">aposelene</a> remained unchanged at 7,502 km. In this elliptical orbit, Chandrayaan-1 took about ten and a half hours to circle the Moon once.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_8_LOR_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_8_LOR-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Second orbit reduction</dt></dl> <p>This manoeuvre was carried out on 10 November 2008 at 16:28 UTC, resulting in a steep decrease in Chandrayaan-1's aposelene to 255 km (158 mi) and its periselene to 187 km (116 mi), During this manoeuvre, the engine was fired for about 866 seconds (about fourteen and a half minutes). Chandrayaan-1 took two hours and 16 minutes to go around the Moon once in this orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-HINDU_8_LOR_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HINDU_8_LOR-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Third orbit reduction</dt></dl> <p>Third Lunar Orbit Reduction was carried out by firing the onboard engine for 31 seconds on 11 November 2008 at 13:00 UTC. This reduced the periselene to 101 km (63 mi), while the aposelene remained constant at 255 km. In this orbit Chandrayaan-1 took two hours and 9 minutes to go around the Moon once.<sup id="cite_ref-HINDU_9_LOR_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HINDU_9_LOR-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Final orbit</dt></dl> <p>Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was placed into a mission-specific lunar polar orbit of 100 km (62 mi) above the lunar surface on 12 November 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-jsr603_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsr603-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_8_FOR_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_8_FOR-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final orbit reduction manoeuvre, Chandrayaan-1's aposelene and periselene were both reduced to 100 km.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_8_FOR_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_8_FOR-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 takes about two hours to go around the Moon once. Two of the 11 payloads—the Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) and the Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM)—were switched on. The TMC acquired images of both the Earth and the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_8_FOR_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_8_FOR-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_the_MIP_on_the_lunar_surface">Impact of the MIP on the lunar surface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact of the MIP on the lunar surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a> (MIP) crash-<a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">landed</a> on the lunar surface on 14 November 2008, 15:01 UTC near the crater <a href="/wiki/Shackleton_(crater)" title="Shackleton (crater)">Shackleton</a> at the south pole.<sup id="cite_ref-jsr603_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsr603-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MIP was one of eleven scientific instruments (payloads) on board Chandrayaan-1.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_of_India_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MIP separated from Chandrayaan at 100 km from lunar surface and began its nosedive at 14:36 UTC. going into free fall for thirty minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-jsr603_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsr603-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it fell, it kept sending information back to the mother satellite which, in turn, beamed the information back to Earth. The altimeter then also began recording measurements to prepare for a rover to land on the lunar surface during a second Moon mission.<sup id="cite_ref-UMMID_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMMID-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the deployment of the MIP, the other scientific instruments were turned on, starting the next phase of the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_of_India_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_of_India-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After scientific analyses of the received data from the MIP, the Indian Space Research Organisation confirmed the presence of water in the lunar soil and published the finding in a press conference addressed by its then Chairman <a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_spacecraft's_temperature"><span id="Rise_of_spacecraft.27s_temperature"></span>Rise of spacecraft's temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rise of spacecraft's temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ISRO had reported on 25 November 2008 that Chandrayaan-1's temperature had risen above normal to 50 °C (122 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-HiTemp_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-HiTemp-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists said that it was caused by higher than expected temperatures in lunar orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-HiTemp_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-HiTemp-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperature was brought down by about 10 °C (18 °F) by rotating the spacecraft about 20 degrees and switching off some of the instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-HiTemp_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-HiTemp-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, ISRO reported on 27 November 2008 that the spacecraft was operating under normal temperature conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI-HiTemp_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-HiTemp-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent reports ISRO says, since the spacecraft was still recording higher than normal temperatures, it would be running only one instrument at a time until January 2009 when lunar orbital temperature conditions are said to stabilize.<sup id="cite_ref-ET-HiTemp_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET-HiTemp-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially thought that the spacecraft was experiencing high temperature because of radiation from the Sun and infrared radiation reflected by the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-NS-HiTemp_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-HiTemp-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the rise in spacecraft temperature was later attributed to a batch of <a href="/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter" title="DC-to-DC converter">DC-DC converters</a> with poor thermal regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping_of_minerals">Mapping of minerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mapping of minerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mineral content on the lunar surface was mapped with the <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a> (M<sup>3</sup>), a NASA instrument on board the orbiter. The presence of iron was reiterated and changes in rock and mineral composition have been identified. The Oriental Basin region of the Moon was mapped, and it indicates abundance of iron-bearing minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M3-mapping_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M3-mapping-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 it was announced that M<sup>3</sup> infrared data had been re-analyzed to confirm the existence of water across wide expanses of the Moon's polar regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping_of_Apollo_landing_sites">Mapping of Apollo landing sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mapping of Apollo landing sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ISRO announced in January 2009 the completion of the mapping of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo Moon missions</a> landing sites by the orbiter, using multiple payloads. Six of the sites have been mapped, including the landing sites of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_acquisition">Image acquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Image acquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The craft completed 3,000 orbits acquiring 70,000 images of the lunar surface,<sup id="cite_ref-sensor_obj_1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensor_obj_1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sensor_obj_2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensor_obj_2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sensor_obj_3_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensor_obj_3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is quite a record compared to the lunar flights of other nations. ISRO officials estimated that if more than 40,000 images have been transmitted by Chandrayaan's cameras in 75 days, it worked out to nearly 535 images being sent daily. They were first transmitted to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a> at Byalalu near Bangalore, from where they were flashed to ISRO's <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">Telemetry Tracking And Command Network (ISTRAC)</a> at Bangalore. </p><p>Some of these images have a resolution of down to 5 metres (16 ft), providing a sharp and clear picture of the Moon's surface, while many images sent by some of the other missions had only a 100-metre resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera has a 0.5 meter resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 November, the indigenous Terrain Mapping Camera, which was first activated on 29 October 2008, acquired images of peaks and craters. This came as a surprise to ISRO officials because the Moon consists mostly of craters.