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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the concept sometimes also called "complex data type", see <a href="/wiki/Composite_data_type" title="Composite data type">composite data type</a>.</div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming languages">programming languages</a> provide a <b>complex data type</b> for <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex number</a> storage and arithmetic as a built-in (<a href="/wiki/Primitive_data_type" title="Primitive data type">primitive</a>) <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data type</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complex-number_arithmetic">Complex-number arithmetic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_data_type&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Complex-number arithmetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Complex_data_type" title="Special:EditPage/Complex data type">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A complex variable or value is usually represented as a pair of <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating-point</a> numbers. Languages that support a complex data type usually provide special syntax for building such values, and extend the basic arithmetic operations ('+', '−', '×', '÷') <a href="/wiki/Complex_arithmetic_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex arithmetic operations">to act on them</a>. These operations are usually translated by the <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> into a sequence of floating-point <a href="/wiki/Machine_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine instruction">machine instructions</a> or into <a href="/wiki/Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">library</a> calls. Those languages may also provide support for other operations, such as formatting, equality testing, etc. As in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, those languages often interpret a floating-point value as equivalent to a complex value with a zero imaginary part. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_support">Language support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_data_type&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complex_data_type&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> COMPLEX type.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a> standard of the C programming language includes complex data types and complex-math functions in the standard library header <code><<a href="/wiki/Complex.h" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex.h">complex.h</a>></code>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> standard library provides a <code>complex</code> template class as well as complex-math functions in the <code><complex></code> header.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> programming language has built-in types <code>complex64</code> (each component is 32-bit float) and <code>complex128</code> (each component is 64-bit float). Imaginary number literals can be specified by appending an "i".</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> core module <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Math::Complex</span> provides support for complex numbers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> provides the built-in <code>complex</code> type. Imaginary number literals can be specified by appending a "j". Complex-math functions are provided in the standard library module <code>cmath</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> provides a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">Complex</span> class in the standard library module <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">complex</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a> supports complex numbers with the standard library module <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">Complex</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> supports complex numbers with the standard library module <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">Data.Complex</span> (previously called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">Complex</span>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(programming_language)" title="Mercury (programming language)">Mercury</a> provides complex numbers with full operator overloading support in the extras distribution, using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">libcomplex_numbers</span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> does not have a standard complex number class, but there exist a number of incompatible free implementations of a complex number class: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Apache_Commons" title="Apache Commons">Apache Commons</a> Math library provides complex numbers for Java with its <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">Complex</span> class.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jscience.org/">JScience</a> library has a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">Complex</span> number class.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krum.rz.uni-mannheim.de/jas">JAS</a> library allows the use of complex numbers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netlib.org/java/">Netlib</a> has a complex number class for Java.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://javafastcomplex.sourceforge.net/">javafastcomplex</a> also adds complex number support for Java.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/abdulfatir/jcomplexnumber">jcomplexnumber</a> is a project on implementation of complex number in Java.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jlinalg.sourceforge.net">JLinAlg</a> includes complex numbers with arbitrary precision.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>: The ANSI Common Lisp standard supports complex numbers of floats, rationals and arbitrary precision integers. Its basic mathematical functions are defined for complex numbers, where applicable. For example the square root of −1 is a complex number:</li></ul> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-lisp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">?</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">sqrt</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">-1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="m">#C</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">; the result of (sqrt -1)</span> </pre></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>: Complex numbers and functions (e.g. <code>sin</code>) are included in the language specification. Their implementation is however optional in the R5RS standard, while in R6RS is mandatory.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a> provides <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.numerics.complex.aspx">System.Numerics.Complex</a> since version 4.0.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_BASIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smart BASIC (page does not exist)">smart BASIC</a> for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> naturally supports complex numbers in notation <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">a + bi</code>. Any variable, math operation or function can accept both real and complex numbers as arguments and return real or complex numbers depending on result. For example the square root of −4 is a complex number:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-basic mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">PRINT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">SQRT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">-4</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nl">2</span><span class="vg">i</span> </pre></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> includes predefined types for both complex and rational numbers since at least version 0.3.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> provides a <code>complex</code> basic data type.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> does not provide a built-in complex data type, but multiple crates, that add support for such types, exist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a> does not have a standard complex number data type, but <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/apple/swift-numerics">Swift Numerics</a> which is maintained by the language maintainers offers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/apple/swift-numerics/tree/main/Sources/ComplexModule">ComplexModule</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_data_type&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNhWAAAAMAAJ&q=fortran+complex">A guide to Fortran IV programming</a> Daniel D. McCracken - 1972 - 288 pages. "The capability provided by Fortran complex operations is a great savings in programming effort in certain problems. "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html">Python v2.6.5 documentation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.julialang.org/en/v0.3/manual/complex-and-rational-numbers/">"Complex and Rational Numbers — Julia Language 0.3.13-pre documentation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complex+and+Rational+Numbers+%E2%80%94+Julia+Language+0.3.13-pre+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.julialang.org%2Fen%2Fv0.3%2Fmanual%2Fcomplex-and-rational-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+data+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3schools.com/r/r_data_types.asp">"R Data Types"</a>. <i>www.w3schools.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Interval arithmetic">Interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_data_type" title="Rational data type">Rational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">Pointer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_address" title="Memory address">Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_address" title="Physical address">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_address_space" title="Virtual address space">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">Reference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">Text</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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title="Associative array">Associative array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">Dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitionistic_type_theory#Equality_type" title="Intuitionistic type theory">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_type" title="Inductive type">Inductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersection_type" title="Intersection type">Intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_(abstract_data_type)" title="List (abstract data type)">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaobject" title="Metaobject">metaobject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_type" title="Option type">Option type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_type" title="Product type">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">Record or Struct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refinement_type" title="Refinement type">Refinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)" title="Set (abstract data type)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_type" title="Union type">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagged_union" title="Tagged union">tagged</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_type" title="Bottom type">Bottom type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_(abstract_data_type)" title="Container (abstract data type)">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type" title="Enumerated type">Enumerated type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">Exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_type" title="Function type">Function type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaque_data_type" title="Opaque data type">Opaque data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_data_type" title="Recursive data type">Recursive data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" title="Semaphore (programming)">Semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_(computing)" title="Stream (computing)">Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongly_typed_identifier" title="Strongly typed identifier">Strongly typed identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_type" title="Top type">Top type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_class" title="Type class">Type class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_type" title="Empty type">Empty type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_type" title="Unit type">Unit type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_type" title="Void type">Void</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_data_type" title="Abstract data type">Abstract data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing (computer science)">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">Data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kind_(type_theory)" title="Kind (type theory)">Kind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaclass" title="Metaclass">metaclass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_polymorphism" title="Parametric polymorphism">Parametric polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_data_type" title="Primitive data type">Primitive data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Interface (object-oriented programming)">Interface</a></li> <li><a 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