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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genu valgum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoll_valg" title="Genoll valg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genoll valg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4sasjalad" title="Räsasjalad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Räsasjalad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_valgo" title="Genu valgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genu valgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پاضربدری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاضربدری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genu_valgum" title="Genu valgum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Genu valgum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%81%EB%B3%80%ED%98%95" title="각변형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="각변형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81" title="धनुर्जानु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धनुर्जानु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginocchio_valgo" title="Ginocchio valgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ginocchio valgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genua_valga" title="Genua valga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genua valga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Genu valgum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Knock knee</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Valgus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Valgus.jpg/220px-Valgus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Valgus.jpg/330px-Valgus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Valgus.jpg/440px-Valgus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A very severe case of <i>genu valgum</i> of the left knee following <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">bone cancer</a> treatment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303231?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Genu valgum</b>, commonly called "<b>knock-knee</b>", is a condition in which the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knees</a> angle in and touch each other when the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">legs</a> are straightened.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with severe <a href="/wiki/Valgus_deformity" title="Valgus deformity">valgus deformities</a> are typically unable to touch their feet together while simultaneously straightening the legs. The term originates from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> genu</i> 'knee' and <i> valgus</i> 'bent outwards', but is also used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> portion of the knee joint which bends outwards and thus the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">proximal</a> portion seems to be bent inwards. </p><p>Mild genu valgum is diagnosed when a person standing upright with the feet touching also shows the knees touching. It can be seen in children from ages 2 to 5, and is often corrected naturally as children grow. The condition may continue or worsen with age, particularly when it is the result of a disease, such as <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elsobky2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elsobky2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Idiopathic genu valgum is a form that is either <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> or has no known cause. </p><p>Other systemic conditions may be associated, such as <a href="/wiki/Schnyder_crystalline_corneal_dystrophy" title="Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy">Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy</a>, an autosomal dominant condition frequently reported with <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">hyperlipidemia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genu_valgum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genu valgum can arise from a variety of causes including nutritional, genetic, traumatic, idiopathic or physiologic and infectious.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rickets">Rickets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genu_valgum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rickets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nutritional <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a> is an important cause of childhood genu valgum or knock knees in some parts of the world. Nutritional rickets arises from unhealthy life style habits as insufficient exposure to sun light which is the main source of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>. Insufficient dietary intake of calcium is another contributing factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Paediatr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paediatr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elsobky2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elsobky2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genu valgum may arise from rickets caused by genetic abnormalities, called vitamin D-resistant rickets or <a href="/wiki/X-linked_hypophosphatemia" title="X-linked hypophosphatemia">X-linked hypophosphatemia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osteochondrodysplasia">Osteochondrodysplasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genu_valgum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Osteochondrodysplasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Osteochondrodysplasia" title="Osteochondrodysplasia">Osteochondrodysplasia</a> are a variable group of genetic bone diseases or genetic skeletal dysplasias that present with generalized bone deformities involving all extremities and the spine. Genu valgum or knock knees is one of the known skeletal manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Osteochondrodysplasias" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteochondrodysplasias">Osteochondrodysplasias</a>. A complete bone X-ray survey is mandatory to reach a definitive diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genu_valgum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:818_Femur_Q_Angle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/818_Femur_Q_Angle.jpg/150px-818_Femur_Q_Angle.