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI-TMC-images_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-TMC-images-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_of_X-Ray_signals">Detection of X-Ray signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Detection of X-Ray signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> signatures of aluminium, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> were picked up by the C1XS X-ray camera. The signals were picked up during a <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flare</a> that caused an <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> phenomenon. The flare that caused the fluorescence was within the lowest C1XS sensitivity range.<sup id="cite_ref-First-Xray-3_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First-Xray-3-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-First-Xray-1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First-Xray-1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-First-Xray-2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First-Xray-2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_Earth_image">Full Earth image</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Full Earth image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looking_Homeward_(3003323872).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Looking_Homeward_%283003323872%29.jpg/220px-Looking_Homeward_%283003323872%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Looking_Homeward_%283003323872%29.jpg/330px-Looking_Homeward_%283003323872%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Looking_Homeward_%283003323872%29.jpg/440px-Looking_Homeward_%283003323872%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An image of the Earth taken by Chandrayaan-1</figcaption></figure> <p>On 25 March 2009 Chandrayaan beamed back its first images of the Earth in its entirety. These images were taken with the TMC. Previous imaging was done on only one part of the Earth. The new images show Asia, parts of Africa and Australia with India being in the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Full-Image_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Full-Image-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbit_raised_to_200_km">Orbit raised to 200 km</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Orbit raised to 200 km"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the completion of all the major mission objectives, the orbit of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which had been at a height of 100 km (62 mi) from the lunar surface since November 2008, was raised to 200 km (124 mi). The orbit-raising manoeuvres were carried out between 03:30 and 04:30 UTC on 19 May 2009. The spacecraft at this higher altitude enabled further studies on orbit perturbations and gravitational field variation of the Moon and also enabled imaging of the lunar surface with a wider swath.<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_May2009:_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_May2009:-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later revealed that the true reason for the orbit change was that it was an attempt to keep the temperature of the probe down.<sup id="cite_ref-Newscientist-Sept09_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newscientist-Sept09-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was "...assumed that the temperature [of the spacecraft subsystems] at 100 km above the Moon's surface would be around 75 degrees Celsius. However, it was more than 75 degrees and problems started to surface. We had to raise the orbit to 200 km."<sup id="cite_ref-TimesofINdia_Sept09_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesofINdia_Sept09-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_sensor_failure">Attitude sensor failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Attitude sensor failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Star_tracker" title="Star tracker">star tracker</a>, a device used for pointing <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude</a> determination (orientation), failed in orbit after nine months of operation. Afterward, the orientation of Chandrayaan was determined using a back-up procedure using a two-axis Sun sensor and taking a bearing from an Earth station. This was used to update three axis <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a> which enabled spacecraft operations.<sup id="cite_ref-sensor_obj_1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensor_obj_1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sensor_obj_2_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensor_obj_2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sensor_obj_3_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sensor_obj_3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second failure, detected on 16 May, was attributed to excessive radiation from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar_scans">Radar scans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Radar scans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 August 2009 Chandrayaan-1 along with the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> attempted to perform a <a href="/wiki/Bistatic_radar" title="Bistatic radar">bistatic radar</a> experiment using their <a href="/wiki/Mini-RF" title="Mini-RF">Mini-SAR</a> radars to detect the presence of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">water ice on the lunar surface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt was a failure; it turned out the Chandrayaan-1 radar was not pointed at the Moon during the experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mini-SAR has imaged many of the permanently shadowed regions that exist at both poles of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-additional_evidence_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additional_evidence-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2010, it was reported that the Mini-SAR on board the Chandrayaan-1 had discovered more than 40 permanently darkened craters near the Moon's north pole which are hypothesized to contain an estimated 600 million metric tonnes of water-ice.<sup id="cite_ref-additional_evidence_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additional_evidence-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2Mar2010_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2Mar2010-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radar's high CPR is not uniquely diagnostic of either roughness or ice; the science team must take into account the environment of the occurrences of high CPR signal to interpret its cause. The ice must be relatively pure and at least a couple of meters thick to give this signature.<sup id="cite_ref-additional_evidence_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additional_evidence-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated amount of water ice potentially present is comparable to the quantity estimated from the previous mission of <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a>'s neutron data.<sup id="cite_ref-additional_evidence_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additional_evidence-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the results are consistent with recent findings of other NASA instruments onboard Chandrayaan-1 (the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (MP3) discovered water molecules in the Moon's polar regions, while water vapour was detected by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Observation_and_Sensing_Satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite">Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite</a>, or LCROSS<sup id="cite_ref-additional_evidence_96-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-additional_evidence-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) this observation is not consistent with the presence of thick deposits of nearly pure water ice within a few meters of the lunar surface, but it does not rule out the presence of small (<~10 cm), discrete pieces of ice mixed in with the regolith.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_mission">End of the mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: End of the mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission was launched on 22 October 2008 and expected to operate for two years. However, around 20:00 UTC on 28 August 2009 communication with the spacecraft was suddenly lost. The probe had operated for 312 days. The craft had been expected to remain in orbit for approximately another 1000 days and to crash into the lunar surface in late 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in 2016 it was found to still be in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20170309_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20170309-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A member of the science advisory board of Chandrayaan-1 said that it is difficult to ascertain reasons for the loss of contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoday_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoday-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISRO Chairman Madhavan Nair said that due to very high <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">radiation</a>, power-supply units controlling both the computer systems on board failed, snapping the communication connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, information released later showed that the power supply supplied by MDI failed due to overheating.