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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-bfloat16_floating-point_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#bfloat16_floating-point_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>bfloat16 floating-point format</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-bfloat16_floating-point_format-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle bfloat16 floating-point format subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-bfloat16_floating-point_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exponent_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exponent_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Exponent encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exponent_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rounding_and_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rounding_and_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rounding and conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rounding_and_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding_of_special_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding_of_special_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Encoding of special values</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Encoding_of_special_values-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Encoding of special values subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Encoding_of_special_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positive_and_negative_infinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_and_negative_infinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Positive and negative infinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_and_negative_infinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_a_Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<ul id="toc-NaNs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">Floating-point</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_number_format" title="Computer number format">formats</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>16-bit: <a href="/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format" title="Half-precision floating-point format">Half</a> (binary16)</li> <li>32-bit: <a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">Single</a> (binary32), <a href="/wiki/Decimal32_floating-point_format" title="Decimal32 floating-point format">decimal32</a></li> <li>64-bit: <a href="/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" title="Double-precision floating-point format">Double</a> (binary64), <a href="/wiki/Decimal64_floating-point_format" title="Decimal64 floating-point format">decimal64</a></li> <li>128-bit: <a href="/wiki/Quadruple-precision_floating-point_format" title="Quadruple-precision floating-point format">Quadruple</a> (binary128), <a href="/wiki/Decimal128_floating-point_format" title="Decimal128 floating-point format">decimal128</a></li> <li>256-bit: <a href="/wiki/Octuple-precision_floating-point_format" title="Octuple-precision floating-point format">Octuple</a> (binary256)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_precision" title="Extended precision">Extended precision</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minifloat" title="Minifloat">Minifloat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">bfloat16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TensorFloat-32" title="TensorFloat-32">TensorFloat-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Binary_Format" title="Microsoft Binary Format">Microsoft Binary Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_hexadecimal_floating-point" title="IBM hexadecimal floating-point">IBM floating-point architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Bus#Linear11_Floating-Point_Format" title="Power Management Bus">PMBus Linear-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711 8-bit floats</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Alternatives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">Arbitrary precision</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Tapered_floating_point" title="Tapered floating point">Tapered floating point</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unum_(number_format)" title="Unum (number format)">Posit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Floating-point" title="Template:Floating-point"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Floating-point" title="Template talk:Floating-point"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Floating-point" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Floating-point"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>bfloat16</b> (<b>brain floating point</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point</a> format is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_number_format" title="Computer number format">computer number format</a> occupying <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16 bits</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">computer memory</a>; it represents a wide <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> of numeric values by using a floating radix point. This format is a shortened (16-bit) version of the 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point format</a> (binary32) with the intent of <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">accelerating</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_sensor" title="Intelligent sensor">near-sensor computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It preserves the approximate dynamic range of 32-bit floating-point numbers by retaining 8 <a href="/wiki/Exponent_bias" title="Exponent bias">exponent bits</a>, but supports only an 8-bit precision rather than the 24-bit <a href="/wiki/Significand" title="Significand">significand</a> of the binary32 format. More so than single-precision 32-bit floating-point numbers, bfloat16 numbers are unsuitable for integer calculations, but this is not their intended use. Bfloat16 is used to reduce the storage requirements and increase the calculation speed of machine learning algorithms.