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/818_Femur_Q_Angle.jpg/225px-818_Femur_Q_Angle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/818_Femur_Q_Angle.jpg/300px-818_Femur_Q_Angle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Image showing how Q-angle is measured</figcaption></figure> <p>The degree of genu valgum can clinically be estimated by the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Q_angle"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Q angle</span></span>, which is the angle formed by a line drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_superior_iliac_spine" title="Anterior superior iliac spine">anterior superior iliac spine</a> through the center of the patella and a line drawn from the center of the patella to the center of the <a href="/wiki/Tibial_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibial tubercle">tibial tubercle</a>. In women, the Q angle should be less than 22 degrees with the knee in extension and less than 9 degrees with the knee in 90 degrees of flexion. In men, the Q angle should be less than 18 degrees with the knee in extension and less than 8 degrees with the knee in 90 degrees of flexion. A typical Q angle is 12 degrees for men and 17 degrees for women.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiography">Radiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genu_valgum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Radiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">projectional radiography</a>, the degree of varus or valgus deformity can be quantified by the <i>hip-knee-ankle angle</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-dahl2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dahl2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the <a href="/wiki/Ankle_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle joint">ankle joint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CherianKapadia2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CherianKapadia2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is normally between 1.0° and 1.5° of varus in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-SheehyFelson2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SheehyFelson2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normal ranges are different in children.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabharwal2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabharwal2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hip-knee-ankle angle"><img alt="Hip-knee-ankle angle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png/24px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png/37px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png/49px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="1145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hip-knee-ankle angle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hip-knee-ankle angle by age, with 95% prediction interval[10]"><img alt="Hip-knee-ankle angle by age, with 95% prediction interval[10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png/192px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png/288px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png/384px-Hip-knee-ankle_angle_by_age.png 2x" data-file-width="2413" data-file-height="1509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Hip-knee-ankle angle</i> by age, with 95% <a href="/wiki/Prediction_interval" title="Prediction interval">prediction interval</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sabharwal2009_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabharwal2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genu_valgum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treatment of genu valgum in children depends on the underlying cause. Developmental also known as idiopathic genu valgum is usually self-limiting and resolves during childhood. Genu valgum secondary to nutritional <a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">rickets</a> is typically treated with lifestyle modifications in the form of adequate sun exposure to ensure receiving the daily requirements of vitamin D and nutrition with a rich calcium diet. Additionally, calcium and vitamin D supplementations may be used. If the deformity does not resolve despite the above conservative treatment and the deformity is severe and causing gait impairment, then surgery can be an option. Typically, guided growth surgery is used to straighten the deformed bone.<sup id="cite_ref-elsobky2020_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elsobky2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genu valgum arising from <a href="/wiki/Osteochondrodysplasia" title="Osteochondrodysplasia">osteochondrodysplasia</a><sup id="cite_ref-elsobky2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elsobky2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually needs repeated guided growth surgical interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-Orthop2019_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orthop2019-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genu valgum secondary to trauma depends on the degree of physical damage. Usually, limb reconstruction procedures are needed, especially if trauma occurs in the early years of life where the anticipated remaining longitudinal bone growth is great. </p><p>The treatment of genu valgum in adults depends on the underlying cause and the degree of joint involvement namely arthritis. Bone corrective osteotomies and prosthetic joint replacement may be used depending upon the patient's age and symptomatology in terms of pain and functional impairment. Weight loss and substitution of high-impact for low-impact exercise can help slow progression of the condition. With every step, the patient's weight places a distortion on the knee toward a knocked knee position, and the effect is increased with increased angle or increased weight. Even in the normal knee position, the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femurs</a> function at an angle because they connect to the hip girdle at points much further apart than they connect at the knees. </p><p>Working with a physical medicine specialist such as a <a href="/wiki/Physiatrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiatrist">physiatrist</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Physiotherapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiotherapist">physiotherapist</a> may assist a patient in learning how to improve outcomes and use the leg muscles properly to support the bone structures. <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative or complementary treatments</a> may include certain procedures from <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Feldenkrais_Method" title="Feldenkrais Method">Feldenkrais Method</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genu_valgum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genu_varum" title="Genu varum">Genu varum</a> (bow-legs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genu_recurvatum" title="Genu recurvatum">Genu recurvatum</a> (back knee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_pain" title="Knee pain">Knee pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_osteoarthritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee osteoarthritis">Knee osteoarthritis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genu_valgum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/genu-valgum/">"Genu Valgum"</a>. <i>The Lecturio Medical Concept Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Hip-Knee-Ankle Angle in Children: Reference Values Based on a Full-Length Standing Radiograph". <i>The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, American Volume</i>. <b>91</b> (10): 2461–2468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2106%2FJBJS.I.00015">10.2106/JBJS.I.00015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9355">0021-9355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19797583">19797583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bone+and+Joint+Surgery%2C+American+Volume&rft.atitle=The+Hip-Knee-Ankle+Angle+in+Children%3A+Reference+Values+Based+on+a+Full-Length+Standing+Radiograph&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2461-2468&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0021-9355&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19797583&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2106%2FJBJS.I.00015&rft.aulast=Sabharwal&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Caixia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenu+valgum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiLiangLiDing2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dai, Zhen-Zhen; Liang, Zhen-Peng; Li, Hao; Ding, Jing; Wu, Zhen-Kai; Zhang, Zi-Ming; Li, Hai (9 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7797153">"Temporary hemiepiphysiodesis using an eight-plate implant for coronal angular deformity around the knee in children aged less than 10 years: efficacy, complications, occurrence of rebound and risk factors"</a>. <i>BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12891-020-03915-w">10.1186/s12891-020-03915-w</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7797153">7797153</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33422021">33422021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Musculoskeletal+Disorders&rft.atitle=Temporary+hemiepiphysiodesis+using+an+eight-plate+implant+for+coronal+angular+deformity+around+the+knee+in+children+aged+less+than+10+years%3A+efficacy%2C+complications%2C+occurrence+of+rebound+and+risk+factors&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7797153%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33422021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12891-020-03915-w&rft.aulast=Dai&rft.aufirst=Zhen-Zhen&rft.au=Liang%2C+Zhen-Peng&rft.au=Li%2C+Hao&rft.au=Ding%2C+Jing&rft.au=Wu%2C+Zhen-Kai&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zi-Ming&rft.au=Li%2C+Hai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7797153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenu+valgum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orthop2019-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orthop2019_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJourneau2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Journeau, P (25 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.otsr.2019.04.025">"Update on guided growth concepts around the knee in children"</a>. <i>Orthop Traumatol Surg Res</i>. S1877-0568 (19): S171–S180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.otsr.2019.04.025">10.1016/j.otsr.2019.04.025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31669550">31669550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orthop+Traumatol+Surg+Res&rft.atitle=Update+on+guided+growth+concepts+around+the+knee+in+children.&rft.volume=S1877-0568&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=S171-S180&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.otsr.2019.04.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31669550&rft.aulast=Journeau&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.otsr.2019.04.025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenu+valgum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genu_valgum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q303231" class="extiw" title="d:Q303231">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Q74.1">Q74.1</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=736.41">736.41</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=755.64">755.64</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D056304">D056304</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb29408.htm">29408</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001263.htm">001263</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/orthoped/495-overview">orthoped/495</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Knock-knee/Pages/Treatment.aspx">Treating knock knee</a> - UK NHS</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_musculoskeletal_system_/_musculoskeletal_abnormality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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deformities">limb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dysmelia" title="Dysmelia">dysmelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleidocranial_dysostosis" title="Cleidocranial dysostosis">Cleidocranial dysostosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprengel%27s_deformity" title="Sprengel's deformity">Sprengel's deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis%E2%80%93Zieff%E2%80%93Goldblatt_syndrome" title="Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome">Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand_deformity" title="Hand deformity">hand deformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madelung%27s_deformity" title="Madelung's deformity">Madelung's deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinodactyly" title="Clinodactyly">Clinodactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligodactyly" title="Oligodactyly">Oligodactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">Polydactyly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_dislocation" title="Hip dislocation">Hip dislocation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hip_dysplasia" title="Hip dysplasia">Hip dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upington_disease" title="Upington disease">Upington disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxa_valga" title="Coxa valga">Coxa valga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxa_vara" title="Coxa vara">Coxa vara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Genu valgum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genu_varum" title="Genu varum">Genu varum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genu_recurvatum" title="Genu recurvatum">Genu recurvatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoid_meniscus" title="Discoid meniscus">Discoid meniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_patellar_dislocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital patellar dislocation">Congenital patellar dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_knee_dislocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital knee dislocation">Congenital knee dislocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot_deformity" title="Foot deformity">foot deformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Varus_deformity" title="Varus deformity">varus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Club foot">Club foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_toe" title="Pigeon toe">Pigeon toe</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valgus_deformity" title="Valgus deformity">valgus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_feet" title="Flat feet">Flat feet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pes_cavus" title="Pes cavus">Pes cavus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_bottom_foot" title="Rocker bottom foot">Rocker bottom foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_toe" title="Hammer toe">Hammer toe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Either / both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dactyly" title="Dactyly">fingers and toes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">Polydactyly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syndactyly" title="Syndactyly">Syndactyly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webbed_toes" title="Webbed toes">Webbed toes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachnodactyly" title="Arachnodactyly">Arachnodactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenani%E2%80%93Lenz_syndactylism" title="Cenani–Lenz syndactylism">Cenani–Lenz syndactylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectrodactyly" title="Ectrodactyly">Ectrodactyly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachydactyly" title="Brachydactyly">Brachydactyly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stub_thumb" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub thumb">Stub thumb</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">reduction deficits / limb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheiropodia" title="Acheiropodia">Acheiropodia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ectromelia" title="Ectromelia">Ectromelia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phocomelia" title="Phocomelia">Phocomelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_(birth_defect)" title="Amelia (birth defect)">Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimelia" title="Hemimelia">Hemimelia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">multiple joints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogryposis" title="Arthrogryposis">Arthrogryposis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen_syndrome" title="Larsen syndrome">Larsen syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAPADILINO_syndrome" title="RAPADILINO syndrome">RAPADILINO syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axial_skeleton" title="Axial skeleton">Axial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Craniofacial_abnormality" title="Craniofacial abnormality">Skull and face</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Craniosynostosis" title="Craniosynostosis">Craniosynostosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaphocephaly" title="Scaphocephaly">Scaphocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycephaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxycephaly">Oxycephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigonocephaly" title="Trigonocephaly">Trigonocephaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Craniofacial_dysostosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Craniofacial dysostosis">Craniofacial dysostosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crouzon_syndrome" title="Crouzon syndrome">Crouzon syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertelorism" title="Hypertelorism">Hypertelorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallermann%E2%80%93Streiff_syndrome" title="Hallermann–Streiff syndrome">Hallermann–Streiff syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oto-palato-digital_syndrome" title="Oto-palato-digital syndrome">Oto-palato-digital syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacher_Collins_syndrome" title="Treacher Collins syndrome">Treacher Collins syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrocephaly" title="Macrocephaly">Macrocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platybasia" title="Platybasia">Platybasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniodiaphyseal_dysplasia" title="Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia">Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichocephaly" title="Dolichocephaly">Dolichocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greig_cephalopolysyndactyly_syndrome" title="Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome">Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagiocephaly" title="Plagiocephaly">Plagiocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_nose" title="Saddle nose">Saddle nose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_curvature" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal curvature">Spinal curvature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">Scoliosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klippel%E2%80%93Feil_syndrome" title="Klippel–Feil syndrome">Klippel–Feil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spondylolisthesis" title="Spondylolisthesis">Spondylolisthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spina_bifida_occulta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spina bifida occulta">Spina bifida occulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacralization_of_the_fifth_lumbar_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra">Sacralization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_skeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic skeleton">Thoracic skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_rib" title="Cervical rib">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifid_rib" title="Bifid rib">Bifid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pectus_excavatum" title="Pectus excavatum">Pectus excavatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectus_carinatum" title="Pectus carinatum">Pectus carinatum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_syndrome" title="Poland syndrome">Poland syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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