<sup id="cite_ref-Newscientist-Sept09_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newscientist-Sept09-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TimesofINdia_Sept09_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesofINdia_Sept09-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the mission was less than 10 months in duration, and less than half the intended two years in length,<sup id="cite_ref-Bagla_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagla-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheHindu_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHindu-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-termination_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-termination-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a review by scientists termed the mission successful, as it had completed 95% of its primary objectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chandrayaan-1" title="Special:EditPage/Chandrayaan-1">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chandrayaan-1%22">"Chandrayaan-1"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chandrayaan-1%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chandrayaan-1%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chandrayaan-1%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chandrayaan-1%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chandrayaan-1%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chandrayaan's <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Instrument <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a> has confirmed the magma ocean hypothesis, meaning that the Moon was once completely molten.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terrain mapping camera on board Chandrayaan-1, besides producing more than 70,000 three dimensional images, has recorded images of the landing site of U.S. spacecraft Apollo 15.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TMC and HySI payloads of ISRO have covered about 70% of the lunar surface, while M<sup>3</sup> covered more than 95% of the same and SIR-2 has provided high-resolution spectral data on the mineralogy of the Moon. </p><p>Indian Space Research Organisation said interesting data on lunar polar areas was provided by Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) and High Energy X-ray Spectrometer (HEX) of ISRO as well as Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (Mini-SAR) of the US.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LLRI covered both the lunar poles and additional lunar regions of interest, HEX made about 200 orbits over the lunar poles and Mini-SAR provided complete coverage of both North and South Polar Regions of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another ESA payload – Chandrayaan-1 imaging X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) – detected more than two dozen weak solar flares during the mission duration. The Bulgarian payload called Radiation Dose Monitor (RADOM) was activated on the day of the launch itself and worked until the mission's end.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ISRO said scientists from India and participating agencies expressed satisfaction on the performance of Chandrayaan-1 mission as well as the high quality of data sent by the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They have started formulating science plans based on the data sets obtained from the mission. It is expected that in the next few months, interesting results about lunar topography, mineral and chemical contents of the Moon and related aspects are expected to be published.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chandrayaan-1 payload has enabled scientists to study the interaction between the solar wind and a planetary body like the Moon without a magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 10-month orbit around the Moon, Chandrayaan-1's X-ray Spectrometer (C1XS) detected titanium, confirmed the presence of calcium, and gathered the most accurate measurements yet of magnesium, aluminium and iron on the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_water_discovery">Lunar water discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lunar water discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Direct_evidence_of_lunar_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Direct_evidence_of_lunar_water.jpg/220px-Direct_evidence_of_lunar_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Direct_evidence_of_lunar_water.jpg/330px-Direct_evidence_of_lunar_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Direct_evidence_of_lunar_water.jpg/440px-Direct_evidence_of_lunar_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Direct evidence of lunar water through Chandrayaan-1 Chandra's Altitudinal Composition (CHACE) output profile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg/220px-Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg/330px-Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg/440px-Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>These images show a very young lunar crater on the side of the Moon that faces away from Earth, as viewed by Chandrayaan-1's NASA Moon Mineralogy Mapper equipment </figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 November 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a> was released from Chandrayaan-1 at a height of 100 km (62 mi). During its 25-minute descent, Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE) recorded evidence of water in 650 mass spectra readings gathered during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 September 2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> journal reported that the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Instrument <a href="/wiki/Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a> (M<sup>3</sup>) on Chandrayaan-1 had detected water ice on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, on 25 September 2009, ISRO announced that the MIP, another instrument on board Chandrayaan-1, had discovered water on the Moon just before impact and had discovered it 3 months before NASA's M<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_found_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_found-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it.<sup id="cite_ref-India_first_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_first-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>M<sup>3</sup> detected absorption features near 2.8–3.0 μm on the surface of the Moon. For silicate bodies, such features are typically attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a>- and/or <a href="/wiki/Water_(properties)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (properties)">water</a>-bearing materials. On the Moon, the feature is seen as a widely distributed absorption that appears strongest at cooler high latitudes and at several fresh feldspathic craters. The general lack of correlation of this feature in sunlit M<sup>3</sup> data with neutron spectrometer H abundance data suggests that the formation and retention of OH and H<sub>2</sub>O is an ongoing surficial process. OH/H<sub>2</sub>O production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M<sup>3</sup>), an imaging spectrometer, was one of the 11 instruments on board Chandrayaan-I that came to a premature end on 28 August 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-isro_pressrel_090829_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isro_pressrel_090829-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> M<sup>3</sup> was aimed at providing the first mineral map of the entire lunar surface. M<sup>3</sup> data were reanalyzed years later and revealed "the most definitive proof to date" of the presence of water in shaded regions of craters near the Moon's north and south poles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lunar scientists had discussed the possibility of water repositories for decades. They are now increasingly "confident that the decades-long debate is over" a report says. "The Moon, in fact, has water in all sorts of places; not just locked up in <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, but scattered throughout the broken-up <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">surface</a>, and, potentially, in blocks or sheets of ice at depth." The results from the Chandrayaan mission are also "offering a wide array of watery signals."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_water_production">Lunar water production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lunar water production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Lunar water</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) scientists, the lunar regolith (a loose collection of irregular dust grains making up the Moon's surface) absorbs hydrogen nuclei from solar winds. Interaction between the hydrogen nuclei and oxygen present in the dust grains is expected to produce <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">HO<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span>) and water (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SARA (Sub keV Atom Reflecting Analyser) instrument developed by ESA and the Indian Space Research Organisation was designed and used to study the Moon's surface composition and solar-wind/surface interactions. SARA's results highlight a mystery: not every hydrogen nucleus is absorbed. One out of every five proton rebounds into space, combining with electron to form an atom of hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen shoots off at speeds of around 200 kilometres per second (120 mi/s) and escapes without being deflected by the Moon's weak gravity. This knowledge provides timely advice for scientists who are readying ESA's <i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> mission to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, as that spacecraft will carry two instruments similar to SARA.