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bfloat16 format was developed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Google Brain</a>, an artificial intelligence research group at Google. It is utilized in many CPUs, GPUs, and <a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI processors</a>, such as Intel <a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> processors (<a href="/wiki/AVX-512" title="AVX-512">AVX-512</a> BF16 extensions), Intel Data Center GPU, Intel <a href="/wiki/Nervana_Systems" title="Nervana Systems">Nervana</a> NNP-L1000, Intel <a href="/wiki/FPGA" class="mw-redirect" title="FPGA">FPGAs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vent_Inte_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vent_Inte-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-top5_Inte_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-top5_Inte-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toms_Inte_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toms_Inte-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zen_(microarchitecture)" title="Zen (microarchitecture)">AMD Zen</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD_Instinct" title="AMD Instinct">AMD Instinct</a>, NVIDIA GPUs, Google Cloud <a href="/wiki/Tensor_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor processing unit">TPUs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-clou_Avai_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clou_Avai-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blog_Comp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blog_Comp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gith_tens_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gith_tens-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AWS Inferentia, AWS Trainium, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture#ARMv8.6-A" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARMv8.6-A</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Apple's <a href="/wiki/Apple_M2" title="Apple M2">M2</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore <a href="/wiki/Apple_A15" title="Apple A15">A15</a> chips and later. Many libraries support bfloat16, such as <a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Math_Kernel_Library" title="Math Kernel Library">Intel oneAPI Math Kernel Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/ROCm" title="ROCm">AMD ROCm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMD Optimizing CPU Libraries, <a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gith_tens_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gith_tens-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arxiv_1711.10604_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arxiv_1711.10604-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On these platforms, bfloat16 may also be used in <a href="/wiki/Mixed-precision_arithmetic" title="Mixed-precision arithmetic">mixed-precision arithmetic</a>, where bfloat16 numbers may be operated on and expanded to wider data types. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="bfloat16_floating-point_format">bfloat16 floating-point format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: bfloat16 floating-point format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>bfloat16</b> has the following format: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_bit" title="Sign bit">Sign bit</a>: 1 bit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponent" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponent">Exponent</a> width: 8 bits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significand" title="Significand">Significand</a> <a href="/wiki/Precision_(arithmetic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision (arithmetic)">precision</a>: 8 bits (7 explicitly stored, with an <a href="/wiki/Implicit_leading_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Implicit leading bit">implicit leading bit</a>), as opposed to 24 bits in a classical single-precision floating-point format</li></ul> <p>The bfloat16 format, being a shortened <a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">IEEE 754 single-precision</a> 32-bit float, allows for fast <a href="/wiki/Type_conversion" title="Type conversion">conversion</a> to and from an IEEE 754 single-precision 32-bit float; in conversion to the bfloat16 format, the exponent bits are preserved while the significand field can be reduced by truncation (thus corresponding to <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754#Rounding_rules" title="IEEE 754">round toward 0</a>) or other <a href="#Rounding_and_conversion">rounding mechanisms</a>, ignoring the <a href="/wiki/NaN" title="NaN">NaN</a> special case. Preserving the exponent bits maintains the 32-bit float's range of ≈ 10<sup>−38</sup> to ≈ 3 × 10<sup>38</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-googleio18-day1-time2575_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googleio18-day1-time2575-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bits are laid out as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF; text-align:left" colspan="17"><b><a href="/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format" title="Half-precision floating-point format">IEEE half-precision</a> 16-bit float</b> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">sign </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="5">exponent (5 bit) </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="10">fraction (10 bit) </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">  ┃ </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="5"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:90%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="10"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:95%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="background:#C4FCFF;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">15</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">14</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="3"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">10</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">9</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF; text-align:left" colspan="17"><b>bfloat16</b> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">sign </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8">exponent (8 bit) </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="7">fraction (7 bit) </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">  ┃ </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:90%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="7"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:90%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="background:#C4FCFF;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">15</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">14</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="6"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">7</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">6</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="5"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF; text-align:left" colspan="20"><b><a href="/wiki/TensorFloat-32" title="TensorFloat-32">Nvidia's TensorFloat-32</a> (19 bits)</b> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">sign </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8">exponent (8 bit) </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="10">fraction (10 bit) </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">  ┃ </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:90%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="10"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:95%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="background:#C4FCFF;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">18</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">17</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="6"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">10</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">9</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF; text-align:left" colspan="25"><b>AMD's fp24 format</b> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">sign </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="7">exponent (7 bit) </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="16">fraction (16 bit) </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">  ┃ </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="7"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:90%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="16"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:95%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="background:#C4FCFF;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">23</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">22</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="5"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">16</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">15</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="14"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF; text-align:left" colspan="25"><b>Pixar's PXR24 format</b> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">sign </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8">exponent (8 bit) </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="15">fraction (15 bit) </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">  ┃ </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:90%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="15"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:95%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="background:#C4FCFF;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">23</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">22</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="6"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">15</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">14</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="13"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF; text-align:left" colspan="33"><b><a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">IEEE 754 single-precision</a> 32-bit float</b> </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">sign </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8">exponent (8 bit) </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="23">fraction (23 bit) </td></tr> <tr style="line-height:70%;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="2">  ┃ </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="8"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:90%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="23"> <table class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; margin:0 auto; width:97%; display:table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid black; border-bottom:0; background:#FFFFFF;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="background:#C4FCFF;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#9FFFAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 1 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0 </td> <td style="background:#FFACAC;"> 0  </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:9pt;"> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">31</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">30</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="6"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">23</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">22</td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;" colspan="21"></td> <td style="border-width:0; background:#FFFFFF;">0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exponent_encoding">Exponent encoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exponent encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bfloat16 binary floating-point exponent is encoded using an <a href="/wiki/Offset_binary" title="Offset binary">offset-binary</a> representation, with the zero offset being 127; also known as exponent bias in the IEEE 754 standard. </p> <ul><li>E<sub>min</sub> = 01<sub>H</sub>−7F<sub>H</sub> = −126</li> <li>E<sub>max</sub> = FE<sub>H</sub>−7F<sub>H</sub> = 127</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponent_bias" title="Exponent bias">Exponent bias</a> = 7F<sub>H</sub> = 127</li></ul> <p>Thus, in order to get the true exponent as defined by the offset-binary representation, the offset of 127 has to be subtracted from the value of the exponent field. </p><p>The minimum and maximum values of the exponent field (00<sub>H</sub> and FF<sub>H</sub>) are interpreted specially, like in the IEEE 754 standard formats. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Exponent </th> <th>Significand zero </th> <th>Significand non-zero </th> <th>Equation </th></tr> <tr> <td>00<sub>H</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)">zero</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E2%88%920" class="mw-redirect" title="−0">−0</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subnormal_number" title="Subnormal number">subnormal numbers</a> </td> <td>(−1)<sup>signbit</sup>×2<sup>−126</sup>× 0.significandbits </td></tr> <tr> <td>01<sub>H</sub>, ..., FE<sub>H</sub> </td> <td colspan="2">normalized value </td> <td>(−1)<sup>signbit</sup>×2<sup>exponentbits−127</sup>× 1.significandbits </td></tr> <tr> <td>FF<sub>H</sub> </td> <td>±<a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NaN" title="NaN">NaN</a> (quiet, signaling) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The minimum positive normal value is 2<sup>−126</sup> ≈ 1.18 × 10<sup>−38</sup> and the minimum positive (subnormal) value is 2<sup>−126−7</sup> = 2<sup>−133</sup> ≈ 9.2 × 10<sup>−41</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rounding_and_conversion">Rounding and conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rounding and conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common use case is the conversion between <a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">IEEE 754 binary32</a> and bfloat16. The following section describes the conversion process and its rounding scheme in the conversion. Note that there are other possible scenarios of format conversions to or from bfloat16. For example, int16 and bfloat16. </p> <ul><li>From binary32 to bfloat16. When bfloat16 was first introduced as a storage format,<sup id="cite_ref-arxiv_1711.10604_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arxiv_1711.10604-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the conversion from IEEE 754 binary32 (32-bit floating point) to bfloat16 is truncation (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_754#Rounding_rules" title="IEEE 754">round toward 0</a>). Later on, when it becomes the input of matrix multiplication units, the conversion can have various rounding mechanisms depending on the hardware platforms. For example, for Google TPU, the rounding scheme in the conversion is round-to-nearest-even;<sup id="cite_ref-google_TPU_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google_TPU-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ARM uses the non-IEEE Round-to-Odd mode;<sup id="cite_ref-arm_product_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arm_product-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for NVIDIA, it supports converting float number to bfloat16 precision in round-to-nearest-even mode.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From bfloat16 to binary32. Since binary32 can represent all exact values in bfloat16, the conversion simply pads 16 zeros in the significand bits.<sup id="cite_ref-google_TPU_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google_TPU-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encoding_of_special_values">Encoding of special values</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Encoding of special values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_and_negative_infinity">Positive and negative infinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Positive and negative infinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Just as in <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a>, positive and negative infinity are represented with their corresponding <a href="/wiki/Sign_bit" title="Sign bit">sign bits</a>, all 8 exponent bits set (FF<sub>hex</sub>) and all significand bits zero. Explicitly,</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>val s_exponent_signcnd +inf = 0_11111111_0000000 -inf = 1_11111111_0000000 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Not_a_Number">Not a Number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Not a Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Just as in <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a>, <a href="/wiki/NaN" title="NaN">NaN</a> values are represented with either sign bit, all 8 exponent bits set (FF<sub>hex</sub>) and not all significand bits zero. Explicitly,</p><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>val s_exponent_signcnd +NaN = 0_11111111_klmnopq -NaN = 1_11111111_klmnopq </pre></div><p>where at least one of <i>k, l, m, n, o, p,</i> or <i>q</i> is 1. As with IEEE 754, NaN values can be quiet or signaling, although there are no known uses of signaling bfloat16 NaNs as of September 2018. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_and_precision">Range and precision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Range and precision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bfloat16 is designed to maintain the number range from the 32-bit <a href="/wiki/Single-precision_floating-point_format" title="Single-precision floating-point format">IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point format</a> (binary32), while reducing the precision from 24 bits to 8 bits. This means that the precision is between two and three decimal digits, and bfloat16 can represent finite values up to about 3.4 × 10<sup>38</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These examples are given in bit <i>representation</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary</a>, of the floating-point value. This includes the sign, (biased) exponent, and significand. </p> <pre>3f80 = 0 01111111 0000000 = 1 c000 = 1 10000000 0000000 = −2 </pre> <pre>7f7f = 0 11111110 1111111 = (2<sup>8</sup> − 1) × 2<sup>−7</sup> × 2<sup>127</sup> ≈ 3.38953139 × 10<sup>38</sup> (max finite positive value in bfloat16 precision) 0080 = 0 00000001 0000000 = 2<sup>−126</sup> ≈ 1.175494351 × 10<sup>−38</sup> (min normalized positive value in bfloat16 precision and single-precision floating point) </pre> <p>The maximum positive finite value of a normal bfloat16 number is 3.38953139 × 10<sup>38</sup>, slightly below (2<sup>24</sup> − 1) × 2<sup>−23</sup> × 2<sup>127</sup> = 3.402823466 × 10<sup>38</sup>, the max finite positive value representable in single precision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zeros_and_infinities">Zeros and infinities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Zeros and infinities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <pre>0000 = 0 00000000 0000000 = 0 8000 = 1 00000000 0000000 = −0 </pre> <pre>7f80 = 0 11111111 0000000 = infinity ff80 = 1 11111111 0000000 = −infinity </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_values">Special values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Special values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <pre>4049 = 0 10000000 1001001 = 3.140625 ≈ π ( pi ) 3eab = 0 01111101 0101011 = 0.333984375 ≈ 1/3 </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NaNs">NaNs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: NaNs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <pre>ffc1 = x 11111111 1000001 => <a href="/wiki/NaN#Quiet_NaN" title="NaN">qNaN</a> ff81 = x 11111111 0000001 => <a href="/wiki/NaN#Signaling_NaN" title="NaN">sNaN</a> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-precision_floating-point_format" title="Half-precision floating-point format">Half-precision floating-point format</a>: 16-bit float w/ 1-bit sign, 5-bit exponent, and 11-bit significand, as defined by <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">ISO/IEC 10967</a>, Language Independent Arithmetic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_data_type" title="Primitive data type">Primitive data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minifloat" title="Minifloat">Minifloat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Google Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit#Lawsuit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Lawsuit</a> against Google for its use of bfloat16 in TPU</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bfloat16_floating-point_format&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTeich2018" class="citation web cs1">Teich, Paul (2018-05-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nextplatform.com/2018/05/10/tearing-apart-googles-tpu-3-0-ai-coprocessor/">"Tearing Apart Google's TPU 3.0 AI Coprocessor"</a>. <i>The Next Platform</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-11</span></span>. <q>Google invented its own internal floating point format called "bfloat" for "brain floating point" (after Google Brain).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Next+Platform&rft.atitle=Tearing+Apart+Google%27s+TPU+3.0+AI+Coprocessor&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.aulast=Teich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextplatform.com%2F2018%2F05%2F10%2Ftearing-apart-googles-tpu-3-0-ai-coprocessor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangKanwar2019" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Shibo; Kanwar, Pankaj (2019-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/ai-machine-learning/bfloat16-the-secret-to-high-performance-on-cloud-tpus">"BFloat16: The secret to high performance on Cloud TPUs"</a>. <i>Google Cloud</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-12</span></span>. <q>The bfloat16 standard is a targeted way of representing numbers that give the range of a full 32-bit number, but in the data size of a 16-bit number, keeping the accuracy close to zero but being a bit more loose with the accuracy near the limits of the standard. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-23</span></span>. <q>...Intel will be extending bfloat16 support across our AI product lines, including Intel Xeon processors and Intel FPGAs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=Intel+unveils+Nervana+Neural+Net+L-1000+for+accelerated+AI+training&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft.au=Khari+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2018%2F05%2F23%2Fintel-unveils-nervana-neural-net-l-1000-for-accelerated-ai-training%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-top5_Inte-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-top5_Inte_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Feldman2018" class="citation web cs1">Michael Feldman (2018-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.top500.org/news/intel-lays-out-new-roadmap-for-ai-portfolio/">"Intel Lays Out New Roadmap for AI Portfolio"</a>. <i>TOP500 Supercomputer Sites</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-23</span></span>. <q>Intel plans to support this format across all their AI products, including the Xeon and FPGA lines</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TOP500+Supercomputer+Sites&rft.atitle=Intel+Lays+Out+New+Roadmap+for+AI+Portfolio&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft.au=Michael+Feldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.top500.org%2Fnews%2Fintel-lays-out-new-roadmap-for-ai-portfolio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toms_Inte-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toms_Inte_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLucian_Armasu2018" class="citation web cs1">Lucian Armasu (2018-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-neural-network-processor-lake-crest,37105.html">"Intel To Launch Spring Crest, Its First Neural Network Processor, In 2019"</a>. <i>Tom's Hardware</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-23</span></span>. <q>This page lists the TensorFlow Python APIs and graph operators available on Cloud TPU.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Cloud&rft.atitle=Available+TensorFlow+Ops+%7C+Cloud+TPU+%7C+Google+Cloud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloud.google.com%2Ftpu%2Fdocs%2Ftensorflow-ops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blog_Comp-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blog_Comp_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElmar_Haußmann2018" class="citation web cs1">Elmar Haußmann (2018-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426200043/https://blog.riseml.com/comparing-google-tpuv2-against-nvidia-v100-on-resnet-50-c2bbb6a51e5e">"Comparing Google's TPUv2 against Nvidia's V100 on ResNet-50"</a>. <i>RiseML Blog</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=github.com&rft.atitle=ROCm+version+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FRadeonOpenCompute%2FROCm%2Fblob%2F8bd9a527405cb466d45b3b343a33434e79b1d387%2Fversion_history.md%23miopen-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arxiv_1711.10604-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arxiv_1711.10604_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arxiv_1711.10604_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_V._Dillon,_Ian_Langmore,_Dustin_Tran,_Eugene_Brevdo,_Srinivas_Vasudevan,_Dave_Moore,_Brian_Patton,_Alex_Alemi,_Matt_Hoffman,_Rif_A._Saurous2017" class="citation