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_caves">Lunar caves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Lunar caves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chandrayaan-1 imaged a lunar <a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">rille</a>, formed by an ancient lunar lava flow, with an uncollapsed segment indicating the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_lava_tube" title="Lunar lava tube">lunar lava tube</a>, a type of large cave below the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Arya_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arya-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tunnel, which was discovered near the lunar equator, is an empty volcanic tube, measuring about 2 km (1.2 mi) in length and 360 m (1,180 ft) in width. According to A. S. Arya, scientist SF of Ahmedabad-based Space Application Centre (SAC), this could be a potential site for human settlement on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier, Japanese Lunar orbiter <a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a> (Kaguya) also recorded evidence for other caves on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tectonism">Tectonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tectonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data from the microwave sensor (Mini-SAR) of Chandrayaan-1 processed using the image analysis software ENVI, has revealed a good amount of past <a href="/wiki/Tectonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonism">tectonic activity</a> on the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Tectonics_2014_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tectonics_2014-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers think that the faults and fractures discovered could be features of past interior tectonic activity coupled with meteorite impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Tectonics_2014_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tectonics_2014-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> (AIAA) has selected ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 mission as one of the recipients of its annual AIAA SPACE 2009 awards, which recognises key contributions to space science and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Exploration_Working_Group" title="International Lunar Exploration Working Group">International Lunar Exploration Working Group</a> awarded the Chandrayaan-1 team the International Co-operation Award in 2008 for accommodation and tests of the most international lunar payload ever (from 20 countries, including India, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> of 17 countries, US, and Bulgaria).<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>US-based <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a> awarded ISRO the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Space_Pioneer_Awards" title="Space Pioneer Awards">Space Pioneer Award</a> in the science and engineering category, for the Chandrayaan-1 mission.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Team">Team</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Team"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the Chandrayaan-1 project are:<sup id="cite_ref-NDTV1_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDTV1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a> – chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Alex" title="T. K. Alex">T. K. Alex</a> – Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylswamy_Annadurai" title="Mylswamy Annadurai">Mylswamy Annadurai</a> – Project Director, Chandrayan-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Shivkumar" class="mw-redirect" title="S. K. Shivkumar">S. K. Shivkumar</a> – Director – Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Pitchaimani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Pitchaimani (page does not exist)">M. Pitchaimani</a> – Operations Director, Chandrayaan-1</li> <li>Leo Jackson John – Spacecraft Operations Manager, Chandrayaan-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Radhakrishnan_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Radhakrishnan (scientist)">K. Radhakrishnan</a> – Director, VSSC</li> <li>George Koshy – Mission Director, PSLV-C11</li> <li>Srinivasa Hegde – Mission Director, Chandrayaan-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Nath_Goswami" title="Jitendra Nath Goswami">Jitendra Nath Goswami</a> – Director of Physical Research Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator of Chandrayaan-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavan_Chandradathan" title="Madhavan Chandradathan">Madhavan Chandradathan</a> – Head, Launch Authorization Board, Chandrayan-1<sup id="cite_ref-Launch_authorization_board_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launch_authorization_board-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_release_of_data">Public release of data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Public release of data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data gathered by Chandrayaan-I was made available to the public by the end of the year 2010. The data was split into two seasons with the first season going public by the end of 2010 and the second going public by the mid of 2011. The data contained pictures of the Moon and also data of chemical and mineral mapping of the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-STravel_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STravel-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Follow-up_missions">Follow-up missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Follow-up missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></div> <p><i>Chandrayaan-2</i> is a follow-up mission which was launched on 22 July 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission includes a lunar orbiter, a lander named <i>Vikram</i> and a robotic <a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">lunar rover</a> named <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software resulted in the lander crashing, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter is operational as of September 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Failure_report_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Failure_report-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third mission, called <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> was launched on 14 July 2023 and it successfully soft-landed on Moon on 23 August 2023<sup id="cite_ref-ISRO_Chandrayaan3_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISRO_Chandrayaan3-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lunar_outpost">Lunar outpost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Lunar outpost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chandrayaan's imagery will be used to identify regions of interest that will be explored in detail by the NASA <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>. The interest lies in identifying <a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">lunar water</a> on the surface that can be exploited in setting up a future <a href="/wiki/Lunar_outpost_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar outpost (NASA)">lunar outpost</a>. The Mini-SAR, one of the U.S. payloads on Chandrayaan, was used to determine the presence of water ice.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_future_lunar_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and future lunar missions">List of current and future lunar missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Lunar water</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028053028/http://isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/spacecraft_description.htm">"Spacecraft Description"</a>. ISRO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/spacecraft_description.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spacecraft+Description&rft.pub=ISRO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.org%2FChandrayaan%2Fhtmls%2Fspacecraft_description.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CY1_Booklet-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CY1_Booklet_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CY1_Booklet_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDattaChakravarty" class="citation web cs1">Datta, Jayati; Chakravarty, S. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816061032/https://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_HINDI/images/chandrayaan1/chandrayanwebsite/resourcePDF/Chandrayaan-1-booklet3.pdf">"Chandrayaan-1 India's First Mission to Moon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>VSSC.gov.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vssc.gov.in/VSSC_HINDI/images/chandrayaan1/chandrayanwebsite/resourcePDF/Chandrayaan-1-booklet3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VSSC.gov.in&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan-1+India%27s+First+Mission+to+Moon&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Jayati&rft.au=Chakravarty%2C+S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vssc.gov.in%2FVSSC_HINDI%2Fimages%2Fchandrayaan1%2Fchandrayanwebsite%2FresourcePDF%2FChandrayaan-1-booklet3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISRO-Mission-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISRO-Mission_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mission_sequence.htm">"Mission Sequence"</a>. ISRO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706225136/http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mission_sequence.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Harper Collins. 2015. p. 506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351776895" title="Special:BookSources/978-9351776895"><bdi>978-9351776895</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7808/from_fishing_hamlet_to_red_planet_p_v_manoranjan_r.epub">the original</a> on 9 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=100+days+of+Chandrayaan-1+launch&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2F100-days-of-Chandrayaan-1-launch%2Farticleshow%2F4012996.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809092154/http://www.isro.gov.in/update/23-oct-2008/chandrayaan-1-spacecrafts-orbit-raised">"Chandrayaan-1 Spacecraft's Orbit Raised"</a>. Indian Space Research Organisation. 23 October 2008. 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March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921013327/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/Mini-RF/multimedia/feature_ice_like_deposits.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Radar+Finds+Ice+Deposits+at+Moon%27s+North+Pole&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2FMini-RF%2Fmultimedia%2Ffeature_ice_like_deposits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2Mar2010-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2Mar2010_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8544635.stm">"Ice deposits found at Moon's pole"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814221438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8544635.stm">Archived</a> 14 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 2 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._B._J._BusseyP._SpudisW._MarshallB._J._Thomson2011" class="citation journal cs1">D. B. J. Bussey, C. D. Neish; P. Spudis; W. Marshall; B. J. Thomson; G. W. Patterson; L. M. Carter (13 January 2011). "The nature of lunar volatiles as revealed by Mini-RF observations of the LCROSS impact site". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>116</b> (E01005): 8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JGRE..116.1005N">2011JGRE..116.1005N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010JE003647">10.1029/2010JE003647</a>. <q>the Mini-RF instruments on ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 and NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) obtained S band (12.6 cm) synthetic aperture radar images of the impact site at 150 and 30 m resolution, respectively. These observations show that the floor of Cabeus has a circular polarization ratio (CPR) comparable to or less than the average of nearby terrain in the southern lunar highlands. Furthermore, <2% of the pixels in Cabeus crater have CPR values greater than unity. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan+sends+images+of+Apollo+15+landing&rft.date=2009-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FChandrayaan-sends-images-of-Apollo-15-landing%2Farticleshow%2F4964829.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_107-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-findings-of-chandrayaan-1/story-e6JH3wGAAILD4OG6viWoQJ.html">"The findings of Chandrayan - 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+findings+of+Chandrayan+-+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Fthe-findings-of-chandrayaan-1%2Fstory-e6JH3wGAAILD4OG6viWoQJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090914001206/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Chandrayaan_Enables_Study_Interaction_Without_Magnetic_Field_999.html">"Chandrayaan Enables Study Interaction Without Magnetic Field"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Solar+flares+shine+light+on+Moon%27s+minerals&rft.date=2009-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F09%2F19%2Fstories%2F2009091958942000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2010/2430.html">"Water on the Moon: Direct evidence from Chandrayaan-1's Moon Impact..."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920161640/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2010/2430.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+on+the+Moon%3A+Direct+evidence+from+Chandrayaan-1%27s+Moon+Impact...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fblogs%2Femily-lakdawalla%2F2010%2F2430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;1178658v1">"Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H<sub>2</sub>O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M<sup>3</sup> on Chandrayaan-1"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=MIP+detected+water+on+Moon+way+back+in+June%3A+ISRO+Chairman&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fscience%2Fmip-detected-water-on-moon-way-back-in-june-isro-chairman%2Farticle24854.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_first-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India_first_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/1292942/report-chandrayaan-first-discovered-water-on-moon-but">"Chandrayaan first discovered water on Moon, but?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">DNA</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan+first+discovered+water+on+Moon%2C+but%3F&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fscitech%2F1292942%2Freport-chandrayaan-first-discovered-water-on-moon-but&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagla,_Pallav2009" class="citation news cs1">Bagla, Pallav (25 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/sci-tech/did-india-beat-nasa-to-find-water-on-moon-9091">"Did India beat NASA to find water on Moon?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Did+India+beat+NASA+to+find+water+on+Moon%3F&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft.au=Bagla%2C+Pallav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Fsci-tech%2Fdid-india-beat-nasa-to-find-water-on-moon-9091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isro_pressrel_090829-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isro_pressrel_090829_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903104432/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Aug29_2009">"Welcome To ISRO:: Press Release:: 29 August 2009"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+lunacy%2C+probes+find+water+in+Moon+dirt&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2F2009-09-23-moon-water_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926073133/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/23/stories/2009092357770100.htm">"Water discovered on Moon?: "A lot of it actually"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 23 September 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Water+discovered+on+Moon%3F%3A+%22A+lot+of+it+actually%22&rft.date=2009-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2009%2F09%2F23%2Fstories%2F2009092357770100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt2nVk3xfOUC&pg=PA121"><i>India Space Programs and Exploration Handbook</i></a>. International Business Publications, USA. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isro.gov.in&rft.atitle=Chandrayaan-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2FChandrayaan3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2006" class="citation news cs1">David, Leonard (26 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/3296-moonbase-dark-lunar-ice.html">"Moonbase: In the Dark on Lunar Ice"</a>. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809130226/https://www.space.com/3296-moonbase-dark-lunar-ice.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Moonbase%3A+In+the+Dark+on+Lunar+Ice&rft.date=2006-12-26&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F3296-moonbase-dark-lunar-ice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chandrayaan-1" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/chandrayaan-1">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDattaChakravarty2009" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Jayati; Chakravarty, S. C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012220210/http://www.isro.org/publications/pdf/Chandrayaan-1-booklet.pdf"><i>Chandrayaan-1: India's First Mission to Moon</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.org/publications/pdf/Chandrayaan-1-booklet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandrayaan-1%3A+India%27s+First+Mission+to+Moon&rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Jayati&rft.au=Chakravarty%2C+S.