report cs1">Joshua V. Dillon, Ian Langmore, Dustin Tran, Eugene Brevdo, Srinivas Vasudevan, Dave Moore, Brian Patton, Alex Alemi, Matt Hoffman, Rif A. Saurous (2017-11-28). TensorFlow Distributions (Report). <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.10604">1711.10604</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv171110604D">2017arXiv171110604D</a>. Accessed 2018-05-23. <q>All operations in TensorFlow Distributions are numerically stable across half, single, and double floating-point precisions (as TensorFlow dtypes: tf.bfloat16 (truncated floating point), tf.float16, tf.float32, tf.float64). Class constructors have a validate_args flag for numerical asserts</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=TensorFlow+Distributions&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1711.10604&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017arXiv171110604D&rft.au=Joshua+V.+Dillon%2C+Ian+Langmore%2C+Dustin+Tran%2C+Eugene+Brevdo%2C+Srinivas+Vasudevan%2C+Dave+Moore%2C+Brian+Patton%2C+Alex+Alemi%2C+Matt+Hoffman%2C+Rif+A.+Saurous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-googleio18-day1-time2575-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-googleio18-day1-time2575_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vm67WcLzfvc&t=2555">"Livestream Day 1: Stage 8 (Google I/O '18) - YouTube"</a>. <i>Google</i>. 2018-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-23</span></span>. <q>In many models this is a drop-in replacement for float-32</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google&rft.atitle=Livestream+Day+1%3A+Stage+8+%28Google+I%2FO+%2718%29+-+YouTube&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dvm67WcLzfvc%26t%3D2555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google_TPU-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google_TPU_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_TPU_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloud.google.com/tpu/docs/bfloat16">"The bfloat16 numerical format"</a>. <i>Google Cloud</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-11</span></span>. <q>On TPU, the rounding scheme in the conversion is round to nearest even and overflow to inf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Cloud&rft.atitle=The+bfloat16+numerical+format&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloud.google.com%2Ftpu%2Fdocs%2Fbfloat16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arm_product-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arm_product_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0596/2021-12/SVE-Instructions/BFDOT--vectors---BFloat16-floating-point-dot-product-">"Arm A64 Instruction Set Architecture"</a>. <i>developer.arm.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-26</span></span>. <q>Uses the non-IEEE Round-to-Odd rounding mode.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=developer.arm.com&rft.atitle=Arm+A64+Instruction+Set+Architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.arm.com%2Fdocumentation%2Fddi0596%2F2021-12%2FSVE-Instructions%2FBFDOT--vectors---BFloat16-floating-point-dot-product-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/pdf/CUDA_Math_API.pdf">"1.3.5. Bfloat16 Precision Conversion and Data Movement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>docs.nvidia.com</i>. p. 199<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-26</span></span>. <q>Converts float number to nv_bfloat16 precision in round-to-nearest-even mode and returns nv_bfloat16 with converted value.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.nvidia.com&rft.atitle=1.3.5.+Bfloat16+Precision+Conversion+and+Data+Movement&rft.pages=199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.nvidia.com%2Fcuda%2Fpdf%2FCUDA_Math_API.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABfloat16+floating-point+format" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Units_of_information" title="Units of information">Uninterpreted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">Byte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system" title="Ternary numeral system">Trit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_numeral_system#Tryte" title="Ternary numeral system">Tryte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_array" title="Bit array">Bit array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numeric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision 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title="Intuitionistic type theory">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_type" title="Inductive type">Inductive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersection_type" title="Intersection type">Intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_(abstract_data_type)" title="List (abstract data type)">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaobject" title="Metaobject">metaobject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_type" title="Option type">Option type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_type" title="Product type">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">Record or Struct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refinement_type" title="Refinement type">Refinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(abstract_data_type)" title="Set (abstract data type)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_type" title="Union type">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagged_union" title="Tagged union">tagged</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type">Boolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_type" title="Bottom type">Bottom type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_(abstract_data_type)" title="Container (abstract data type)">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type" title="Enumerated type">Enumerated type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">Exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_type" title="Function type">Function type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaque_data_type" title="Opaque data type">Opaque data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_data_type" title="Recursive data type">Recursive data type</a></li> <li><a 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