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FChandrayaan-1-booklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChandrayaan-1" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_space_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian space programme">Indian space programme</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space (DoS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing" title="Indian Institute of Remote Sensing">Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Research_Laboratory" title="National Atmospheric Research Laboratory">National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Space_Cell" title="Integrated Space Cell">Integrated Space Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Space_Promotion_and_Authorisation_Centre" title="Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre">Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/120px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/180px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/240px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">INSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT" title="RISAT">RISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">SROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment" title="Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment">APPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMS-1" title="IMS-1">IMS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">South Asia Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana-1" title="Kalpana-1">Kalpana-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar and<br />planetary spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2"><i>Vikram</i> lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander" title="Chandrayaan-3"><i>Vikram</i> lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (upcoming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_human_spaceflight_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian human spaceflight programme">Indian human spaceflight programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II">SRE-II</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">CARE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRO Space Station">ISRO Space Station</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Orbital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GSLV_launches" title="List of GSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SSLV_launches" title="List of SSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Suborbital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(rocket_family)" title="Rohini (rocket family)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicle" title="Advanced Technology Vehicle">ATV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programme" title="RLV Technology Demonstration Programme">RLV Technology Demonstration Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE-7.5" title="CE-7.5">CE-7.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CE-20" title="CE-20">CE-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a></li></ul> <ul><li>under development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport">Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">U R Rao Satellite Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">ISRO Propulsion Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit" title="ISRO Inertial Systems Unit">ISRO Inertial Systems Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems">Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre" title="Human Space Flight Centre">Human Space Flight Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre" title="Indian Space Science Data Centre">Indian Space Science Data Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Control_Facility_(ISRO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Control Facility (ISRO)">Master Control Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">National Remote Sensing Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation and policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixxel" title="Pixxel">Pixxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyroot_Aerospace" title="Skyroot Aerospace">Skyroot Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisir_Radar" title="Sisir Radar">Sisir Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellize" title="Satellize">Satellize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgniKul_Cosmos" title="AgniKul Cosmos">AgniKul Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Space" title="Dhruva Space">Dhruva Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellatrix_Aerospace" title="Bellatrix Aerospace">Bellatrix Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeamIndus" title="TeamIndus">TeamIndus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Day" title="National Space Day">National Space Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGA-220" title="SAGA-220">SAGA-220</a> (supercomputer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statio_Shiv_Shakti" title="Statio Shiv Shakti">Statio Shiv Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RESPOND" title="RESPOND">RESPOND</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chairmen of the Indian Space Research Organisation">List of ISRO chairpersons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_spacecraft" title="Template:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CMS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMS-01" title="CMS-01">01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMS-02" title="CMS-02">02</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-1" title="GSAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-2" title="GSAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-3" title="GSAT-3">3 (EDUSAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-4" title="GSAT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-5P" title="GSAT-5P">5P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4E" title="INSAT-4E">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-6A" title="GSAT-6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7" title="GSAT-7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7A" title="GSAT-7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">9 (South Asia Satellite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-10" title="GSAT-10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-11" title="GSAT-11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-12" title="GSAT-12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-14" title="GSAT-14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-15" title="GSAT-15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-16" title="GSAT-16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-17" title="GSAT-17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-18" title="GSAT-18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-19" title="GSAT-19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-29" title="GSAT-29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-30" title="GSAT-30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-31" title="GSAT-31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">INSAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1A" title="INSAT-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1B" title="INSAT-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1C" title="INSAT-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1D" title="INSAT-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2A" title="INSAT-2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2B" title="INSAT-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2C" title="INSAT-2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2D" title="INSAT-2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2DT" title="INSAT-2DT">2DT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2E" title="INSAT-2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3A" title="INSAT-3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3B" title="INSAT-3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3C" title="INSAT-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3D" title="INSAT-3D">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DR" title="INSAT-3DR">3DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DS" title="INSAT-3DS">3DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3E" title="INSAT-3E">3E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4A" title="INSAT-4A">4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4B" title="INSAT-4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4C" title="INSAT-4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4CR" title="INSAT-4CR">4CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4E" title="INSAT-4E">4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7" title="GSAT-7">4F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">4G</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Planned:</i> <i>GSAT</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/GSAT-20" title="GSAT-20">20</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSAT-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSAT-22 (page does not exist)">22</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSAT-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSAT-23 (page does not exist)">23</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GSAT-24" class="mw-redirect" title="GSAT-24">24</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-1" title="Cartosat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2" title="Cartosat-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2A" title="Cartosat-2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2B" title="Cartosat-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2C" title="Cartosat-2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2D" title="Cartosat-2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2E" title="Cartosat-2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2F" title="Cartosat-2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-3" title="Cartosat-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a></li> <li>EOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EOS-01" title="EOS-01">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-02" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS-02">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-04" title="EOS-04">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-07" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS-07">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-08" title="EOS-08">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HySIS" title="HySIS">HySIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMS-1" title="IMS-1">IMS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Remote Sensing">IRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1A" title="IRS-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1B" title="IRS-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1C" title="IRS-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1D" title="IRS-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P1" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS-P1">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P1" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS-P1">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P2" title="IRS-P2">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P3" title="IRS-P3">P3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsat_(ISRO)" title="Microsat (ISRO)">Microsat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsat-R" title="Microsat-R">Microsat-R</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceansat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-1" title="Oceansat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-2" title="Oceansat-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Resourcesat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-1" title="Resourcesat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-2" title="Resourcesat-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>RISAT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-1" title="RISAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2" title="RISAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2B" title="RISAT-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2BR1" title="RISAT-2BR1">2BR1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-D2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCATSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="SCATSAT-1">SCATSAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_Experiment_Satellite" title="Technology Experiment Satellite">Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)</a></li> <li><i>Planned</i>: <i><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GEO_Imaging_Satellite" title="GEO Imaging Satellite">GISAT</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-3" title="Oceansat-3">Oceansat-3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resourcesat-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resourcesat-3 (page does not exist)">Resourcesat-3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RISAT-1A" class="mw-redirect" title="RISAT-1A">RISAT-1A</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment" title="Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment">APPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li>Rohini <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1B" title="IRNSS-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1C" title="IRNSS-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1D" title="IRNSS-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">1F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">1G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">1I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVS-01" title="NVS-01">NVS-01</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANUSAT" title="ANUSAT">ANUSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugnu_(satellite)" title="Jugnu (satellite)">Jugnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRMSAT" title="SRMSAT">SRMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudSat" title="StudSat">StudSat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/StudSat-2" title="StudSat-2">StudSat-2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouthSat" title="YouthSat">YouthSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratham_(satellite)" title="Pratham (satellite)">Pratham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aryabhata Satellite"><img alt="Aryabhata Satellite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/115px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/173px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/230px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">SROSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">C2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a></i> (<i>planned</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Lunar programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander:" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayaan-5">Chandrayaan-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandrayaan-6 (page does not exist)">Chandrayaan-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a></i> (<i>planned</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a></i> (<i>planned</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human<br />spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II">SRE-II</a></i></li> <li><i>SRE-III</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">CARE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Future spacecraft in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> Orbiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> (service module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1</a> (relay satellite at <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L<sub>2</sub></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">10</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> (propulsion module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_19" title="Luna 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_22" title="Luna 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15#Lunar_subsatellite" title="Apollo 15">PFS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16#Lunar_subsatellite_PFS-2" title="Apollo 16">PFS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_impacted_the_Moon" title="Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon">Impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i> ×6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">(Chandrayaan-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lunar_flybys" title="Category:Lunar flybys">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">4M</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAS-22" title="PAS-22">PAS-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a></i> (2030)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">Artemis VI</a></i> (2031)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VII">Artemis VII</a></i> (2032)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VIII">Artemis VIII</a></i> (2033)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost" title="Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost">Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 29 (page does not exist)">Luna 29</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 30 (page does not exist)">Luna 30</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 31 (page does not exist)">Luna 31</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R M2</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY<sup>+</sup></a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Escape_Explorer" title="Earth Escape Explorer">CU-E<sup>3</sup></a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled /<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">XL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2007Orbital_launches_in_20082009_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2008" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2008"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2008" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2008"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2008" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2008"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2007Orbital_launches_in_20082009_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2007_in_spaceflight" title="2007 in spaceflight">← 2007</a></div><a href="/wiki/2008_in_spaceflight" title="2008 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2008</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2009_in_spaceflight" title="2009 in spaceflight">2009 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuraya#Satellites" title="Thuraya">Thuraya 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TecSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="TecSAR">TecSAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress_AM-33" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspress AM-33">Ekspress AM-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-63" title="Progress M-63">Progress M-63</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-122" title="STS-122">STS-122</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_5" title="Thor 5">Thor 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WINDS" title="WINDS">Kizuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_ATV" title="Jules Verne ATV"><i>Jules Verne</i> ATV</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-123" title="STS-123">STS-123</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Kibo_(ISS_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibo (ISS module)">Kibō ELM-PS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextre" title="Dextre">Dextre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacelab" title="Spacelab">Spacelab MD002</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-200" title="USA-200">USA-200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC-14" title="AMC-14">AMC-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-201" title="USA-201">USA-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T11_(satellite)" title="T11 (satellite)">DirecTV-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe" title="SAR-Lupe">SAR-Lupe 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12" title="Soyuz TMA-12">Soyuz TMA-12</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendrell_Corporation#G1_satellite" title="Pendrell Corporation">ICO G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/NOFS" title="C/NOFS">C/NOFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasat-1" title="Vinasat-1">Vinasat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_One_C2" title="Star One C2">Star One C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian I-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE" title="GIOVE">GIOVE-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2A" title="Cartosat-2A">Cartosat-2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubin-8" title="Rubin-8">Rubin-8</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/AAUSat-2" title="AAUSat-2">AAUSat-2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Advanced_Nanospace_eXperiment_Program" title="Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program">CanX-2</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Advanced_Nanospace_eXperiment_Program" title="Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program">CanX-6</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Compass-1" title="Compass-1">Compass-1</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/CUTE-1.7_%2B_APD_II" title="CUTE-1.7 + APD II">CUTE-1.7 + APD II</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Delfi-C3" title="Delfi-C3">Delfi-C3</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SEEDS-2" title="SEEDS-2">SEEDS-2</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos-3">Amos-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-64" title="Progress M-64">Progress M-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_18" title="Galaxy 18">Galaxy 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2437&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2437 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2437</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2438&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2438 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2438</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2439&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2439 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2439</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yubileiny" title="Yubileiny">Yubileiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 3A</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-124" title="STS-124">STS-124</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Kibo_(ISS_module)#Pressurized_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibo (ISS module)">Kibō PM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ChinaSat 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_5C" title="Skynet 5C">Skynet 5C</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_3A" title="Türksat 3A">Türksat 3A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM29 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM29</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM37 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM37</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM38 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM38</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM39 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM39</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM40 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM40</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM41 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2440" title="Kosmos 2440">Kosmos 2440</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization#Arabsat-4" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Badr-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelsat 25">ProtoStar 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar_XI" title="EchoStar XI">EchoStar XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe" title="SAR-Lupe">SAR-Lupe 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2441" title="Kosmos 2441">Kosmos 2441</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trailblazer_(satellite)" title="Trailblazer (satellite)">Trailblazer</a>, <a href="/wiki/NanoSail-D" title="NanoSail-D">NanoSail-D</a>, <a href="/wiki/PRESat" title="PRESat">PRESat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestis" title="Celestis">Explorers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbird-C2" title="Superbird-C2">Superbird-C2</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMC-21" title="AMC-21">AMC-21</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_2008_Safir_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="August 2008 Safir launch failure (page does not exist)">Omid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inmarsat-4_F3" title="Inmarsat-4 F3">Inmarsat-4 F3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachys_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachys (satellite) (page does not exist)">Tachys</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mati_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mati (satellite) (page does not exist)">Mati</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choma_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choma (satellite) (page does not exist)">Choma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choros_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choros (satellite) (page does not exist)">Choros</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trochia_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trochia (satellite) (page does not exist)">Trochia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huan_Jing_1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huan Jing 1A (page does not exist)">Huan Jing 1A</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huan_Jing_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huan Jing 1B (page does not exist)">Huan Jing 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeoEye-1" title="GeoEye-1">GeoEye-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-65" title="Progress M-65">Progress M-65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimiq-4" title="Nimiq-4">Nimiq-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_19" title="Galaxy 19">Galaxy 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2442" title="Kosmos 2442">Kosmos 2442</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2243 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2243</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2444" title="Kosmos 2444">Kosmos 2444</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Banxing" title="Banxing">Banxing-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratsat">Ratsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEOS_(satellite)" title="THEOS (satellite)">THEOS</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13" title="Soyuz TMA-13">Soyuz TMA-13</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chandrayaan-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">MIP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 6E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian 6F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMO-SkyMed" title="COSMO-SkyMed">COSMO-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venesat-1" title="Venesat-1">Venesat-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chuang_Xin_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuang Xin 1B (page does not exist)">Chuang Xin 1B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiyan_Weixing_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiyan Weixing 3 (page does not exist)">Shiyan Weixing 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1M" title="Astra 1M">Astra 1M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2445" title="Kosmos 2445">Kosmos 2445</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-126" title="STS-126">STS-126</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module" title="Multi-Purpose Logistics Module">Leonardo MPLM</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PSSC-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSSC-1 (page does not exist)">PSSC-1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-01M" title="Progress M-01M">Progress M-01M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2446" title="Kosmos 2446">Kosmos 2446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Bird_13C" title="Hot Bird 13C">Hot Bird 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_48D" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutelsat 48D">Eutelsat W2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun 2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2447" title="Kosmos 2447">Kosmos 2447</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2448" title="Kosmos 2448">Kosmos 2448</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2449" title="Kosmos 2449">Kosmos 2449</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&oldid=1258401100">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-1&oldid=1258401100</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2008" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2008">Space probes launched in 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2008_in_India" title="Category:2008 in India">2008 in India</a></li><li><a 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